MADRID, Jan. 27, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- The
BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Biomedicine
category is shared in this seventh edition by Tony Hunter, professor and Director of the Salk
Institute Cancer Center in La Jolla,
California; Joseph
Schlessinger, Chairman of the Department of Pharmacology at
Yale University School of Medicine,
New Haven, and Charles Sawyers, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis
Program Chair at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in
New York, for "carving out the
path that led to the development of a new class of successful
cancer drugs."
For Jose Baselga,
Physician-in-Chief at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in
New York and nominator of
Charles Sawyers, the three men's
contribution signifies "the birth of personalized anti-cancer
medicine." In the words of the jury, meantime, the award recognizes
"the contributions of three eminent scientists who have taken the
field all the way from initial basic discoveries to clinical
applications that save lives."
The new treatments, all of them approved in the last ten years,
differ from traditional chemotherapy in that they specifically
target the mechanisms causing each type of cancer, making them less
toxic for the patient. They are, as such, the first dividend of a
profound understanding of the biology of cancer rather than
scatter-gun molecular test activity. Imatinib, approved in 2001 and
the first of this new class of pharmaceuticals, transformed chronic
myeloid leukemia from a fatal cancer into one that is nearly always
treatable. Now dozens of such "targeted" drugs are in use for lung
and breast tumors, melanoma and lymphomas.
The jury remarked that the three laureates have participated
independently in a chain of advances running from "the basic
discoveries of tyrosine kinase proteins to clinical applications
that save lives."
Tony Hunter, of the Salk
Institute, launched the field in 1979 with his discovery of
tyrosine kinases, a family of proteins instrumental in regulating
vital cell processes like metabolism and proliferation. Some time
later, Joseph Schlessinger
identified how these tyrosine kinases were activated. And, finally,
Charles Sawyers found a way to
interfere with their activity in the presence of mutation, "leading
to the clinical translation of these basic concepts into the
treatment of cancer," the citation continues.
Since many human cancers are driven by mutations in tyrosine
kinase activity, these proteins and the molecules they interact
with have come center stage as therapeutic targets. As the citation
explains it: "Today, it is estimated that about a third of
pharmaceutical research and development effort goes into targeting
tyrosine kinase receptors and their signaling pathways for cancer
therapies."
A product of basic research
The breakthrough that set the story in motion was a product of
basic research: the 1979 discovery of the tyrosine kinase that
enables the cell to perceive its environment. Like a key it opens a
specific door in the cell membrane, inducing a cascade of signals
with a vital role in regulating cell proliferation and multiple
other processes.
The next step was the establishment of a link with tumoral
processes. This part fell to Schlessinger (Topusko, now
Croatia, 1945), who explained by
phone after hearing of the award: "Very quickly we found that
tyrosine kinase receptors became mutated in cancer. So suddenly it
was a big story. There was a mechanism for the information to flow
from outside the cell to the interior of the cell and that
mechanism was hijacked by cancer."
From then to midway through the 1990s, "we explored the way
these signaling pathways operated, and it became clear that if we
developed inhibitors we could have drugs to treat cancer,"
Schlessinger continues. "What I mean is that when we started this
we did not know it was going to be so important for cancer, and now
there are maybe thirty cancer drugs based on this work." Indeed
Schlessinger himself has been behind the development of
several.
They are, he adds "much more selective and not so toxic. Most of
them cannot be considered a cure, but they do extend life
expectancy, which is a real revolution. These new drugs, moreover,
are based on an understanding of what causes cancer. And that is
why we can talk about personalized medicine. Even so, we are only
scratching at the surface. Cancer is a very complicated disease,
and the challenge now is how to overcome resistances."
It is precisely this problem of resistance that is at the heart
of Sawyer's contribution. He recalled
yesterday how his group took part in the first human trial of
imatinib, a drug that is "very selective in its action because it
only attacks the mutating protein in chronic myeloid leukemia, so
has no side effects. When patients began to develop resistance our
lab figured out why: there were additional mutations in the gene
encoding the protein that imatinib targets. So, based on that, we
developed another agent, desatinib, that inhibits the same protein
but in a different way."
For Sawyers, imatinib was the drug that proved it was possible
to fight cancer by acting on a mechanism found through basic
research. "In ten years," he insists, "it has completely changed
the approach of the entire pharma industry, at least in
cancer."
And it has also transformed treatment. The concept now is to
match the right drug to the right patient after running the
relevant genetic tests: "The kind of mutation determines the choice
of drug. Now we know hundreds of mutations, and have progressed in
no time at all from having imatinib alone to having dozens of drugs
that act upon them," Sawyers points out. "It's a success story that
could never have happened without basic research revealing the
deep-seated mechanisms of cancer."
The next step, he believes, is giving drugs in combination to
prevent resistances. "It's happening already, we are still at the
start but now have an approved therapy for melanoma."
Bio notes
Tony Hunter was born in
Ashford, Kent (United
Kingdom) in August 1943. He
graduated in 1966 from the University of
Cambridge, where he also obtained his PhD. In 1975 he joined
the Salk Institute, rising to a professorship in 1982. Since 1983,
he has also held a professorship at the University of California, San Diego. He has headed
the Salk Institute Cancer Center since 2008.
Author of almost 550 publications, he has held editorial posts
with 26 journals, including Cell, Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences and eLife.
Among his multiple distinctions, he is a fellow of the Royal
Society, a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences
and the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, and
Einstein Professor of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Charles Sawyers was born
in Nashville, Tennessee
(United States) in 1956. He
studied medicine at Johns Hopkins
University (1985) before going on to complete his training
at the University of California, San
Francisco, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the
University of California, Los Angeles
(UCLA).
Between 1991 and 2006, he pursued his clinical, academic and
research career at UCLA, taking up a
professorship there in 2000. In 2006, he joined the Memorial
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, where he heads the Human Oncology
and Pathogenesis Program. Since 2011, he has combined this position
with a professorship at the Joan & Sanford Weill Graduate
School of Medical Sciences (Cornell
University).
Sawyers is author of 150 published papers and twelve issued
patents. He serves on the editorial boards of Cell,
Cancer Cell and Science Translational Medicine, among
other publications. Among his various honors, he is a past
president of the American Society of Clinical Investigation
Science, and a member of the Institute of Medicine and the U.S.
National Academy of Science.
Joseph Schlessinger was
born in March 1945 in Topusko (now
Croatia). In 1948, his family
moved to Israel. He studied
physics and chemistry at the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, going on to earn a PhD in biophysics in 1974
from The Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel). Since 2001, he has been Chairman of
the Department of Pharmacology and William H. Prusoff Professor at
Yale University School of Medicine in
Connecticut (United States), and, since 2010, has headed
the Cancer Biology Institute on the Yale West Campus.
Author or co-author of over 480 scientific papers and
publications, in 2001 ISI Highly Cited listed him among the 30 most
cited scientists of the 1990s, with over 76,699 citations. He also
sits on the editorial boards of leading scientific journals such as
EMBO Journal, Cell, Molecular Cell and
Molecular Biology of the Cell.
He is a member, among others, of the U.S. National Academy of
Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Institute
of Medicine of the National Academies, and the European Molecular
Biology Organization (EMBO).
About the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge
Awards
The BBVA Foundation promotes, funds and disseminates world-class
scientific research and artistic creation, in the conviction that
science, culture and knowledge hold the key to building a better
future for people. The Foundation implements its programs in
partnership with leading scientific and cultural organizations in
Spain and abroad, striving to
identify and prioritize those projects with the power to move
forward the frontiers of the known world.
The BBVA Foundation established its Frontiers of Knowledge
Awards in 2008 to recognize the authors of outstanding
contributions and radical advances in a broad range of scientific
and technological areas congruent with the knowledge map of the
late 20th and 21st centuries and, representing cultural creativity
at its expressive height, the area of music. The Awards also
reserve space for two central challenges of the present, those of
climate change and development cooperation. Their eight
categories include classical areas like Basic Sciences
(Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics) and Biomedicine,
and other, more recent areas characteristic of our time, ranging
from Information and Communication Technologies, Ecology and
Conservation Biology, Climate Change and Economics, Finance
and Management to Development Cooperation and the
innovative artistic realm of music, both classical and of
our time.
The juries in each category are made up of leading
international experts in their respective fields, who arrive at
their decisions in a wholly independent manner, applying
internationally recognized metrics of excellence. The BBVA
Foundation is aided in the organization of the awards by the
Spanish National Research Council
(CSIC), the country's premier multidisciplinary research body.
As well as designating each jury chair, the CSIC is responsible for
appointing the Technical Evaluation Committees that undertake an
initial assessment of candidates and draw up a reasoned shortlist
for the consideration of the juries.
Committee members in the Biomedicine category were Balbino Alarcon Sanchez, Research Professor at
the Instituto de Biologia Molecular "Eladio Vinuela" (IIBMEV-CBM); Lisardo Bosca Gomar, Research Professor at the
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBM);
Mariano Esteban Rodriguez, Research Professor in
the Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB); Dolores
Gonzalez-Pacanowska, CSIC Coordinator in the Biology and
Biomedicine Area and Research Professor at the Instituto de
Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez
Neyra" (IPBLN); and Angela Nieto Toledano, Research
Professor in the Instituto de Neurociencias (IN).
Biomedicine jury
The jury in this category was chaired by Angelika
Schnieke, Chair of Livestock Biotechnology in the Department of
Animal Sciences of Technische Universitat Munchen (TUM)
(Germany), with Oscar Marin, Professor of Neurosciences and
Director of the MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology at King's
College London (United Kingdom),
acting as secretary. Remaining members were Dario Alessi, Director of the Protein
Phosphorylation Unit, a Medical Research Council unit in the
College of Life Sciences of Dundee
University (United
Kingdom), Robin Lovell-Badge, Head of the Division of
Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics at the MRC National
Institute for Medical Research (United
Kingdom), Ursula
Ravens, Senior Professor in the Department of
Pharmacology and Toxicology in the Carl Gustav Carus Medical School
of Technische Universitat Dresden (TU Dresden) (Germany), and Bruce
Whitelaw, Deputy Director and Head of the Developmental
Biology Division at The Roslin Institute, a basic and translational
research center belonging to the University of
Edinburgh (United
Kingdom).
Previous laureates
The winner in the last edition was British biochemist
Adrian Bird for "his
discoveries in the field of epigenetics." The award in the fifth
edition was shared by chemist Douglas
Coleman and physician Jeffrey
Friedman for "revealing the existence of the genes
involved in the regulation of appetite and body weight, a discovery
crucial to our understanding of human pathologies such as obesity."
In the fourth edition, the award went to Alexander Varshavsky for "discovering the
mechanisms involved in protein degradation." Preceding him were
Shinya Yamanaka for "showing
that it is possible to reprogram differentiated cells back into a
state that is characteristic of pluripotent cells," and, in the
second edition, Robert
Lefkowitz for "his discoveries of the seven
transmembrane receptors." Finally, the winner in the inaugural
edition was Joan Massague for "developing novel approaches
to identify genes involved in organ-specific metastasis."
UPCOMING AWARD ANNOUNCEMENTS
CATEGORY
|
DATE
|
Ecology and
Conservation Biology
|
February 3,
2015
|
Contemporary
Music
|
February 10,
2015
|
Economics, Finance
and Management
|
February 17,
2015
|
Development
Cooperation
|
February 24,
2015
|
LAUREATE'S FIRST
DECLARATIONS AND IMAGES
A video recording of
the new laureate's first interview on receiving news of the award
is available from the Atlas FTP with the following name and
coordinates:
Server:
213.0.38.61
Username:
AgenciaAtlas4
Password:
premios
The name of the video
is:
"PREMIO FRONTERAS DEL
CONOCIMIENTO CATEGORIA BIOMEDICINA"
In the event of
connection difficulties, please contact Alejandro Martin at
ATLAS:
Mobile:
+34 639 16 58 61
E-Mail:
amartin@atlas-news.com
|
To view the original version on PR Newswire,
visit:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-bbva-foundation-frontiers-of-knowledge-award-in-biomedicine-goes-to-tony-hunter-joseph-schlessinger-and-charles-sawyers-for-opening-the-door-to-the-personalized-treatment-of-cancer-300026329.html
SOURCE BBVA