Monsanto Co. said its earnings fell 15% in its fiscal second quarter, missing analysts' expectations as corn-seed sales weakened and a stronger U.S. dollar pressured results.

The biotech-seed giant increased its estimate for the impact on full-year results from a strengthening dollar, which has made Monsanto's seeds and crop sprays more expensive for farmers in Latin America and elsewhere.

Demand for Monsanto's high-tech seeds also has dipped because of record harvests that have led to mounting stockpiles and sharply lower futures prices. Monsanto said the slowdown in corn-seed sales and increasing currency challenges meant full-year profit would likely be on the lower end of its previously outlined range of $5.75 to $6 a share. Overseas currencies' slide versus the U.S. dollar were expected to deliver a 35- to 40-cent hit to earnings, the company said.

"Two years of spectacular growing conditions have translated to the current oversupply situation for corn," said Hugh Grant, Monsanto's chief executive, on a conference call. "Farmers have sharpened their pencils across their input costs as they balance risks with returns."

The world's largest seed company by sales also has been contending with consumer criticism of biotech foods, and in recent weeks has protested a World Health Organization agency's classification of glyphosate, which Monsanto markets under the Roundup brand, as a potential carcinogen.

"It's unfortunate that junk science and this kind of mischief can create so much confusion for consumers," Mr. Grant said Wednesday, arguing that 40 years of regulatory review had proven the herbicide's safety.

Monsanto on Wednesday reported a profit for the quarter ended Feb. 28 of $1.43 billion, or $2.92 a share, down from $1.67 billion, or $3.15 a share, a year earlier. Excluding income from discontinued operations, the per-share profit was $2.90, within the company's forecast for a decline between 5% and 10%. Analysts had projected $2.93 a share.

Revenue decreased 11% to roughly $5.2 billion, below analysts' expectations of $5.58 billion.

Monsanto shares climbed 2.4% to $115.27 in early trading Wednesday. Analysts said the stock got a boost because the company stuck with its profit guidance, rather than reducing it, and because U.S. farmers are projected to not cut corn acreage as much as some traders anticipated, according to U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates released Tuesday.

Corn sales, Monsanto's biggest source of profits, declined 15% to $2.9 billion for the quarter as U.S. farmers are projected to dedicate more fields this year to soybeans in pursuit of higher profits. Soybean sales climbed 8% to $883 million and sales in Monsanto's agricultural productivity segment, which includes its Roundup brand weed killer, declined 14% to $1 billion.

The results also were weighed by previously announced shifts in some of Monsanto's seed and pesticide businesses that will move more profits to the company's third quarter reporting period.

"The fundamentals of our business are unchanged," said Mr. Grant.

Write to Jacob Bunge at jacob.bunge@wsj.com and Tess Stynes at tess.stynes@wsj.com

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