ANPC

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UNITED STATES

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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

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WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

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FORM 20-F

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(Mark One)

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Date of event requiring this shell company report

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For the transition period from           to          

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 Commission file number: 001-39137

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AnPac Bio-Medical Science Co., Ltd.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

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N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

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British Virgin Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

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801 Bixing Street, Bihu County

Lishui, Zhejiang Province 323006 

The People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

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Chris Chang Yu, Co-Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer

Tel: +86-21-51085515

chris_yu@anpac.cn

801 Bixing Street, Bihu County

Lishui, Zhejiang Province 323006

The People’s Republic of China

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and Address of Company Contact Person)

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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*          Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market of the American depositary shares.

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

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None

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Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

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None

(Title of Class)

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Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s class the period covered by the annual report:

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As of December 31, 2021, there were 19,377,502 ordinary shares in issue¹, being the sum of (i) 16,604,402 Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.01 per share (including 3,397,447 shares reserved for issuance upon potential conversion of convertible bonds and convertible debentures), and (ii) 2,773,100 Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.01 per share.

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☐ Yes ☒ No

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If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

☐ Yes ☒ No

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Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.     ☐

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† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.     ☐

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Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

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If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

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If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐ Yes ☒ No

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(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

☐ Yes ☐ No

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INTRODUCTION

Except where the context otherwise requires:

Our reporting currency is the Renminbi. Certain of our financial data in this annual report on Form 20-F are translated into U.S. dollars solely for the reader’s convenience. Unless otherwise noted, all convenience translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars in this annual report on Form 20-F were made at a rate of RMB 6.3726 to US$1.00, the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on December 31, 2021. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, at the rate stated above, or at all. The PRC government restricts or prohibits the conversion of Renminbi into foreign currency and foreign currency into Renminbi for certain types of transactions.

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are made under the “safe-harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “projects,” “intends,” “potential,” “target,” “aim,” “predict,” “outlook,” “seek,” “goal” “objective,” “assume,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “positioned,” “forecast,” “likely,” “may,” “could,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “approximately” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

This annual report on Form 20-F also contains estimates, projections and statistical data obtained from various government and private publications. This market data speaks as of the date it was published and includes projections that are based on a number of assumptions and are not representations of facts. The cancer screening and detection market may not grow at the rates projected by market data, or at all. The failure of this market to grow at the projected rate may have a material adverse effect on our business and the market price of our ADSs. If any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data proves to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the industry in which we operate are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

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The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by U.S. federal securities law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this annual report and the documents that we reference in this annual report and have filed as exhibits to this annual report, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. Other sections of this annual report include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

PART I

ITEM 1.     IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2.     OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3.       KEY INFORMATION

A.      Selected Financial Data

The following selected consolidated statements of comprehensive income data and selected consolidated cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, and selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report beginning on page F-1. Our selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2019 has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our historical results do not necessarily indicate results expected for any future periods. You should read this Selected Financial Data section together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” below.

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The following table presents our selected consolidated statements of comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021.

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Note:

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(1)Share-based compensation expenses were allocated as follows:

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The following table presents our selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021.

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The following table presents our selected consolidated cash flow data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measure

In evaluating our business, we consider and use adjusted net loss, a non-GAAP measure, as a supplemental measure to review and assess our operating performance. The presentation of this non-GAAP financial measure is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We define adjusted net loss as net loss adjusted to add back share-based compensation expenses.

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We believe that adjusted net loss helps to identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be distorted by the effect of the expenses that we add back to net loss. We believe that adjusted net loss provides useful information about our operating results, enhances the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects, and allows for greater visibility with respect to key metrics used by our management in its financial and operational decision-making.

The non-GAAP financial measure “adjusted net loss” is not defined under U.S. GAAP, is not presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP and has limitations as an analytical tool. One of the key limitations of using adjusted net loss is that it does not reflect all of the items of income and expense that affect our operations. Share-based compensation has been and may continue to be incurred in our business and is not reflected in the presentation of adjusted net loss. Further, the non-GAAP financial measure “adjusted net loss” may differ from the non-GAAP information used by other companies, including peer companies, and therefore their comparability may be limited.

We compensate for these limitations by reconciling the non-GAAP financial measure to the nearest U.S. GAAP performance measure, all of which should be considered when evaluating our performance. This non-GAAP financial measure should be viewed in addition to, and not as a substitute for, our reported results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and should be read only in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP that are included elsewhere in this annual report.

The table below sets forth a reconciliation of our net loss to adjusted net loss for the years indicated:

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B.       Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C.      Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D.      Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business

We are a development-stage biotechnology company with a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to evaluate our prospects and may increase the probability that we will not be successful.

We commenced our operations in 2010. We achieved commercialization of our CDA test and started generating revenue in China in 2015; we currently do not have commercial operations in the U.S. We are a development-stage biotechnology company with a limited operating history, and our history may not provide a meaningful basis for you to evaluate our business, financial performance and prospects.

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Furthermore, we may not have sufficient experience or resources to address the risks frequently encountered by development-stage biotechnology companies, which include our potential failure to:

If we are unsuccessful in addressing any one or more of these risks, they could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and increase the probability that we will not be successful.

We have incurred losses each year since our inception, we expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we may not be able to achieve and maintain profitability.

Although our revenue grew rapidly in recent years, we have incurred losses each year since our inception. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, we incurred net losses of RMB101.6 million, RMB80.6 million and RMB120.1 million (US$18.8 million), respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of RMB475.6 million (US$74.6 million). To the date of this annual report, we have financed our operations primarily with proceeds from equity and debt offerings, borrowings, and loans from related parties. We have devoted and expect to continue to devote substantially all of our resources to the research, development and commercialization of our CDA technology, device and test. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future. We cannot predict the extent of these future losses, or when we may achieve profitability, if at all. If we are unable to generate sufficient revenue from our business and control our costs and expenses to achieve and maintain profitability, the value of your investment in us could be negatively affected.

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Our success depends heavily on the success of our CDA technology and related cancer screening and detection test.

We derive our revenue primarily from our CDA-based tests, which depend on our CDA technology. If we obtain relevant approvals from the NMPA to sell our CDA device, we also anticipate generating revenue from the sales of our CDA device. We believe that our commercial success will depend upon our ability to achieve and maintain market acceptance of our current and future cancer screening and detection tests, which will depend on a number of factors, including:

If we are unsuccessful in addressing these or other factors that might affect the market acceptance of our tests, our business and results of operations will suffer.

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We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics, civil and social disruption and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

We are vulnerable to social and natural catastrophic events that are beyond our control, such as natural disasters, health epidemics, and other catastrophes, which may materially and adversely affect our business. Since December 2019, there has been an outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) in China and around the world. COVID-19 is considered to be highly contagious and poses a serious public health threat. The World Health Organization labeled the coronavirus a pandemic on March 11, 2020, given its threat beyond a public health emergency of international concern that the organization had declared on January 30, 2020. In response to this pandemic, China, the United States and many other countries and jurisdictions have taken, and may continue to adopt, additional restrictive measures to contain the virus’ spread, such as quarantines, travel restrictions and work from home policies. These measures have slowed down the development of the Chinese economy and the U.S. economy and adversely affected the global economic conditions and financial markets. We currently derive all our revenues in China and we have one laboratory in the United States. The outbreak of this virus caused wide-ranging business disruptions and traffic restrictions in China and the United States in 2020, and with its continued spread globally, the virus’ adverse impact on business activities, travels and overall GDP in China, the United States and other parts of the world has been unprecedented and is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. While the Chinese government’s efforts have slowed down the virus’ spread, there has been resurgences in China from time to time, particularly in winter and spring. As the pandemic expands globally, the world economy is suffering a noticeable slowdown. Commercial activities throughout the world have been and could continue to be curtailed with decreased consumer spending, business operation disruptions, interrupted supply chains, difficulties in travel, and reduced workforces.

As a result of the pandemic of COVID-19 in China, the United States and the world, our operations have been, and may continue to be, adversely impacted by disruptions in business activities, commercial transactions and general uncertainties surrounding the duration of the outbreaks and the various governments’ business, travel and other restrictions. These adverse effects could include our ability to market and conduct our tests in China, commercialize our tests in the United States and carry out research studies and activities in China and the United States. In addition, our business operations could be disrupted if any of our employees is suspected of contracting the coronavirus or any other epidemic disease, since our employees could be quarantined and/or our offices be shut down for disinfection. Although we have validated a COVID-19 antibody test using Roche’s FDA authorized equipment, we have not begun to commercialize our offering of this test and we cannot guarantee the market acceptance of and demand for this test. We have no control over the development of the COVID-19 situations in China, the United States or around the world and therefore cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain a revenue growth in future periods.

Resurgence of COVID-19 and followed lock-down policies in some cities could cut the demand and revenue depending on length of lock-down. Starting March 27, 2022, the lockdown policy in Shanghai has forced us to temporarily halt operations in our Shanghai office. Most of the CDA tests are performed in our subsidiary located in Lishui, Zhejiang, which is not impacted by the resurgence of COVID-19. However, the close of our Shanghai office caused delay in the issuance and delivery of test reports to our customers, which will delay our revenue recognition in such period. The downturn brought by and the duration of the coronavirus pandemic is difficult to assess or predict and the actual effects will depend on many factors beyond our control, including the increased world-wide spread of COVID-19 and the relevant governments’ actions to contain COVID-19 or treat its impact. While China, the U.S. and many other countries have been administering COVID-19 vaccines, it remains uncertain whether and when the vaccines will be able to effectively contain the pandemic. The extent to which COVID-19 continues to impact our results remains uncertain, and we are closely monitoring its impact on us. Our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected directly, as well as to the extent that the coronavirus or any other epidemic harms the Chinese and the United States’ economies in general.

We require substantial funding for our operations. If we cannot raise sufficient capital on acceptable terms, our business, financial condition and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We require substantial capital to expand our business, pursue strategic investments and for other reasons, including to:

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We will be required to obtain further funding through public or private equity offerings, debt financings or other sources. Further financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital as and when needed it would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy. In addition, if we raise funds by issuing debt securities or incurring additional borrowings, the terms of the debt securities issued or borrowings could impose significant restrictions on our operations, and we may be unable to repay the indebtedness when due. If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, your investment in our company could be diluted. For example, On May 31, 2021, we issued US$0.7 million zero coupon convertible debentures to Ascent Investor Relations Inc. for settlement of accounts payable. On July 22, 2021, we issued US $3.0 million zero coupon convertible debentures at a purchase price of US$2.7 million to certain investors, and the investors converted partial principal of this note into 114,234 shares ADSs of our company on December 10, 2021. These convertible debentures have placed certain restrictions on us, such as prohibiting us from effecting any issuance of ADSs or the equivalent involving a variable rate transaction.

Our principal sources of liquidity have been cash generated from financing and operating activities. As of December 31, 2021, we had RMB9.3 million (US$1.5 million) of cash and cash equivalents and a working capital deficit of RMB 39.4 million (US$6.2 million). For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, we incurred continuous losses of RMB 101.6 million, RMB 80.6 million and RMB120.1 million (US$18.8 million), respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred RMB 71.7 million (US$11.3 million) of negative cash flows from operations. The recent resurgence of COVID-19 and lockdown policies in Shanghai, China also has negative impact on our operation. The above-mentioned facts raise substantial doubt about the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern.

In assessing its liquidity, we monitor and analyze our cash on-hand, our ability to generate sufficient revenue sources in the future, and our operating and capital expenditure commitments. With respect to capital funding requirements, we budgeted capital spending based on ongoing assessments of needs to maintain adequate cash. We intend to finance our future working capital requirements and capital expenditures from financing activities until our operating activities generate positive cash flows, if ever. We expect continuous capital financing through debt or equity issuances to support our working capital requirements. Subsequent to December 31, 2021, we entered into investment agreements with several parties and we expect to raise an aggregate of RMB 265.8 million (US$41.7 million) within the following 30 months.

We can make no assurances that required financings will be available for the amounts needed, or on terms commercially acceptable to us, if at all. If one or all of these events does not occur or subsequent capital raises are insufficient to bridge financial and liquidity shortfall, there would likely be a material adverse effect on us and our financial statements.

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As of December 31, 2021, we had short-term debt of RMB33.8 million (US$5.3 million). We believe that our cash and cash equivalents on hand, borrowings and financing committed, and our anticipated cash flows generated from our operating activities will be sufficient to meet our current and anticipated needs for general corporate purposes for at least the next 12 months. However, our estimate as to how long we expect these financial resources to be sufficient to fund our operations is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong. Further, changing circumstances, some of which may be beyond our control, could cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate. Going forward, we expect to need additional fundraising if our cash flows generated from operations do not increase substantially. Our present and future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Our ability to grow our China business is substantially dependent on our ability to penetrate the Chinese hospital market.

In China, we currently can only conduct our cancer screening and detection tests on our devices in our own certified laboratories. Given these restrictions, our customer base is primarily direct customers such as corporations and life insurance companies, as well as sales agents such as health management companies and medical device dealers. But China’s largest market for cancer screening and detection tests is the hospital market, in which patients go to Chinese hospitals for cancer screening and other medical tests. Currently we cannot conduct our tests in hospitals. We have applied for an NMPA Class III medical device registration certificate for our CDA devices to assist in multi-cancer diagnosis. If we receive this certificate, together with an updated medical device manufacture license, we would be permitted to place our devices within Chinese hospitals’ laboratories to conduct commercial tests there or sell our devices to the hospitals for the purposes of assisting in physicians’ diagnosis of specified multiple cancers. We expect to receive the Class III license by the end of the first quarter of 2023. Even if we obtain the certificate and license, we will need to successfully market our CDA device and test to Chinese hospitals. Our ability to grow our China business depends substantially on our ability successfully to penetrate the Chinese hospital market, and we cannot assure you as to when or whether we will be able to do so.

Our plans to enter the U.S. market may not be successful.

Currently, we conduct commercial operations only in China, and the substantial majority of our business, assets, management and employees are located in China. We have been making efforts to enter the U.S. market. We commenced operations of our new laboratory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with the completion of our facility renovation and first phase equipment installation in July 2020. We obtained a CLIA Certificate of Registration for this laboratory in August 2020, and accreditation by the College of American Pathologists, or CAP, and a Certificate of Accreditation under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988,

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or CLIA for this new laboratory. Our U.S. operations currently include collaborating with U.S. health organizations to conduct research tests of our CDA technology, planning to commercialize our CDA tests.

Although our strategy is to expand our U.S. operations and eventually commence commercial sales of our CDA-based tests and other tests (such as COVID-19 antibody tests) in the United States, this strategy is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including:

Our ability to successfully address these factors and penetrate the U.S. market, as well as the costs and timing of these efforts, are highly uncertain. We expect that our commercial activities and revenues will continue to be derived solely from China for the foreseeable future.

Our industry is subject to rapid change, and other companies or institutions may develop and market novel or improved early cancer screening and detection methods, which may make our CDA technology less competitive or obsolete.

Our CDA-based tests depend on the effectiveness of our CDA technology, and we may be unable to maintain the competitiveness of this technology. Our industry is characterized by rapid changes, including technological and scientific breakthroughs, frequent new product introductions and enhancements and evolving industry standards, all of which could make our current CDA-based test obsolete. In recent years, there have been numerous advances in technologies relating to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. We must continuously enhance our CDA technology and develop new tests to keep abreast of evolving standards of early cancer screening and detection. Other companies and institutions may possess significantly greater financial and other resources and research and development capabilities than we do. These other companies and institutions may devote significant resources to develop new methods of detecting cancers and pre-cancer symptoms, and these methods and related tests could represent significant competition for our CDA technology and cancer screening and detection test, or even render our CDA technology obsolete.

We may be unable to compete effectively against our competitors because their products and services may be superior. They may also have more expertise, experience, financial resources or stronger business relationships in developing and marketing their products and services, more mature technologies and products, greater market adoption and greater brand recognition than we do. Further, even if we do develop new marketable tests or services, our current and future competitors may develop tests and services that are more commercially attractive than ours and they may bring those tests and services to market sooner than we are able to.

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We have recorded net working capital deficit and negative cash flows from operating activities and may continue to do so.

We had net working capital deficit of RMB44.0 million, RMB22.2 million and RMB39.4 million (US$6.2 million) as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. We cannot assure you that we will not continue to have net working capital deficit in the future, which would expose us to liquidity risk. Our future liquidity and ability to make the additional capital investments necessary for our operations and business expansion will depend primarily on our ability to maintain sufficient cash generated from operating activities and to obtain adequate external financing. There can be no assurance that we will have such cash from operating activities or that we will be able to renew existing loan facilities or obtain other sources of financing.

We have experienced significant cash outflow from operating activities since our inception. We had net cash used in operating activities of RMB48.6 million, RMB59.0 million and RMB71.7 million (US$11.3 million) in 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Our cost of continuing operations could further reduce our cash position, and an increase in our net cash outflow from operating activities could adversely affect our operations by reducing the amount of cash we have available to meet the cash needs for operating our business and to fund our investments in our business expansion.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or any guidance we may provide.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. These fluctuations may occur due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including:

The cumulative effects of the factors discussed above could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance.

If our cancer screening and detection or other tests or our competitors’ comparable tests do not meet customer expectations, our operating results, reputation and business could suffer.

Our success depends on the market’s confidence in our ability to provide reliable, high-quality cancer screening and detection tests and other tests. We believe that our customers are likely to be particularly sensitive to defects or errors in our tests, in particular if

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our tests fail to accurately detect the risk of pre- and early-stage cancers from blood samples, and we cannot guarantee that our tests will meet their expectations. We may be subject to legal claims arising from any defects or errors in our tests. Furthermore, if comparable tests offered by competing companies fail to perform to expectations, consumers may have lower confidence in cancer screening and detection tests in general. As a result, the failure of our tests or our competitors’ tests to perform as expected could significantly impair our operating results, business prospects and reputation.

We do not carry product liability or professional liability insurance. If we were to be sued for product liability or professional liability, we could face substantial liabilities that exceed our resources.

We could face product liability claims if someone alleges that our cancer screening and detection tests or other tests gave inaccurate or misleading information regarding the patient’s risk of cancer or otherwise failed to perform as designed. A claimant could allege that our test results caused unnecessary treatment or other costs or resulted in the patient missing the best opportunity or timing for treatment. A patient could also allege other mental or physical injury or that our testing provided inaccurate or misleading information concerning the screening and detection, assistance in diagnosis, prognosis or recurrence of, or available therapies for, a cancer or other diseases. We may also be subject to liability for errors in, a misunderstanding of or inappropriate reliance upon, the information we provide in the ordinary course of our business activities. Product liability or professional liability claims could result in substantial damages and be costly and time-consuming for us to defend and could divert our management’s attention.

We do not carry product liability or professional liability insurance. Even if we purchase these kinds of insurance, the insurance may not fully protect us from the financial impact of defending against product liability or professional liability claims. Any product liability or professional liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could increase our insurance rates or prevent us from securing insurance coverage. Additionally, any product liability or professional liability lawsuit could damage our reputation, or cause our research partners to terminate existing agreements and cause potential research partners to seek other partners, or cause us to lose our current or potential customers. Any of these developments could adversely impact our results of operations, business prospects and financial condition.

We may be subject to liability claims for defective services provided by third-party physical checkup centers, which could harm our reputation and adversely impact our results of operations.

In addition to our cancer screening and detection tests, we also provide annual physical checkup packages to our customers. We typically outsource the physical checkup services in these packages (other than cancer screening and detection tests) to third-party physical checkup centers. As a result, the administration of the physical checkup services by these third parties may subject us to litigation and liability for personal damages to consumers. Potential judgments, settlements or costs relating to these claims, complaints or lawsuits could subject us to significant fees and costs in defending ourselves, adversely affecting our results of operations. In addition, our business, reputation and growth prospects could suffer if we face negative publicity in connection with these liability claims.

We may be unable to support demand for our cancer screening and detection tests and manage our future growth effectively, which could make it difficult to execute our business strategy.

Since our inception, we have experienced rapid growth, and we anticipate further growth in our business operations. Our growth could strain our organizational, administrative and operational infrastructure. As the sales volume of our cancer screening and detection tests grows, we will face increased demands on our capacity and efficiency for sample intake, testing results analysis and other laboratory operations, quality control, customer service, and general workflow management processes. To effectively manage our future growth, we plan to continue to improve our technology, as well as our operational, financial and management controls. We also plan to hire, train and manage additional qualified scientists, laboratory technicians and sales and customer service personnel. We will also need to maintain the quality and expected turnaround time of our tests. The time and resources required for these improvements, and failure to achieve them in a timely and effective manner, could adversely affect our operations, making it difficult for us to execute our business strategy.

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We have limited selling and marketing resources and limited sales, marketing, customer support, manufacturing and commercial laboratory experience, which may restrict our success in commercializing our cancer screening and detection tests.

To grow our business as planned, we must expand our sales, marketing, customer support, manufacturing and commercial laboratory management capabilities, which will require developing and administering our commercial infrastructure and/or collaborative commercial arrangements and partnerships. We have limited experience in these respects, and we may encounter difficulties in retaining and managing the specialized workforce that these activities require. For example, our customer base is large and diverse, which requires us to retain a sales team with established industry expertise and experience. We rely on third-party suppliers for the supply of blood samples for our tests and for reagents that we use in the auxiliary biomarker-based tests that form part of our combination tests. We engaged third parties to conduct substantially all of the biomarker-based tests as part of our combination tests in 2018. We later gradually phased out this outsourcing arrangement beginning in 2019 and now perform our combination tests primarily in-house. We also engage third parties to conduct physical checkups. We also rely on contract manufacturers that manufacture key components of our CDA device. While we primarily rely on our own sales and marketing personnel to market our tests, we also engage sales agents, including companies we invested in. However, we may not be able to effectively manage and maintain our relationships with these third parties, including ensuring their compliance with our controls and procedures. Our future growth will also impose significant added responsibilities on our management. If we fail to meet these demands, it would negatively affect our business growth and profitability. We may seek to partner with others to assist us with our sales, marketing and manufacturing functions. However, we may be unable to find appropriate third parties that meet our requirements, in a timely manner or on terms acceptable to us. In addition, our third-party business partners may not perform as we expect or our arrangements with them may otherwise prove to be detrimental to our results. Our third-party arrangements may also be terminated prematurely, including due to factors out of our control. As a result of such developments, our business and prospects may be harmed.

If we are unable to attract and retain qualified key management, scientists, staff and consultants, our ability to implement our business plan may be adversely affected.

We are highly dependent upon certain of our key management, scientists, staff and consultants, particularly Dr. Chris Yu, our founder, co-Chairman and co-Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), and Dr. He Yu, our co-founder and chief medical officer. Dr. Chris Yu resigned from his position as sole CEO of the Company and Chairman of the Board of Directors (the “Board”) on April 6, 2022 and was re-appointed as co-chairman of the Board and co-CEO of the Company on May 7, 2022. Dr. He Yu and each of our key management and scientific personnel may terminate his or her employment with us. Our success is also largely attributable to the qualified and experienced key management and scientific personnel that we have been able to train, attract and retain. If we lose any of our key management and scientific personnel, we may be unable to find replacements suitable to us. The loss of their services could significantly delay or prevent our achievement of our technology development, sales and other business objectives. We do not carry any key-man life insurance. In addition, we face intense competition for qualified individuals from numerous biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, universities, governmental entities and other research institutions. Our limited operating history and the uncertainties attendant to being a development-stage biotechnology company with limited capital resources could limit our ability to attract and retain personnel. We may be unable to attract and retain suitably qualified individuals, and our failure to do so could have an adverse effect on our ability to implement our business plan.

Our future success depends on our ability to promote our brand and protect our reputation.

We believe that enhancing and maintaining awareness of our “AnPac” brand is critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our cancer screening and detection tests, gaining trust for our testing services and attracting new customers. Successful promotion of our brand depends largely on the quality of the services we offer and the effectiveness of our branding and marketing efforts. Currently, we rely primarily on our own sales and marketing team to promote our brand and our cancer screening and detection tests, and we also engage sales agents, including companies we invested in. We expect our branding and marketing efforts will require us to incur significant expenses and devote substantial resources. We cannot guarantee that our marketing efforts will be successful. Brand promotion activities may not yield increased revenue in the near term, and, even if they do, any revenue increases may not offset the expenses we incur to promote our brand. Our failure to establish and promote our brand and any damage to our reputation will hinder our growth.

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In addition, some companies that we established in China together with third parties and some of our sales agents for our CDA test—over which we do not have effective control—share with us the “AnPac” trading name and its Chinese characters that we use. Given this shared use, any negative publicity related to these companies as well as their products and services, whether with merit or not and whether or not related to us, could adversely impact our brand and reputation. Furthermore, negative publicity about other market players or isolated incidents such as fraudulent behaviors, whether or not factually correct, may result in negative perception of the early cancer screening and detection industry as a whole and undermine the credibility we have established, which may negatively affect our business and results of operations.

If we are unable to effectively protect our intellectual property, our business would be harmed.

We rely on patent protection as well as trademark, trade secret and other intellectual property rights protection and contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary devices, tests and technologies, all of which provide limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights. If we fail to effectively protect and/or maintain our patented devices, tests and technologies, our competitive position and prospects could be adversely affected. Furthermore, we could incur substantial litigation costs in our attempts to recover or restrict use of our patents and other intellectual property.

We cannot assure investors that any of our currently pending or future patent applications will result in granted patents, and we cannot predict how long it will take for such patents to be issued, if at all. It is possible that, for any of our patents that have been issued or that may be issued in the future, our competitors may design their products around our patented technologies. Further, we cannot assure you that other persons will not challenge any patents granted to us or that courts or regulatory agencies will hold our patents to be valid, enforceable, and/or infringed. We cannot guarantee you that we will be successful in defending challenges made against our patents and patent applications. Any successful third-party challenge or challenges to our patents could result in the unenforceability or invalidity of these patents, or these patents being interpreted narrowly and/or in a manner adverse to our interests. Our ability to establish or maintain a technological or competitive advantage over our competitors and/or market entrants may be diminished because of these uncertainties. For these and other reasons, our intellectual property may not provide us with any competitive advantage. For example:

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To the extent our intellectual property offers inadequate protection, or is found to be invalid or unenforceable, we would be exposed to a greater risk of direct or indirect competition. If our intellectual property does not provide adequate coverage over our competitors’ products, our competitive position and our business could be adversely affected.

In addition to patent protections, we also try to protect our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information through non-disclosure and confidentiality provisions in our agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, consultants and research partners. These agreements may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets, know-how and/or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized uses or disclosure or other breaches of the provisions, and we may not be able to prevent such unauthorized uses or disclosure. Moreover, if a party having an agreement with us has an overlapping or conflicting obligation to a third party, our rights in and to certain intellectual property could be undermined. In addition, monitoring unauthorized disclosure and uses of our trade secrets is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to prevent such disclosure and uses are, or will be, adequate. If we were to enforce a claim that a third-party had illegally obtained and was using our trade secrets, it would be expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome would be unpredictable, and any remedy may be inadequate. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets.

In addition, competitors could purchase our devices and tests and attempt to replicate and/or improve some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts, willfully infringe our intellectual property rights, and design their devices and tests around our protected technologies or develop their own competitive technologies that fall outside of our intellectual property rights. If our intellectual property does not adequately protect our market share against competitors’ devices and tests, our competitive position could be adversely affected, as could our business.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents. In the event of infringement or unauthorized use, we may file one or more infringement lawsuits, which can be expensive and time-consuming. An adverse result in any such litigation proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated, being found to be unenforceable, and/or being interpreted narrowly. Adverse results of these types could also put our patent applications at risk of not being issued and/or impact the validity or enforceability positions of our other patents. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that part of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure.

Many of our competitors are larger than we are and have substantially greater resources. They are, therefore, likely to be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation longer than we could. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations, continue our internal research programs, pursue, obtain or maintain intellectual property rights, or enter into research and development partnerships that would help to validate and commercialize our tests.

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In addition, patent litigation can be very costly and time-consuming. An adverse outcome in such litigation or proceedings may expose us or any of our future development partners to loss of our proprietary position, expose us to significant liabilities, or require us to seek licenses that may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claims by third parties, which may force us to incur substantial legal expenses and, if determined adversely against us, could materially disrupt our business.

The validity, enforceability and scope of intellectual property rights protection in biotechnology industries, particularly in China, are uncertain and still evolving. We cannot be certain that our devices, tests and technologies do not or will not infringe patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims alleging infringement of patents, trademarks or copyrights, or misappropriation of creative ideas or formats, or other infringement of proprietary intellectual property rights. Any such proceeding and claims could result in significant costs to us and divert the time and attention of our management and technical personnel from the operation of our business. These types of claims could also potentially adversely impact our reputation and our ability to conduct business and raise capital, even if we are ultimately absolved of all liability. Moreover, third parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive relief against us, which could block our ability to offer one or more devices or tests and could result in a substantial award of damages against us. In addition, since we may indemnify customers or collaboration partners, we may have additional liability in connection with any infringement or alleged infringement of third-party intellectual property. Intellectual property litigation can be very expensive, and we may not have the financial means to defend ourselves or our customers or collaboration partners.

Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be pending applications, some of which are unknown to us, that may result in issued patents upon which our devices, tests or proprietary technologies may infringe. Moreover, we may fail to identify issued patents of relevance or incorrectly conclude that an issued patent is invalid or not infringed by our technology or any of our devices or tests. There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patents and other intellectual property rights in our industry. If a third-party claims that we or any of our customers or collaboration partners infringe upon a third-party’s intellectual property rights, we may have to:

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties.

Some of our employees were previously employed at other life science companies, including our potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants, and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, and we are not currently subject to any claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties, we may in the future be subject to such claims. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, which could adversely impact our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

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If our laboratories and other facilities become damaged or inoperable, our ability to conduct our laboratory analysis and our research and development efforts may be jeopardized.

We currently derive substantially all of our revenue from cancer screening and detection tests conducted at our laboratory located in Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China. We also intend to sell our CDA device in China after obtaining relevant approvals from the NMPA. We use our own facilities in Lishui to assemble our CDA device, in addition to engaging third-party contract manufacturers to manufacture its key components. In the United States, we intend to perform all our research and commercial tests in our new laboratory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Our facilities and equipment, or those of our third-party contract manufacturers, could be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including fire, earthquake, power loss, communications failure or terrorism. These types of developments could render it difficult or impossible for us to operate our cancer screening and detection tests and assemble our device for some period of time. If we are unable to perform our tests or to reduce the backlog of analysis that could develop if our facilities are inoperable, for even a short period of time, it could result in a loss of customers or harm to our reputation, and we may be unable to regain those customers or repair our reputation. We have purchased property insurance, but not any business interruption insurance. Damages to, or interruptions in the operations of, our laboratories and other facilities could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, our facilities and the equipment we use to perform our research and development work could be unavailable or costly and time-consuming to repair or replace. It would be difficult, time-consuming and expensive to rebuild our facilities and purchase our equipment, to locate and qualify a new facility or equipment or to license or transfer our proprietary technology to a third-party, particularly in light of licensure and accreditation requirements. Even in the unlikely event that we are able to find a third party with such qualifications to enable us to conduct our test, we may be unable to negotiate commercially reasonable terms.

Security threats to our information technology infrastructure could expose us to liability and damage our reputation and business.

Because our testing services and research and development activities enable us to access customers’ and research partners’ proprietary information, it is essential to our business strategy that our information technology infrastructure remains secure and is perceived by our customers and research partners to be secure. Despite our security measures, we may face cyber-attacks that attempt to penetrate our network security, sabotage or otherwise disable our research, tests and services, misappropriate our or our customers’ and research partners’ proprietary information, which may include personally identifiable information, or cause interruptions of our internal systems and services. We have not purchased any cyber insurance. Any cyber-attacks could negatively affect our reputation, damage our network infrastructure and our ability to deploy our products and services, harm our relationship with customers and research partners that are affected, and expose us to significant financial liabilities.

We depend on third-party suppliers, sales agents, service providers and research partners for different aspects of our business.

We depend on third parties for different aspects of our business, including supplying blood samples for our research studies and reagents required for biomarkers used in our combination tests, performing a portion of auxiliary biomarker-based tests in our combination tests, sales of our cancer screening and detection tests to our customers, and collecting blood samples for our commercial cancer screening and detection tests. Selecting, managing and supervising these third-party suppliers, sales agents and service providers requires significant resources and expertise. Poor performance by these third parties, including their failure to provide services or products according to applicable legal and regulatory requirements, the terms of our contracts or otherwise below standard, could significantly and negatively affect the quality of our cancer screening and detection tests and damage our reputation. Decreases in the level of sales agents’ purchases of tests from us for resale to the end-customers could adversely affect our revenue growth. In addition, the service or cooperative agreements we have with third-party suppliers, sales agents and service providers are subject to a term, and are not on an exclusive basis. If these third parties do not continue to maintain or expand their cooperation with us, we would be required to seek new suppliers and sales agents, which could cause delays in services to us and negatively affect the quality and availability of our cancer screening and detection tests. Any of the above factors could adversely impact our results of operations and financial position.

In addition, certain of our research partners, which are primarily renowned hospitals and medical institutions, collaborate with us and provide blood samples that we use to conduct various research studies. These partners may cease cooperation with us in the future, especially if they enter into similar agreements or arrangements with our competitors. If we are unable to readily access sufficient blood samples to conduct our commercial tests and research studies, we may be unable to compete effectively with other laboratories that have greater access to blood samples, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed.

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We rely on third-party contract manufacturers for the manufacturing of key components of our CDA devices.

We design and configure all of the key components of our CDA device and have outsourced the manufacturing of these components of our CDA devices to third-party contract manufacturers. Our revenue is generated primarily from our CDA tests conducted using our CDA devices. Our contract manufacturers may fail to deliver these key components for reasons beyond our control. For example, they may encounter financial difficulties or experience disruptions in their manufacturing operations due to equipment breakdowns, labor disputes or shortages, raw material shortages, cost increases or other similar reasons. If they fail to timely deliver those key components for us to assemble our CDA device or maintain the quality of their products, our ability to conduct our commercial CDA-based tests could be adversely affected. Currently, we do not have any long-term or exclusive supply contracts with any of our contract manufacturers. Our contract manufacturers may cease to provide us with the key components of our CDA devices. Since qualifying a new contract manufacturer could be costly and time-consuming, the termination of a contract manufacturer could cause disruption to our business and adversely impact our results of operations.

We rely on commercial courier delivery services to transport blood samples to our laboratory facilities in a timely and cost-efficient manner, and if these delivery services are disrupted, our business will be harmed.

Our business depends on our ability to quickly and reliably deliver test results to our customers. We rely on commercial courier delivery services to transport blood samples to our laboratory facilities timely and cost efficiently. Blood samples are typically received within a few days in China for analysis in our laboratories. Disruptions in third-party delivery service, whether due to labor disruptions, bad weather, natural disaster, health epidemics, terrorist acts or threats or for other reasons, could adversely affect specimen integrity and our ability to process blood samples and conduct tests in a timely manner and to service our customers satisfactorily, and ultimately our reputation and our business. In addition, if we are unable to continue to obtain expedited delivery services on commercially reasonable terms, our operating results may be adversely affected.

Material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting have been identified, and if we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.

As a result of the initial public offering, we have become subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. Commencing with our year ended December 31, 2021, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal controls over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in our Form 20-F filing for that year, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In addition, when we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as the term is defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, our independent registered public accounting firm may be required to attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. This will require that we incur substantial additional professional fees and internal costs to expand our accounting and finance functions and that we expend significant management efforts. We may experience difficulty in meeting these reporting requirements in a timely manner.

In the course of preparing and auditing our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, we identified four material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, the material weaknesses identified were (i) lack of accounting staff and resources with appropriate knowledge of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting and compliance requirements; (ii) lack of financial reporting policies and procedures to establish formal risk assessment process and internal control framework; (iii) lack of proper accounts receivable aging policy and review of the allowance for doubtful accounts; and (iv) deficiencies noted in (a) IT policy; (b) risk and vulnerability assessment. (c) program change and security patch management; (d) backup and recovery management; (e) audit trail and separation of duty management; (f) password management. Following the identification of these material weaknesses, we plan to take measures to remedy our information technology general control. For details, see “Item 15. Controls and Procedures—Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.” However, we cannot assure you that all these measures will be sufficient to remediate our material weakness in time, or at all.

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To remedy our identified material weaknesses, we have started to undertake steps to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting, including: (i) hiring additional qualified accounting and financial reporting personnel with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting experience, (ii) obtaining advisory services from professional consultants with experience in the requirements of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 and internal audit guidance on SEC reporting, (iii) expanding the capabilities of our existing accounting and financial reporting personnel through continuous training and education in the accounting and reporting requirements under U.S. GAAP, and SEC rules and regulations, (iv) developing, communicating and implementing an accounting policy manual for our accounting and financial reporting personnel for our recurring transactions and period-end closing processes, and (v) establishing effective monitoring and oversight controls for non-recurring and complex transactions to ensure the accuracy and completeness of our company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. However, these measures have not been fully implemented and we concluded that the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting has not been remediated as of December 31, 2021. We will continue to implement measures to remediate the material weaknesses.

In addition, our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

Our business may suffer if we are unable to collect payments from our corporate customers on a timely basis.

We typically offer credit terms of one to three months to our sales agents and other corporate customers. Any downturn in the businesses of our sales agents and other corporate customers could reduce their willingness or ability to pay us. The failure of any of our sales agents or other corporate customers to make timely payments could require us to recognize an allowance for doubtful accounts. For example, we had allowance for doubtful accounts receivable of RMB177,000, RMB304,000 and RMB1,145,000 (US$180,000) as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to collect these doubtful accounts. As a result, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

We have granted, and may continue to grant, stock incentive awards, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

We have adopted our 2010 share incentive plan, or 2010 Plan, and Amended and Restated 2019 share incentive plan, or 2019 Plan, so that we can grant share-based compensation awards to our directors, officers, employees and consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. The maximum number of Class A ordinary shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards under our 2019 Plan is 1,885,300. We have also separately issued options to our directors, officers, employees and consultants under our 2010 Plan. As of the date of this annual report, options to purchase 1,432,300 Class A ordinary shares under the 2010 Plan and the 2019 Plan had been granted and were outstanding.

We believe the granting of stock incentive awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain our management, employees and consultants, and we will continue to grant stock incentive awards to our management, employees and consultants in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, the granting, vesting and exercise of the awards under these stock incentive plans will have a dilutive effect on your shareholding in our company.

We may be subject to litigation and other claims and legal proceedings, and may not always be successful in defending ourselves against these claims or proceedings.

We are subject to lawsuits and other claims in the ordinary course of our business. We have been, and may in the future be, subject to lawsuits and other legal proceedings brought by our customers, competitors, employees, business partners, investors, other shareholders of the companies we invest in, or other entities against us, in matters relating to intellectual property rights, contractual disputes, competition claims and employment disputes, among others. We may also be subject to regulatory proceedings, such as any non-compliance with licensing requirements, advertising practices, and protection of data privacy of the tested individuals. We may not be successful in defending ourselves, and the outcomes of these lawsuits and proceedings may be unfavorable to us. Lawsuits and regulatory proceedings against us may also generate negative publicity that significantly harms our reputation, which may adversely affect our customer base, market position and our relationships with our research partners and other business partners. In addition to

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the related costs, managing and defending litigation and other legal proceedings and related indemnity obligations can significantly divert our management’s attention from operating our business. We may also need to pay damages or settle lawsuits or other claims with a substantial amount of cash, negatively affecting our liquidity. As a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We have limited business insurance coverage.

Our business insurance is limited, and we do not carry business interruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring for related risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical. Any uninsured damage to our facilities or technology infrastructures or disruption of our business operations could require us to incur substantial costs and divert our resources, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Government Regulations

PRC

As a biotechnology company, we are required to comply with extensive regulations and obtain and maintain a number of permits and licenses to carry on our business in China; future government regulation may place additional burdens on our efforts to commercialize our cancer screening and detection tests and device.

As a biotechnology company, we are subject to extensive government regulation and supervision in China. Violation of applicable laws and regulations may materially and adversely affect our business. For example, we are required to obtain a medical institution practice license from the PRC National Health Commission, or the NHC, for our laboratories to conduct cancer screening and detection tests in China. We also need to obtain a medical device manufacture license and a medical device registration certificate from the NMPA for the manufacturing and commercial use and sale of our CDA device.

Each of our current NHC medical institution practice licenses and our NMPA Class II medical device manufacture license and registration certificate has a five-year term. We are applying for a Class III medical device registration certificate from the NMPA. After we obtain this license, we will apply to update our medical device manufacture license to include the manufacture of Class III medical devices. In December 2021, our first-Class III medical device, a medical device for lung cancer assisting in diagnosis utility, has successfully passed rigorous tests at a medical device testing lab designated by NMPA. The medical device is planned to start clinical trial in selected hospitals in late second quarter or third quarter of 2022. If we are unable to renew our existing licenses and certificates or obtain the Class III medical device license or update our medical device manufacture license, or obtain or renew any other material permits or approvals required for our operations, we may be unable to continue to sell our cancer screening and detection tests or to commercialize our CDA device in China and, as a result, our business may be adversely affected.

In addition, China’s regulatory framework governing biotechnology companies is subject to change and amendment from time to time. Any such change or amendment could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and prospects. The PRC government has introduced various reforms to the Chinese healthcare system in recent years and may continue to do so, with an overall objective of expanding basic medical insurance coverage and improve the quality and reliability of healthcare services. The specific regulatory changes under the reforms still remain uncertain. The implementing measures to be issued may not be sufficiently effective to achieve the stated goals, and as a result, we may not be able to benefit from these reforms to the level we expect, if at all. Moreover, the reforms could give rise to regulatory developments, such as more burdensome administrative procedures, which may have an adverse effect on our business and prospects.

If we are unable to maintain our medical device or laboratory related licenses and certificates, our growth strategy may be compromised.

Pursuant to the Regulation on the Supervision and Administration of Medical Devices as amended by the PRC State Council in December 2020, which came into effect in June 2021, medical devices are classified into three classes according to their risk levels. Class II medical devices are medical devices with moderate risks that must be strictly controlled and regulated to ensure their safety and effectiveness. Class III medical devices are medical devices with relatively high risks that must be strictly controlled and regulated

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through special measures to ensure their safety and effectiveness. In addition, the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of the Operation of Medical Devices, issued on March 10, 2022, regulate entities that engage in business activities involving medical devices in the PRC in accordance with the medical devices’ risk levels. The Class II medical device registration certificate and the Class III medical device registration certificate are required for an entity to conduct business activities involving these medical devices.

We have obtained the Class II medical device registration certificate from the NMPA, which allows us to conduct our tests in our licensed laboratories. To perform our CDA test outside of our laboratories and market them to Chinese hospitals, in December 2018, we applied for a Class III medical device registration certificate from the NMPA for our CDA device. We expect to receive Class III license by the end of the first quarter of 2023. In August, 2021, the Company filed a second class III medical device license application with 11 types of cancer auxiliary diagnosis utility with NMPA, which includes lung, esophageal, gastric, rectal, colon, liver, breast, cervical, thyroid, pancreatic and brain cancers. After we obtain this license, we will update our medical device manufacture license, which we believe is a relatively straightforward procedure. However, there is no assurance that we will receive this NMPA approvals on a timely basis, or at all. If we fail to maintain and renew our Class II medical device registration certificate or if we are unable to obtain the Class III medical device license and update our medical device manufacture license, our ability to grow our business could be adversely affected.

We believe our NHC medical institution practice license and NMPA Class II medical device registration certificate and manufacture license are effective and cover our current commercialized CDA test, which provides a cancer risk assessment. However, the PRC laws and regulations governing cancer screening and detection devices and tests are subject to uncertainties and regulatory discretion, including changes in interpretation and application, such as in respect of restrictions on foreign investments in clinical laboratories. There is also a risk that the relevant regulatory authorities could disagree with our assessment of the commercial activities permitted by our certificates and licenses. For more information on this, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—PRC Regulations—Other Significant PRC Regulations Affecting Our Business Activities in China.” Moreover, if we begin to commercialize our CDA test for other purposes such as assisting in diagnosis, prognosis and recurrence, this regulatory uncertainty and risk would be greater. If the relevant regulatory authorities were to assert that our current or future commercial cancer screening and detection tests were not permitted by our licenses or revoke any of our NMPA or NHC licenses and certificates and require us to take remedial actions to their satisfaction, or if we were unable to obtain amended or additional required licenses or approvals, then our business and financial results would be adversely affected.

We are subject to ongoing obligations and continued regulatory review and to future changes in laws, regulations or enforcement policies in China.

We are subject to ongoing obligations and continued regulatory review in relation to our laboratories and our medical devices. Even if the NMPA grants our application for a Class III medical device registration certificate and allows us to update our medical device manufacture license accordingly, or if we successfully maintain and renew our Class II medical device manufacture license and registration certificate, our CDA device will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements.

In addition, there could be a subsequent discovery of previously unknown problems with our device (including problems with third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes) or failure to comply with existing or future regulatory requirements (including in respect of our conducting of cancer screening and detection tests). For example, if we were found to have conducted any of these tests in premises other than a licensed laboratory, we could be subject to confiscation of revenue from the relevant tests as well as other penalties. For more information on this, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—PRC Regulations—Regulation on Medical Devices and Medical Institutions—Medical Institutions Laws and Regulations.” Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources and could result in adverse government actions (including penalties on us) and negative publicity on our brand.

Moreover, laws, regulations and enforcement policies in China, including those regulating medical institutions, devices and supplies, are evolving. Changes in these areas could impose more stringent requirements on us, including fines or other penalties, and increase our compliance and other operating costs. Changes in government regulations could also prevent, limit or delay regulatory approvals in relation to our CDA device. If we are unable to maintain regulatory compliance, any regulatory approval that has been obtained may be lost and we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability. In addition, regulatory changes may relax certain requirements that could benefit our competitors or lower market entry barriers and increase competition. Further, regulatory agencies

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in China may periodically, and sometimes abruptly, change their enforcement practices. Any litigation or governmental investigation or enforcement proceedings against us in China may be protracted and may result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention, negative publicity, damage to our reputation and decline in the price of our ADSs.

The absence of patent linkage, patent term extension and data and market exclusivity for NMPA-approved medical products could increase the risk of early generic competition against our tests in China.

The life of a patent and the protection it affords are limited under PRC law. Currently, while certain foreign laws regulate patent term extension, patent linkage to products to delay generic entry, or extension of data exclusivity (often referred to as regulatory exclusivity) in certain circumstances, China does not have any effective law or regulation in these aspects. Chinese regulators have set out a framework for delaying generic launches by adding patent linkage and data exclusivity into the Chinese regulatory regime, as well as for establishing a pilot program for patent term extension. However, these measures will require the adoption of specific regulations. In October 17, 2020, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress amended The Patent Law of the PRC, which came into effect in June 2021. The Patent Law of the PRC provides for the mechanism of compensation for the patent term in the case of any unreasonable delay. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or if such extension is shorter in length than requested, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products prior to or following our patent expiration, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed.

Any change in the regulations governing the use of personal data in China, which are still under development, or any data leakage or unauthorized use of data by third parties could adversely affect our business and reputation.

We provide early cancer screening and detection services to tens of thousands of individuals in China. As a result, we have access to these tested individuals’ personal data, including their age, gender, disease status and medical records. We use this personal data internally to expand our test database and improve the clinical utility of our CDA technology. Any such unauthorized access, loss, or dissemination of information could result in legal claims, proceedings or liability under PRC laws and regulations that protect the privacy of personal data. The Civil Code of the PRC which was promulgated in May 28, 2020 and came into effect on January 2021, provides for the protection of personal data. And The Personal Information Protection Law of the PRC, as adopted on August 20, 2021 and came into force on November 1, 2021, provides detailed regulations governing the collection and use of personal data. Other than the requirements for non-tampering with any personal data collected or retained, we believe that there is no PRC legal restriction on our internal use of such data. Any change in the regulatory regime in this regard could potentially affect our ability with regard to the collection and use of these personal data, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Moreover, we may not be able to prevent third parties from illegally obtaining and misappropriating personal data of the tested individuals that we collect. Concerns about data leakage or unauthorized use of data by third parties, even if unfounded, could damage our reputation and negatively affect our results of operations.

United States

We conduct our business in a heavily regulated industry, and changes in regulations or violations of regulations may, directly or indirectly, reduce our revenue, adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition and harm our business.

The U.S. life sciences industry is highly regulated, and the regulatory environment in which we operate may change significantly and adversely to us in the future. Areas of the regulatory environment that may affect our ability to conduct business in the United States include federal and state laws relating to:

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In particular, the laws, regulations and policies governing the marketing of an LDT and clinical diagnostic tests and services are extremely complex, and in many instances, there are no significant regulatory or judicial interpretations of these laws and regulations. Among other things, pursuant to the FDCA and its implementing regulations, the FDA regulates the research, design, testing, manufacturing, safety, labeling, storage, recordkeeping, premarket clearance, authorization or approval, marketing and promotion and sales and distribution of medical devices in the United States to ensure they are safe and effective. Medical devices are defined by the FDCA to include, among other things, instruments and in vitro reagents or other similar or related articles, which are intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions. In addition, the FDA regulates the import and export of medical devices. Most LDTs, however, are not currently regulated as medical devices under FDA’s current regulatory framework, although components of LDTs, including, for example, instruments, reagents, and sample collection devices, may be regulated as medical devices. If we are subject to these FDA requirements and do not comply, or later become subject to these requirements and fail to adequately comply, our business operations may be harmed. These requirements may additionally cause delays in our ability to market and sell our products or services, which may, directly or indirectly, reduce our revenue, adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition and harm our business.

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We plan to market our CDA test initially as an LDT, and future changes in the FDA’s regulation of LDTs could subject our operations to much more significant regulatory requirements.

We plan to initially market our CDA test in the United States as an LDT. LDTs have generally been considered to be tests that are designed, developed, validated and used within a single laboratory. The FDA has historically exercised a policy of enforcement discretion with respect to LDTs, whereby the FDA does not actively enforce its medical device regulatory requirements for these tests. In October 2014, the FDA issued two draft guidance documents stating that it intended to modify its policy of enforcement discretion with respect to LDTs in a risk-based manner consistent with the existing classification of medical devices. The FDA halted finalization of the draft guidance documents in November 2016 to allow for further public discussion of an appropriate oversight approach to LDTs and to give congressional authorizing committees the opportunity to develop a legislative solution. In January 2017, FDA issued a discussion paper laying out key elements of a possible revised future LDT regulatory framework. On August 19, 2020, HHS rescinded all guidance documents and informal policy statements that FDA had previously issued concerning LDTs, and announced that FDA would no longer require premarket authorization for LDTs unless the FDA engaged in notice-and-comment rulemaking. On November 15, 2021, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services withdrew the policy that directed FDA not to enforce premarket review requirements for LDTs. HHS no longer has a policy on LDTs that is separate from FDA’s longstanding approach in this area. The former FDA Commissioner and the Director of the Center for Devices and Radiological Health, or CDRH, have expressed significant concerns regarding disparities between LDTs and IVDs that have been reviewed and cleared, authorized or approved by the FDA. The FDA has also determined that certain LDTs do not qualify for enforcement discretion because these tests pose higher risk to the public health. If we market our test initially as an LDT in the United States and the FDA were to determine that our test is not within the enforcement discretion policy for LDTs for any reason, including as a result of new rules, policies or guidance, or due to changes in law, our laboratory and test may become subject to extensive FDA requirements or otherwise impact our business. These types of changes could reduce our revenue or increase our costs and adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations or financial condition. If required, the regulatory marketing authorization process required to bring our LDT into compliance may involve, among other things, successfully completing additional clinical validations and submitting to and obtaining from the FDA pre-market clearance (510(k)), authorization for a de novo petition, or approval of a Premarket Approval Application, or PMA. Furthermore, legislative proposals could create new or different regulatory and compliance burdens on us and could have a negative effect on our ability to keep products on the market or develop new products, which could have a material effect on our business. In the event that we market our test initially as an LDT in the United States and then the FDA requires marketing authorization of our LDT in the future, the FDA ultimately may not grant any clearance, authorization or approval requested by us in a timely manner, or at all.

Our proprietary CDA device is an analytical instrument used as part of our CDA test, which may increase our risk that the FDA concludes that our test does not qualify as an LDT.

While the FDA has historically exercised enforcement discretion over the majority of LDTs, there are certain factors that have led to increased regulatory oversight. One such factor is the use of customized equipment and reagents. If the FDA were to conclude that our CDA device requires clearance, market authorization, or approval to be used as part of an LDT, it could prevent us from being able to offer our test. Even if we submit our CDA device for clearance, authorization, or approval, the FDA ultimately may not grant such clearance, authorization or approval requested by us in a timely manner, or at all.

Failure to comply with U.S. federal or state laboratory licensing requirements and the applicable requirements of the FDA or any other regulatory authority or accrediting body, could cause us to lose the ability to perform testing in the United States, experience disruptions to our business, or become subject to administrative or judicial sanctions.

We are subject to CLIA, a U.S. federal law that regulates clinical laboratories that perform testing on specimens derived from humans for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease. Any testing subject to CLIA regulation must be performed in a CLIA-certified laboratory. CLIA certification is also required in order for us to be eligible to bill U.S. state and federal healthcare programs, as well as commercial payers, for our tests. We have commenced operations of our new laboratory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with the completion of our facility renovation and first phase equipment installation in July 2020. We obtained a CLIA Certificate of Registration for this laboratory in August 2020. We have also accredited by CAP, and have obtained a CLIA Certificate of Accreditation for this laboratory. To maintain our CAP accreditation and CLIA certification, we are subject to survey and unannounced inspection every two years.

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We are required to maintain a Pennsylvania clinical laboratory license for our Philadelphia laboratory to conduct testing. In addition, some other states may require our Philadelphia laboratory to be licensed there in order to accept blood samples from those states or may have such requirements in the future. To maintain our state licenses, we may be subject to survey and inspection.

Failure to comply with applicable clinical laboratory certification and licensure requirements, including proficiency testing, may result in a range of enforcement actions, including suspension, limitation or revocation of our CAP accreditation, CLIA certificates and/or state licenses, imposition of a directed plan of corrective action, onsite monitoring, civil monetary penalties, criminal sanctions and revocation of the laboratory’s approval to receive Medicare and Medicaid payment for its services. Any of these enforcement actions or our failure to renew our CLIA certificates, a state license or other accreditation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if we were able to bring our laboratory back into compliance, we could incur significant expenses and potentially lose revenue in doing so.

If we are unable to obtain or maintain regulatory clearance or approvals in the United States, or if we experience delays in receiving clearance or approvals, our growth strategy may not be successful.

In the United States, we plan to initially offer our CDA test for clinical use as an LDT in our laboratory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Because we developed this test and will offer this test solely for use within our laboratory, we believe that we may market the test as an LDT. Under current FDA policies, the FDA does not enforce its premarket clearance or approval requirements for certain LDTs before commercialization. The FDA could disagree with this assessment, however, in which case we would be required to obtain clearance, authorization, or approval for our device and/or test to continue marketing.

A key element of our longer term business strategy is to place our CDA device in other laboratories to broaden access to our technology and increase demand for our tests and any future tests that we may develop. In order to distribute our cancer screening and detection test and device outside of our laboratory, we will need to obtain FDA clearance, authorization, or approval for our test and device.

The FDA regulates medical devices, including IVDs, that are sold and distributed in U.S. interstate commerce. Unless an exemption applies, generally, before a new medical device or a new use for a medical device may be sold or distributed in the United States, the medical device must receive either a 510(k) premarket notification clearance, de novo marketing authorization, or a PMA approval from the FDA. As a result, before we can market or distribute our device and test in the United States for use by other clinical testing laboratories, we must first obtain 510(k) clearance, de novo marketing authorization, or PMA approval from the FDA. We are pursuing obtaining LDT for our CDA test at our Philadelphia, PA laboratory. Once we have received LTD status for our CDA test, we plan to offer commercial CDA tests at our Philadelphia, PA laboratory. Once we apply, we may not receive the FDA clearance, marketing authorization, or approval for the commercial use of our CDA device and test on a timely basis, or at all.

The FDA can delay, limit or deny clearance, authorization or approval of a device for many reasons, including:

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There are numerous FDA personnel assigned to review different aspects of marketing submissions, and uncertainties can be presented by their ability to exercise judgment and discretion during the review process. During the course of review, the FDA may request or require additional data and information, and the development and provision of these data and information may be time-consuming and expensive. The process of obtaining regulatory clearances, authorizations or approvals to market a medical device can be costly and time-consuming, and we may not be able to obtain these clearances, authorizations or approvals on a timely basis or at all for our proposed products. If we are unable to achieve clearance or approval or if other laboratories do not accept our device and test, our ability to grow our business could be compromised.

Clinical studies involve a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

In order to receive FDA clearance, marketing authorization, or approval for the commercialization of our CDA test and/or device in the United States, we must conduct, at our own expense, extensive analytical testing and clinical studies to demonstrate safety and effectiveness of our device and test for the intended indication of use. Clinical testing is expensive, can take many years to complete, if at all, and its outcome is uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical study process. Also, our CDA device and test may not prove to be safe and efficacious in the clinical studies, and they may not meet all the applicable regulatory requirements needed to receive FDA clearance, authorization, or approval. The results of our clinical studies may not support the clinical validation needed to offer our cancer screening and detection test in the U.S. In addition, clinical claims for our CDA test that are supported by the clinical studies results may not be commercially viable.

If we receive FDA clearance, marketing authorization, or approval of our CDA device and test, we will continue to be subject to extensive FDA regulatory oversight.

Medical devices are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA in the United States. If our CDA device is cleared, authorized, or approved by the FDA, we will need to comply with the applicable regulatory requirements and our failure to do so could result in enforcement action by the FDA or state agencies. Any of these enforcement actions could also result in higher than anticipated costs or lower than anticipated sales and have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.

We also cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative or executive action in the United States. For example, the U.S. has taken several executive actions, including the issuance of a number of executive orders, that could impose significant burdens on, or otherwise materially delay, the FDA’s ability to engage in routine regulatory and oversight activities such as implementing statutes through rulemaking, issuance of guidance and review and approval of marketing applications. It is difficult to predict how these executive actions will be implemented and the extent to which they will affect the FDA’s ability to exercise its regulatory authority. If these executive actions impose constraints on the FDA’s ability to engage in oversight and implementation activities in the normal course, our business may be negatively impacted.

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Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements, and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees. Misconduct by our employees could include intentional failures to comply with the regulations of the FDA or non-U.S. regulators, to comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, or to report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing, and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Such misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical studies, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. We currently have a code of conduct applicable to all of our employees, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and our code of conduct and the other precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses, or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could result in the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, including, without limitation, damages, monetary fines, individual imprisonment, disgorgement of profits, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other U.S. federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting or oversight obligations if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with the law and curtailment or restructuring of our operations, which could have a significant impact on our business. Whether or not we are successful in defending against such actions or investigations, we could incur substantial costs, including legal fees, and divert the attention of management in defending ourselves against any of these claims or investigations.

If we fail to comply with healthcare laws and regulations, we could face substantial enforcement actions, including civil and criminal penalties and our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse laws and patient privacy laws of both the U.S. federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The laws include, but are not limited to:

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. Although compliance programs can mitigate the risk of investigation and prosecution for

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violations of these laws, the risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable U.S. federal and state privacy, security and fraud laws may prove costly.

Our collection, use and disclosure of individually identifiable information, including health and/or employee information, is subject to U.S. state, U.S. federal, and foreign privacy and security regulations, and our failure to comply with those regulations or to adequately secure the information we hold could result in significant liability or reputational harm.

The privacy and security of personally identifiable information stored, maintained, received or transmitted, including electronically, is a major issue in the United States and abroad. While we strive to comply with all applicable privacy and security laws and regulations, as well as our own posted privacy policies, legal standards for privacy, including but not limited to “unfairness” and “deception,” as enforced by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and state attorneys general, continue to evolve, and any failure or perceived failure to comply may result in proceedings or actions against us by government entities or others, or could cause us to lose customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Recently, there has been an increase in public awareness of privacy issues in the wake of revelations about the activities of various government agencies and in the number of private privacy-related lawsuits filed against companies. Concerns about our practices with regard to the collection, use, retention, disclosure or security of personally identifiable information or other privacy-related matters, even if unfounded and even if we are in compliance with applicable laws, could damage our reputation and harm our business.

Numerous U.S. federal and state laws and regulations govern the collection, dissemination, use and confidentiality of personally identifiable health information, or PHI, including state privacy and confidentiality laws (including state laws requiring disclosure of breaches); U.S. federal and state consumer protection and employment laws; HIPAA; and European and other foreign data protection laws. These laws and regulations are increasing in complexity and number, may change frequently and sometimes conflict.

HIPAA establishes a set of national privacy and security standards for the protection of individually identifiable health information, including PHI by health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and healthcare providers that submit certain covered transactions electronically, or covered entities, and their business associates, which are persons or entities that perform certain services for, or on behalf of, a covered entity that involve creating, receiving, maintaining or transmitting PHI.

Penalties for violations of these laws vary. For instance, penalties for failure to comply with a requirement of HIPAA and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, vary significantly, and can include civil monetary penalties of up to $60,226 per violation, not to exceed $1.80 million per calendar year for each provision that is violated. A single breach incident can result in findings of violations of multiple provisions, leading to possible civil penalties in excess of $1.80 million in a single year. Violations of HIPAA may also result in criminal penalties. For example, a person who knowingly obtains or discloses individually identifiable health information in violation of HIPAA may face a criminal penalty of up to $50,000 and up to one-year imprisonment. In certain circumstances, criminal fines up to $250,000 per violation and/or up to ten years’ imprisonment may be imposed. The criminal penalties increase if the wrongful conduct involves false pretenses or the intent to sell, transfer, or use identifiable health information for commercial advantage, personal gain, or malicious harm. Responding to government investigations regarding alleged violations of these and other laws and regulations, even if ultimately concluded with no findings of violations or no penalties imposed, can consume company resources and impact our business and, if public, harm our reputation.

Further, various states, such as California and Massachusetts, have implemented similar privacy laws and regulations that impose restrictive requirements regulating the use and disclosure of health information and other personally identifiable information. These laws and regulations are not necessarily preempted by HIPAA, particularly if a state affords greater protection to individuals than HIPAA. Where state laws are more protective, we may have to comply with the stricter provisions. In addition to fines and penalties imposed upon violators, some of these state laws also afford private rights of action to individuals who believe their personal information has been misused. The interplay of U.S. federal and state laws may be subject to varying interpretations by courts and government agencies, creating complex compliance issues for us and our clients and potentially exposing us to additional expense, adverse publicity and liability. Further, as regulatory focus on privacy issues continues to increase and laws and regulations concerning the protection of personal information expand and become more complex, these potential risks to our business could intensify. Changes in laws or regulations associated with the enhanced protection of certain types of sensitive data, such as PHI, or

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personally identifiable information along with increased customer demands for enhanced data security infrastructure, could greatly increase our cost of providing our services, decrease demand for our services, reduce our revenue and/or subject us to additional liabilities.

We may be exposed to liabilities under the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and Chinese anti-corruption laws, and any determination that we have violated these laws could have a material adverse effect on our business or our reputation.

We are subject to the FCPA. The FCPA generally prohibits us from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We are also subject to the anti-bribery laws of China. Our current customers include state-owned enterprises and, after we obtain the Class III medical device registration certificate, we plan to sell our CDA tests and devices to hospitals in China, many of which are state-owned. As a result, we may engage with Chinese officials or persons of equivalent status during the ordinary course of our business. We do not fully control the interactions that our employees and sales agents have with those officials or persons, and they may try to increase sales volumes of our tests through means that constitute violations of the FCPA, the PRC anti-bribery laws or other related laws. As our business expands, the applicability of the FCPA and other anti-bribery laws to our operations will increase. Our procedures and controls to monitor anti-bribery compliance may fail to protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees or sales agents. If we, due to either our own deliberate or inadvertent acts or those of others, fail to comply with applicable anti-bribery laws, our reputation could be harmed and we could incur criminal or civil penalties, other sanctions and/or significant expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in China

We are subject to many of the economic and political risks associated with emerging markets due to our operations in China. Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies and the current tensions in international economic relations could have an adverse effect on our business and operations.

Most of our assets and operations are located in China, the world’s largest emerging market. In light of our operations in an emerging market, we may be subject to risks and uncertainties including fluctuations in GDP, unfavorable or unpredictable treatment in relation to tax matters, expropriation of private assets, exchange controls, restrictions affecting our ability to make cross-border transfer of funds, regulatory proceedings, inflation, currency fluctuations or the absence of, or unexpected changes in, regulations and unforeseeable operational risks. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange, allocation of resources, evolving regulatory system and lack of sufficient transparency in the regulatory process.

The economies of emerging markets are typically more vulnerable to market downturns and economic slowdowns elsewhere in the world. While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on China’s overall economic growth. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to a reduction in demand for our cancer screening and detection test and adversely affect our competitive position. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us.

Recently there have been heightened tensions in economic relations between the United States and China. The U.S. government has recently imposed, and proposed to impose additional, new or higher tariffs on products imported from China to penalize China for what it characterizes as unfair trade practices. China has responded by imposing largely commensurate tariffs on products imported from the United States. The lasting impact of these trade conflicts on the PRC economy remains uncertain. As a biotechnology company with operations primarily based in China as well as the United States, our plan to commercialize our CDA test in, and export our CDA device to, the United States after obtaining relevant approvals from the FDA could be adversely affected

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by these or future trade developments. In addition, political tensions between the United States and China have escalated due to, among other things, the COVID-19 outbreak, sanctions imposed by the U.S. Department of Treasury on certain officials of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the central government of the PRC, and the U.S. sanctions on a number of Chinese entities and relevant individuals. Rising political tensions could reduce levels of trade, investment, technological exchange and other economic activities between the two major economies, which would have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Uncertainties with respect to China’s legal system could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

We conduct our businesses in China primarily through our PRC subsidiaries. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries are subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. The PRC legal system is evolving rapidly, and the interpretation of many laws, regulations and rules may contain inconsistencies, and the enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. Any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into and could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based, in part, on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published in a timely manner, or at all, but which may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not always be aware of any potential violation of these policies and rules. Such unpredictability towards our contractual, property and procedural rights could adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law, which may impose new burdens on us.

The PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the FIL, was enacted by the National People’s Congress of the PRC on March 15, 2019 and became effective on January 1, 2020, which replaces the trio of previous laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. This law has become the legal foundation for foreign investment in the PRC. The FIL embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. The Implementation Rules to the Foreign Investment Law were promulgated by the State Council on December 26, 2019 and became effective on January 1, 2020. However, uncertainties exist with respect to interpretation and implementation of the FIL and its Implementation Rules, which may adversely impact our corporate governance practice and increase our compliance costs. For instance, we might be required by governmental interpretations or implementing rules of the FIL to adjust the corporate governance of certain of our PRC subsidiaries in a five-year transition period. In addition, the FIL imposes information reporting requirements on foreign investors or foreign invested enterprises. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or other regulatory compliance requirements under the FIL may lead to rectification obligations, penalties, or other regulatory sanctions on us.

PRC regulations of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our offshore equity and debt offerings to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries or we may make additional capital contributions to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China. Any loans by us to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be

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registered with the local counterpart of the PRC State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. In addition, a foreign invested enterprise shall use its capital pursuant to the principle of authenticity and self-use within its business scope.

In March 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Administration Measures on Conversion of Foreign Exchange Registered Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which took effect and replaced certain previous SAFE regulations from June 1, 2015. SAFE further promulgated the Circular of the SAFE on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts, or SAFE Circular 16, which took effective on June 9, 2016 and, among other things, amended certain provisions of SAFE Circular 19. According to SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16, the flow and use of Renminbi capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company is regulated such that Renminbi capital may not be used for business beyond its business scope, or to provide loans to persons other than affiliates, unless otherwise permitted under its business scope. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may limit our ability to transfer the net proceeds from our offshore equity and debt offerings to our PRC subsidiaries and convert the net proceeds into RMB.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans to our PRC subsidiaries or future capital contributions by us to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China. As a result, uncertainties exist as to our ability to provide prompt financial support to our PRC subsidiaries when needed. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we expect to receive from our offshore equity and debt offerings and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We rely on dividends paid by our subsidiaries for our cash needs, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

As a holding company, we conduct most of our business through our subsidiaries incorporated in China. We may rely on dividends paid by these PRC subsidiaries for our cash needs, including the funds necessary to pay any dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, to service any debt we may incur and to pay our operating expenses. The payment of dividends by entities established in China is subject to limitations. Regulations in China currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. As a result, our PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to us in the form of dividends. In addition, if any of our PRC subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Any limitations on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to transfer funds to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends and otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Our business benefits from certain financial incentives and discretionary policies granted by local governments. Expiration of, or changes to, these incentives or policies would have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

In the past, local governments in the PRC granted certain financial incentives from time to time to our PRC subsidiaries as part of their efforts to encourage the development of local businesses. The timing, amount and criteria of government financial incentives are determined within the sole discretion of the local government authorities and cannot be predicted with certainty before we actually receive any financial incentive. We generally do not have the ability to influence local governments in making these decisions. Local governments may decide to reduce or eliminate incentives at any time. In addition, some of the government financial incentives are granted on a project basis and subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, including completion of the specific project therein. We cannot guarantee that we will satisfy all relevant conditions, and if we do not, we may be deprived of the relevant incentives. We cannot assure you of the continued availability of the government incentives currently enjoyed by us. Any reduction or elimination of incentives would have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Government grants and subsidies we recognized for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 was RMB2.8 million, RMB7.5 million and RMB0.6 million (US$ 0.1 million), respectively.

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Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, we may be classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders, and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside China may be considered as a PRC resident enterprise provided that its “de facto management body” is located within China. According to the implementation rules, “de facto management body” is interpreted as a body that exercises substantial and overall management and control over the business, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the PRC State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued the Circular of the SAT on Issues Relating to Identification of PRC-Controlled Overseas Registered Enterprises as Resident Enterprises in Accordance With the De Facto Standards of Organizational Management, or SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect SAT’s general position on how “de facto management body” rule should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in China; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in China; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder minutes, are located or maintained in China; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in China.

According to these rules and regulations, we may be considered as a PRC resident enterprise by the PRC tax authorities for tax purposes and a number of unfavorable tax consequences could follow. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we will be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide income, which could materially reduce our net income, and we may be required to withhold tax from dividends we pay at a rate of 10% in case to non-PRC enterprise shareholders (including ADS holders) or 20% in case to non-PRC individual shareholders (including ADS holders); in addition, gains realized on the sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in case of non-PRC enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders) or 20% in case of non-PRC individual shareholders (including ADS holders), if such dividends or gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. Any such PRC tax liability may be reduced under an applicable tax treaty. However, it is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders (including our ADS holders) of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

In February 2015, the SAT issued the Public Notice Regarding Certain Enterprise Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Tax Resident Enterprises, or SAT Public Notice 7. SAT Public Notice 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to not only indirect transfers but also transactions involving transfer of other taxable assets, through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Public Notice 7 provides certain criteria on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. SAT Public Notice 7 also brings challenges to both foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of the taxable assets. Where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise being the transferor, or the transferee, or the PRC entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such indirect transfer to the relevant tax authority. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to

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withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes. However, according to the aforesaid safe harbor rule, the PRC tax would not be applicable to the transfer by any non-resident enterprise of ADSs of our company acquired and sold on public securities markets.

In October 2017, the SAT issued the Public Notice on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Public Notice 37, which took effect on December 1, 2017. According to SAT Public Notice 37, where the non-resident enterprise fails to declare the tax payable pursuant to Article 39 of the EIT Law, the tax authority may order it to pay the tax due within required time limits, and the non-resident enterprise shall declare and pay the tax payable within such time limits specified by the tax authority. If the non-resident enterprise voluntarily declares and pays the tax payable before the tax authority orders it to do so, it shall be deemed that such enterprise has paid the tax payable in time.

We face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences of future private equity financing transactions, share exchanges or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises. The PRC tax authorities may pursue such non-resident enterprises with respect to a filing or the transferees with respect to withholding obligation and request our PRC subsidiaries to assist in the filing. As a result, we and non-resident enterprises in such transactions may become at risk of being subject to filing obligations or being taxed under SAT Public Notice 7 and SAT Public Notice 37, and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with them or to establish that we should not be taxed under these regulations, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could adversely affect our business and the value of our securities.

Changes in the value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, Euro and other foreign currencies are affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions. Since July 2005, the RMB is no longer pegged to the U.S. dollar, and the RMB may appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the medium to long term. Any significant revaluation of the RMB may have a material adverse effect on our revenues and financial condition, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our shares in U.S. dollar terms. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from any equity or debt offerings into RMB for our operations, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on RMB amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of paying dividends on our ordinary shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our cash balance effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our revenues in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our holding company incorporated in the BVI primarily relies on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund our cash and financing requirements. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries in China may be used to pay dividends to our company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi.

In light of the flood of capital outflows, the PRC government may from time to time impose more restrictive foreign exchange policies and increase scrutiny of major outbound capital movements. More restrictions and substantial vetting processes may be required by SAFE or other government authorities to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. The PRC government may at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

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PRC laws and regulations have more complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

PRC laws and regulations, such as the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, Anti-Monopoly Law of the PRC and the Rules of the PRC Ministry of Commerce, or the MOFCOM, on Implementation of the Security Review System of Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the MOFCOM Security Review Rules, established additional procedures and requirements that are expected to make merger and acquisition activities in China by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change of control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, or that the approval from the MOFCOM be obtained in circumstances where offshore companies established or controlled by PRC enterprises or residents acquire affiliated domestic companies. PRC laws and regulations also require certain merger and acquisition transactions to be subject to merger control review or security review.

According to these laws and regulations, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors having “national defense and security” concerns, and for mergers and acquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire the “de facto control” of domestic enterprises that have “national security” concerns. In addition, when deciding whether a specific merger or acquisition of a domestic enterprise by foreign investors is subject to the security review, the MOFCOM will look into the substance and actual impact of the transaction. The MOFCOM Security Review Rules further prohibit foreign investors from bypassing the security review requirement by structuring transactions through proxies, trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions.

We might grow our business in part by acquiring other companies operating in our industry. Complying with the requirements of the relevant regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including approval from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to change their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under PRC law.

SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration on Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014 that requires PRC residents to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing, referred to as “offshore special purpose vehicle.” In addition, such PRC residents must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes any change of basic information (including change of such PRC residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. According to the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13, released on February 2015 by the SAFE, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the foreign exchange registration under SAFE Circular 37 from June 2015.

Due to the inherent uncertainty in the implementation of regulatory requirements by the PRC governmental authorities, SAFE Circular 37 registration might not be always practically available under all circumstances as prescribed in those regulations. In addition, we may not at all times be fully aware or informed of the identities of all the PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in our company. We cannot assure you that all of our PRC resident registered or beneficial owners are in compliance and will comply with SAFE regulations, including those requiring them to make necessary applications, filings and amendments. To our knowledge, certain of our PRC resident individual shareholders who hold an insignificant number of our shares have not completed their SAFE Circular 37 registration yet. The failure or inability of our PRC resident shareholders to comply with the SAFE registrations, or failure by us to update the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, may subject us to fines and legal sanctions, such as restrictions on our cross-border investment activities, the ability of our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China to distribute dividends and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us. Moreover, failure to comply with the various foreign exchange registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC laws for circumventing applicable

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foreign exchange restrictions. As a result, our business operations and our ability to distribute profits to you could be materially and adversely affected.

Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for stock ownership plans or share option plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Rules. Under the Stock Option Rules and other relevant rules and regulations, PRC residents who participate in stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly-listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are PRC residents must retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly listed company or another qualified institution selected by such PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of its participants. Such participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests and fund transfers. In addition, the PRC agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes. Certain of our directors, executive officers, employees and consultants who are PRC residents may participate in our 2019 Plan, and therefore are subject to these regulations. Failure of these PRC stock option holders to complete their SAFE registrations may subject these PRC residents to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business.

In addition, the SAT has issued certain circulars concerning employee share incentives. Under these circulars, our employees working in the PRC who exercise share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC government authorities.

Our business and our profitability may be negatively affected by the rising labor costs and potential obligations to make additional contributions of social insurance premium and housing funds.

In recent years, labor costs in China have continued to increase, driven by increased inflation, as well as enactment of new labor laws. As a result, we expect our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, to continue to increase in the foreseeable future. Unless we are able to pass on these increased labor costs to our customers by increasing the prices of our products and services, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

In addition, we are required by PRC laws and regulations to participate in various employee social security plans that are organized by municipal and provincial governments, including housing, pension, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, employment injury insurance, maternity insurance and unemployment insurance. We are required under PRC law to make contributions to employee benefit plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time. The relevant government agencies may examine whether an employer has made adequate payments of these requisite statutory employee benefits, and those employers who fail to make adequate payments may be subject to late payment fees, fines and/or other penalties. We have historically failed to promptly make social insurance and housing fund contributions in full with respect to our employees. If the relevant PRC authorities determine that we shall make supplemental social insurance and housing fund contributions, and that we are subject to fines and legal sanctions, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Proceedings instituted by the SEC against China-based accounting firms could result in our financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

Starting in 2011 five China-based accounting firms were affected by a conflict between U.S. and Chinese law. Specifically, for certain U.S.-listed companies operating and audited in China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the Chinese firms

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access to their audit work papers and related documents. The firms were, however, advised and directed that under Chinese law, they could not respond directly to the U.S. regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channeled through the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC.

In December 2012, the SEC instituted proceedings under Rule 102(e)(1)(iii) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against five China-based accounting firms alleging that these firms had violated U.S. securities laws and the SEC’s rules and regulations thereunder by failing to provide to the SEC the firms’ work papers related to their audits of certain China-based companies that are publicly traded in the U.S. Rule 102(e)(1)(iii) grants the SEC the authority to deny to any person, temporarily or permanently, the ability to practice before the SEC who is found by the SEC, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, to have willfully violated any such laws or rules and regulations. On January 22, 2014, an initial administrative law decision was issued, censuring these accounting firms and suspending four of the five firms from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months. Four of these China-based accounting firms appealed to the SEC against this decision and, on February 6, 2015, each of the four China-based accounting firms agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before the SEC. The firms’ ability to continue to serve all their respective customers is not affected by the settlement. The settlement requires the firms to follow detailed procedures to seek to provide the SEC with access to Chinese firms’ audit documents via the CSRC. Under the terms of the settlement, the underlying proceeding against the four China-based accounting firms was deemed dismissed with prejudice four years after entry of the settlement. The four-year mark occurred on February 6, 2019.

If the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings against audit firms with operations in China, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, U.S.-listed companies, and the market price of our ordinary shares may be adversely affected.

If our prior independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young, were was denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2019, our financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of the ADSs from the Nasdaq Capital Market or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of the ADSs in the United States.

The recent joint statements by the SEC and the PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCAA”) all call for the application of additional and more stringent requirements to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors. These developments could add uncertainties to our listing status.

On April 21, 2020, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a new joint statement, reminding the investors that in many emerging markets, including China, there is substantially greater risk that disclosures will be incomplete or misleading and, in the event of investor harm, substantially less access to recourse, in comparison to U.S. domestic companies, and stressing again the PCAOB’s inability to inspect audit work papers in China and its potential harm to investors.

On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in “Restrictive Market,” (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or board of director for Restrictive Market companies, and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditors.

The lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating audits and its quality control procedures of auditors based in China. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections. Inspections of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of these auditors’ audit

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procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. Investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements.

As part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by national law, in particular PRC law, on May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, which includes requirements similar to those in the EQUITABLE Act requiring the SEC to identify issuers whose audit reports are prepared by auditors that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate because of restrictions imposed by non-U.S. authorities. The HFCAA would also require public companies on the SEC’s list to certify that they are not owned or controlled by a foreign government and make certain additional disclosures on foreign ownership and control of such issuers in their SEC filings. The HFCAA was approved by the U.S. House of Representatives on December 2, 2020 and was signed into law by the U.S. President on December 18, 2020. The HFCAA amended the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to require the SEC to prohibit securities of any U.S.-listed companies from being listed on any of the U.S. securities exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange, or traded “over-the-counter,” if the registrant’s financial statements have been audited by an accounting firm branch or office that is not subject to PCAOB inspection for a period of three consecutive years after the HFCAA became effective. On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules to implement portions of the HFCAA, and it gave the public a 30-day comment period. As an initial matter, the process of identifying an issuer, which is audited by an auditor not subject to the PCAOB’s full inspections or investigation because of restrictions by non-U.S. authorities, will require coordination with the PCAOB. The PCAOB is currently considering how it will implement the requirements of the HFCA Act, and any PCAOB rulemaking in this respect will be subject to SEC review and approval prior to implementation.

Our auditor, Friedman LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2021 included elsewhere in this Form 20-F, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess our auditor’s compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor is headquartered in Manhattan, New York, and has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis with the last inspection in June 2018. However, the recent developments would add uncertainties to our listing status and we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements.

Risks Relating to the ADSs

The trading price of our ADSs may be volatile regardless of our operating performance.

The trading price of our ADSs could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. Furthermore, the stock market in general has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies like us. These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our ADSs, regardless of our operating performance. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

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Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our ADSs will trade, and you may not be able to sell your shares at prices you deem acceptable. In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence our corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

As of the date of this annual report, our issued ordinary shares consisted of 22,447,064 Class A ordinary shares (excluding treasury shares and shares reserved for potential conversion of convertible dentures) and 2,773,100 Class B ordinary shares. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class A ordinary shares will be entitled to one (1) vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares will be entitled to ten (10) votes per share. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by its holder, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of Class B ordinary shares by a holder to any person or entity who is not an affiliate of the holder, or upon a change of ultimate beneficial ownership of the holder of any Class B ordinary share to any person or entity who is not an affiliate of the holder, such Class B ordinary shares will be automatically and immediately converted into the same number of Class A ordinary shares. We sold Class A ordinary shares represented by our ADSs in our initial public offering.

All of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares held by Dr. Chris Chang Yu through CRS Holdings Inc. and a portion of our ordinary shares held by Zhangjiang GU KE Company Limited and Zhijun Sihang Holdings Limited, respectively, have been re-designated as Class B ordinary shares. Dr. Chris Chang Yu, Zhangjiang GU KE Company Limited and Zhijun Sihang Holding Limited beneficially owned approximately 44.05%, 8.58% and 6.15%, respectively, of the aggregate voting power of our company as of the date of this annual report, due to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class share structure. As a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, these holders of Class B ordinary shares will have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding change of directors, mergers, change of control transactions and other significant corporate actions. They may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our ADSs. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

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Share ownership has remained as of the date of this annual report, and will remain, concentrated in the hands of our principal shareholders and management, who are and will continue to be able to exercise a direct or indirect controlling influence on us.

Our directors, officers and current five percent or greater shareholders and affiliated entities together beneficially owned approximately 62% of the voting power of our ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of the date of this annual report, and this concentration of share ownership will remain in the foreseeable future. As a result, these shareholders, acting together, have significant influence over all matters that require approval by our shareholders, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. Corporate action might be taken even if other shareholders oppose them. This concentration of ownership might also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company that other shareholders may view as beneficial.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us, or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline.

Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of ADSs or ordinary shares, including upon the exercise of vested options and conversion of convertible securities, in the public market could cause the price of ADSs to decline.

Sales of substantial amounts of our ADSs or ordinary shares, including upon the exercise of vested options and conversion of convertible debentures that we have issued, in the public market or at a discount to the market price, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through offerings of equity securities or securities convertible into or exchangeable for equity securities in the future. The ADSs sold in our initial public offering are freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, and shares held by our existing shareholders may be sold in the public market in the future subject to the restrictions in Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act and the applicable lock-up agreements. As of March 31, 2022, there were 24,437,767 ordinary shares (including 21,664,667 Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs and excluding treasury shares and shares reserved for potential conversion of convertible debentures) outstanding as of the date of this annual report. We issued a US$265,500 10% convertible promissory note at a purchase price of US$250,000 in a private placement to an investor in 2020, and the investor converted the total principal and the accrued interest of this note into 54,642 ADSs of our company in February 2021. In addition, we issued on February 5, 2021 US$2.0 million zero coupon convertible debentures due February 4, 2022 at a purchase price of US$1.7 million in a private placement to several investors, subject to certain condition that may increase the rate to 15% per year. The debenture holders may convert the debentures into our ADSs at any time on or prior to maturity at the lower of (i) $15.00, or (ii) the lower of (x) 82% of the closing bid price in the last reported trade of the ADSs or (y) 80% of the VWAPs (daily dollar volume-weighted average price) during the 10 consecutive trading days, immediately preceding the date of conversion or other date of determination (the “Variable Conversion Price”), but not lower than the floor price of $1.00. Subject to the floor price, the Variable Conversion Price will be 75% of the VWAPs during the 10 consecutive trading days, immediately preceding the conversion date or other date of determination if we trigger certain event of default as set forth in the debentures. Our failure to have an effective registration statement covering the resale of the underlying shares prior to April 16, 2021 triggered an event of default under these convertible debentures, which resulted in the outstanding amount under these convertible debentures increasing by 10%. In addition, the conversion rate of the debentures is subject to adjustments under the terms of the debentures. Sales of substantial amounts of ADSs in the public market or the conversion of these convertible debentures, or the perception that these sales or conversions could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs.

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Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

Our memorandum and articles of association (the “M&A”) contain provisions which may have the effect of limiting the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. Our dual-class voting structure gives disproportionate voting power to the holders of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares. Our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

As we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.

You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our Class A ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary of the ADSs has agreed that if it or the custodian receives any cash dividends or other distributions on Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying the ADSs, it will pay them to you after deducting its fees and expenses pursuant to the deposit agreement. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Class A ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary or the custodian is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act of 1933 but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, Class A ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, Class A ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our Class A ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of the ADSs.

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The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of our ADSs, you do not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You are only able to exercise the voting rights which are carried by the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. If we instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs in accordance with your instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, the depositary may still vote in accordance with instructions you give, but it is not required to do so. You will not be able to directly exercise any right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs unless you withdraw the shares, and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. Under our M&A, the minimum notice period required to be given by our company to our registered shareholders to convene a general meeting is seven days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to withdraw the shares underlying your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our amended and restated articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. If we instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary how to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the shares underlying your ADSs are voted and you may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested.

You may experience dilution of your holdings due to the inability to participate in rights offerings.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks that it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. As a result, you may be unable to transfer your ADSs when you wish to.

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Your rights to pursue claims against the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares provides that, subject to the depositary’s right to require a claim to be submitted to the U.S. federal or state courts in the City of New York have non-exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine claims arising under the deposit agreement and in that regard, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.

If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable U.S. state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the U.S. federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before investing in the ADSs.

If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under U.S. federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result indifferent outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not enforced, to the extent a court action proceeds, it would proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

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We are subject to liability risks stemming from our foreign status, which could make it more difficult for investors to sue or enforce judgments against our company, and the ability of U.S. authorities to bring actions against us or our management may also be limited.

We are a company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. We conduct substantially all of our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China, the world’s largest emerging market. In addition, certain of our directors and executive officers reside within China for a significant portion of a year or are PRC nationals and a substantial portion of their assets are within China. As a result, it could be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the United States federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the British Virgin Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. In addition, due to jurisdictional limitations, matters of comity and various other factors, the SEC, Department of Justice and other U.S. authorities may be limited in their ability to take enforcement actions, including in instances of fraud, against us or our directors and officers in China. In addition, shareholder claims that are common in the United States, including class action securities law and fraud claims, generally uncommon in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities. Although the local authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the U.S. have not been efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to overseas parties.

In addition, BVI companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States. The circumstances in which any such action may be brought, and the procedures and defenses that may be available in respect to any such action, may result in the rights of shareholders of a BVI company being more limited than those of shareholders of a company organized in the United States. Accordingly, shareholders may have fewer alternatives available to them if they believe that corporate wrongdoing has occurred. For more information, see “Item 10—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Differences in Corporate Law—Shareholders’ Suits”. The BVI courts are also unlikely to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts in the United States based on certain liability provisions of U.S. securities law, and to impose liabilities against us, in original actions brought in the BVI, based on certain liability provisions of U.S. securities laws that are penal in nature. There is no statutory enforcement in the BVI of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the BVI will in certain circumstances recognize such a foreign judgment and treat it as a cause of action in itself which may be sued upon as a debt at common law so that no retrial of the issues would be necessary. This means that even if shareholders were to sue us successfully, they may not be able to recover anything to make up for the losses suffered.

Lastly, under the provisions of the BVI Act, the memorandum and articles of association of a company are binding as between the company and its members and between the members. In general, members are bound by the decision of the majority or special majorities as set out in the articles of association or in the Act. As for voting, the usual rule is that with respect to normal commercial matters members may act from self-interest when exercising the right to vote attached to their shares.

If the majority members have infringed a minority member’s rights, the minority may seek to enforce its rights either by derivative action or by personal action. The BVI Act provides that any member of a company is entitled to payment of the fair value of his shares upon dissenting from certain matters. For more information, see “Item 10—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Differences in Corporate Law—Shareholders’ Suits.”

Generally any other claims against a company by its members must be based on the general laws of contract or tort applicable in the BVI or their individual rights as members as established by the company’s memorandum and articles of association, which are more limited than the rights afforded investors under the laws of many states in the United States.

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You may have difficulty enforcing judgment against us or our directors and officers.

We are a BVI holding company and most of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, certain of our directors and executive officers are residents of the PRC, and substantially all of their assets and our assets are located in the PRC. As a result, you may not be able to effect service of process upon us or these directors and executive officers, or to enforce against them judgments obtained in courts in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the BVI and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

We are a public company and expect to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in revenues for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s ICFR. The JOBS Act also permits an emerging growth company to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of such extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies.

We may take advantage of the aforesaid exemptions for so long as we remain an emerging growth company until the fifth anniversary from the date of our initial listing. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we may need to increase the number of independent directors and will need to adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, operating as a public company makes it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we may incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

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As we are a foreign private issuer and are exempt from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, you have less protection than you would have if we were a domestic issuer.

The Nasdaq listing rules require listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of their board members be independent. As a foreign private issuer, however, we are permitted to, and we will, follow home country practice in lieu of the above requirements. The corporate governance practice in our home country, the BVI, does not require a majority of our board to consist of independent directors. Since a majority of our board of directors will not consist of independent directors, fewer board members may be exercising independent judgment and the level of board oversight on the management of our company may decrease as a result. In addition, the Nasdaq listing rules also require U.S. domestic issuers to have a compensation committee, a nominating/corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors, and an audit committee with a minimum of three members each of whom must be an independent director (unless any exception under the Nasdaq listing rules applies). We, as a foreign private issuer, are not subject to these requirements, except for the aforesaid independence requirement for audit committee members (unless any exception under the Nasdaq listing rules applies). The Nasdaq listing rules may require shareholder approval for certain corporate matters, such as requiring that shareholders be given the opportunity to vote on all equity compensation plans and material revisions to those plans, and certain issuances of ordinary shares and securities convertible into or exchangeable for ordinary shares. We are not required to and may not comply with the requirements of the Nasdaq listing rules in determining whether shareholder approval is required on such matters. While we have appointed a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee, we have followed home country practice to not have all members of our compensation committee and nomination and corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors. In addition, we may consider following home country practice in lieu of the requirements under the Nasdaq listing rules with respect to certain other corporate governance standards which may afford less protection to investors.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies.

Because we are a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including: (i) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K with the SEC; (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; (iii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and (iv) the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis through press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of Nasdaq Stock Market LLC. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information, which would be made available to you, were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could subject U.S. Holders of our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

A non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC, if, in any particular year, either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) the average percentage of the value of its assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income, based on the average of four quarterly testing dates, is at least 50% (the “asset test”). Because the PFIC tests must be applied each year, and the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets may change, it is possible that we may be a PFIC in the current or a future year. In particular, because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test may be determined by reference to the market price of our ADSs, fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs may cause us to become a PFIC.

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If we are a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations”) may incur significantly increased U.S. federal income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs and on the receipt of distributions on our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the U.S. federal income tax rules, and such U.S. Holder may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. Further, if we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs, we will generally continue to be treated as a PFIC for all subsequent years during which such U.S. Holder holds our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs, unless we cease to be a PFIC and the U.S. Holder makes a special “purging” election on IRS Form 8621. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Status” for more details regarding the foregoing.

​

ITEM 4.     INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A.            History and Development of the Company

We began our operations by incorporating AnPac Bio in January 2010 as a BVI business company limited by shares under the BVI Act. AnPac Bio was established primarily as a holding company and has established our operating subsidiaries in China and the United States.

In March 2010, we established Changhe Bio-Medical Technology (Yangzhou) Co., Ltd., or AnPac Yangzhou, as our wholly foreign owned subsidiary in the PRC to market and sell our cancer screening and detection tests and conduct biology related research and development activities.

In March 2011, we established Changwei System Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., or AnPac Changwei, as our wholly foreign owned subsidiary in the PRC as our global research and development center.

In October 2012, we established AnPac Bio-Medical Technology (Lishui) Co., Ltd. or AnPac Lishui, as our wholly foreign owned subsidiary in the PRC as our headquarters and to manufacture our CDA devices.

In October 2013, we established Shanghai Xinshenpai Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Xinshenpai, as our wholly owned subsidiary in the PRC to market and sell our cancer screening and detection tests. In December 2020, we wound up Shanghai Xinshenpai.

In April 2014, we established AnPac Bio-Medical Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., or AnPac Shanghai, as our wholly owned subsidiary in the PRC to market and sell our cancer screening and detection tests.

In September 2015, we established AnPac Technology USA Co., Ltd., or AnPac US, as our wholly owned subsidiary in the United States to conduct research studies and clinical studies for our research on cancer screening and detection tests.

In July 2016, we established Lishui AnPac Medical Laboratory Co., Ltd., or Lishui Laboratory, as our wholly owned subsidiary in the PRC to conduct cancer screening and detection tests.

In November 2017, we established Shiji (Hainan) Medical Technology Limited, or Shiji Hainan, as our wholly owned subsidiary in the PRC, which we acquired from third parties to conduct cancer screening and detection tests.

In May 2018, we established Penghui Health Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., or Penghui Health Management, as our wholly owned subsidiary in the PRC to market and sell our cancer screening and detection tests. In December 2020, we wound up Penghui Health Management.

In March 2019, we established Shanghai Muqing AnPac Health Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Muqing, as our 51% owned subsidiary in the PRC to conduct cancer screening and detection tests.

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On August 15, 2021, we completed a step acquisition of 40% equity interest in Anpai (Shanghai) Healthcare Management and Consulting Co., Ltd. (“Anpai Shanghai”), consisting of an acquisition of 40% equity interest of Anpai Shanghai acquired from Dr. Chris Chang Yu for a consideration of RMB 8.5 million approved by the Board of Directors (the “Board”), and an investment of 20% equity interest in Anpai Shanghai which the Group has already held prior to August 15, 2021. Anpai Shanghai is engaged in mainly provides physical examination services and other health consulting services in PRC.

On May 4, 2022, the Nasdaq Hearings Panel has granted the request of the Company to transfer its shares from the Nasdaq Global Market to Nasdaq Capital Market, effective at the open of trading on May 6, 2022.

Our principal executive offices are located at 801 Bixing Street, Bihu County, Lishui, Zhejiang Province 323006, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86-578-2051-666. Our registered office in the BVI is located at the office of Maples Corporate Services (BVI) Limited at Kingston Chambers, P.O. Box 173, Road Town, Tortola, BVI. Our agent for service of process in the United States is AnPac US, located at 3 Spring House Innovation Park, #150 Ambler, PA 19002.

Investors should submit any inquiries to the address and telephone number of our principal executive offices. Our main website is www.anpacbio.com. The information contained on our website is not a part of this annual report.

SEC maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding us that file electronically with the SEC. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Expenditures” for a discussion of our capital expenditures.

B.            Business Overview

We are a biotechnology company focusing on early cancer screening and detection. We market and sell a multi-cancer screening and detection test that uses our innovative, patented CDA technology and our proprietary CDA device. In addition to early cancer screening and detection, our CDA technology has demonstrated potential to assist physicians in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and recurrence.

Our CDA technology provides a comprehensive platform, on which we have developed our CDA test and our proprietary CDA device. Our CDA test can detect and assess an individual’s overall cancer risk with high accuracy, including early-stage cancer. We also offer combination tests that combine our CDA test with auxiliary tests based on other cancer screening and detection technologies to detect the risk of specific cancer types. We have historically primarily combined our CDA test with the biomarker-based test in our combination tests. We began offering a new combination test product named APCS in the second quarter of 2020, which combines our CDA test with the ct-DNA test. When we refer to our technology or tests as a “cancer screening and detection” technology or test in this annual report, we refer to the detection and assessment of the risk of cancer occurrence, not to cancer diagnosis.

Our CDA technology focuses on biophysical properties in human blood. Recent studies have shown that there is a correlation between certain biophysical properties, including acoustical, electrical, magnetic, nano-mechanical and optical properties, and cancer occurrence. These studies have revealed that biophysical properties could be important non-genetic aspects of the micro-environment regulating the balance between normal cell growth and carcinogenesis (cancerous growth), which may lead to cancer occurrence. Biophysical properties’ physical expressions of information in the blood can indicate risks of pre-cancerous states and cancers. These biophysical signals change over time as cancer occurs, progresses or regresses. Our proprietary CDA device uses an integrated sensor system to detect certain biophysical signals in blood samples. After collecting data on these signals, we use our CDA technology and proprietary algorithm to measure and analyze these signals at multiple biological levels (including the protein, cellular and molecular levels) and with multiple parameters (including the overall CDA value, the PTF value and the CTF value). According to Frost & Sullivan, we are one of the first biotechnology companies worldwide to focus on the detection and measurement of cancers’ biophysical properties. In our industry and related research fields, our CDA technology, as well as CTCs, ct-DNA, exosome, mRNAs and other emerging technologies, are known as “next-generation” cancer screening and detection technologies.

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Our CDA technology provides a highly accurate, early-stage risk assessment of the occurrence of cancer. As of December 31, 2021, our CDA technology had been shown in numerous retrospective validation studies to be able to detect the risk of 26 cancer types with high sensitivity and specificity rates. These 26 cancers accounted for over 80% of the cancer incidences in China from 2013 to 2018, according to Frost & Sullivan. Our CDA technology requires only a standard blood sample from a tested individual, which minimizes the inconvenience and invasive procedures and avoids the harmful side effects that are inherent to many other technologies.

We have established a test database that as of March 31, 2022, consisted of over 258,345 blood samples of various age, sex and disease groups. Our database included approximately 214,055 samples from our commercial CDA-based tests and approximately 44,290 samples from our research studies. According to Frost & Sullivan, we ranked first globally total volume of next generation early cancer screening and detection tests in multiple cancer types and we ranked first globally volume of commercial next generation early cancer screening and detection tests in multiple cancer types as of January 2021. For purposes of these rankings, we had approximately 43,700 clinical samples and approximately 172,900 commercial samples as of Dec 2020, which represented the historical aggregate number of participants enrolled in our research studies that were developed in clinical sites qualified by competent authorities, such as the NMPA. In addition, among companies offering next-generation early cancer screening and detection technologies in China, in 2020 we ranked first in terms of total volume of next generation early cancer screening and detection tests, multiple cancer types, according to Frost & Sullivan trade.

We have established two clinical laboratories in China and one clinical laboratory in the United States. Our principal laboratory is a licensed biomedical clinical laboratory located in Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China, where we perform our commercial CDA-based tests (including our CDA tests and combination tests), as well as a variety of other tests (including immunological and biochemical tests). Our laboratory in Haikou, Hainan Province, China is a licensed genomics clinical laboratory where we perform gene sequencing tests. In addition to these two clinical laboratories, we also have a research and development center located in Shanghai, China, where we develop our next-generation cancer screening and detection technology and tests. In the United States, we obtained a CLIA Certificate of Registration for our new laboratory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in August 2020. We have received CAP accreditation and a CLIA Certificate of Accreditation for this new laboratory. which is equipped to perform our CDA tests and biochemical tests. We have entered into research agreements with U.S. universities and academic medical centers, and we are in discussions with other U.S. hospitals, medical institutions, CROs, managed care companies and other health organizations, to conduct research studies on our CDA technology at our Philadelphia laboratory. Our Philadelphia laboratory is currently conducting research using the CDA technology.

As of March 31, 2022, we had filed 260 patent applications globally; among these, 155 patents had been granted, including 68 in greater China (including eight in Taiwan) and 22 in the United States, and 66 patent applications were pending in China, the United States and other countries and regions. Our patent applications broadly cover apparatus and methods for early-stage disease detection, and they strategically encompass important specific embodiments of these apparatus and methods.

We performed our first commercial CDA-based test in China in 2015 and have generated revenue since then. The number of commercial CDA-based tests (inclusive of CDA tests and combination tests) which we sold increased significantly from 41,607 in 2018 to 52,428 in 2019, and it decreased to 41,354 in 2020 primarily due to the impact of COVID-19 and decreased to 38,628 in 2021. In mid-2020, we launched two new products, including our ADME immunology test and APCS cancer screening and detection test (which is included in our combination tests). Our revenue from sales of cancer screening and detection tests increased by 8.6% from RMB9.6 million in 2018 to RMB10.4 million in 2019 and further increased by 77.7% from 2019 to RMB18.5 million (US$2.8 million) in 2020 and decreased by 18.9% from 2020 to RMB 14.9 million (US$2.3 million) in 2021. Our total revenues increased by 5.8% from RMB10.3 million in 2018 to RMB10.8 million in 2019 and further increased by 89.1% from RMB10.8 million in 2019 to RMB20.5 million (US$3.1 million) in 2020 and our total revenues decreased by 12.3% to RMB18.0 million (US$2.8 million) in fiscal year 2021 from RMB20.5 million (US$3.1 million) in fiscal year 2020. In the United States, we plan to commence marketing our CDA test as an LDT in the future.

Our CDA Technology

Our CDA technology provides an innovative and comprehensive platform for us to develop multi-cancer screening and detection tests with high sensitivity, specificity and cost-efficiency.

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Principal Mechanism

Focus on Biophysical Properties

Our CDA technology is a liquid-based technology. The critical difference between our CDA technology and other liquid-based cancer screening and detection technologies is that our technology focuses on biophysical properties rather than conventional biochemical or genomic properties. Specifically, our CDA technology is based on the correlations between biophysical properties and cancer occurrence. Recent studies have shown that there is a correlation between certain biophysical properties and cancer occurrence. These studies have revealed that certain biophysical properties could be important non-genetic aspects of the micro-environment regulating the balance between normal cell growth and carcinogenesis (cancerous growth), which may lead to cancer occurrence. Biophysical properties exist in all human beings, including healthy individuals, and the signals they express can be detected before a tumor has formed. Biophysical properties increase or decrease progressively in a statistically significant way from healthy state to non-cancerous disease, pre-cancer disease, early- and late-stage cancer states. The change in biophysical properties is a potential cause for the loss of immunity and increased occurrence of cancer. On the other hand, the strength of biophysical signals expressed by these biophysical properties—which our CDA technology is designed to detect—increase progressively from healthy through late-stage cancer states.

We have collected testing data on 26 types of cancer, including data on biophysical properties measured in multiple serial samples collected from the same person over time and corresponding pathological data. Our proprietary algorithm is based on this database, and it uses the testing data collected by our CDA device to determine the PTF value, CTF value and overall CDA value of a blood sample. The overall CDA value determined through our test factors in the PTF and CTF value, as well as other biophysical property characteristics of the blood sample. The overall CDA value, as the principal parameter for our CDA technology, is proportional to the cancer risk.

Based on the progressive changes of biophysical properties and their signals from healthy through late-stage cancer states, we believe that our CDA technology is ideally suited for early cancer screening and detection, as well as assistance in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and reoccurrence. Through tracking CDA values, we can obtain both static and dynamic (progression) of information on cancer risk.

Multi-level and Multi-parameter

Our CDA technology is designed to analyze biophysical properties that potentially influence body functions at multiple biological levels, including cellular, protein and molecular levels. By comparison, some other liquid-based cancer screening and detection technologies are based on detection signals that exist at only one of the cellular, protein and molecular levels—for example, conventional biomarkers at the protein level and CTCs at the cellular level. As a result of this multi-level analysis, we believe that our CDA technology is more comprehensive and that it can provide more dimensions of information, potentially making it more accurate in detecting cancers.

Our CDA technology quantitatively measures biophysical properties that are collectively possessed by a biological specimen. These properties may vary by health status at the cellular, protein and molecular levels. At the cellular level, biophysical properties may not only change with a cell’s surface properties, but they may also alter when interactions occur between cells (for example, intercellular repulsions and attractions) as well as possibly cell-to-cell signaling. At the protein and molecular levels, certain biophysical properties may modify proteins’ surface phases and structures and affect the molecular mechanism that maintains the nuclear and genomic integrity of normal cells. Shifts and aberrations in these biophysical properties may potentially lead to alterations in cell interactions and possibly affect functioning and replication of DNA. These shifts and aberrations could therefore cause increased mistakes in gene replications and even increased frequency of gene mutations that result in various diseases, including cancer. In addition, different cancers may share certain common biophysical properties, and our CDA technology captures and quantifies the biophysical signals of malignant cells that are in general distinct from those in normal cells. As a result of these measurements, our CDA technology can detect the risk of multiple cancers in one test. In contrast, certain other liquid-based cancer signals only exist at one of the above three levels (cellular, protein or molecular) and normally a specific signal corresponds to only one cancer. For instance, AFP tumor marker, a protein biomarker, is typically used to screen exclusively for liver cancer; and PSA, another protein biomarker, is typically only used to detect prostate cancer.

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Our CDA technology, together with our CDA device, deploys various measurement parameters, primarily PTF, CTF and CDA values, by detecting certain biophysical properties in blood. After testing a blood sample, our CDA device generates a series of testing data, including the PTF value, the CTF value and the overall CDA value. The PTF value refers to the measured level of protein cancer-related factor in the blood. The CTF value refers to the measured level of cellular cancer-related factors in the blood. Using our proprietary algorithm, we arrive at the overall CDA value based on the PTF and CTF values, as well as other biophysical property characteristics of the blood. This overall CDA value is the principal analysis parameter that we use to assess an individual’s overall cancer risk. Based on the results of these parameters, we assess the risk of cancer to be low (normal), medium or high.

Analytical Validation

We have conducted numerous research studies on our CDA technology’s utility and accuracy. Since 2015, we have completed 25 research studies on our CDA technology with hospitals and medical institutes in China. Among them, the results of 18 research studies on which we collaborated with five Chinese hospitals and medical institutes have been published at ASCO annual meetings, a famous international medical journal Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics and other medical conferences and in medical journal supplements. We have also completed an additional ten unpublished research studies with nine hospitals and medical institutes in China. As of March 31, 2022, we had tested more than 258,238 blood samples collected from various age, sex and disease groups, including over 214,085 samples from our commercial CDA-based tests and over 44,153 samples from our research studies.

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Our research studies have demonstrated that our CDA technology can detect the risk of multiple cancers with high sensitivity and specificity rates. We have used meta-analysis to analyze the resulting data of all completed research studies for a specific cancer type up to December 31, 2021 and calculated our CDA technology’s sensitivity and specificity rates for that cancer type. Meta-analysis is a statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings. The following table sets forth the sensitivity and specificity rates of our CDA technology in detecting 26 cancers based on our completed research studies up to December 31, 2021:

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Note:

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Early Cancer Screening and Detection

Research studies

A number of our research partners, including hospitals and medical institutions in China, have validated our CDA technology’s ability to detect the risk of multiple cancers. This validation has been done through their un-blinding of our single- or double-blinded testing results for tested individuals in their institutions. Single-blinded test refers to the testing process in which we do not know, but our research partners know, about the pathological or clinical information of the tested samples or the makeup of the patient and control groups during the course of testing. By comparison, in double-blinded tests, neither us nor our research partners have this information until the un-blinding step. Un-blinding refers to the disclosure of the previously withheld information to us by our research partners in single-blinded tests, or the publication of this information by a third-party study administrator or by our research partners after they otherwise acquire the information. Set forth below are several representative examples of validation studies on our CDA technology that we have completed with Chinese hospitals:

Since 2015, we have cooperated with Shanghai Changhai Hospital to research various cancers, including lung cancer. We have published six papers under this project. The latest paper was published at the 2019 ASCO Annual Meeting. In this study, 832 blood samples collected from patients with non-small cell lung cancer, or NSCLC, and 642 blood samples from healthy individuals (as the control group) were tested using our CDA technology. The results indicated that our CDA technology had good sensitivity and specificity rates even for lung cancer at stage I—85.2% and 93.0%, respectively.

This hospital is one of the first hospitals that has cooperated with us in conducting research studies. At the 2015 ASCO Annual Meeting, we published a paper evaluating our multi-level, multi-parameter CDA detection method for digestive system cancer diagnosis based on one of our joint research studies with this hospital. Although the sample size was limited, this was the earliest paper comparing our CDA technology with conventional biomarkers.

In this study, the hospital collected blood samples from nine HCC patients and six colorectal cancer patients, as well as from a control group of 20 healthy individuals. These blood samples were tested by both our CDA technology and methods based on conventional biomarkers, including AFP and carcinoembryonic antigen, or CEA. The results showed that there was a significant statistical difference in the measured overall CDA value between each of the HCC and colorectal cancer patient groups and the control group. Specifically, in the HCC group, our CDA technology had a sensitivity rate of 77.0% compared to the AFP-based method’s 33.0%, while the specificity rates of both methods were similar. In the colorectal cancer group, our CDA technology had a sensitivity rate of 83.0% compared to the CEA-based method’s 33.0%, while the specificity rates of both methods were similar.

We have collaborated with Lishui Central Hospital, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, or Lishui Central Hospital, primarily in liver and lung cancer studies. We published two papers, one on HCC and one on NSCLC, at the 2015 ASCO Annual Meeting.

In the HCC study, blood samples were collected from 485 HCC patients, 64 cirrhosis patients and 44 patients with benign liver diseases, or BLD, as well as from a control group of 75 healthy individuals. All the samples were tested using our CDA technology. The results indicated that there was a significant statistical difference in the measured overall CDA value between the HCC patient group and each of the control, BLD, and cirrhosis groups.

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In the NSCLC study, three groups of blood samples were tested using our CDA technology, which included 383 samples collected from NSCLC patients, 103 samples from patients with non-cancerous lung diseases and a control group of 149 healthy individuals. The results indicated that our CDA technology can detect NSCLC with the sensitivity of 87.7% and specificity of 79.9%.

A two-stage study to evaluate the value of CDA test was conducted and is still going.

The first stage of a cross-sectional study included 75,942 healthy individuals in routine health checkup and the second stage of a prospective population-based cohort which included 1,957 healthy community members. Forty-eight and ten cancer cases were identified among cross-sectional study and prospective population-based cohort, respectively. Using a pre-determined cutoff, we found that the CDA test could differentiate blood samples between healthy and cancer individuals with >93% specificity and >55% sensitivity in both studies.

With high specificity and moderate sensitivity of CDA test, the study indicates that CDA can analyze biophysical properties in the blood to rapidly and reliably screen healthy individuals from cancer patients in a health checkup setting where most individuals are healthy or with average risk of cancer.

We have completed an initial data analysis on a multi-year lung cancer prognosis clinical trial carried out in Shanghai ChangHai Hospital in which CDA data were collected on lung cancer patients though after cancer diagnosis, surgery, cancer treatment including drug treatment and, for some individuals, remission. The analysis showed that there is a strong correlation (statistically significant correlation) between CDA values and patient responses to treatment. It demonstrated that CDA technology has the potential to be a viable method for prognosis of cancer treatment. The above-mentioned results were also reported in a poster paper at 2022 American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Conference in April, 2022.

Follow-up phone consultations

We conduct follow-up phone consultations with individuals for whom we have conducted commercial CDA-based tests, to validate our CDA technology’s utility in detecting the risk of cancer. These individuals were generally asymptomatic at the time they took our tests. We began our first follow-up call in 2017 and plan to do these follow-up phone consultations for five years. We have obtained preliminary results from this initiative.

We typically call a tested individual for the first time within 15 days (for individuals with high-risk results), three months (for those with medium risk results) or six months (for those with low-risk results), after issuing a cancer risk assessment report for a tested individual. We also have subsequent phone consultations with the tested individuals on an annual basis. During these consultations, our customer support and service personnel typically ask the tested individuals with medium or high risks of cancer about, among other things, their health conditions, whether or not they have taken follow-up checkup tests as we suggested in the cancer risk assessment reports, and the relevant follow-up diagnoses or test results, if any. As of March 31, 2022, we had contacted over 27,254 tested individuals, of whom 16,052 individuals gave us substantive feedback regarding their health conditions and disease development, and among them, 983 were previously tested as having high risk of cancer, 13,106 with medium risk of cancer and the rest with low risk of cancer. Based on the feedback from these calls, 2,255 of the tested individuals had been diagnosed with various major diseases or cancers by third-party hospitals and medical institutions within two years of taking our CDA-based tests, including 229 cases with cancers, 1,162 with pre-cancer diseases or benign tumors, and 864 with major non-cancerous diseases. All of these 2,255 individuals were previously tested as having medium or high risk of cancer. Among those 983 and 13,106 individuals tested with high and medium risk of cancer, respectively, 229 (or 23.3%) and 2,026 (or 15.5%) had been diagnosed with cancers, pre-cancer diseases or major non-cancerous diseases, respectively. As it may take years for diseases to progress into cancers or pre-cancer or major non-cancerous diseases, we expect that the percentage of cancer occurrence among these 16,052 cases will likely increase over time.

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In addition, based a preliminary data analysis by a research partner in early December 2020 of the data of our follow-up phone consultations with over 13,000 individuals as of June 30, 2020, the initial results indicated that over 20 types of pre-cancer diseases were diagnosed at hospitals or physical testing centers following the individuals’ initial screening utilizing our CDA technology. Of the over 13,000 individuals included in the preliminary data analysis, we screened out pre-cancer cases at roughly 4.5 times of cancer cases.

Assistance in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Recurrence

Assistance in diagnosis

Oncologists typically use tissue biopsy as the “gold standard” method for cancer diagnosis, and they also utilize multiple technologies to provide multi-dimensional input to a cancer diagnosis. These technologies can be used for “assistance in diagnosis” because they provide input complementary to pathologic information drawn from a tissue biopsy, which helps physicians to ensure that their cancer diagnoses are comprehensive and unbiased. For example, a CT scan, in conjunction with the detection of CEA and other tumor markers, is often used to assist in diagnosing lung cancer.

Since 2015, we have collaborated with third-party oncologists and hospitals in utilizing our CDA technology to assist in the diagnosis of multiple cancer types in a number of research studies. These research studies are designed to evaluate the performance of our CDA technology in predicting cancer occurrence in a population with cancer symptoms or abnormal test results. To date, ten of these studies have been published at ASCO annual meetings and other medical conferences and medical journal supplements. The results of these studies demonstrated our CDA technology’s effectiveness in assisting in the diagnosis of multiple cancers—particularly lung and esophageal cancers. For example, in our joint study on NSCLC with Shanghai Changhai Hospital in 2017 (2017 ASCO Annual Meeting; J Clin Oncol 35, e23131, 2017), our CDA technology successfully detected NSCLC with sensitivity of 68.7%, higher than those of CT scans for all NSCLC stage groups. This indicates that compared to a CT scan, our CDA test provides more accurate and reliable diagnostic information and data for oncologists in diagnosing lung cancer.

In another study with Shanghai Changhai Hospital in 2015 (2015 ASCO Annual Meeting; J Clin Oncol 33, e15059, 2015), our CDA technology detected esophageal cancer with relatively high sensitivity of 70.0% and specificity of 90.0%. These results indicated our CDA technology’s effectiveness in assisting in the diagnosis of esophageal cancer.

Prognosis and recurrence

Prognosis refers to an assessment of whether and how a patient responds to cancer treatment. Effective prognostic tools can help oncologists dynamically monitor cancer treatment progression, make necessary and timely adjustments to cancer treatment, and correctly predict a patient’s treatment outcome, such as the survival rate—the percentage of people in a patient group who will be alive for a period of time, the survival time—life expectancy after diagnosis, and whether or not they will go into remission. In some circumstances, prognosis can be effective even before the cancer treatment starts. Recurrence means return of cancer after the patient has been treated and has gone into remission, and happens more frequently for certain cancer types. Patients who have gone into remission have a substantially higher risk of cancer recurrence than the general population. It is therefore important to have technologies to detect cancer recurrence timely, cost-effectively and without side effects. Because biophysical properties in the blood increase or decrease progressively in a statistically significant way from healthy state to late-stage cancer states, we believe that our CDA technology can be used for prognosis of cancer treatment outcomes and for detecting the risk of cancer recurrence.

In a study published at the 2016 ASCO Annual Meeting (2016 ASCO Annual Meeting, J Clin Oncol 34, 2016 (suppl; abstr e23176)), we investigated our CDA technology’s potential for breast cancer prognosis by testing the blood samples collected from three breast cancer patients. The CDA data for each patient’s blood samples were grouped into three categories, namely before, during and after any post-operative treatment. Two of these patients showed favorable responses to the post-operative treatment and their average overall CDA values declined after the treatment. The third patient did not respond well to the post-operative treatment and their average overall CDA values remained high after the treatment. These results indicated that our CDA technology may be useful for monitoring a breast cancer patient’s response to the post-operative treatment, although this utility of our CDA technology needs more validation studies.

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Since 2015, we have been working with multiple hospitals in China, including Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Lishui Central Hospital, a cancer hospital in Beijing and a cancer center in Shanghai, in a number of research studies. These studies are designed to explore our CDA technology’s effectiveness as a prognostic tool for lung cancer treatment.

In one of these studies in 2016, we collaborated with Shanghai Changhai Hospital and tested and collected the overall CDA values from 86 lung cancer patients. These patients were divided into two groups: the “good prognosis” group (with each member having an overall CDA value below 47) and the “bad prognosis” group (those with values above 47). We predicted that the “good prognosis” group would have a higher survival rate than that of the “bad prognosis” group due to their relatively low overall CDA values. After the grouping, both groups went through chemotherapy to treat their lung cancers. Two years after the chemotherapy, the survival rate of the “bad prognosis” group dropped below 50%, while that of the “good prognosis” group stayed at the level of 75%. The differences in those two outcomes are statistically significant and meaningful. The results of this clinical study demonstrate our CDA technology’s strong ability in predicting the outcome of lung cancer treatment and validate that it can predict treatment outcomes even before the treatment starts.

The following graph provides a comparison of the predicted progression-free survival rates (the percentage of the measured population that did not demonstrate worsening in their condition over a specified period), or PFS, for those two lung cancer patient groups in this study.

In another study, we tracked a number of patients throughout their approximately three years of cancer treatment. The following graph illustrates the changes of a representative patient’s CDA values throughout the tracking period.

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CDA in Long-Term Cancer Monitoring (Stage IIA with Surgery)

This patient is a middle-aged man diagnosed with a stage IIA lung cancer. As illustrated in the graph above:

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To summarize, this representative example has shown that our CDA test can (i) dynamically monitor a patient’s treatment progression, indicating when the cancer is under control (namely, when the overall CDA value drops below the cut-off value) and when the patient enters the remission phase (namely, after the overall CDA value stays below the cut-off value for a period of time); and (ii) correctly predict cancer recurrence ahead of time (namely, when the overall CDA value resurges and exceeds the cut-off value).

Our CDA Device

Our proprietary CDA device, which we designed in-house and is covered by numerous patents, is used to conduct cancer screening and detection tests based on our proprietary CDA technology. This device uses an integrated, multi-level and multi-parameter sensor system to detect multiple biophysical properties in one single blood test. We believe that we are one of the first biotechnology companies worldwide to use such a sensor system to detect cancers’ biophysical properties.

Working Mechanism

Our CDA device consists of a blood sample input unit, a sample transport unit, a sample mixing chamber, a testing unit and a data storage unit. Because our CDA technology detects biophysical properties, our CDA device’s sensors play a dominant role in biophysical signal detection.

Our CDA device uses a microfluidic device, which is connected to a fluid delivery line inside the testing unit. This microfluidic device contains three primary components: micro-channels, micro-sensors and measurement instruments with automated data recording capabilities. After a blood sample goes into the micro-channels of the microfluidic device, the sensors will probe the blood and measure the relevant data. The measurement instrument that interfaces with the sensors applies a constant input to the blood and records the corresponding biophysical responses as a function of time. The resulting raw data contains both dynamic and static information, which is fed into our proprietary algorithm for further analysis.

Our CDA device is much less costly to manufacture than the equipment used by many of our competitors, especially the complex and expensive gene sequencing machines used in ct-DNA-based tests and micro-electrical mechanical devices used in CTC-based tests. As a result, we can offer our customers cancer screening and detection tests with high accuracy at prices significantly lower than many of our competitors’ tests.

Operation

Our CDA device is a fully-automated system requiring minimal human involvement. After collecting blood samples from the individuals, all our testing personnel needs to do is to properly place these blood samples on the test-tube racks and station the racks inside the sample input unit of our device. Our device will then automatically complete the subsequent test as programmed, including:

Based on the resulting CDA values, our professionals can assess a tested individual’s likelihood of having or developing cancers and issue the corresponding cancer risk assessment report.

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We design and configure all the key components of our CDA device and outsource production of these components to a number of qualified contract manufacturers. We assemble these components into our CDA devices in-house. We have implemented a strict selection process for our contract manufacturers and evaluate our contract manufacturers’ qualifications on an ongoing basis. We do not disproportionately rely on any particular contract manufacturer and have not entered into any long-term or exclusive supply contract with any of them. For our CDA device, we obtained a Class II medical device manufacture license in June 2013 (renewed in 2018) and a Class II medical device registration certificate April 2015 from the NMPA, Zhejiang Branch. These licenses, along with our clinical laboratory license, allow us to manufacture our device in Lishui, Zhejiang and use the device commercially in our licensed clinical laboratories in China. While conducting the final assembly, testing and packaging of our devices at our plant in Lishui, Zhejiang Province, we thoroughly inspect the key components of our devices sourced from contract manufacturers and closely follow applicable PRC regulations and recognized international quality control standards.

Our CDA-based Tests

Unlike conventional cancer screening and detection approaches such as imaging technology and tissue biopsy, our CDA test uses liquid-based technology to detect the risk of cancer and non-cancerous diseases based on our CDA technology. It is minimally invasive, side effect-free and highly automated. Because it focuses on changes in cancer-related biophysical properties as a disease progress, we believe that our CDA test can be used for multiple purposes, including early cancer screening and detection, as well as assistance in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and recurrence.

We maintain a comprehensive and flexible test menu to meet different customers’ needs. Our CDA test can detect and assess an individual’s overall risk of having or developing cancer, and we deliver a cancer risk assessment report as the final product of this test. This report presents the analytical parameters that our CDA test uses, including the PTF, CTF and overall CDA values. We set cut-off values for the PTF, CTF and overall CDA values based on the pathological data from our retrospective validation studies and the intended cancer screening and detection objectives. PTF or CTF values in excess of the specified cut-off values indicate a risk of cancer. In addition, we set two cut-offs to divide the overall CDA value into three categories: low risk (healthy), medium risk and high risk. These values, collectively, indicate a tested individual’s overall risk level of having or developing cancer, without identifying the specific types of cancer that the individual may have. For tested individuals with medium or high cancer risks as indicated by the overall CDA value, we normally suggest in our reports that they get follow-up medical examinations on the relevant organs.

In addition to our CDA test, a tested individual can pay a premium for our combination tests, which also include cancer-positioning services to identify the specific type(s) of cancer that he or she has a medium or high risk of having or developing. Our combination tests combine our CDA tests and, on an auxiliary basis, biomarker-based or ct-DNA cancer screening and detection tests performed either by us or by third-party clinical laboratories that we engage. These combination tests typically use two cubic centimeters of blood from the tested individual to perform our CDA test, three cubic centimeters of blood to perform the biomarker-based test and ten cubic centimeters of blood to perform the ct-DNA test. In the combination tests our CDA technology plays a dominant role in identifying the risk of cancer, while biomarkers or ct-DNA provide auxiliary information on the types of cancer that may be involved. We integrate the results of these separate tests using our proprietary algorithm and translate them into a series of itemized CDA values. We then analyze these itemized CDA values to identify the cancer type(s) that a tested individual has a medium or high risk of having or developing. These identified cancer types and the tested individual’s corresponding risk levels of having or developing them will also be included in that individual’s cancer risk assessment report.

We offer standardized CDA-based tests (with or without cancer positioning services). Generally, the more cancer types a standardized test with cancer positioning services can identify, the higher it is priced. In each standardized test with cancer-positioning services, the specific cancer types that can be identified vary between males and females. For instance, our popular CDA six-cancer test with positioning services identifies lung, liver, stomach and colon cancers for both genders, as well as rectal and prostate cancers for males and breast and ovarian cancers for females.

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Commercialization

China

In China, we have established clinical laboratories in Lishui, Zhejiang Province and Haikou, Hainan Province. We obtained the medical institutional practice license from the NHC in 2016 and 2015, respectively, for these two laboratories to conduct medical tests, each for a five-year term. Our Lishui laboratory conducts substantially all of our commercial CDA-based tests (including our CDA tests and combination tests), as well as a variety of other tests (including immunology and biochemical tests). In 2020, we launched our ADME immunology test and APCS cancer screening and detection test (which combines our CDA test with the ct-DNA test and is a type of combination test). Both of these new tests are conducted at our Lishui laboratory. We performed our first commercial CDA-based test in 2015 and have generated revenue in China for four consecutive years. The number of our commercial CDA-based tests we sold increased significantly from 52,428 in 2019, decreased to 41,354 in 2020, and 38,628 in 2021.

In addition to our CDA-based tests, we design annual physical checkup plans for certain of our corporate and life insurance company customers as value-added services and to facilitate these customers to procure physical checkup services from third-party physical checkup service providers. We also sell annual physical checkup packages to our customers, which are designed to include our CDA-based tests as part of the physical checkup services. We outsource a substantial portion of these checkup services in these packages to qualified physical checkup institutions. As of December 31, 2021, we had completed total sales of over 23,796 physical checkup packages.

We have been piloting our genomics tests in our Haikou laboratory operated by our subsidiary Shiji Hainan, which we acquired in November 2017. Our genomics tests primarily consist of genetic testing for the purpose of targeted therapy selection and pharmacogenomics, and ct-DNA mutation testing for multiple purposes, including early cancer screening and detection and prognosis.

Supported by our diverse tests and services, we intend to further expand our customer base in China. To achieve this objective, we plan to market our tests to Chinese hospitals. In December 2018, we applied to the NMPA for a Class III medical device registration certificate for our CDA device to assist in multi-cancer diagnosis. We expect that it would take us at least three years to obtain this registration certificate. After we obtain this license, we will apply to update our medical device manufacture license to include the manufacture of Class III medical devices. With these Class III medical device licenses, we will be permitted to place our devices within Chinese hospitals’ laboratories to conduct commercial tests there or sell our devices to the hospitals for the purposes of assisting in physicians’ diagnosis of specified multiple cancers. We expect our business in China to expand substantially following the commencement of this commercial cooperation with Chinese hospitals.

United States

In the United States, we have established a CLIA and CAP certified clinical laboratory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We are currently permitted to conduct our CDA test for research use in the United States. To commercialize our CDA test in the United States, we intend to initially market it to U.S. customers as a Laboratory Developed Test (LDT). As an LDT, we do not expect that our CDA test will require premarket clearance, market authorization, or approval from the FDA prior to marketing. We may begin marketing our test as soon as we complete our validation studies Under CLIA, CAP, and state licensing requirements, and obtain any state laboratory licenses or other approvals that we are required to hold (with the exception of New York State) to offer our CDA test in the corresponding states. These studies are designed to demonstrate the analytical and clinical performance of the test. For more information about the state laboratory license for New York State and its application process, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—U.S. Regulations—Federal and State Laboratory Licensing Requirements.” We have entered into research agreements with U.S. universities and academic medical centers, and we are in discussions with U.S. hospitals, medical institutions, CROs, managed care companies and other health organizations, to conduct research studies on our CDA technology in the U.S.

In addition, we have validated under CLIA, CAP guidelines, six cancer biomarkers and a COVID-19 antibody test using Roche’s FDA approved Cobas platform and assay but we have not begun to commercialize the test.

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Research and Development

The development of our CDA technology and device (together with our proprietary algorithm) is largely attributable to our integrated research and development team that comprises talent from both China and the United States. In our research and development center based in Shanghai, we conduct various ongoing research studies on our CDA technology and continue to improve our CDA device.

We believe that our research and development team possesses industry-leading expertise in the early cancer screening and detection field. As of December 31, 2021, this team had 21 members, including four with M.D. degrees and three with Ph.D. degrees. Our research and development team has a multi-disciplinary background, and most members of this team specialize in areas related or helpful to the development of our CDA technology and device, including mechatronics, physics, biomedical science or computer science. Our co-founder, Dr. Chris Chang Yu, our vice president in charge of R&D, Mr. Xuedong Du, and our chief medical officer, Dr. He Yu, have led our research and development team since our inception, leveraging their multi-disciplinary expertise and industry experience. These key members have spearheaded our research and development team in achieving a number of technological breakthroughs, including the design and fabrication of the microfluidic device—the key functioning component of our CDA device—and the testing of multiple cancers in a single blood test. Since 2015, our research and development team had published 15 articles on ASCO and other medical conferences and medical journal supplements to demonstrate our CDA technology’s clinical utility.

Anpac’s joint technical paper on novel Cancer Differentiation Analysis (CDA) Technology for multi-cancer screening with multiple leading medical institutions was accepted and published online on November 30, 2021 by the Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, a peer-reviewed international medical journal that has an impact factor of 5.2.

At the 113th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) held during April 8 to 13, 2022, Anpac Bio presented and published the paper “CDA Technology Based on Innovative Biophysics” in the form of a poster. A Novel Bio-Physical Based CDA Approach to Lung Cancer Therapeutic Response. The co-authors of the paper are the State Key Laboratory team from the School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, a well-known university in China, and the excellent medical team from Shanghai Changhai Hospital.

We have invested significantly in research and development since our inception. Our research and development expenses were RMB9.8 million, RMB11.6 million and RMB16.2 million (US$2.5 million) in 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively.

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Our Ongoing Research Studies on CDA Technology

In recent years, we have collaborated with a number of Chinese hospitals and medical institutions in conducting clinical studies on our CDA technology. These collaborations have enabled us to validate the effectiveness and utility of our CDA-based test in a clinical setting, explore new applications of our CDA technology, and provide us access to clinically well-characterized patient data. In addition, we have entered into research agreements with U.S. universities and academic medical centers, and we are in discussions with other U.S. hospitals, medical institutions, CROs, managed care companies and other health organizations, to conduct research studies on our CDA technology in the United States. Currently, our ongoing clinical studies on our CDA technology mainly focus on: (i) improving our CDA technology’s utility in detecting early-stage cancers with high incidences in China and the United States, as well as certain cancer types that have been considered difficult for liquid-based technology to detect; (ii) exploring this technology’s potential to dynamically monitor cancer progression and for assistance in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and recurrence; (iii) expanding this technology’s application to different oncological areas, including veterinary cancer screening and detection; and (iv) validating this technology’s ability to detect the risk of major non-cancerous diseases. The following table summarizes our ongoing research studies on CDA technology.

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These ongoing research studies can be categorized into the following three groups by study purpose:

Studies for Early Cancer Screening and Detection

Our current ongoing research studies in collaboration with Shanghai Changhai Hospital are based on our research agreement dated April 2017. These research studies are designed to validate our CDA technology for the screening and detection of early-stage lung and esophageal cancers. According to Frost & Sullivan, in 2018 there were approximately 867,500 and 271,600 new incidences of lung cancer and esophageal cancer in China, respectively, and lung cancer ranked first among the five most frequent cancers in China. These two cancers are also generally considered difficult for liquid-based technologies to detect with high accuracy, according to Frost & Sullivan. In this project, Shanghai Changhai Hospital is required to provide us with approximately 5,000 blood samples for research studies. Certain preliminary published testing results have shown that our CDA technology can detect the risk of NSCLC with a sensitivity rate of 85.2% and a specificity rate of 93.0% (2019 ASCO Annual Meeting; J Clin Oncol 37, e20673, 2019).

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We and a cancer center in Shanghai executed a research project agreement in July 2017. In this ongoing research project, this cancer center is required to provide us with approximately 200 blood samples for the research study to validate our CDA technology’s ability to detect the risk of multiple cancer types. These cancer types include certain cancers that are generally considered difficult for liquid-based technologies to detect, such as esophageal cancer.

We also entered into a research project agreement with a university in Shanghai in May 2019. In this ongoing research project, this university will provide us with approximately 15,000 blood samples for our research studies for multiple purposes, including early cancer screening and detection of multiple cancer types (including lung and esophageal cancers), as well as assistance in diagnosis, prognosis and recurrence. A population-based cohort study, the Prospective Population-based Cohort Study (the “PPCS”) was designed to further explore the performance of CDA test. Eligible participants were aged over 40 years and recruited from five communities in Changning District, Shanghai, China. Participants with a confirmed history of cancer at enrollment were excluded. As of December 31st 2021, a total of 2,005 participants were enrolled in the study, and all participants had a CDA test at baseline, with no further series of tests were performed.

Studies for Assistance in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Recurrence

Since May 2017, we have been working with a hospital in Shanghai on a research study on our CDA technology primarily for assistance in diagnosis, prognosis and recurrence. Under this ongoing study, this hospital is expected to provide us with approximately 1,600 blood samples. As December 31, 2021, 622 blood samples are collected from patients diagnosed with different subtypes of lung, colorectal, gastric, breast and pancreatic cancers and at different stages of cancer development. By analyzing the pre- and post-treatment CDA values of these patients, we have found correlations between the changes in a patient’s CDA values and the cancer treatment that the patient has received.

Studies for CDA Technology’s Application to Different Oncological Areas

We have been collaborating with the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of California, Davis in a study on early cancer screening for canines. Through this study, we plan to expand the application of our CDA technology to veterinary cancer screening and detection.

Studies for Major Non-Cancerous Disease Detection

In addition to the above ongoing studies on our CDA technology’s applications in oncological areas, we are also conducting research on our CDA technology’s ability to detect the risk of pre-cancer diseases and various major non-cancerous diseases, including lung diseases (such as pneumonia and tuberculosis), type II diabetes, heart diseases (such as heart failure and arrhythmia), liver diseases (such as cirrhosis and hepatitis), gastric diseases (such as gastritis and gastric polyp) and biliary diseases (such as calculus of bile duct and cholecystolithiasis). Our preliminary research studies indicate that our CDA technology is able to distinguish individuals with some major non-cancerous diseases from the control group and the cancer group. More studies and further analysis of the study results are needed to validate our findings on our CDA technology’s utility in these major non-cancer areas.

Our Research on Improving our CDA Device

We have conducted substantial research to increase the operational efficiency of our CDA device and, in turn, improve our CDA test’s signal-to-noise ratio to further elevate its accuracy. Our current research in this aspect primarily focuses on enabling our device to improve our CDA technology’s ability to identify cancer types, our CDA technology’s signal-to-noise ratio and its testing throughput. For the new device, we have finished design taping out, silicon processing and packaging, and now the device is under effectiveness and reliability assessment.

Sales and Marketing

We currently sell our cancer screening and detection tests only in China. We sell our tests primarily to our customers directly, as well as through our sales agents such as health management companies and medical device dealers. We select our sales agents based on their reputation, market coverage, sales experience and the size of their sales force, and we generally conduct credit assessments of our sales agents.

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We set the prices of our tests primarily based on the numbers of cancers that they test. However, we do not set the resale prices for our tests, which our sales agents typically have the sole discretion to determine. We typically give our corporate customers and sales agents a credit term of one to three months for the payments.

Our marketing is focused on expanding the market awareness of our cancer screening and detection test and continuously growing our customer base. We primarily deploy our own sales and marketing personnel to market our tests. As of December 31, 2021, we had 14 sales and marketing personnel. In addition to conducting direct sales to our existing customers, our sales and marketing personnel prepare and deliver our brochures and product presentations to potential customers and attend academic conferences and industrial exhibitions to advertise our CDA technology and tests. Our sales and marketing personnel are generally well trained and educated about the complexities of our tests, and they typically have extensive experience in the cancer early screening and detection field or other medical areas. As our business grows, we plan to build up our sales and marketing team and strengthen our own sales network in China.

We also use sales agents to promote our tests. By referring our tests to their customers and inviting us to deliver product presentations at their promotional events, our sales agents have connected us with their quality customers and enabled us to utilize their network resources for marketing purpose.

Our Customers

We believe that our cancer screening and detection tests have significant market potential in China, as there is strong demand among China’s large, aging population for early cancer screening and detection services. Our existing customer base in China consists primarily of life insurance companies and other large corporations. Generally, they are frequent and high-volume users of our cancer screening and detection tests, because they provide our tests to their individual customers as value-added services or to their employees as benefits. While the majority of our sales has come from our direct sales to our customers, we expect that a significant portion of our sales will continue to be generated through our sales agents.

We believe our customer base provides a meaningful opportunity for our further growth. In addition, we believe an expansion in our customer base will encourage the market acceptance of our CDA technology and raise the public’s awareness of our brand. We plan to acquire additional customers for our CDA-based tests through the annual physical checkup packages we offer. In addition, we plan to further develop our non-CDA cancer screening and detection tests using other technologies, including expanding the genomics tests we currently conduct at our Haikou laboratory. After obtaining the Class III medical device registration certificate and updating our medical device manufacture license, we expect to provide our tests to more individual customers through Chinese hospitals.

Customer Support and Service

We maintain a dedicated team to provide customer support and service for our CDA-based tests. This Shanghai-based team is primarily responsible for operating our service hotline to answer customers’ questions regarding their test results and our cancer risk assessments. In addition, this team periodically conducts follow-up phone consultations with the tested individuals to check their current health conditions, diagnosis results and disease development. These consultations provide us valuable feedback to validate our CDA technology utility in detecting the risk of cancer.

Supply Chain and Quality Control

We devote significant attention to ensuring the accuracy and reliability of our cancer screening and detection tests. We have established a comprehensive quality control system for our tests in accordance with applicable PRC regulations and recognized international quality control standards.

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Blood samples for our commercial CDA-based tests are typically delivered to us by a third-party commercial courier. We have also engaged third-party nursing service providers to collect blood samples on our behalf for our commercial cancer screening and detection tests. These service providers are generally responsible for any physical harm caused by the nurses to the tested individuals during the blood collection process. In addition, our research partners are responsible for collecting and delivering blood samples for our research studies. As the quality of blood samples directly affects the accuracy of our tests, we have designed a set of standardized blood sample collection and delivery procedures, including those for sample labeling, preservation and transportation. We require the commercial courier company, nurses and our research partners to follow these standardized procedures to minimize the risks of human errors and sample contamination. During the testing process, we strictly control the temperature and humidity in our laboratories. We carefully preserve the blood samples in a temperature-controlled environment. We also use control samples to ensure that our tests are properly performed and the test results are reliable. After the testing process, our designated personnel will verify the testing results before issuing the cancer risk assessment reports to our customers. In addition, because our CDA technology focuses on biophysical signals, our blood samples can remain stable for testing purpose for up to seven days.

We use a relatively small amount of reagents in our biomarker-based cancer screening and detection tests, which are part of our combination tests. We source these reagents from two third-party suppliers. We do not have an exclusive supply agreement with the supplier. The supplier typically engages commercial courier services to deliver the reagents. In addition, we outsourced substantially all the biomarker-based tests in 2017 and 2018 to two third-party clinical laboratories on a non-exclusive basis. These two laboratories are responsible for conducting the biomarker-based tests and delivering the test results to us for our data consolidation using our algorithm. These two laboratories are obligated to keep confidential all documents relating to the tested samples and the test results. We phased out this outsourcing arrangement in 2019 and are performing our combination tests entirely in-house.

Competition

As early detection of cancer may lead to decreased morbidity with improved survival, more and more biotechnology companies have focused on the immense market opportunities it represents and are attempting to enter the space.

Biotechnology companies worldwide currently use various technologies for early cancer screening and detection. We believe that none of these technologies has yet acquired a dominant market position. As a novel cancer screening and detection technology that focuses on biophysical properties in blood, our CDA technology faces competition primarily from conventional biomarker-based technologies and other next-generation cancer screening and detection technologies, including those based on CTCs and ct-DNA. Recent major advances in CTC- and ct-DNA-based technologies have introduced the possibility of using either or both as tests to screen for cancer, and they have made the possibility for simultaneous screening for multiple primary cancers particularly attractive.

Our major competitors include biotechnology companies that conduct cancer screening and detection using next-generating technologies, such as BGI in China and GRAIL, Guardant Health, and Exact Sciences worldwide. All of these competitors’ cancer screening and detection technologies target CTCs and/or genomics such as ct-DNA, cf-DNA and cf-RNA, as opposed to the biophysical properties that our CDA technology focuses on.

We believe that our competitive advantages include the cost-efficiency, high testing accuracy, and broad test coverage of our CDA-based tests, our expansive patent portfolio and our large proprietary test database. However, many of our competitors have more expertise, experience and financial resources, stronger business relationships in developing and marketing their products, more mature technologies and products, greater market adoption among physicians and patients and others in the medical community, broader test menus, larger test databases, or greater brand recognition than we do. We also cannot assure you that our CDA technology will not become obsolete if we cannot keep pace with constantly changing technologies in the cancer screening and detection market.

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property rights are fundamental to our business, and we devote significant time and resources to their development and protection. We rely on a combination of patent, trade secret and trademark laws, as well as confidentiality agreements, to establish and protect our proprietary rights. We do not rely on third-party licenses of intellectual property when developing our CDA technology and CDA device.

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We have developed an early and strong patent position related to our CDA technology, and we continuously seek patent coverage over its new applications. As of March 31, 2022, we had filed 260 patent applications globally; among them, 155 patents had been granted, including 22 patents granted in the United States, 68 in greater China (including eight in Taiwan), and 65 in other countries and regions. Our granted patents are expected to expire between 2031 and 2037. As of the same date, we also had 105 pending patent applications, consisting of 27 in the United States, 36 in greater China (including one in Taiwan), 32 in other countries and regions, and four patent cooperation treaty, or PCT, applications.

Our patents and patent applications broadly cover apparatus and methods for detecting diseases at early stages, and they strategically encompass the important specific embodiments of these apparatus and methods. They generally fall into the following categories:

According to our public searches, some of our patents, including our newly issued U.S. patents, have been cited by patent examiners and third parties (including a number of well-known global corporations and Fortune 50 companies).

Our agreements with our employees generally include assignment provisions, providing that all patents, copyrights and other intellectual property rights arising from the course of their employment with us or their using our facilities belong to us, and the employee-inventors are required assign to us all and any of their rights and title to the relevant granted patents or patent applications. In addition, we also try to protect our trade secrets and know-how through confidentiality agreements and non-disclosure provisions in our other agreements with persons who have access to them, such as our employees, consultants and research partners.

As of March 31, 2022, we also had 28 granted trademarks and no pending trademark applications in greater China, and nine granted trademarks and three pending trademark applications in the U.S.

Legal Proceedings

We may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. We cannot predict the results of any such disputes, and despite the potential outcomes, their existence alone may have an adverse material impact on us because of diversion of management time and attention as well as the financial costs related to resolving such disputes. Neither we nor any of our directors or executive officers are currently a party to, nor is any of our properties the subject of, any material legal or arbitration proceedings.

See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Key Components of Results of Operations—Revenues” for a breakdown of our net revenues by category of activity.

Seasonality

We do not expect our operating results and operating cash flows to be subject to seasonal variations. This pattern may change, however, as a result of growth, new market opportunities or new product introductions.

PRC Regulations

In China, we are subject to a variety of PRC laws, rules and regulations affecting many aspects of our business. This section summarizes the principal PRC laws, rules and regulations that we believe are relevant to our business and operations.

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Regulation on Medical Devices and Medical Institutions

Regulatory Authorities

In the PRC, the newly formed NMPA is the government authority under the State Administration for Market Regulation that monitors and supervises the administration of pharmaceutical products, medical devices, and cosmetics. The NMPA’s predecessor, the CFDA, was established in March 2013 and separated from the Ministry of Health of the PRC, or the MOH, as part of an institutional reform of the State Council. Predecessors of the NMPA also include the former State Food and Drug Administration, or the SFDA, that was established in March 2003 and the State Drug Administration, or the SDA, that was established in August 1998. The primary responsibilities of the NMPA include:

The National Health and Family Planning Commission, or the NHFPC, has been renamed as the NHC. The NHC is an authority at the ministerial level under the State Council and is primarily responsible for national public health. The NHC combines the responsibilities of the former NHFPC, the Leading Group Overseeing Medical and Healthcare Reform under the State Council, the China National Working Commission on Aging, partial responsibilities of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in relation to tobacco control, and partial responsibilities from the State Administration of Work Safety in relation to occupational safety. The predecessor of NHFPC is the MOH. Following the establishment of the SFDA in 2003, the MOH was put in charge of the overall administration of the national health in the PRC excluding the pharmaceutical industry.

Medical Institutions Laws and Regulations

The Regulation on the Administration of Medical Institutions as promulgated by the State Council of the PRC on February 1994 and revised in 2016 and 2022 provides the requirements for the establishment and administration of medical institutions. The establishment of medical institutions must comply with local governments’ plans for the establishment of medical institutions and the basic standards for medical institutions. To establish a medical institution, an entity or individual shall be subject to the examination and approval of the health administrative department of the local government at or above the county level and obtain the written approval for the establishment of medical institutions. A medical institution providing relevant services must register and obtain a medical institution practice license. An entity or individual that has not obtained a medical institution practice license may not carry out diagnosis or treatment activities. The revised Rules for Implementation of the Administrative Regulation on Medical Institutions as promulgated by the NHFPC in February 2017 further regulates the approval on establishment, registration, validation, naming and practice of medical institutions.

Our PRC subsidiaries, AnPac Lishui and Shiji Hainan, obtained their medical institution practice licenses in 2016 and 2015, respectively. We historically conducted a number of our CDA tests in premises other than our Lishui and Haikou laboratories, which could result in the relevant authorities confiscating the revenue we generated from these tests as well as other penalties on us. While we have rectified this practice and have not received any notice of relevant disciplinary governmental action, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to this penalty.

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The Measures for the Administration of Clinical Gene Amplification Testing Laboratories in Medical Institutions as promulgated by Ministry of Health in December 2010 provides the requirements for medical institutions to carry out clinical gene amplification test technique. Clinical gene amplification testing laboratory refers to a laboratory that detects specific DNA or RNA by amplification and to perform disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring and prognosis determination. The PRC Ministry of Health is responsible for supervising and administering clinical gene amplification testing laboratories in medical institutions nationwide. The health administrative authorities at the provincial level are responsible for supervising and administering clinical gene amplification testing laboratories in medical institutions within their respective administrative regions. This regulation also provides the examination and establishment of clinical gene amplification testing laboratories, laboratory quality management and laboratory supervision and management.

Our PRC subsidiary, Shiji Hainan, obtained its Certificate of Clinical Gene Amplification Testing Laboratory in 2016.

Medical Devices Administration Laws and Regulations

The Regulation on the Supervision and Administration of Medical Devices as amended by the State Council in December 2020, which came into effect in June 2021, regulates entities that engage in the research and development, production, operation, use as well as supervision and administration of medical devices in the PRC. Medical devices are classified according to their risk levels. Class I medical devices are medical devices with low risks, the safety and effectiveness of which can be ensured through routine administration. Class II medical devices are medical devices with moderate risks, which are strictly controlled and administered to ensure their safety and effectiveness. Class III medical devices are medical devices with relatively high risks, which are strictly controlled and administered through special measures to ensure their safety and effectiveness. The evaluation of the risk levels of medical devices takes into consideration the expected objectives, structural features, methods of use and other factors of medical devices.

The Measures for the Supervision and Administration of the Manufacture of Medical Device as amended by NMPA in March 2022, which came into effect in May 2022, regulates entities that engage in the manufacturing of medical devices in the PRC. The food and drug administration at or above the county level regulates medical device manufacturing within its administrative region, including manufacturing related licensing and registration, contract manufacturing and manufacturing quality controls.

The Measures for the Supervision and Administration of the Operation of Medical Devices, as amended by NMPA in March 2022, which came into effect in May 2022, regulates entities that engage in business activities involving medical devices in the PRC. Business activities involving medical devices are regulated in accordance with the medical devices’ risk levels. No registration or license is required for business activities involving Class I medical devices. Registration is required for business activities involving Class II medical devices. A license is required for business activities involving Class III medical devices.

Our PRC subsidiary, AnPac Lishui, obtained its Class II medical device manufacture license and registration certificate for our CDA device in 2013 (renewed in 2018) and 2015.

Packaging of Medical Devices

The Administrative Rules on Instruction Manuals and Labels of Medical Devices, as promulgated by the CFDA in 2014, provides the requirements for instruction manuals and labeling of any medical device to be sold and used in the PRC. The information contained in the instruction manual and label of a medical device must be scientific, authentic, complete, accurate and consistent with product characteristics. The information contained in the instruction manual and label of a medical device must be consistent with the relevant information registered or filed for record. The information contained in the label of a medical device must be consistent with the relevant information in its instructions.

We believe that we are in compliance with these regulations in all material respects.

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Clinical Practice Reform

In October 2017, the Chinese government announced an administrative reform of clinical trial institutions. Certification of clinical trial institutions by the former CFDA and the former NHFPC is no longer required. Under this reform, a clinical trial institution can be engaged by a drug and medical device registration applicant (i.e., a sponsor) to conduct a clinical study after it has been duly recorded with the online platform designated by the NMPA. In November 2017, the CFDA and the NHFPC jointly released the Rules for Administration of the Requirements for and Filing of Medical Devices Clinical Trial Institutions. These rules specify requirements for medical devices clinical-trial institutions and filing procedures. Pursuant to these rules, medical devices clinical-trial institutions shall meet the requirements of the Quality Management Standards for Medical Devices Clinical Trials including corresponding professional technical level, organization and management capabilities and ethics review capability.

Other Significant PRC Regulations Affecting Our Business Activities in China

Regulation on Foreign Investment

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the FIL, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaces the trio of previous laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The FIL embodies an expected regulatory trend in PRC to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. The Implementation Rules to the Foreign Investment Law were promulgated by the State Council on December 26, 2019 and became effective on January 1, 2020. The FIL and its Implementation Rules, by means of legislation, have established the basic framework for the access, promotion, protection and administration of foreign investment in view of investment protection and fair competition.

The Catalogue of Encouraged Industries for Foreign Investment, which came into effect on January 27, 2021, stipulates encouraged industries for foreign investment. In addition, according to the FIL, foreign investors shall not invest in any field with investment prohibited by the negative list for foreign investment access. Foreign investors shall meet the investment conditions stipulated under the negative list for any field with investment restricted by the negative list for foreign investment access. For the fields not included in the negative list for foreign investment access, management shall be conducted under the principle of consistency for domestic and foreign investment. On December 27, 2021 the MOFCOM and the NDRC jointly promulgated the Special Management Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment, or the 2021 Negative List, which became effective on January 1, 2022 to amend the Catalog and the previous negative list thereunder. Investment in medical institutions (such as clinical laboratories) belongs to the “restricted” category. In particular, according to relevant PRC foreign investment regulations, only domestic companies and foreign-invested joint ventures are allowed to hold an NHC medical institution practice license. However, it is unclear under PRC law whether a subsidiary of a wholly foreign owned enterprise is eligible to hold this license. We believe that the risks for the NHC medical institution practice license of each of our Lishui and Haikou laboratories—subsidiaries of AnPac Lishui, a wholly foreign owned enterprise—being held invalid or revoked by the NHC is remote, based on our confirmation with relevant regulatory authorities. However, we cannot assure you that the relevant regulatory authorities would not change their interpretation or position regarding the relevant laws and regulations.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the FIL, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaces the trio of previous laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The FIL embodies an expected regulatory trend in PRC to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. The Implementation Rules to the Foreign Investment Law were promulgated by the State Council on December 26, 2019 and became effective on January 1, 2020. The FIL and its Implementation Rules, by means of legislation, have established the basic framework for the access, promotion, protection and administration of foreign investment in view of investment protection and fair competition.

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On December 30, 2019, MOFCOM and the State Administration for Market Regulation jointly promulgated the Measures for Information Reporting on Foreign Investment, which became effective on January 1, 2020. Pursuant to these measures, where a foreign investor carries out investment activities in China directly or indirectly, the foreign investor or the foreign-invested enterprise shall submit the investment information to the competent commerce department.

PRC Regulation of Commercial Bribery

Medical device companies involved in a criminal investigation or administrative proceedings related to bribery are listed in the Adverse Records of Commercial Briberies by its provincial health and family planning administrative department. Pursuant to the Provisions on the Establishment of Adverse Records of Commercial Briberies in the Medicine Purchase and Sales Industry, which became effective on March 1, 2014, provincial health and family planning administrative departments formulate the implementing measures for establishment of Adverse Records of Commercial Briberies. If a company is listed in the Adverse Records of Commercial Briberies for the first time, their products may not be purchased by public medical institutions. A company will not be penalized by the relevant PRC government authorities merely by virtue of having contractual relationships with sales agents or third-party promoters who are engaged in bribery activities, so long as such company and its employees are not utilizing the sales agents or third-party promoters for the implementation of, or acting in conjunction with them in, the prohibited bribery activities. In addition, a company is under no legal obligation to monitor the operating activities of its sales agents and third-party promoters, and will not be subject to penalties or sanctions by relevant PRC government authorities as a result of failure to monitor their operating activities.

We believe that we are in compliance with these regulations in all material respects.

PRC Regulation of Product Liability

In addition to the strict new drug approval process, certain PRC laws have been promulgated to protect the rights of consumers and to strengthen the control of medical products in the PRC. Under current PRC law, manufacturers and vendors of defective products in the PRC may incur liability for loss and injury caused by such products.

Pursuant to the Civil Code of the PRC promulgated on May 28, 2020, which came into effect on January 1, 2021, the manufacturer shall bear tort liability where a defect of a product causes damage to another person. The infringed person may claim compensation from the manufacturer or the seller of the product where a defect of a product causes damage to another person.

On February 22, 1993, the Product Quality Law of the PRC, or the Product Quality Law, was promulgated to supplement the Civil Law of the PRC aiming to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the end-users and consumers and to strengthen the supervision and control of the quality of products. The Product Quality Law was revised by the Ninth National People’s Congress on July 8, 2000, by the Eleventh National People’s Congress on August 27, 2009 and by the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on December 29, 2018. Pursuant to the revised Product Quality Law, manufacturers who produce defective products may be subject to civil or criminal liability and have their business licenses revoked.

The Law of the PRC on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Consumers was promulgated on October 31, 1993 and was amended on August 27, 2009 and October 25, 2013 to protect consumers’ rights when they purchase or use goods and accept services. All business operators must comply with this law when they manufacture or sell goods and/or provide services to customers. Under the amendments made on October 25, 2013, all business operators must pay high attention to protecting customers’ privacy and strictly keeping confidential any consumer information they obtain during their business operations. In addition, in extreme situations, pharmaceutical product manufacturers and operators may be subject to criminal liability if their goods or services lead to the death or injuries of customers or other third parties.

We are not aware of any material product liability related litigation or other legal proceedings against us arising from the cancer screening and detection tests that we provide to our customers.

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PRC Tort Law

Under the Civil Code of the PRC promulgated on May 28, 2020, which came into effect on January 1, 2021, where a defect of a product is caused due to the fault of a transporter, a warehouse or any other third party, the manufacturer or the seller shall, after paying compensation, have the right to claim the same from the third party. Where a product is found to be defective after it is put into circulation, the manufacturer or the seller shall timely take such remedial measures as ceasing the sale, giving warning or recall the defective product. If any damage is aggravated due to the manufacturer or the seller’s failure to take timely or effective remedial measures, the manufacturer or the seller shall assume tort liability for the aggravated part of the damage. Where any manufacturer or seller produces or sells the products despite knowing that they are defective or fails to take effective remedial measures as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, thus causing death or serious damage to the health of another person, the infringed person shall have the right to claim appropriate punitive damages.

We are not aware of any material torts related litigation or other legal proceedings against us arising from the cancer screening and detection tests that we provide to our customers.

Regulation on Intellectual Property Rights

China has made substantial efforts to adopt comprehensive legislation governing intellectual property rights, including patents, trademarks, copyrights and domain names.

Patents

Pursuant to the PRC Patent Law, most recently amended in October 2020, which came into effect on June 1, 2021, and its implementation rules, most recently amended in January 2010, patents in China fall into three categories: invention, utility model and design. An invention patent is granted to a new technical solution proposed in respect of a product or method or an improvement of a product or method. A utility model is granted to a new technical solution that is practicable for application and proposed in respect of the shape, structure or a combination of both of a product. A design patent is granted to the new design of a certain product in shape, pattern or a combination of both and in color, shape and pattern combinations aesthetically suitable for industrial application. Under the PRC Patent Law, the term of patent protection starts from the date of application. Patents relating to invention are effective for twenty years, utility models are effective for ten years, and designs are effective for fifteen years from the date of application. The PRC Patent Law adopts the principle of “first-to-file” system, which provides that where more than one person files a patent application for the same invention, a patent will be granted to the person who first files the application.

Existing patents can become narrowed, invalidated or unenforceable due to a variety of grounds, including lack of novelty, creativity, and deficiencies in patent application. In China, a patent must have novelty, creativity and practical applicability. Under the PRC Patent Law, novelty means that before a patent application is filed, no identical invention or utility model has been publicly disclosed in any publication in China or overseas or has been publicly used or made known to the public by any other means, whether in or outside of China, nor has any other person filed with the patent authority an application that describes an identical invention or utility model and is recorded in patent application documents or patent documents published after the filing date. Creativity means that, compared with existing technology, an invention has prominent substantial features and represents notable progress, and a utility model has substantial features and represents any progress. Practical applicability means an invention or utility model can be manufactured or used and may produce positive results. Patents in China are filed with the State Intellectual Property Office, or SIPO. Normally, the SIPO publishes an application for an invention patent within 18 months after the filing date, which may be shortened at the request of applicant. The applicant must apply to the SIPO for a substantive examination within three years from the date of application.

Article 19 of the PRC Patent Law provides that, for an invention or utility model completed in China, any applicant (not just Chinese companies and individuals), before filing a patent application outside of China, must first submit it to the SIPO for a confidential examination. Failure to comply with this requirement will result in the denial of any Chinese patent for the relevant invention. This added requirement of confidential examination by the SIPO has raised concerns by foreign companies who conduct research and development activities in China or outsource research and development activities to service providers in China.

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Patent Enforcement

Unauthorized use of patents without consent from owners of patents, forgery of the patents belonging to other persons, or engagement in other patent infringement acts, will subject the infringers to infringement liability. Serious offenses such as forgery of patents may be subject to criminal penalties.

When a dispute arises out of infringement of the patent owner’s patent right, Chinese law requires that the parties first attempt to settle the dispute through mutual consultation. However, if the dispute cannot be settled through mutual consultation, the patent owner, or an interested party who believes the patent is being infringed, may either file a civil legal suit or file an administrative complaint with the relevant patent administration authority. A Chinese court may issue a preliminary injunction upon the patent owner’s or an interested party’s request before instituting any legal proceedings or during the proceedings. Damages for infringement are calculated as the loss suffered by the patent holder arising from the infringement, and if the loss suffered by the patent holder arising from the infringement cannot be determined, the damages for infringement are calculated as the benefit gained by the infringer from the infringement. If it is difficult to ascertain damages in this manner, damages may be determined using a reasonable multiple of the license fee under a contractual license. Statutory damages may be awarded in the circumstances where the damages cannot be determined by the calculation standards described above. The damage calculation methods will be applied in the order described above. Generally, the patent owner has the burden of proving that the patent is being infringed. However, if the owner of an invention patent for manufacturing process of a new product alleges infringement of its patent, the alleged infringer has the burden of proof.

Exemptions for Unlicensed Manufacture, Use, Sale or Import of Patented Products

The PRC Patent Law provides five exceptions for unauthorized manufacture, use, sale or import of patented products. None of following circumstances are deemed an infringement of the patent rights, and any person may manufacture, use, sell or import patented products without authorization granted by the patent owner as follows:

However, if patented drugs are utilized on the ground of exemptions for unauthorized manufacture, use, sale or import of patented drugs prescribed in PRC Patent Law, such patented drugs cannot be manufactured, used, sold or imported for any commercial purposes without authorization granted by the patent owner.

As of March 31, 2022, we had 68 granted patents (including eight in Taiwan) and 36 pending patent applications (including one in Taiwan) in greater China, and 87 granted patents and 67 pending patent applications outside greater China.

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Trade Secrets

According to the PRC Anti-Unfair Competition Law, the term “trade secrets” refers to technical and business information that is unknown to the public, has utility and may create business interests or profits for its legal owners or holders, and is maintained as a secret by its legal owners or holders.

Under the PRC Anti-Unfair Competition Law, which was promulgated on September 2, 1993 and was amended on March 23, 2019, business persons are prohibited from infringing others’ trade secrets by: (1) obtaining the trade secrets from the legal owners or holders by any unfair methods such as theft, bribery, intimidation, solicitation or coercion; (2) disclosing, using or permitting others to use the trade secrets obtained illegally under item (1) above; or (3) disclosing, using or permitting others to use the trade secrets, in violation of any contractual agreements or any requirements of the legal owners or holders to keep such trade secrets in confidence. If a third party knows or should have known of the fact that an employee or former employee of the right owner of trade secrets or any other entity or individual conducts any of the illegal acts above mentioned, but still accepts, publishes, uses or allows any other to use such secrets, such practice shall be deemed as infringement of trade secrets. The parties whose trade secrets are being misappropriated may petition for administrative corrections, and regulatory authorities may stop any illegal activities and fine infringing parties in the amount of RMB100,000 to RMB500,000, where the circumstance is serious, the fine shall be between RMB500,000 to RMB3,000,000. Alternatively, persons whose trade secrets are being misappropriated may file lawsuits in a Chinese court for loss and damages incurred due to the misappropriation.

The measures to protect trade secrets include oral or written non-disclosure agreements or other reasonable measures to require the employees of, or persons in business contact with, legal owners or holders to keep trade secrets confidential. Once the legal owners or holders have asked others to keep trade secrets confidential and have adopted reasonable protection measures, the requested persons bear the responsibility for keeping the trade secrets confidential.

Trademarks and Domain Names

Trademark. The PRC Trademark Law and its implementation rules protect registered trademarks. The PRC Trademark Office of State Administration of Industry and Commerce is responsible for the registration and administration of trademarks throughout the PRC. The Trademark Law has adopted a “first-to-file” principle with respect to trademark registration.

Domain Name. Domain names are protected under the Administrative Measures on the Internet Domain Names promulgated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is the main regulatory body responsible for the administration of PRC internet domain names.

As of March 31, 2022, we had 28 granted trademarks and no pending trademark applications in greater China, and nine granted trademarks and three pending trademark applications in the U.S. In addition, as of the same date, we had 19 domain names.

PRC Regulation on Data Protection

The Basic Standards for Clinical Laboratories (for Trial Implementation) as promulgated by the NHFPC in 2016 provides that clinical laboratories must establish information management and patient privacy protection policies. The Measures for the Administration of General Population Health Information (for Trial Implementation) as promulgated by the NHFPC in 2014 sets forth the operational measures for patient privacy protection in medical institutions. The measures regulate the collection, use, management, safety and privacy protection of general population health information by medical institutions. Medical institutions are required to establish information management departments in charge of general population health information and establish quality control procedures and relevant information systems to manage general population health information. Medical institutions must adopt stringent procedures to verify the general population health data collected, timely update and maintain the data, establish policies on the authorized use of general population health information, and establish safety protection systems, policies, practice and technical guidance to avoid divulging confidential or private information.

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To comply with these laws and regulations, we have required our customers and research partners to consent to, or obtain consent from the tested individuals to, our collecting and using their personal information for our cancer screening and detection tests. We have also established information security systems to protect the tested individuals’ privacy, including data access restrictions and monitoring, data storage, database encryption and backup.

PRC Regulation on Labor Protection

Under the Labor Law of the PRC, effective on January 1, 1995 and subsequently amended on August 27, 2009 and December 29, 2018, the PRC Employment Contract Law, effective on January 1, 2008 and subsequently amended on December 28, 2012 and the Implementing Regulations of the Employment Contract Law, effective on September 18, 2008, employers must establish a comprehensive management system to protect the rights of their employees, including a system governing occupational health and safety to provide employees with occupational training to prevent occupational injury, and employers are required to truthfully inform prospective employees of the job description, working conditions, location, occupational hazards and status of safe production as well as remuneration and other conditions as requested by the Labor Contract Law of the PRC.

Pursuant to the Law of Manufacturing Safety of the PRC effective on November 1, 2002 and amended on August 27, 2009, August 31, 2014 and June 10, 2021, manufacturers must establish a comprehensive management system to ensure manufacturing safety in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, national standards, and industrial standards. Manufacturers not meeting relevant legal requirements are not permitted to commence their manufacturing activities.

Pursuant to the Administrative Measures Governing the Production Quality of Pharmaceutical Products effective on March 1, 2011, manufacturers of pharmaceutical products are required to establish production safety and labor protection measures in connection with the operation of their manufacturing equipment and manufacturing process.

Pursuant to applicable PRC laws, rules and regulations, including the Social Insurance Law, which became effective on July 1, 2011 and amended on December 29, 2018, the Interim Regulations on the Collection and Payment of Social Security Funds, which became effective on January 22, 1999 and amended on March 24, 2019, Interim Measures concerning the Maternity Insurance of Employees, which become effective on December 14, 1994, and the Regulations on Work-related Injury Insurance, which became effective on January 1, 2004 and was subsequently amended on December 20, 2010, employers are required to contribute, on behalf of their employees, to a number of social security funds, including funds for basic pension insurance, unemployment insurance, basic medical insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance. If an employer fails to make social insurance contributions timely and in full, the social insurance collecting authority will order the employer to make up outstanding contributions within the prescribed time period and impose a late payment fee at the rate of 0.05% per day from the date on which the contribution becomes due. If such employer fails to make the overdue contributions within such time limit, the relevant administrative department may impose a fine equivalent to one to three times the overdue amount

Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange Registration of Offshore Investment by PRC Residents

In July 2014, SAFE issued the SAFE Circular 37, and its implementation guidelines. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37 and its implementation guidelines, PRC residents (including PRC institutions and individuals) must register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment in an overseas special purpose vehicle, or SPV, directly established or indirectly controlled by PRC residents for the purposes of offshore investment and financing with their legally owned assets or interests in domestic enterprises, or their legally owned offshore assets or interests. Such PRC residents are also required to amend their registrations with SAFE when there is a change to the basic information of the SPV, such as changes of a PRC resident individual shareholder, the name or operating period of the SPV, or when there is a significant change to the SPV, such as changes of the PRC individual resident’s increase or decrease of its capital contribution in the SPV, or any share transfer or exchange, merger, division of the SPV. Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in the Circular 37 may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant onshore company, including the payment of dividends and other distributions to its offshore parent or affiliate, the capital inflow from the offshore entities and settlement of foreign exchange capital, and may also subject relevant onshore company or PRC residents to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations.

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Regulations Relating to Employee Stock Incentive Plan

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Stock Option Rules. In accordance with the Stock Option Rules and relevant rules and regulations, PRC citizens or non-PRC citizens residing in China for a continuous period of not less than one year, who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company, and complete certain procedures. We and our employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year and who participate in our stock incentive plan will be subject to such regulation. In addition, the SAT has issued circulars concerning employee share options or restricted shares. Under these circulars, employees working in the PRC who exercise share options, or whose restricted shares vest, will be subject to PRC individual income tax, or the IIT. The PRC subsidiaries of an overseas listed company have obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold IIT of these employees related to their share options or restricted shares. If the employees fail to pay, or the PRC subsidiaries fail to withhold, their IIT according to relevant laws, rules and regulations, the PRC subsidiaries may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC government authorities.

Regulations Relating to Dividend Distribution

The principal regulation governing distribution of dividends paid by a PRC enterprise include Company Law of the PRC (1993), as amended in 1999, 2004, 2005, 2013, 2018 and 2021. The 2021 revision has not yet taken effect.

Under these laws and regulations, foreign-invested enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise in China is required to set aside at least 10.0% of its after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to its general reserves until the accumulative amount of such reserves reach 50.0% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. The foreign-invested enterprise has the discretion to allocate a portion of its after-tax profits to staff welfare and bonus funds. A PRC company is not permitted to distribute any profits until any losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year.

Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange

The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, most recently amended in August 2008. Under the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of foreign currency-denominated loans.

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In August 2008, SAFE issued the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular No. 142, regulating the conversion by a foreign-invested enterprise of foreign currency-registered capital into RMB by restricting how the converted RMB may be used. SAFE Circular No. 142 provides that the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable government authority and may not be used for equity investments within China. SAFE also strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of foreign-invested enterprises. The use of such RMB capital may not be changed without SAFE’s approval, and such RMB capital may not in any case be used to repay RMB loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. In March 2015, SAFE issued SAFE Circular No. 19, which took effective and replaced SAFE Circular No. 142 on June 1, 2015. Although SAFE Circular No. 19 allows for the use of RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital for equity investments in China, the restrictions continue to apply as to foreign-invested enterprises’ use of the converted RMB for purposes beyond the business scope, for entrusted loans or for inter-company RMB loans. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the SAFE on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-associated enterprises. Violations of SAFE Circular 19 or Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties.

In November 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular of Further Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Foreign Direct Investment and amended on May 2015, which substantially amends and simplifies the current foreign exchange procedure. Pursuant to this circular, the opening of various special purpose foreign exchange accounts (e.g., pre-establishment expenses accounts, foreign exchange capital accounts and guarantee accounts), the reinvestment of lawful incomes derived by foreign investors in China (e.g. profit, proceeds of equity transfer, capital reduction, liquidation and early repatriation of investment), and purchase and remittance of foreign exchange as a result of capital reduction, liquidation, early repatriation or share transfer in a foreign-invested enterprise no longer require SAFE approval, and multiple capital accounts for the same entity may be opened in different provinces, which was not possible before. In addition, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Printing and Distributing the Provisions on Foreign Exchange Administration over Domestic Direct Investment by Foreign Investors and the Supporting Documents in May 2013, which specifies that the administration by SAFE or its local branches over direct investment by foreign investors in the PRC shall be conducted by way of registration and banks shall process foreign exchange business relating to the direct investment in China based on the registration information provided by SAFE and its branches.

In February 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving the Policies Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Direct Investment which took effect on June 1, 2015. The Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving the Policies Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Direct Investment delegates the authority to enforce the foreign exchange registration in connection with the inbound and outbound direct investment under relevant SAFE rules to certain banks and therefore further simplifies the foreign exchange registration procedures for inbound and outbound direct investment.

Regulations on Enterprise Income Tax

Pursuant to the EIT Law effective as of January 2008 and as last amended in December 2018, the income tax rate for both domestic and foreign-invested enterprises is 25% with certain exceptions. To clarify certain provisions in the EIT Law, the State Council promulgated the Implementation Rules of the EIT Law in December 2007, which became effective in January 2008 and as amended in April 2019. Under the EIT Law and the Implementation Rules of the EIT Law, enterprises are classified as either “resident enterprises” or “non-resident enterprises.” Besides enterprises established within the PRC, enterprises established outside of China whose “de facto management bodies” are located in China are considered “resident enterprises” and subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate for their global income. In addition, the EIT Law provides that a non-resident enterprise refers to an entity established under foreign law whose “de facto management bodies” are not within the PRC, but has an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or does not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC but has income sourced within the PRC.

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The Implementation Rules of the EIT Law provide that since January 2008, an income tax rate of 10% shall normally be applicable to dividends declared to non-PRC resident enterprise investors that do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or have such establishment or place of business but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. The income tax on the dividends may be reduced pursuant to a tax treaty between China and the jurisdictions in which the non-PRC shareholders reside.

Other PRC National- and Provincial-Level Laws and Regulations

We are subject to changing regulations under many other laws and regulations administered by governmental authorities at the national, provincial and municipal levels, some of which are or may become applicable to our business. For example, regulations control the confidentiality of patients’ medical information and the circumstances under which patient medical information may be released for inclusion in our databases, or released by us to third parties. These laws and regulations governing both the disclosure and the use of confidential patient medical information may become more restrictive in the future.

We also comply with numerous additional national and provincial laws relating to matters such as safe working conditions, manufacturing practices, environmental protection and fire hazard control in all material aspects. We believe that we are currently in compliance with these laws and regulations; however, we may be required to incur significant costs to comply with these laws and regulations in the future. Unanticipated changes in existing regulatory requirements or adoption of new requirements could therefore have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

U.S. Regulations

Federal and State Laboratory Licensing Requirements

Pursuant to the CLIA, a laboratory that performs testing on specimens derived from humans for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease, or the impairment of, or assessment of health must hold a certificate applicable to the complexity of the laboratory examinations it performs, and it must comply with, among other things, standards covering operations, personnel, facilities administration, quality, and proficiency testing, which are intended to ensure, among other things, that its clinical laboratory testing services are accurate, reliable and timely. Laboratories performing high-complexity testing are required to meet more stringent requirements than laboratories performing less complex tests. The CLIA requirements do not apply to research laboratories that test human specimens but do not report patient specific results for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of any disease or impairment of, or the assessment of, the health of individual patients. In order to offer our test in the United States, our laboratory must have the appropriate CLIA certification and the applicable state licenses. A laboratory that has submitted its application but has not yet received CLIA certification, may be issued a CLIA Certificate of Registration which allows the laboratory to perform testing while the laboratory’s survey and inspection are pending. We obtained CAP accreditation and a CLIA Certificate of Accreditation for our San Jose laboratory in March 2020 but we closed San Jose laboratory in June 2021 for cost saving and streamlining laboratory operation and management purposes. We obtained a CLIA Certificate of Registration for our laboratory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in August 2020. CMS, the agency that oversees CLIA, has deemed CAP standards to be equally or more stringent than CLIA regulations and has approved CAP as a recognized accrediting organization. Inspection by CAP is performed in lieu of CMS inspections for accredited laboratories. To maintain and renew our CAP accreditation and CLIA certification, we are subject to survey and inspection every two years to assess our laboratory’s compliance with program standards. We also may be subject to additional unannounced inspections.

CLIA provides that a state may adopt laboratory regulations with more stringent requirements than those under U.S. federal law, and a number of states have implemented their own laboratory regulatory requirements. State laws may require that laboratory personnel meet certain qualifications, specify certain quality control procedures, facility requirements or prescribe record maintenance requirements.

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We are required to maintain a Pennsylvania state laboratory permit for our Philadelphia laboratory. The laboratory may also need to maintain licenses in other states with requirements for non-resident laboratories in order to perform tests on samples from patients who reside in those states. For example, in order to offer our test in New York, we must separately apply for a New York State clinical laboratory permit and approval of our test in New York, which will require submission of validation data as well as information regarding the test methods, among other things. Other states may currently have or adopt similar licensure requirements in the future. We will obtain any such necessary licenses before offering our cancer screening and detection test in a state requiring non-resident laboratory licensure.

Failure to comply with CLIA certification and state clinical laboratory licensure requirements may result in a range of enforcement actions, including certificate or license suspension, limitation, or revocation, directed plan of corrective action, on-site monitoring, civil monetary penalties, criminal sanctions, and revocation of the relevant laboratory’s approval to receive Medicare and Medicaid payment for its services, as well as significant adverse publicity.

Regulation of Laboratory Developed Tests

LDTs have generally been considered by the FDA to be tests that are designed, developed, validated and used within a single laboratory. The FDA has the authority to regulate such tests as medical devices under the FDCA. However, the FDA historically has exercised its enforcement discretion and not enforced applicable provisions of the FDCA and FDA regulations with respect to LDTs. However, in recent years, legislative and administrative proposals addressing oversight of LDTs were introduced. For example, in 2014 the FDA issued two draft guidance documents proposing a risk-based framework with respect to applying the FDA’s oversight over LDTs. The draft guidance documents stated that the FDA intended to modify its policy of enforcement discretion with respect to LDTs in a risk-based manner consistent with the existing classification of medical devices. Thus, the FDA planned to begin to enforce its medical device requirements, including premarket submission requirements, on LDTs marketed without FDA premarket review and authorization. In November 2016, the FDA announced its intention not to finalize the 2014 draft guidance documents to allow for further public discussion of an appropriate oversight approach to LDTs and to give congressional authorizing committees the opportunity to develop a legislative solution. In January 2017, the FDA issued a discussion paper on possible approaches to the regulation of LDTs. On August 19, 2020, HHS announced that the FDA would no longer require premarket authorization for LDTs unless the FDA engaged in notice-and-comment rulemaking. HHS also rescinded all guidance documents and informal policy statements that FDA had previously issued concerning LDTs. On November 15, 2021, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services withdrew the policy that directed FDA not to enforce premarket review requirements for LDTs. HHS no longer has a policy on LDTs that is separate from FDA’s longstanding approach in this area.

We expect that new legislative and administrative proposals regarding the oversight of LDTs will be introduced from time to time. It is possible that legislation could be enacted into law or regulations or guidance could be issued by the FDA, which may result in new or increased regulatory requirements for us to offer our tests as LDTs or to develop and introduce new tests as LDTs in the foreseeable future.

Although we believe we are within the scope of the FDA’s policy for LDTs, the initial commercialization and continued commercial availability of an LDT is subject to uncertainty given the FDA’s latitude in interpreting and applying its laws and policies. For example, FDA does not consider tests to be subject to its LDT enforcement discretion if they are designed or manufactured completely, or partly, outside of the laboratory that offers and uses them, or if they are offered “direct-to-consumer,” as opposed to being available to patients only when prescribed by a health care provider. Even for tests that appear to fall within FDA’s previously stated enforcement discretion, the FDA may decide to take action against certain LDTs on a case-by-case basis at any time if FDA views them as presenting a risk to patients. The former FDA Commissioner and the Director of FDA’s CDRH have expressed significant concerns regarding potential disparities in accuracy and quality between some LDTs and IVDs that have been reviewed and cleared, authorized or approved by FDA. In addition, the U.S. Congress has been considering various legislative proposals that would reform FDA’s regulation of laboratory tests, and such legislation might lead to heightened FDA scrutiny of LDTs, particularly new LDTs. Whether such legislation will be enacted and, if so, what effect it may have on how FDA regulates laboratory tests, including LDTs, is unknown. If FDA disagrees with a laboratory test’s LDT status, FDA may consider the test to be an unapproved medical device, may subject the company to FDA enforcement action, including, without limitation, requiring the company to seek clearance, authorization or approval for the laboratory test.

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Regulation of Medical Devices

A medical device is an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including any component part, or accessory which is: (i) recognized in the official National Formulary, or the United States Pharmacopoeia, or any supplement to them; (ii) intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals; or (iii) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals, and which does not achieve any of its primary intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its primary intended purposes. IVDs, are a type of medical device and include reagents and instruments used in the diagnosis or detection of diseases, conditions or infections, including, without limitation, the presence of certain chemicals, genetic information or other biomarkers. Predictive, prognostic and screening tests can also be IVDs.

In the United States, medical devices, including IVDs, are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA under the FDCA and its implementing regulations, and certain other U.S. federal and state statutes and regulations. The laws and regulations govern, among other things, the design, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion, post-approval monitoring and reporting, distribution and import and export of medical devices. Failure to comply with applicable requirements may subject a device and/or its manufacturer to a variety of administrative sanctions, such as FDA refusal to approve pending PMAs, issuance of warning letters, mandatory product recalls, import detentions, civil monetary penalties, and/or judicial sanctions, such as product seizures, injunctions, and criminal prosecution.

Device Classification

Under the FDCA, medical devices are classified into one of three classes based on the risk associated with the device and the level of control necessary to provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. Class I devices are deemed to be low risk and are subject to the fewest regulatory controls. Class III devices are generally the highest risk devices and are subject to the highest level of regulatory control to provide reasonable assurance of the device’s safety and effectiveness. Class III devices must typically be approved by FDA before they are marketed.

Most Class I devices and a minority of Class II devices are completely exempt from premarket review by FDA. Most Class II and a minority of Class I devices require 510(k) clearance. Devices that pose the highest risk, including life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices, or devices deemed not substantially equivalent to a previously 510(k)-cleared device or a “pre-amendment” Class III device in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976 for which PMA applications have not been called, are placed in Class III requiring PMA approval. A novel device is placed in Class III by default, but it may be eligible to be placed in Class I or Class II via “de novo” classification if it can be shown to pose only low to moderate risk with appropriate regulatory controls.

The PMA approval pathway requires proof of the safety and effectiveness of the device to the FDA’s satisfaction. The 510(k) clearance pathway is much less burdensome and time-consuming than the PMA approval pathway. The de novo pathway has an enhanced burden compared to the 510(k) clearance pathway but is much less burdensome than a PMA approval process.

The 510(k) Clearance Pathway

Under the 510(k) clearance pathway, a device manufacturer must submit to the FDA a premarket notification, demonstrating that the device is “substantially equivalent” to a legally marketed predicate device. A predicate device may be a previously 510(k) cleared device or a pre-amendment device (unless the FDA has issued a regulation calling for PMA applications for this device type). To be “substantially equivalent,” the proposed device must have the same intended use as the predicate device, and either have the same technological characteristics as the predicate device or have different technological characteristics and be shown to be equally safe and effective and not raise different questions of safety or effectiveness than the predicate device.

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After the FDA accepts the 510(k) premarket notification, it begins a substantive review. By statute, the FDA is required to complete its review within 90 days of receiving the 510(k) notification. As a practical matter, clearance often takes longer, typically ranging from three to nine months or longer, and clearance is never assured. The FDA’s 510(k) review generally compares a proposed device to a predicate device with respect to intended use and technology (design, materials, software, energy source, etc.). The information necessary to show substantial equivalence will depend upon the differences between the proposed device and the predicate device, which may include bench, cadaver, animal and/or clinical studies.

If the FDA agrees that the proposed device is substantially equivalent to the predicate device, it will grant clearance to commercially market the device. Otherwise, the device manufacturer must fulfill the much more rigorous premarketing requirements of the PMA approval process, or seek reclassification of the device through the de novo process.

After a device receives 510(k) clearance, any modification that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, requires a new 510(k) clearance or could require reclassification through the de novo process or a PMA approval. The FDA requires each manufacturer to make this determination in the first instance, but the FDA can review any such decision. If the FDA disagrees with a manufacturer’s decision not to seek a new 510(k) clearance, the agency may retroactively require the manufacturer to seek 510(k) clearance, de novo classification, or PMA approval. The FDA also can require the manufacturer to cease marketing and/or recall the modified device until 510(k) clearance, de novo classification, or PMA approval is obtained.

The De Novo Pathway

Devices of a new type that the FDA has not previously classified based on risk are automatically classified into Class III, regardless of the level of risk they pose. To avoid requiring PMA review of low- to moderate-risk devices classified in Class III by operation of law, the U.S. Congress created the de novo pathway that allows the FDA to classify a low- to moderate-risk device not previously classified into Class I or II.

Generally, a de novo petition contains a device description, indications for use statement, proposed labeling, data/performance testing (such as bench testing and/or clinical study data), the proposed classification, and a risk/benefit analysis. The risk/benefit analysis is the key element of a de novo petition and typically includes a summary of the benefits of the device, a summary of the known and potential risks, any risk mitigations, and an explanation of whether the benefits outweigh the risks.

The timing for review of a de novo petition is less certain than a 510(k). FDA’ s goal is review 70% of de novo submissions received in fiscal year 2022 in 150 calendar days during which a submission is under review at the FDA. As a practical matter, de novo marketing authorization often takes longer, ranging from a year or more, and marketing authorization is never assured due, in part, to stoppages of FDA’s 150-day timeline while the applicant responds to deficiencies identified by FDA. If the FDA authorizes the de novo petition, the device may be legally marketed and used as a predicate device for future 510(k) submissions. If the de novo petition is denied, the device remains in Class III and a PMA approval may be required before the device may be legally marketed in the United States.

The PMA Approval Process

A device not eligible for 510(k) clearance or de novo classification must follow the PMA approval pathway, which requires proof of the safety and effectiveness of the device to the FDA’s satisfaction. The cost of preparing and submitting a PMA is substantial. Under U.S. federal law, the submission of most PMAs is additionally subject to a substantial annually-adjusted application user fee. For example, for fiscal year 2022, the user fee for an original PMA is $374,858. Satisfaction of FDA pre-market approval requirements typically takes years and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the device or disease.

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A PMA application must provide extensive preclinical and clinical trial data and also detailed information about the device and its components regarding, among other things, device design, manufacturing and labeling. There is typically advisory panel review of the clinical data. The FDA typically conducts a preapproval inspection of the manufacturer’s facilities and may also inspect the clinical trial documentation. FDA will not approve a device unless compliance is shown with Quality System Regulation, or QSR, requirements, which impose elaborate testing, control, documentation and other quality assurance procedures. During the review period, the FDA may also request additional information or clarification of information already provided, and the FDA may issue a major deficiency letter to the applicant, requesting the applicant’s response to deficiencies communicated by the FDA.

By statute, the FDA has 180 days to review a filed PMA application, although the review more often occurs over a significantly longer period of time. If its evaluation of a PMA is favorable, the FDA will issue either an approval letter, or an approvable letter. An approvable letter usually contains a number of conditions that must be met in order to secure a final approval of the PMA application. When and if these conditions have been fulfilled to the satisfaction of the FDA, the FDA will issue a PMA approval letter authorizing commercial marketing of the device, subject to the conditions of approval and the limitations established in this approval letter, if any. If the FDA’s evaluation of a PMA application or the relevant manufacturing facilities is not favorable, the FDA will deny approval of the PMA application or issue a not approvable letter. The FDA also may determine that additional tests or clinical trials are necessary, in which case the PMA approval may be delayed for several months or years while the trials are conducted and data is submitted in an amendment to the PMA application, or the PMA application is withdrawn and resubmitted when the data are available. The PMA process can be expensive, uncertain and lengthy and a number of devices for which the FDA approval has been sought by other companies have never been approved by the FDA for marketing.

In approving a PMA application, as a condition of approval, the FDA may also require some form of post-approval study or post-market surveillance, whereby the applicant conducts a follow-up study or follows certain patient groups for a number of years and makes periodic reports to the FDA on the clinical status of these patients when necessary to protect the public health or to provide additional or longer term safety and effectiveness data for the device. The FDA may also approve a PMA application with other post-approval conditions intended to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device, such as, among other things, restrictions on labeling, promotion, sale, distribution and use.

Even after approval of a PMA, new PMA applications or PMA supplements may also be required for modifications to any approved device, including modifications to the manufacturing processes, device labeling and device design, based on the findings of post-approval studies. Supplements to a PMA often require the submission of the same type of information required for an original PMA, except that the supplement is generally limited to that information needed to support the proposed change from the product covered by the original PMA.

Post-market FDA Regulation

After a medical device enters commercial distribution, numerous regulatory requirements continue to apply. These include:

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The FDA has broad post-market and regulatory enforcement powers. Medical device manufacturers are subject to unannounced inspections by the FDA and other state, local and foreign regulatory authorities to assess compliance with the QSR and other applicable regulations, and these inspections may include the manufacturing facilities of suppliers. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can result in enforcement action by the FDA, which may include sanctions such as: warning letters, fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties; unanticipated expenditures, repair, replacement, refunds, recall or seizure of our devices; operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of manufacturing; the FDA’s refusal of our requests for 510(k) clearances, de novo classification, or premarket approvals of new devices, new intended uses or modifications to existing devices; the FDA’s refusal to issue certificates to foreign governments needed to export devices for sale in other countries; and withdrawing 510(k) clearances, de novo marketing authorization, or premarket approvals that have already been granted; and criminal prosecution.

Emergency Use Authorization

In extraordinary circumstances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the FDA may allow the use of unapproved medical devices, including laboratory tests, on an emergency basis through what is known as an Emergency Use Authorization, or EUA. Throughout the COVID-19 public health emergency, FDA has issued guidance documents for clinical laboratories and commercial manufacturers setting forth the FDA’s current thinking and approach to the offering of tests for COVID-19.

When FDA grants emergency authorization to a product, the EUA may include certain conditions for use of that product. For example, the EUA may include conditions limiting who can distribute, administer, or use the product. Manufacturers may also be required to collect and report information regarding the safety and effectiveness of the product once it is available in the market and being used for the emergency.

FDA has stated that laboratories that are performing testing using EUA-authorized test kits from commercial manufacturers need not notify FDA of or obtain an EUA from FDA for such testing. As an authorized laboratory, we must comply with the applicable regulatory requirements set forth in the EUA, including labeling requirements and reporting any significant deviations from the established performance characteristics of the product to FDA.

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The EUAs are only in effect for the duration of the public health emergency as declared by the Secretary of the HHS. When the public health emergency is terminated, we will not be able to continue to offer the COVID-19 antibody tests unless we or Roche has sought clearance or approval for the assay and come into compliance with the QSR. We expect that HHS or FDA will institute a grace period or enforcement discretion period following termination of the public health emergency for products on the market subject to an EUA.

Federal and State Fraud and Abuse Laws

We are subject to U.S. federal fraud and abuse laws such as the AKS, the U.S. federal prohibition against physician self-referral, or Stark Law, and the FCA. We are also subject to similar state and foreign fraud and abuse laws.

The AKS prohibits knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting, or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, in return for or to induce the referral of an individual, or to purchase, lease, order, arrange for, or recommend purchasing, leasing or ordering, any good, facility, item or service that is reimbursable, in whole or in part, under a U.S. federal healthcare program. Although there are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution or other regulatory sanctions, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor.

The Stark Law and similar state laws prohibit physician referral of patients for designated health services payable by Medicare/Medicaid to entities with which the physician or an immediate family member has a financial relationship (ownership/investment interest or compensation arrangement), unless an exception applies.

Other U.S. federal fraud and abuse laws to which we are subject include but are not limited to the U.S. federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the FCA, which imposes liability on any person or entity that, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment to the U.S. federal government, and the U.S. federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law, which prohibits, among other things, the offering or transfer of remuneration to a Medicare or state healthcare program beneficiary if the person knows or should know that remuneration is likely to influence the beneficiary’s selection of a particular provider, practitioner, or supplier of services reimbursable by Medicare or a state healthcare program, unless an exception applies. Under the FCA, private citizens can bring claims on behalf of the government through qui tam actions. We must also operate within the bounds of the fraud and abuse laws of the states in which we do business which may apply to items or services reimbursed by nongovernmental third-party payers, including private insurers.

Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from government-funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, disgorgement, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting or oversight obligations if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with the law and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government-funded healthcare programs.

HIPAA and HITECH

Under the administrative simplification provisions of the HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, HHS issued regulations that establish uniform standards governing the conduct of certain electronic healthcare transactions and requirements for protecting the privacy and security of protected health information, or PHI, used or disclosed by covered entities. Covered entities and business associates are subject to HIPAA and HITECH.

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HIPAA and HITECH include the privacy and security rules, breach notification requirements and electronic transaction standards. The privacy rule covers the use and disclosure of PHI by covered entities and business associates and generally prohibits the use or disclosure of PHI except as permitted under the rule. The privacy rule also sets forth individual patient rights, such as the right to access or amend certain records containing PHI, or to request restrictions on the use or disclosure of PHI. The security rule requires covered entities and business associates to safeguard the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronically transmitted or stored PHI by implementing administrative, physical and technical safeguards. Under HITECH’s breach notification rule, a covered entity must notify individuals, the Secretary of the HHS, and in some circumstances, the media of breaches of unsecured PHI.

In addition, we may be subject to state health information privacy and data breach notification laws, which may govern the collection, use, disclosure and protection of health-related and other personal information. California, for example, has enacted the Confidentiality of Medical Information Act, which sets forth standards in addition to HIPAA and HITECH with which all California health care providers must abide. State laws may be more stringent, broader in scope or offer greater individual rights with respect to PHI than HIPAA, and state laws may differ from each other, which may complicate compliance efforts.

Entities that are found to be in violation of HIPAA as the result of a breach of unsecured PHI, a complaint about privacy practices or an audit by HHS, may be subject to significant civil and criminal fines and penalties and/or additional reporting and oversight obligations if such entities are required to enter into a resolution agreement and corrective action plan with HHS to settle allegations of HIPAA non-compliance.

U.S. Healthcare Reform

In the United States, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes at the U.S. federal and state levels which seek to reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of healthcare. For example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or the ACA, became law. This law substantially changed the way health care is financed by both commercial payers and government payers, and significantly impacted our industry. Since 2016 there have been efforts to repeal all or part of the ACA. For example, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, among other things, removed penalties for not complying with the ACA’s individual mandate to carry health insurance. All or a portion of the ACA and related subsequent legislation may be modified, repealed or otherwise invalidated through judicial challenge, which could result in lower numbers of insured individuals, reduced coverage for insured individuals and adversely affect our business.

The ACA contained a number of provisions expected to impact our business and operations, some of which in ways we cannot currently predict, including those governing enrollment in state and U.S. federal health care programs, reimbursement changes and fraud and abuse, which will impact existing state and U.S. federal health care programs and will result in the development of new programs.

The expansion in the government’s role in the U.S. healthcare industry may result in decreased profits to us and lower reimbursement by payers for our tests, any of which may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. On August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011 was signed into law, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to providers by 2% per fiscal year, effective on April 1, 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will remain in effect through 2029 unless additional legislative action is taken.

We anticipate there will continue to be proposals by legislators at both the federal and state levels, and by regulators and commercial payers to reduce costs while expanding individual healthcare benefits. Certain of these changes could impose additional limitations on the prices we will be able to charge for our tests, and the coverage of or the amounts of reimbursement available for our tests from payers, including commercial payers and government payers.

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C.      Organizational Structure

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries, as of the date of this annual report.

D.      Property, Plants and Equipment

Our China headquarters are located in the Bihu Industrial Park in Lishui, Zhejiang Province. Our facilities for manufacturing our CDA device for our performance of commercial CDA-based tests, our principle licensed clinical laboratory to conduct commercial CDA-based tests, as well as our warehouse are all in our headquarters in Lishui. We own the premises of our Lishui headquarters, which have an aggregate floor area of approximately 5,126 square meters. We also own an additional approximately 203 square meters in Lishui and 157 square meters of office space in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province.

We currently lease several properties with an aggregate floor area of approximately 2,310 square meters in Shanghai, where we operate our primary research and development facilities. We also lease approximately 142 square meters of properties in Haikou, Hainan Province, primarily to operate our government-approved clinical laboratory. Our leases for these properties vary in duration from one to three years.

In the United States, we currently lease approximately 6,700 square feet of office space in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania as the premises for our new CLIA-registered laboratory and U.S. headquarters, which we moved into in the second quarter of 2020. This lease has a term of approximately ten years and we are entitled to early terminate the lease in approximately five years subject to certain conditions.

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ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 5.OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the historical consolidated financial statements of our company for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.

A Operating Results

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our business and operating results are influenced by certain general factors that affect China’s early cancer screening and detection market, including the increasing prevalence of cancer in China, growth of total healthcare expenditures, and technological trends in cancer diagnosis, treatment and management. Unfavorable changes in these general factors could adversely affect the results of our operations. In addition to these general trends, we believe that our results of operations are more directly affected by certain company-specific factors, including:

Market Adoption of Our CDA-Based Tests

We derive substantially all of our revenues from the sale of our CDA-based tests in China. We expect our business prospects to depend significantly on our ability to increase market adoption of our CDA-based tests in China, as well as our ability to commercialize our CDA-based tests in the U.S.

China’s large, aging population, favorable government policies, and relatively low labor costs represent substantial commercial opportunities for our business and enable us to cost-effectively conduct our cancer screening and detection tests at a large scale. However, compared to conventional, more widely accepted cancer screening and detection technologies, we face additional challenges in raising recognition and adoption of our CDA technology by physicians, patients, hospitals, medical institutions, healthcare payers and others in China’s medical community.

We believe that our CDA technology addresses many limitations of current early cancer screening and detection methods, such as its ability to detect the risk of multiple cancers early, cost-effectively and with high accuracy. We have conducted numerous research studies in cooperation with hospitals and medical institutions in China to validate our CDA technology, and we have published the results of 15 completed research studies at the American Society of Clinical Oncology, or ASCO, annual meetings and other medical conferences and medical journal supplements. To increase market adoption of our CDA-based tests, we intend to continue conducting research studies on our CDA technology on more cancer types and its applications in additional oncological areas, including assistance in diagnosis, prognosis and recurrence, and to present our study results at ASCO annual meetings and other medical conferences and publish them in important medical journals. We are also seeking to cooperate with universities and academic medical centers, hospitals and medical institutions, CROs, managed care companies and other health organizations in the U.S. to conduct research studies on our CDA technology, with a view to commercializing our CDA-based tests in the U.S. market. We plan to initially market our CDA test as an LDT in the U.S. We expect to invest significantly in research studies.

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Regulatory Approvals for Our CDA Device by the NMPA

We are currently licensed to manufacture our CDA device and use it to perform our CDA-based tests at our own laboratories in China. To enlarge our total addressable market in China, in December 2018, we applied to the NMPA for a Class III medical device registration certificate for us to use our CDA device to assist in multi-cancer diagnosis. After we obtain this license, we will apply to update our medical device manufacture license to include the manufacture of Class III medical devices. With these licenses, we will be permitted to place our devices within Chinese hospitals’ laboratories to conduct commercial tests there or sell our devices to the hospitals for the purposes of assisting in physicians’ diagnosis of specified multiple cancers. We expect our revenues to grow substantially after our CDA devices are approved to access the Chinese hospital segment. However, it takes at least three years with significant R&D spending and regulatory approvals to obtain a Class III medical device registration certificate and the process is subject to regulatory and other uncertainties.

Our Customer Base and Customer Mix

Our business growth depends significantly on our ability to maintain relationships with our existing customers and attract new customers. Our existing customers in China consist primarily of life insurance companies and other corporations, which offer our CDA-based tests to their insured customers and/or employees. We also attract customers by offering our CDA-based tests as part of annual physical checkup packages and by engaging sales agents to market our tests. We plan to broaden our cancer screening and detection test offerings, including by expanding the range of genomics tests currently conducted at our Haikou laboratory, to attract more customers. If we are able to obtain the Class III medical device registration certificate and update our medical device manufacture license for our CDA device, we will seek to access the Chinese hospital market segment and provide our tests to more individual customers through Chinese hospitals. We expect our marketing expenses to continue to increase as we seek to increase market adoption of our technology and tests and build up our sales channels.

Since our business scale is currently relatively small and our customers are largely corporates, the availability and timing of large CDA-based test orders could cause our revenues to fluctuate significantly from period to period. This makes it difficult to compare our historical operating results or predict our future performance. Resurgence of COVID-19 and followed lock-down policies in some cities could cut the demand and revenue depending on length of lock-down. Starting March 27, 2022, the lockdown policy in Shanghai has forced us to temporarily halt operations in our Shanghai office. Most of the CDA tests are performed in our subsidiary located in Lishui, Zhejiang, which is not impacted by the resurgence of COVID-19. However, the close of our Shanghai office caused delay in the issuance and delivery of test reports to our customers, which will delay our revenue recognition in such period.

Cost Structure

Our results of operations are significantly affected by our cost structure. The largest component of our operating costs and expenses is staff costs, primarily related to our management as well as research and development, sales and marketing personnel. We have also incurred significant share-based compensation expenses to incentivize our directors, officers, employees and consultants, which were RMB32.9 million, RMB17.8 million and RMB34.2 million (US$5.4 million) in 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. In addition, we have made substantial investments in customer acquisition, research and development, and patent applications to support our future growth and expansion. As we conduct research studies in the U.S., we expect our research and development expenses to significantly increase. In addition, we expect to incur significant costs in research and development and regulatory approvals to obtain a Class III medical device registration certificate in the PRC. Once we receive this approval, we will incur significant external supplier costs for the manufacture of the devices.

Funding for Our Operations

We have funded our operations primarily through capital contributions from our initial public offering, our shareholders, short-term non-bank borrowings, convertible loans and loans from related parties. With the continuing expansion of our business, we will require further funding, possibly through public or private equity financings, debt financings, or other business arrangements. The availability and costs of funding could significantly impact our results of operations and financial position. Furthermore, debt financings could requir