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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549 

FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
OR
 
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from___to___
Commission file number 0-24000

ERIE INDEMNITY COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Pennsylvania
25-0466020
(State or other jurisdiction of(IRS Employer
incorporation or organization)Identification No.)

100 Erie Insurance Place,Erie,Pennsylvania16530
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)

814870-2000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Class A common stock,stated value $0.0292 per shareERIENASDAQ Stock Market, LLC
(Title of each class)(Trading Symbol)(Name of each exchange on which registered)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐Non-accelerated filer☐
Smaller reporting company☐Emerging growth company☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ 

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Class A Common Stock as of the latest practicable date was 46,189,068 at April 21, 2023.
 
The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Class B Common Stock as of the latest practicable date was 2,542 at April 21, 2023.

2
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ERIE INDEMNITY COMPANY
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Three months ended
March 31,
20232022
Operating revenue
Management fee revenue - policy issuance and renewal services
$558,090 $487,992 
Management fee revenue - administrative services15,189 14,313 
Administrative services reimbursement revenue172,827 163,327 
Service agreement revenue6,359 6,478 
Total operating revenue752,465 672,110 
Operating expenses
Cost of operations - policy issuance and renewal services469,095 424,471 
Cost of operations - administrative services172,827 163,327 
Total operating expenses641,922 587,798 
Operating income110,543 84,312 
Investment income
Net investment income2,183 10,504 
Net realized and unrealized investment losses(5,282)(7,279)
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings(1,633)(216)
Total investment (loss) income(4,732)3,009 
Interest expense— 999 
Other income3,337 473 
Income before income taxes109,148 86,795 
Income tax expense22,907 18,176 
Net income$86,241 $68,619 
Net income per share
Class A common stock – basic$1.85 $1.47 
Class A common stock – diluted$1.65 $1.31 
Class B common stock – basic and diluted$278 $221 
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic
Class A common stock46,188,819 46,188,761 
Class B common stock2,542 2,542 
Weighted average shares outstanding – Diluted
Class A common stock52,296,621 52,300,501 
Class B common stock2,542 2,542 
Dividends declared per share
Class A common stock$1.19 $1.11 
Class B common stock$178.50 $166.50 

See accompanying notes to Financial Statements. See Note 11, "Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)", for amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into the Statements of Operations. 
3
ERIE INDEMNITY COMPANY
STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)
Three months ended
March 31,
20232022
Net income$86,241 $68,619 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities10,494 (26,919)
Amortization of prior service costs and net actuarial (gain) loss on pension and other postretirement plans(2,742)1,730 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax7,752 (25,189)
Comprehensive income$93,993 $43,430 
 
See accompanying notes to Financial Statements. See Note 11, "Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)", for amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into the Statements of Operations.
4
ERIE INDEMNITY COMPANY
STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
March 31,December 31,
20232022
Assets(Unaudited)
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$122,376 $142,090 
Available-for-sale securities57,470 24,267 
Receivables from Erie Insurance Exchange and affiliates, net533,306 524,937 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets62,738 79,201 
Accrued investment income8,191 8,301 
Total current assets784,081 778,796 
Available-for-sale securities, net858,196 870,394 
Equity securities72,963 72,560 
Fixed assets, net417,339 413,874 
Agent loans, net59,315 60,537 
Other assets32,075 43,295 
Total assets$2,223,969 $2,239,456 
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
Current liabilities:
Commissions payable$322,910 $300,028 
Agent bonuses20,565 95,166 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities168,142 165,915 
Dividends payable55,419 55,419 
Contract liability37,187 36,547 
Deferred executive compensation7,345 12,036 
Total current liabilities611,568 665,111 
Defined benefit pension plans53,522 51,224 
Contract liability18,142 17,895 
Deferred executive compensation12,634 13,724 
Deferred income taxes, net16,081 14,075 
Other long-term liabilities25,055 29,019 
Total liabilities737,002 791,048 
Shareholders’ equity
Class A common stock, stated value $0.0292 per share; 74,996,930 shares authorized; 68,299,200 shares issued; 46,189,068 shares outstanding
1,992 1,992 
Class B common stock, convertible at a rate of 2,400 Class A shares for one Class B share, stated value $70 per share; 3,070 shares authorized; 2,542 shares issued and outstanding
178 178 
Additional paid-in-capital16,466 16,481 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)338 (7,414)
Retained earnings2,614,083 2,583,261 
Total contributed capital and retained earnings2,633,057 2,594,498 
Treasury stock, at cost; 22,110,132 shares held
(1,169,355)(1,168,949)
Deferred compensation23,265 22,859 
Total shareholders’ equity1,486,967 1,448,408 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$2,223,969 $2,239,456 

See accompanying notes to Financial Statements. 
5
ERIE INDEMNITY COMPANY
STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
Three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

Class A common stockClass B common stockAdditional paid-in-capitalAccumulated other comprehensive income (loss)Retained earningsTreasury stockDeferred compensationTotal shareholders' equity
Balance, December 31, 2022$1,992 $178 $16,481 $(7,414)$2,583,261 $(1,168,949)$22,859 $1,448,408 
Net income86,241 86,241 
Other comprehensive income7,752 7,752 
Dividends declared:
Class A $1.19 per share
(54,965)(54,965)
Class B $178.50 per share
(454)(454)
Net purchase of treasury stock (1)
(15)0 (15)
Deferred compensation(822)822 0 
Rabbi trust distribution (2)
416 (416)0 
Balance, March 31, 2023$1,992 $178 $16,466 $338 $2,614,083 $(1,169,355)$23,265 $1,486,967 


Class A common stockClass B common stockAdditional paid-in-capitalAccumulated other comprehensive lossRetained earningsTreasury stockDeferred compensationTotal shareholders' equity
Balance, December 31, 2021$1,992 $178 $16,496 $(25,288)$2,495,190 $(1,167,828)$21,738 $1,342,478 
Net income68,619 68,619 
Other comprehensive loss(25,189)(25,189)
Dividends declared:
Class A $1.11 per share
(51,270)(51,270)
Class B $166.50 per share
(423)(423)
Net purchase of treasury stock (1)
(15)0 (15)
Deferred compensation(802)802 0 
Rabbi trust distribution (2)
298 (298)0 
Balance, March 31, 2022$1,992 $178 $16,481 $(50,477)$2,512,116 $(1,168,332)$22,242 $1,334,200 

(1)Net purchases of treasury stock in 2023 and 2022 include the repurchase of our Class A common stock in the open market that were subsequently distributed to satisfy stock-based compensation awards.
(2)Distributions of our Class A shares were made from the rabbi trust to two incentive compensation deferral plan participants in 2023 and one in 2022.

See accompanying notes to Financial Statements.
6
ERIE INDEMNITY COMPANY
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)
Three months ended
March 31,
20232022
Cash flows from operating activities
Management fee received$557,905 $490,360 
Administrative services reimbursements received197,632 193,919 
Service agreement revenue received6,359 6,304 
Net investment income received13,746 9,510 
Commissions paid to agents(261,812)(230,831)
Agents bonuses paid(98,925)(122,093)
Salaries and wages paid(75,938)(71,228)
Employee benefits paid(20,048)(11,470)
General operating expenses paid(80,779)(57,477)
Administrative services expenses paid(189,739)(182,437)
Income taxes (paid) recovered(370)17 
Interest paid— (1,021)
Net cash provided by operating activities48,031 23,553 
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of investments:
Available-for-sale securities(47,594)(91,055)
Equity securities(9,707)(4,619)
Other investments(3)— 
Proceeds from investments:
Available-for-sale securities sales42,715 48,291 
Available-for-sale securities maturities/calls14,402 42,699 
Equity securities5,430 8,984 
Other investments151 371 
Purchase of fixed assets(19,142)(15,458)
Proceeds from disposal of fixed assets— 30 
Loans to agents(903)(5,195)
Collections on agent loans2,325 2,220 
Net cash used in investing activities(12,326)(13,732)
Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends paid to shareholders(55,419)(51,693)
Payments on long-term borrowings— (525)
Net cash used in financing activities(55,419)(52,218)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents(19,714)(42,397)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period142,090 183,702 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$122,376 $141,305 
Supplemental disclosure of noncash transactions
Liability incurred to purchase fixed assets$— $17,673 
Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities$670 $1,008 

See accompanying notes to Financial Statements.
7
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
 
Note 1.  Nature of Operations
 
Erie Indemnity Company ("Indemnity", "we", "us", "our") is a publicly held Pennsylvania business corporation that has since its incorporation in 1925 served as the attorney-in-fact for the subscribers (policyholders) at the Erie Insurance Exchange ("Exchange").  The Exchange, which also commenced business in 1925, is a Pennsylvania-domiciled reciprocal insurer that writes property and casualty insurance.

Our primary function as attorney-in-fact is to perform policy issuance and renewal services on behalf of the subscribers at the Exchange. We also act as attorney-in-fact on behalf of the Exchange with respect to all claims handling and investment management services, as well as the service provider for all claims handling, life insurance, and investment management services for its insurance subsidiaries, collectively referred to as "administrative services". Acting as attorney-in-fact in these two capacities is done in accordance with a subscriber's agreement (a limited power of attorney) executed individually by each subscriber (policyholder), which appoints us as their common attorney-in-fact to transact certain business on their behalf.  Pursuant to the subscriber's agreement for acting as attorney-in-fact in these two capacities, we earn a management fee calculated as a percentage of the direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange.

The policy issuance and renewal services we provide to the Exchange are related to the sales, underwriting and issuance of policies. The sales related services we provide include agent compensation and certain sales and advertising support services. Agent compensation includes scheduled commissions to agents based upon premiums written as well as additional commissions and bonuses to agents, which are earned by achieving targeted measures. The underwriting services we provide include underwriting and policy processing. The remaining services we provide include customer service and administrative support. We also provide information technology services that support all the functions listed above. Included in these expenses are allocations of costs for departments that support these policy issuance and renewal functions.

The Exchange, by virtue of its legal structure as a reciprocal insurer, does not have any employees or officers. Therefore, it enters into contractual relationships by and through an attorney-in-fact. Indemnity serves as the attorney-in-fact on behalf of the Exchange with respect to its administrative services in accordance with the subscriber's agreement. The Exchange's insurance subsidiaries also utilize Indemnity for these services in accordance with the service agreements between each of the subsidiaries and Indemnity. Claims handling services include costs incurred in the claims process, including the adjustment, investigation, defense, recording and payment functions. Life insurance management services include costs incurred in the management and processing of life insurance business. Investment management services are related to investment trading activity, accounting and all other functions attributable to the investment of funds. Included in these expenses are allocations of costs for departments that support these administrative functions. The subscriber's agreement and service agreements provide for reimbursement of amounts incurred for these services to Indemnity. Reimbursements are settled at cost. State insurance regulations require that intercompany service agreements and any material amendments be approved in advance by the state insurance department.

Our results of operations are tied to the growth and financial condition of the Exchange. If any events occurred that impaired the Exchange’s ability to grow or sustain its financial condition, including but not limited to reduced financial strength ratings, disruption in the independent agency relationships, significant catastrophe losses, or products not meeting customer demands, the Exchange could find it more difficult to retain its existing business and attract new business. A decline in the business of the Exchange almost certainly would have as a consequence a decline in the total premiums paid and a correspondingly adverse effect on the amount of the management fees we receive. We also have an exposure to a concentration of credit risk related to the unsecured receivables due from the Exchange for its management fee and cost reimbursements. See Note 12, "Concentrations of Credit Risk".












8
Note 2.  Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of presentation
The accompanying unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023. For further information, refer to the financial statements and footnotes included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2023.

Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

9
Note 3.  Revenue
 
The majority of our revenue is derived from the subscriber’s agreement between us and the subscribers (policyholders) at the Exchange. Pursuant to the subscriber’s agreement, we earn a management fee calculated as a percentage, not to exceed 25%, of all direct and affiliated assumed written premiums of the Exchange. We allocate a portion of our management fee revenue, currently 25% of the direct and affiliated assumed written premiums of the Exchange, between the two performance obligations we have under the subscriber’s agreement. The first performance obligation is to provide policy issuance and renewal services to the subscribers (policyholders) at the Exchange, and the second is to act as attorney-in-fact on behalf of the Exchange, as well as the service provider for its insurance subsidiaries, with respect to all administrative services.

The transaction price, including management fee revenue and administrative services reimbursement revenue, includes variable consideration and is allocated based on the estimated standalone selling prices developed using industry information and other available information for similar services. A constraining estimate of variable consideration exists related to the potential for management fees to be returned if a policy were to be cancelled mid-term. Management fees are returned to the Exchange when policyholders cancel their insurance coverage mid-term and premiums are refunded to them. The constraining estimate is determined using the expected value method, based on both historical and current information. The estimated transaction price, as reduced by the constraint, reflects consideration expected for performance of our services. We update the transaction price and the related allocation at least annually based upon the most recent information available or more frequently if there have been significant changes in any components considered in the transaction price.

The first performance obligation is to provide policy issuance and renewal services that result in executed insurance policies between the Exchange or one of its insurance subsidiaries and the subscriber (policyholder). The subscriber (policyholder) receives economic benefits when substantially all the policy issuance or renewal services are complete and an insurance policy is issued or renewed by the Exchange or one of its insurance subsidiaries. It is at the time of policy issuance or renewal that the allocated portion of revenue is recognized.

The Exchange, by virtue of its legal structure as a reciprocal insurer, does not have any employees or officers. Therefore, it enters into contractual relationships by and through an attorney-in-fact. Indemnity serves as the attorney-in-fact on behalf of the Exchange with respect to its administrative services in accordance with the subscriber's agreement. The Exchange's insurance subsidiaries also utilize Indemnity for these services in accordance with the service agreements between each of the subsidiaries and Indemnity. Collectively, these services represent a second performance obligation under the subscriber’s agreement and the service agreements. The revenue allocated to this performance obligation is recognized over a four-year period representing the time over which these services are provided. The portion of revenue not yet earned is recorded as a contract liability in the Statements of Financial Position. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recognized revenue of $13.3 million that was included in the contract liability balance as of December 31, 2022. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we recognized revenue of $12.7 million that was included in the contract liability balance as of December 31, 2021. The administrative services expenses we incur and the related reimbursements we receive are recorded gross in the Statements of Operations.

Indemnity records a receivable from the Exchange for management fee revenue when the premium is written or assumed from affiliates by the Exchange. Indemnity collects the management fee from the Exchange when the Exchange collects the premiums from the subscribers (policyholders). As the Exchange issues policies with annual terms only, cash collections generally occur within one year.


The following table disaggregates revenue by our two performance obligations for the three months ended March 31:
(in thousands)20232022
Management fee revenue - policy issuance and renewal services$558,090 $487,992 
Management fee revenue - administrative services15,189 14,313 
Administrative services reimbursement revenue172,827 163,327 
Total revenue from administrative services$188,016 $177,640 
10
Note 4.  Earnings Per Share
 
Class A and Class B basic earnings per share and Class B diluted earnings per share are calculated under the two-class method. The two-class method allocates earnings to each class of stock based upon its dividend rights.  Class B shares are convertible into Class A shares at a conversion ratio of 2,400 to 1. See Note 10, "Capital Stock".

Class A diluted earnings per share is calculated under the if-converted method, which reflects the conversion of Class B shares to Class A shares. Diluted earnings per share calculations include the dilutive effect of assumed issuance of stock-based awards under compensation plans that have the option to be paid in stock using the treasury stock method.

A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators used in the basic and diluted per-share computations is presented as follows for each class of common stock for the three months ended March 31: 
20232022
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)Allocated net income (numerator)Weighted shares (denominator)Per-share amountAllocated net income (numerator)Weighted shares (denominator)Per-share amount
Class A – Basic EPS:
Income available to Class A stockholders$85,535 46,188,819 $1.85 $68,057 46,188,761 $1.47 
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards0 7,002 — 0 10,940 — 
Assumed conversion of Class B shares706 6,100,800 — 562 6,100,800 — 
Class A – Diluted EPS:
Income available to Class A stockholders on Class A equivalent shares
$86,241 52,296,621 $1.65 $68,619 52,300,501 $1.31 
Class B – Basic and diluted EPS:
Income available to Class B stockholders$706 2,542 $278 $562 2,542 $221 

11
Note 5. Fair Value
 
Financial instruments carried at fair value
Our available-for-sale and equity securities are recorded at fair value, which is the price that would be received to sell the asset in an orderly transaction between willing market participants as of the measurement date.
 
Valuation techniques used to derive the fair value of our available-for-sale and equity securities are based upon observable and unobservable inputs.  Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources.  Unobservable inputs reflect our own assumptions regarding fair market value for these securities.  Financial instruments are categorized based upon the following characteristics or inputs to the valuation techniques:

•Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity can access at the measurement date.

•Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
 
Estimates of fair values for our investment portfolio are obtained primarily from a nationally recognized pricing service.  Our Level 1 securities are valued using an exchange traded price provided by the pricing service. Pricing service valuations for Level 2 securities include multiple verifiable, observable inputs including benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data.  Pricing service valuations for Level 3 securities are based upon proprietary models and are used when observable inputs are not available or in illiquid markets.
 
Although virtually all of our prices are obtained from third party sources, we also perform internal pricing reviews, including evaluating the methodology and inputs used to ensure that we determine the proper classification level of the financial instrument and reviewing securities with price changes that vary significantly from current market conditions or independent price sources.  Price variances are investigated and corroborated by market data and transaction volumes. We have reviewed the pricing methodologies of our pricing service as well as other observable inputs and believe that the prices adequately consider market activity in determining fair value. 

In limited circumstances we adjust the price received from the pricing service when, in our judgment, a better reflection of fair value is available based upon corroborating information and our knowledge and monitoring of market conditions such as a disparity in price of comparable securities and/or non-binding broker quotes.  In other circumstances, certain securities are internally priced because prices are not provided by the pricing service.
 
When a price from the pricing service is not available, values are determined by obtaining broker/dealer quotes and/or market comparables. When available, we obtain multiple quotes for the same security. The ultimate value for these securities is determined based upon our best estimate of fair value using corroborating market information. As of March 31, 2023, nearly all of our available-for-sale and equity securities were priced using a third party pricing service.


12
The following tables present our fair value measurements on a recurring basis by asset class and level of input as of: 
March 31, 2023
(in thousands)TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Available-for-sale securities:
Corporate debt securities$568,531 $0 $564,028 $4,503 
Collateralized debt obligations105,027 0 105,027 0 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities66,432 0 60,017 6,415 
Residential mortgage-backed securities157,302 0 157,269 33 
Other debt securities18,374 0 18,374 0 
Total available-for-sale securities915,666 0 904,715 10,951 
Equity securities:
Financial services sector59,484 496 54,789 4,199 
Utilities sector6,261 0 6,261 0 
Energy sector4,068 0 4,068 0 
Consumer sector2,235 0 2,235 0 
Technology sector500 0 0 500 
Communications sector267 0 267 0 
Industrial sector148 0 148 0 
Total equity securities72,963 496 67,768 4,699 
Total$988,629 $496 $972,483 $15,650 


December 31, 2022
(in thousands)TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Available-for-sale securities:
Corporate debt securities$553,382 $0 $549,696 $3,686 
Collateralized debt obligations102,537 0 102,537 0 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities66,054 0 55,144 10,910 
Residential mortgage-backed securities150,415 0 146,231 4,184 
Other debt securities22,273 0 22,273 0 
Total available-for-sale securities894,661 0 875,881 18,780 
Equity securities:
Financial services sector61,084 0 57,305 3,779 
Utilities sector5,708 0 5,708 0 
Energy sector3,576 0 3,576 0 
Consumer sector1,854 0 1,854 0 
Communications sector338 0 338 0 
Total equity securities72,560 0 68,781 3,779 
Total$967,221 $0 $944,662 $22,559 


13
We review the fair value hierarchy classifications each reporting period. Transfers between hierarchy levels may occur due to changes in available market observable inputs.
Level 3 Assets – 2023 Year-to-Date Change:
(in thousands)Beginning balance at December 31, 2022
Included in earnings(1)
Included
in other
comprehensive
income		PurchasesSales
Transfers into
Level 3(2)
Transfers out of Level 3(2)
Ending balance at March 31, 2023
Available-for-sale securities:
Corporate debt securities$3,686 $(28)$85 $753 $(645)$1,498 $(846)$4,503 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities10,910 (191)217 589 0 137 (5,247)6,415 
Residential mortgage-backed securities4,184 (5)96 0 (87)33 (4,188)33 
Total available-for-sale securities18,780 (224)398 1,342 (732)1,668 (10,281)10,951 
Equity securities3,779 (38)0 958 0 0 0 4,699 
Total Level 3 securities$22,559 $(262)$398 $2,300 $(732)$1,668 $(10,281)$15,650 

Level 3 Assets – 2022 Year-to-Date Change:
(in thousands)Beginning balance at December 31, 2021
Included in earnings(1)
Included
in other
comprehensive
income		PurchasesSales
Transfers into
Level 3(2)
Transfers out of Level 3(2)
Ending balance at March 31, 2022
Available-for-sale securities:
Corporate debt securities$5,256 $13 $(55)$3,984 $(508)$3,549 $(1,312)$10,927 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities15,728 (116)(839)0 (500)1,460 (5,136)10,597 
Residential mortgage-backed securities8,814 25 (336)0 (2,755)0 (5,536)212 
Total available-for-sale securities29,798 (78)(1,230)3,984 (3,763)5,009 (11,984)21,736 
Equity securities2,083 (66)0 0 0 0 0 2,017 
Total Level 3 securities$31,881 $(144)$(1,230)$3,984 $(3,763)$5,009 $(11,984)$23,753 
(1)These amounts are reported as net investment income and net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains for each of the periods presented above.
(2)Transfers into and/or (out) of Level 3 are primarily attributable to the availability of market observable information and the re-evaluation of the observability of pricing inputs.


Financial instruments not carried at fair value
The following table presents the carrying values and fair values of financial instruments categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy that are recorded at carrying value as of:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
(in thousands)Carrying valueFair valueCarrying valueFair value
Agent loans (1)
$68,054 $62,452 $69,476 $62,954 
(1)The discount rate used to calculate fair value at March 31, 2023 is reflective of a decrease in the BB+ financial yield curve from December 31, 2022.


14
Note 6.  Investments
 
Available-for-sale securities
See Note 5, "Fair Value" for additional fair value disclosures. The following tables summarize the cost and estimated fair value, net of credit loss allowance, of our available-for-sale securities as of:
March 31, 2023
(in thousands)Amortized costGross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesEstimated fair 
value
Corporate debt securities $596,754 $1,149 $29,372 $568,531 
Collateralized debt obligations109,662 19 4,654 105,027 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities72,549 181 6,298 66,432 
Residential mortgage-backed securities170,409 273 13,380 157,302 
Other debt securities19,487 69 1,182 18,374 
Total available-for-sale securities, net$968,861 $1,691 $54,886 $915,666 


December 31, 2022
(in thousands)Amortized costGross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesEstimated fair 
value
Corporate debt securities$588,536 $657 $35,811 $553,382 
Collateralized debt obligations107,730 11 5,204 102,537 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities73,855 157 7,958 66,054 
Residential mortgage-backed securities166,412 72 16,069 150,415 
Other debt securities24,602 0 2,329 22,273 
Total available-for-sale securities, net$961,135 $897 $67,371 $894,661 


The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale securities at March 31, 2023 are shown below by remaining contractual term to maturity.  Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
March 31, 2023
AmortizedEstimated
(in thousands)costfair value
Due in one year or less$46,749 $45,733 
Due after one year through five years428,383 408,641 
Due after five years through ten years189,051 181,638 
Due after ten years304,678 279,654 
Total available-for-sale securities, net (1)
$968,861 $915,666 
(1)The contractual maturities of our available-for-sale securities are included in the table. However, given our intent to sell certain impaired securities, these securities are classified as current assets in our Statement of Financial Position at March 31, 2023.
15
The below securities have been evaluated and determined to be temporary declines in fair value for which we expect to recover our entire principal plus interest.  The following tables present available-for-sale securities based on length of time in a gross unrealized loss position as of:
March 31, 2023
Less than 12 months12 months or longerTotal
(dollars in thousands)Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		No. of
holdings
Corporate debt securities$193,828 $5,680 $299,344 $23,692 $493,172 $29,372 835 
Collateralized debt obligations26,435 1,297 72,742 3,357 99,177 4,654 157 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities14,800 274 36,816 6,024 51,616 6,298 127 
Residential mortgage-backed securities40,561 1,152 82,489 12,228 123,050 13,380 153 
Other debt securities6,427 231 8,210 951 14,637 1,182 37 
Total available-for-sale securities$282,051 $8,634 $499,601 $46,252 $781,652 $54,886 1,309 
Quality breakdown of available-for-sale securities:
Investment grade$244,721 $6,966 $451,973 $40,258 $696,694 $47,224 729 
Non-investment grade37,330 1,668 47,628 5,994 84,958 7,662 580 
Total available-for-sale securities$282,051 $8,634 $499,601 $46,252 $781,652 $54,886 1,309 


December 31, 2022
Less than 12 months12 months or longerTotal
(dollars in thousands)Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		No. of
holdings
Corporate debt securities$397,511 $21,371 $121,094 $14,440 $518,605 $35,811 916 
Collateralized debt obligations44,823 2,529 55,335 2,675 100,158 5,204 159 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities41,139 5,124 15,864 2,834 57,003 7,958 131 
Residential mortgage-backed securities109,499 9,131 31,465 6,938 140,964 16,069 161 
Other debt securities15,682 1,323 6,591 1,006 22,273 2,329 46 
Total available-for-sale securities$608,654 $39,478 $230,349 $27,893 $839,003 $67,371 1,413 
Quality breakdown of available-for-sale securities:
Investment grade$525,805 $31,904 $215,742 $25,205 $741,547 $57,109 761 
Non-investment grade82,849 7,574 14,607 2,688 97,456 10,262 652 
Total available-for-sale securities$608,654 $39,478 $230,349 $27,893 $839,003 $67,371 1,413 
Credit loss allowance on investments
The current expected credit loss allowance on agent loans was $1.0 million at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The current expected credit loss allowance on available-for-sale securities was $0.3 million at March 31, 2023 and $0.2 million at December 31, 2022.

Net investment income
Investment income (loss), net of expenses, was generated from the following portfolios for the three months ended March 31:
(in thousands)20232022
Available-for-sale securities$9,833 $6,358 
Equity securities1,015 988 
Limited partnerships (1)
(10,752)2,775 
Cash equivalents and other2,105 785 
Total investment income2,201 10,906 
Less: investment expenses18 402 
Net investment income$2,183 $10,504 
(1)Equity in (losses) earnings of limited partnerships includes both realized gains (losses) and unrealized valuation changes. Our limited partnership investments are included in the line item "Other assets" in the Statements of Financial Position. We have made no new significant limited partnership commitments since 2006, and the balance of limited partnership investments is expected to decline over time as additional distributions are received.

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Net realized and unrealized investment losses
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments were as follows for the three months ended March 31:
(in thousands)20232022
Available-for-sale securities:
Gross realized gains$206 $491 
Gross realized losses(1,825)(2,571)
Net realized losses on available-for-sale securities(1,619)(2,080)
Equity securities(3,663)(5,201)
Miscellaneous0 2 
Net realized and unrealized investment losses$(5,282)$(7,279)


The portion of net unrealized losses recognized during the reporting period related to equity securities held at the reporting date is calculated as follows for the three months ended March 31:
(in thousands)20232022
Equity securities:
Net losses recognized during the period$(3,663)$(5,201)
Less: net losses recognized on securities sold(2,504)(280)
Net unrealized losses recognized on securities held at reporting date$(1,159)$(4,921)


Net impairment losses recognized in earnings
Impairments on available-for-sale securities were as follows for the three months ended March 31:
(in thousands)20232022
Available-for-sale securities:
Intent to sell$(1,432)$(70)
Credit impaired(201)(146)
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings$(1,633)$(216)



























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Note 7.  Bank Line of Credit
 
We have access to a $100 million bank revolving line of credit with a $25 million letter of credit sublimit that expires on October 29, 2026. As of March 31, 2023, a total of $99.1 million remains available under the facility due to $0.9 million outstanding letters of credit, which reduce the availability for letters of credit to $24.1 million. We had no borrowings outstanding on our line of credit as of March 31, 2023. Investments with a fair value of $115.6 million were pledged as collateral on the line of credit at March 31, 2023. These investments have no trading restrictions and are reported as available-for-sale securities and cash and cash equivalents on our Statement of Financial Position as of March 31, 2023. The bank requires compliance with certain covenants, which include leverage ratios and debt restrictions.  We are in compliance with all covenants at March 31, 2023.


Note 8.  Postretirement Benefits
 
Pension plans
Our pension plans consist of a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan covering substantially all employees and an unfunded supplemental employee retirement plan ("SERP") for certain members of executive and senior management. Although we are the sponsor of these postretirement plans and record the funded status of these plans, the Exchange and its subsidiaries reimburse us, or are reimbursed for, their allocated share of pension cost or income, respectively. These reimbursements represent pension benefits for employees performing administrative services and an allocated share of plan (income) cost for employees in departments that support the administrative functions. As of March 31, 2023, approximately 60% of the annual defined benefit pension income and 36% of the annual SERP cost was reimbursed to and from, respectively, the Exchange and its subsidiaries.

Our funding policy is generally to contribute an amount equal to the greater of the target normal cost for the plan year, or the amount necessary to fund the plan to 100%. Accordingly, we expect to contribute an estimated $95 million in 2023. Actual contributions may vary from the current estimate depending on changes in assumptions, regulatory requirements and funding decisions, or due to future plan changes.

Pension plan (income) cost includes the following components for the three months ended March 31:
(in thousands)20232022
Service cost for benefits earned$7,191 $12,560 
Interest cost on benefit obligation12,548 9,941 
Expected return on plan assets(17,218)(13,639)
Prior service cost amortization362 361 
Net actuarial (gain) loss amortization(3,833)1,830 
Pension plan (income) cost (1)
$(950)$11,053 
(1)Pension plan (income) cost represents plan (income) cost before reimbursements between Indemnity and the Exchange and its subsidiaries. The components of pension plan (income) cost other than the service cost components are included in the line item "Other income" in the Statements of Operations, net of reimbursements between Indemnity and the Exchange and its subsidiaries.


Note 9.  Income Taxes
 
Income tax expense is provided on an interim basis based upon our estimate of the annual effective income tax rate, adjusted each quarter for discrete items. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, our effective tax rate was 21.0% and 20.9%, respectively.


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Note 10.  Capital Stock
 
Class A and B common stock
Holders of Class B shares may, at their option, convert their shares into Class A shares at the rate of 2,400 Class A shares per Class B share.  There were no shares of Class B common stock converted into Class A common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022. There is no provision for conversion of Class A shares into Class B shares, and Class B shares surrendered for conversion cannot be reissued.

Stock repurchases
In 2011, our Board of Directors approved a continuation of the current stock repurchase program of $150 million, with no time limitation.  There were no shares repurchased under this program during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022. We had approximately $17.8 million of repurchase authority remaining under this program at March 31, 2023.


Note 11.  Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") (loss) by component, including amounts reclassified to other comprehensive income ("OCI") (loss) and the related line item in the Statements of Operations where net income is presented, are as follows for the three months ended March 31:
20232022
(in thousands)Before TaxIncome TaxNetBefore TaxIncome TaxNet
Investment securities:
AOCI (loss), beginning of period$(66,571)$(13,980)$(52,591)$7,722 $1,621 $6,101 
OCI (loss) before reclassifications10,032 2,107 7,925 (36,371)(7,638)(28,733)
Realized investment losses1,619 340 1,279 2,080 437 1,643 
Impairment losses1,633 343 1,290 216 45 171 
OCI (loss)13,284 2,790 10,494 (34,075)(7,156)(26,919)
AOCI (loss), end of period$(53,287)$(11,190)$(42,097)$(26,353)$(5,535)$(20,818)
Pension and other postretirement plans:
AOCI (loss), beginning of period$57,186 $12,009 $45,177 $(39,734)$(8,345)$(31,389)
Amortization of prior service costs362 76 286 361 76 285 
Amortization of net actuarial (gain) loss (3,833)(805)(3,028)1,830 385 1,445 
OCI (loss)(3,471)(729)(2,742)2,191 461 1,730 
AOCI (loss), end of period$53,715 $11,280 $42,435 $(37,543)$(7,884)$(29,659)
Total
AOCI (loss), beginning of period$(9,385)$(1,971)$(7,414)$(32,012)$(6,724)$(25,288)
Investment securities13,284 2,790 10,494 (34,075)(7,156)(26,919)
Pension and other postretirement plans(3,471)(729)(2,742)2,191 461 1,730 
OCI (loss)9,813 2,061 7,752 (31,884)(6,695)(25,189)
AOCI (loss), end of period$428 $90 $338 $(63,896)$(13,419)$(50,477)


Note 12. Concentrations of Credit Risk
 
Financial instruments could potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk, including our unsecured receivables from the Exchange. The large majority of our revenue and receivables are from the Exchange and its affiliates. See also Note 1, "Nature of Operations". Net management fee amounts and other reimbursements due from the Exchange and its affiliates were $533.3 million and $524.9 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which includes a current expected credit loss allowance of $0.6 million in both periods.


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Note 13.  Commitments and Contingencies
 
We have an agreement with a bank for an agent loan participation program. The maximum amount of loans to be funded through this program is $100 million. We have committed to fund a minimum of 30% of each loan executed through this program. As of March 31, 2023, loans executed under this agreement totaled $51.2 million, of which our portion of the loans is $17.4 million. Additionally, we have agreed to guarantee a portion of the funding provided by the other participants in the program in the event of default. As of March 31, 2023, our maximum potential amount of future payments on the guaranteed portion is $6.2 million. All loan payments under the participation program are current as of March 31, 2023.

We are involved in litigation arising in the ordinary course of conducting business.  In accordance with current accounting standards for loss contingencies and based upon information currently known to us, we establish reserves for litigation when it is probable that a loss associated with a claim or proceeding has been incurred and the amount of the loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated.  When no amount within the range of loss is a better estimate than any other amount, we accrue the minimum amount of the estimable loss.  To the extent that such litigation against us may have an exposure to a loss in excess of the amount we have accrued, we believe that such excess would not be material to our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.  Legal fees are expensed as incurred.  We believe that our accruals for legal proceedings are appropriate and, individually and in the aggregate, are not expected to be material to our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

We review all litigation on an ongoing basis when making accrual and disclosure decisions.  For certain legal proceedings, we cannot reasonably estimate losses or a range of loss, if any, particularly for proceedings that are in their early stages of development or where the plaintiffs seek indeterminate damages.  Various factors, including, but not limited to, the outcome of potentially lengthy discovery and the resolution of important factual questions, may need to be determined before probability can be established or before a loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated.  If the loss contingency in question is not both probable and reasonably estimable, we do not establish an accrual and the matter will continue to be monitored for any developments that would make the loss contingency both probable and reasonably estimable.  In the event that a legal proceeding results in a substantial judgment against, or settlement by, us, there can be no assurance that any resulting liability or financial commitment would not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.


Note 14.  Subsequent Events
 
No items were identified in this period subsequent to the financial statement date that required adjustment or additional disclosure.

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ITEM 2.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
The following discussion of financial condition and results of operations highlights significant factors influencing Erie Indemnity Company ("Indemnity", "we", "us", "our").  This discussion should be read in conjunction with the historical financial statements and the related notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1. "Financial Statements" of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and with Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for the year ended December 31, 2022, as contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2023.
 
 
INDEX
 

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
 
"Safe Harbor" Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995:
Statements contained herein that are not historical fact are forward-looking statements and, as such, are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events and results to differ, perhaps materially, from those discussed herein.  Forward-looking statements relate to future trends, events or results and include, without limitation, statements and assumptions on which such statements are based that are related to our plans, strategies, objectives, expectations, intentions, and adequacy of resources.  Examples of forward-looking statements are discussions relating to premium and investment income, expenses, operating results, and compliance with contractual and regulatory requirements.  Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict.  Therefore, actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or forecasted in such forward-looking statements.  Among the risks and uncertainties, in addition to those set forth in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, that could cause actual results and future events to differ from those set forth or contemplated in the forward-looking statements include the following:
•dependence upon our relationship with the Erie Insurance Exchange ("Exchange") and the management fee under the agreement with the subscribers at the Exchange;
•dependence upon our relationship with the Exchange and the growth of the Exchange, including:
◦general business and economic conditions;
◦factors affecting insurance industry competition;
◦dependence upon the independent agency system; and
◦ability to maintain our reputation for customer service;
•dependence upon our relationship with the Exchange and the financial condition of the Exchange, including:
◦the Exchange's ability to maintain acceptable financial strength ratings;
◦factors affecting the quality and liquidity of the Exchange's investment portfolio;
◦changes in government regulation of the insurance industry;
◦litigation and regulatory actions;
◦emergence of significant unexpected events, including pandemics and inflation;
◦emerging claims and coverage issues in the industry; and
◦severe weather conditions or other catastrophic losses, including terrorism;
•costs of providing policy issuance and renewal services to the Exchange under the subscriber's agreement;
•ability to attract and retain talented management and employees;
•ability to ensure system availability and effectively manage technology initiatives;
•difficulties with technology or data security breaches, including cyber attacks;
•ability to maintain uninterrupted business operations;
•outcome of pending and potential litigation;
•factors affecting the quality and liquidity of our investment portfolio; and
•our ability to meet liquidity needs and access capital.
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A forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made and reflects our analysis only as of that date.  We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, changes in assumptions, or otherwise.


OPERATING OVERVIEW
 
Overview
We serve as the attorney-in-fact for the subscribers (policyholders) at the Exchange, a reciprocal insurer that writes property and casualty insurance. Our primary function as attorney-in-fact is to perform policy issuance and renewal services on behalf of the subscribers at the Exchange. We also act as attorney-in-fact on behalf of the Exchange, as well as the service provider for its insurance subsidiaries, with respect to all administrative services.

The Exchange is a reciprocal insurance exchange, which is an unincorporated association of individuals, partnerships and corporations that agree to insure one another. Each applicant for insurance to the Exchange signs a subscriber's agreement, which contains an appointment of Indemnity as their attorney-in-fact to transact the business of the Exchange on their behalf. Pursuant to the subscriber’s agreement for acting as attorney-in-fact in these two capacities, we earn a management fee calculated as a percentage of the direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange.

Our earnings are primarily driven by the management fee revenue generated for the services we provide to the Exchange. The policy issuance and renewal services we provide to the Exchange are related to the sales, underwriting and issuance of policies. The sales related services we provide include agent compensation and certain sales and advertising support services. Agent compensation includes scheduled commissions to agents based upon premiums written as well as additional commissions and bonuses to agents, which are earned by achieving targeted measures. Agent compensation generally comprises approximately two-thirds of our policy issuance and renewal expenses. The underwriting services we provide include underwriting and policy processing. The remaining services we provide include customer service and administrative support. We also provide information technology services that support all the functions listed above. Included in these expenses are allocations of costs for departments that support these policy issuance and renewal functions.

By virtue of its legal structure as a reciprocal insurer, the Exchange does not have any employees or officers. Therefore, it enters into contractual relationships by and through an attorney-in-fact. Indemnity serves as the attorney-in-fact on behalf of the Exchange with respect to its administrative services in accordance with the subscriber's agreement. The Exchange's insurance subsidiaries also utilize Indemnity for these services in accordance with the service agreements between each of the subsidiaries and Indemnity. Claims handling services include costs incurred in the claims process, including the adjustment, investigation, defense, recording and payment functions. Life insurance management services include costs incurred in the management and processing of life insurance business. Investment management services are related to investment trading activity, accounting and all other functions attributable to the investment of funds. In 2022, approximately 71% of the
administrative services expenses were entirely attributable to the respective administrative functions (claims handling, life
insurance management and investment management), while the remaining 29% of these expenses were allocations of costs for
departments that support these administrative functions. The expenses we incur and related reimbursements we receive for
administrative services are presented gross in our Statements of Operations. The subscriber's agreement and service agreements provide for reimbursement of amounts incurred for these services to Indemnity. Reimbursements are settled at cost on a monthly basis. State insurance regulations require that intercompany service agreements and any material amendments be approved in advance by the state insurance department.

Our results of operations are tied to the growth and financial condition of the Exchange as the Exchange is our sole customer, and our earnings are largely generated from management fees based on the direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange. The Exchange generates revenue by insuring preferred and standard risks, with personal lines comprising 69% of the 2022 direct and affiliated assumed written premiums and commercial lines comprising the remaining 31%.  The principal personal lines products are private passenger automobile and homeowners.  The principal commercial lines products are commercial multi-peril, commercial automobile and workers compensation.

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Risks and Uncertainties
Ongoing supply chain disruptions, geopolitical events and other macroeconomic factors have created an elevated inflationary environment and rising interest rates. These factors along with recent developments within the banking industry create significant economic uncertainty, which may impact our investment valuations and returns and liquidity. As these events continue to evolve, the ultimate impact and duration remain uncertain at this time.


Financial Overview
Three months ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)20232022% Change
(Unaudited)
Operating income$110,543 $84,312 31.1 %
Total investment (loss) income(4,732)3,009 NM
Interest expense— 999 (100.0)
Other income3,337 473 NM
Income before income taxes109,148 86,795 25.8 
Income tax expense22,907 18,176 26.0 
Net income$86,241 $68,619 25.7 %
Net income per share – diluted$1.65 $1.31 25.7 %
NM = not meaningful


Operating income increased in the first quarter of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022, as growth in operating revenue outpaced the growth in operating expenses. Management fee revenue for policy issuance and renewal services increased 14.4% to $558.1 million in the first quarter of 2023. Management fee revenue is based upon the management fee rate we charge and the direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange. The management fee rate was 25% for both 2023 and 2022. The direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange increased 14.6% to $2.3 billion in the first quarter of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022.

Cost of operations for policy issuance and renewal services increased 10.5% to $469.1 million in the first quarter of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to higher scheduled commissions driven by direct and affiliated assumed written premium growth, as well as increased compensation, professional fees, and technology investments, partially offset by decreased agent incentive compensation driven by higher claims severity and related loss costs experienced by the Exchange.

Management fee revenue for administrative services increased 6.1% to $15.2 million in the first quarter of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. The administrative services reimbursement revenue and corresponding cost of operations increased both total operating revenue and total operating expenses by $172.8 million in the first quarter of 2023, but had no net impact on operating income.

Total investment income decreased $7.7 million in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to a decrease in net investment income partially offset by lower net realized and unrealized investment losses in 2023 compared to 2022.
General Conditions and Trends Affecting Our Business
Economic conditions
Unfavorable changes in economic conditions, including declining consumer confidence, inflation, high unemployment, and the threat of recession, among others, may lead the Exchange’s customers to modify coverage, not renew policies, or even cancel policies, which could adversely affect the premium revenue of the Exchange, and consequently our management fee.  Current economic conditions have contributed to an elevated inflationary environment, which could impact the Exchange's operations and our management fee. In particular, unanticipated increased inflation costs including medical cost inflation, building material cost inflation, auto repair and replacement cost inflation, and tort issues may impact adequacy of estimated loss reserves and future premium rates of the Exchange. The extent and duration of the impacts to economic conditions remain uncertain. If any of these items impacted the financial condition or operations of the Exchange, it could have an impact on our financial results. See Financial Condition and Liquidity and Capital Resources contained within this report, as well as Part I. Item 1A. "Risk Factors" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2023 for a discussion of the potential impacts to our operations or those of the Exchange.

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Financial market volatility
Our portfolio of fixed maturity and equity security investments is subject to market volatility, especially in periods of instability in the worldwide financial markets. Over time, net investment income could also be impacted by volatility and by the general level of interest rates, which impact reinvested cash flow from the portfolio and business operations. Depending upon market conditions, which are unpredictable and remain uncertain, considerable fluctuation could occur in the fair value of our investment portfolio and reported total investment income, which could have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Various ongoing geopolitical events, the high inflationary environment and recent developments in the banking sector have had a significant impact on the global financial markets. The value of our invested assets could be adversely impacted and there is potential for future losses and/or impairments on our investment portfolio resulting from continued supply chain disruptions, instability and volatility within the banking sector, further inflationary pressures and rising interest rates.


RESULTS OF OPERATIONS 

Management fee revenue
We have two performance obligations in the subscriber’s agreement, providing policy issuance and renewal services and acting as attorney-in-fact for the Exchange, as well as the service provider for its insurance subsidiaries with respect to all administrative services. We earn management fees for acting as the attorney-in-fact for the subscribers at the Exchange in these two capacities, and allocate our revenues between our performance obligations.

The management fee is calculated by multiplying all direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange by the management fee rate, which is determined by our Board of Directors at least annually.  The management fee rate was set at 25%, the maximum rate, for both 2023 and 2022.  Changes in the management fee rate can affect our revenue and net income significantly. The transaction price, including management fee revenue and administrative services reimbursement revenue, includes variable consideration and is allocated based on the estimated standalone selling prices developed using industry information and other available information for similar services. We update the transaction price and the related allocation at least annually based upon the most recent information available or more frequently if there have been significant changes in any components considered in the transaction price.

The following table presents the allocation and disaggregation of revenue for our two performance obligations for the three months ended March 31:
(dollars in thousands)20232022% Change
(Unaudited)
Policy issuance and renewal services
Direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange
$2,303,868 $2,010,197 14.6 %
Management fee rate24.30 %24.30 %
Management fee revenue559,840 488,478 14.6 
Change in estimate for management fee returned on cancelled policies (1)
(1,750)(486)NM
Management fee revenue - policy issuance and renewal services$558,090 $487,992 14.4 %
Administrative services
Direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange
$2,303,868 $2,010,197 14.6 %
Management fee rate0.70 %0.70 %
Management fee revenue16,127 14,071 14.6 
Change in contract liability (2)
(933)238 NM
Change in estimate for management fee returned on cancelled policies (1)
(5)4 NM
Management fee revenue - administrative services15,189 14,313 6.1 
Administrative services reimbursement revenue
172,827 163,327 5.8 
Total revenue from administrative services
$188,016 $177,640 5.8 %
NM = not meaningful

(1)A constraining estimate of variable consideration exists related to the potential for management fees to be returned if a policy were to be cancelled mid-term. Management fees are returned to the Exchange when policies are cancelled mid-term and unearned premiums are refunded. 
(2)Management fee revenue - administrative services is recognized over time as the services are provided. See Part I, Item 1. "Financial Statements - Note 3, Revenue, of Notes to Financial Statements" contained within this report.
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Direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange
Direct and affiliated assumed premiums include premiums written directly by the Exchange and premiums assumed from its wholly owned property and casualty subsidiaries. Direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange increased 14.6% to $2.3 billion in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022, primarily driven by increased personal lines and commercial multi-peril premiums written.  Year-over-year policies in force for all lines of business increased 4.4% in the first quarter of 2023 compared to 3.1% in the first quarter of 2022.  The year-over-year average premium per policy for all lines of business increased 6.4% at March 31, 2023 compared to 1.5% at March 31, 2022.

Premiums generated from new business increased 36.3% to $339 million in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, primarily driven by increased premiums written in the personal auto, homeowners and commercial multi-peril lines. Contributing to this change was a 25.9% increase in new business policies written and a 10.3% increase in year-over-year average premium per policy on new business at March 31, 2023. Premiums generated from new business increased 4.0% to $249 million in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, primarily driven by increased premium written in the commercial multi-peril lines. In the first quarter of 2022, year-over-year average premium per policy on new business increased 6.3%, partially offset by a 4.7% decrease in new business policies written.

Premiums generated from renewal business increased 11.5% to $2.0 billion in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022 and increased 7.5% to $1.8 billion in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021.  Underlying the trend in renewal business premiums in both periods was a 5.8% increase in year-over-year average premium per policy at March 31, 2023, and 0.9% at March 31, 2022, as well as an increase in year-over-year policies in force of 3.5% and 3.1% in the first quarters of 2023 and 2022, respectively, driven by a slight increase in the policy retention ratios.

Personal lines – Total personal lines premiums written increased 15.8% to $1.5 billion in the first quarter of 2023, compared to 5.6% in the first quarter of 2022, driven by a 5.8% increase in total personal lines year-over-year average premium per policy and a 4.8% increase in total personal lines policies in force.

Commercial lines – Total commercial lines premiums written increased 12.2% to $756 million in the first quarter of 2023, compared to 10.0% in the first quarter of 2022, driven by a 9.5% increase in total commercial lines year-over-year average premium per policy and a 2.1% increase in total commercial lines policies in force.

Future trends-premium revenue – Through a careful agency selection process, the Exchange plans to continue its effort to expand the size of its agency force to increase market penetration in existing operating territories to contribute to future growth.

Changes in premium levels attributable to the growth in policies in force and rate changes directly affect the profitability of the Exchange and have a direct bearing on our management fee. Future premiums could be impacted by potential regulatory changes and continued inflationary trends, among others. Inflation-driven severity increases continued to impact underwriting results in the first quarter of 2023, and will continue to impact future rate decisions. See also Part I. Item 1A. "Risk Factors" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2023.


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Policy issuance and renewal services
Three months ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)20232022% Change
(Unaudited)
Management fee revenue - policy issuance and renewal services$558,090$487,99214.4 %
Service agreement revenue6,3596,478(1.8)
564,449494,47014.2 
Cost of policy issuance and renewal services
469,095424,47110.5 
Operating income - policy issuance and renewal services
$95,354$69,99936.2 %


Policy issuance and renewal services
The management fee revenue allocated for providing policy issuance and renewal services was 24.30% of the direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange for both three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.  This portion of the management fee is recognized as revenue when the policy is issued or renewed because it is at that time that the services we provide are substantially complete and the executed insurance policy is transferred to the customer.  The increase in management fee revenue for policy issuance and renewal services was driven by the increase in the direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange discussed previously.

Service agreement revenue
Service agreement revenue primarily consists of service charges we collect from subscribers/policyholders for providing multiple payment plans on policies written by the Exchange and its property and casualty subsidiaries and also includes late payment and policy reinstatement fees.  The service charges are fixed dollar amounts per billed installment. The decrease in service agreement revenue for the three month period ended March 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 is primarily due to the continued shift to payment plans that do not incur service charges or offer a premium discount for certain payment methods.

Cost of policy issuance and renewal services
Three months ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)20232022% Change
(Unaudited)
Commissions:
Total commissions$308,808$281,1359.8 %
Non-commission expense:
Underwriting and policy processing$43,723$41,0546.5 %
Information technology57,19545,66625.2 
Sales and advertising12,88712,7251.3 
Customer service8,0858,347(3.1)
Administrative and other38,39735,5448.0 
Total non-commission expense160,287143,33611.8 
Total cost of policy issuance and renewal services
$469,095$424,47110.5 %


Commissions – Commissions increased $27.7 million in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, primarily driven by the growth in direct and affiliated assumed written premium, partially offset by a decrease in agent incentive compensation. The estimated agent incentive payouts at March 31, 2023 are based on actual underwriting results for the two prior years and current year-to-date actual results and forecasted results for the remainder of 2023. The profitability component of agent incentive compensation decreased due to higher claims severity and related loss costs in the three-year period ending 2023 compared to the three-year period ended 2022.

Non-commission expense – Non-commission expense increased $17.0 million in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022. Underwriting and policy processing expense increased $2.7 million primarily due to increased personnel and underwriting report costs. Information technology costs increased $11.5 million primarily due to increased professional fees, hardware and software costs, and personnel costs. Administrative and other costs increased $2.9 million primarily due to an increase in personnel costs related to compensation and building occupancy costs, partially offset by a decrease in professional fees. Personnel costs in all expense categories were also impacted by lower pension costs due to an increase in the discount rate compared to 2022.
26
Administrative services
Three months ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)20232022% Change
(Unaudited)
Management fee revenue - administrative services$15,189$14,3136.1 %
Administrative services reimbursement revenue
172,827163,3275.8 
Total revenue allocated to administrative services
188,016177,6405.8 
Administrative services expenses
Claims handling services
148,200142,4964.0 
Investment management services
8,7459,891(11.6)
Life management services
15,88210,94045.2 
Operating income - administrative services
$15,189$14,3136.1 %


Administrative services
The management fee revenue allocated to administrative services was 0.70% of the direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange for both three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. This portion of the management fee is recognized as revenue over a four-year period representing the time over which the services are provided. We also report reimbursed costs as revenues, which are recognized monthly as services are provided. The administrative services expenses we incur and the related reimbursements we receive are recorded gross in the Statements of Operations.

Cost of administrative services
By virtue of its legal structure as a reciprocal insurer, the Exchange does not have any employees or officers. Therefore, it enters into contractual relationships by and through an attorney-in-fact. Indemnity serves as the attorney-in-fact on behalf of the Exchange with respect to its administrative services in accordance with the subscriber's agreement. The Exchange's insurance subsidiaries also utilize Indemnity for these services in accordance with the service agreements between each of the subsidiaries and Indemnity. The subscriber's agreement and service agreements provide for reimbursement of amounts incurred for these services to Indemnity. Reimbursements due from the Exchange and its insurance subsidiaries are recorded as a receivable and settled at cost.
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Total investment (loss) income
A summary of the results of our investment operations is as follows for the three months ended March 31:
(dollars in thousands)20232022% Change
(Unaudited)
Net investment income$2,183 $10,504 (79.2)%
Net realized and unrealized investment losses(5,282)(7,279)27.4 
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings(1,633)(216)NM
Total investment (loss) income$(4,732)$3,009 NM
NM = not meaningful


Net investment income
Net investment income includes interest and dividends on our fixed maturity and equity security portfolios and the results of our limited partnership investments, net of investment expenses. Net investment income decreased $8.3 million in the first quarter of 2023 primarily due to lower equity in earnings of limited partnerships, partially offset by an increase in bond income due to higher yields and cash and cash equivalent income driven by an increase in rates. Included in net investment income is $10.8 million of limited partnership losses in the first quarter of 2023 compared to earnings of $2.8 million for the same period in 2022.

Net realized and unrealized investment losses
A breakdown of our net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains is as follows for the three months ended March 31:
(in thousands)20232022
Securities sold:(Unaudited)
Available-for-sale securities$(1,619)$(2,080)
Equity securities(2,504)(280)
Equity securities change in fair value(1,159)(4,921)
Miscellaneous0 2 
Net realized and unrealized investment losses$(5,282)$(7,279)


Net realized and unrealized losses during the first quarter of 2023 were primarily due to disposals of equity securities impacted by the recent banking industry events as well as disposals of available-for-sale securities and market value adjustments on equity securities. Net realized and unrealized losses during the first quarter of 2022 were primarily due to market value adjustments on equity securities and disposal of available-for-sale securities.

Net impairment losses recognized in earnings
Net impairment losses of $1.6 million in the first quarter of 2023 were related to available-for-sale securities and include $1.4 million of securities in an unrealized loss position where we had the intent to sell prior to recovery of our amortized cost basis and $0.2 million of credit impairment losses. Net impairment losses of $0.2 million in the first quarter of 2022 also included both credit and intent to sell related impairments on available-for-sale securities.
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Financial condition of Erie Insurance Exchange
Serving in the capacity of attorney-in-fact for the Exchange, we are dependent on the growth and financial condition of the Exchange, who is our sole customer. The strength of the Exchange and its wholly owned subsidiaries is rated annually by A.M. Best Company through assessing its financial stability and ability to pay claims. The ratings are generally based upon factors relevant to policyholders and are not directed toward return to investors. The Exchange and each of its property and casualty subsidiaries are rated A+ "Superior", the second highest financial strength rating, which is assigned to companies that have achieved superior overall performance when compared to the standards established by A.M. Best and have a superior ability to meet obligations to policyholders over the long term. On August 9, 2022, the outlook for the financial strength rating was affirmed as stable. As of December 31, 2022, only approximately 12% of insurance groups, in which the Exchange is included, are rated A+ or higher.

The financial statements of the Exchange are prepared in accordance with statutory accounting principles prescribed by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Financial statements prepared under statutory accounting principles focus on the solvency of the insurer and generally provide a more conservative approach than under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Statutory direct written premiums of the Exchange and its wholly owned property and casualty subsidiaries grew 14.6% to $2.3 billion in the first three months of 2023 compared to the first three months of 2022. These premiums, along with investment income, are the major sources of cash that support the operations of the Exchange. Policyholders’ surplus determined under statutory accounting principles was $9.9 billion at March 31, 2023 and $10.1 billion at December 31, 2022. The Exchange and its wholly owned property and casualty subsidiaries' year-over-year policy retention ratio continues to be high at 90.6% at March 31, 2023 and 90.5% at December 31, 2022.

We have prepared our financial statements considering the financial strength of the Exchange based on its A.M. Best rating and strong level of surplus. While policyholders' surplus declined by $0.2 billion from December 31, 2022, driven by higher loss costs and unrealized investment losses resulting from continued inflationary pressures, market volatility, and rising interest rates, we continue to monitor these conditions and believe that the Exchange falls within established risk tolerances. However, see Part I. Item 1A. "Risk Factors" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2023 for possible outcomes that could impact that determination.

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FINANCIAL CONDITION
 
Investments
Our investment portfolio is managed with the objective of maximizing after-tax returns on a risk-adjusted basis. The following table presents the carrying value of our investments as of: 
 
(dollars in thousands)March 31, 2023% to totalDecember 31, 2022% to total
(Unaudited)  
Fixed maturities$915,666 85 %$894,661 84 %
Equity securities72,963 7 72,560 7 
Agent loans (1)
68,054 6 69,476 7 
Other investments17,952 2 30,511 2 
Total investments$1,074,635 100 %$1,067,208 100 %
(1)The current portion of agent loans is included in the line item "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" in the Statements of Financial Position.


Fixed maturities
Under our investment strategy, we maintain a fixed maturity portfolio that is of high quality and well diversified within each market sector.  This investment strategy also achieves a balanced maturity schedule. Our fixed maturity portfolio is managed with the goal of achieving reasonable returns while limiting exposure to risk. 

Fixed maturities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of deferred taxes, included in shareholders’ equity.  Net unrealized losses on fixed maturities, net of deferred taxes, totaled $42.0 million at March 31, 2023, compared to $52.5 million at December 31, 2022.

The following table presents a breakdown of the fair value of our fixed maturity portfolio by industry sector and rating as of:
(in thousands)
March 31, 2023 (1)
AAAAAABBBNon- investment
grade		Fair
value
 (Unaudited)
Basic materials$0 $0 $0 $4,474 $6,168 $10,642 
Communications0 2,881 12,853 12,688 14,949 43,371 
Consumer0 4,927 13,873 74,545 34,434 127,779 
Diversified0 0 0 0 447 447 
Energy0 0 3,843 17,705 6,076 27,624 
Financial0 2,079 98,180 119,855 12,783 232,897 
Industrial0 0 10,188 16,507 21,510 48,205 
Structured securities (2)
134,552 179,834 19,024 12,733 0 346,143 
Technology1,902 0 5,344 20,271 12,991 40,508 
Utilities0 0 2,403 31,833 3,814 38,050 
Total
$136,454 $189,721 $165,708 $310,611 $113,172 $915,666 
(1)Ratings are supplied by S&P, Moody’s, and Fitch.  The table is based upon the lowest rating for each security.
(2)Structured securities include residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations, and asset-backed securities.


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Equity securities
Equity securities primarily include nonredeemable preferred stocks and are carried at fair value in the Statements of Financial Position with all changes in unrealized gains and losses reflected in the Statements of Operations.

The following table presents an analysis of the fair value of our equity securities by sector as of:
(in thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
(Unaudited)
Financial services$59,484 $61,084 
Utilities6,261 5,708 
Energy4,068 3,576 
Consumer2,235 1,854 
Technology500 0 
Communications267 338 
Industrial 148 0 
Total
$72,963 $72,560 


LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We continue to monitor the sufficiency of our liquidity and capital resources given the potential impact of current economic conditions, including volatility within the banking sector, inflationary pressures, and rising interest rates. We maintain relationships and cash balances at diversified and well-capitalized financial institutions and have established processes to monitor them. While we did not see a significant impact on our sources or uses of cash in the first three months of 2023, future disruptions in the markets could occur, which may affect our liquidity position. If our normal operating and investing cash activities were to become insufficient to meet future funding requirements, we believe we have sufficient access to liquidity through our cash position, diverse liquid marketable securities and our $100 million bank revolving line of credit that does not expire until October 2026. See broader discussions of potential risks to our operations in the Operating Overview contained within this report and Part I. Item 1A. "Risk Factors" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2023.

Sources and Uses of Cash
Liquidity is a measure of a company’s ability to generate sufficient cash flows to meet the short- and long-term cash requirements of its business operations and growth needs.  Our liquidity requirements have been met primarily by funds generated from management fee revenue and income from investments.  Cash provided from these sources is used primarily to fund the costs of our management operations including commissions, salaries and wages, pension plans, share repurchases, dividends to shareholders, the purchase and development of information technology, and other capital expenditures.  See Part I, Item 1. "Financial Statements - Note 8, Postretirement Benefits, of Notes to Financial Statements" contained within this report for our defined benefit pension plan funding policy and expected pension contribution in 2023. We expect that our operating cash needs will be met by funds generated from operations. Cash in excess of our operating needs is primarily invested in investment grade fixed maturities. As part of our liquidity review, we regularly evaluate our capital needs based on current and projected results and consider the potential impacts to our liquidity, borrowing capacity, financial covenants and capital availability.

Volatility in the financial markets presents challenges to us as we do occasionally access our investment portfolio as a source of cash.  Some of our fixed income investments, despite being publicly traded, may be illiquid.  Volatility in these markets could impair our ability to sell certain fixed income securities or cause such securities to sell at deep discounts. We believe we have sufficient liquidity to meet our needs from sources other than the liquidation of securities.
 

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Cash flow activities
The following table provides condensed cash flow information as follows for the three months ended March 31:
(in thousands)20232022
(Unaudited)
Net cash provided by operating activities$48,031 $23,553 
Net cash used in investing activities(12,326)(13,732)
Net cash used in financing activities(55,419)(52,218)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents$(19,714)$(42,397)

 
Net cash provided by operating activities was $48.0 million in the first three months of 2023, compared to $23.6 million for the same period in 2022. Increased cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to an increase in management fees received of $67.5 million driven by growth in direct and affiliated assumed premiums written by the Exchange and a decrease in agent bonuses paid of $23.2 million. Partially offsetting this increase in cash provided by operating activities was an increase in cash paid for agent commissions of $31.0 million due to higher scheduled commissions driven by premium growth, and an increase in general operating expenses paid of $23.3 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was $12.3 million in the first three months of 2023, compared to $13.7 million for the same period in 2022. Decreased cash used in investing activities was primarily due to a decrease in loans made to agents of $4.3 million, partially offset by an increase in fixed asset purchases of $3.7 million. Proceeds from sales and maturities/calls of investments were mostly offset by purchases of investments in both periods.

Net cash used in financing activities was $55.4 million in the first three months of 2023, compared to $52.2 million for the same period in 2022, primarily due to increased dividends paid to shareholders of $3.7 million. We increased both our Class A and Class B shareholder regular quarterly dividends by 7.2% for 2023, compared to 2022. There are no regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends to our shareholders.

Capital Outlook
We regularly prepare forecasts evaluating the current and future cash requirements for both normal and extreme risk events, including under current inflationary conditions, rising interest rates, and recent banking industry events. Should an extreme risk event result in a cash requirement exceeding normal cash flows, we have the ability to meet our future funding requirements through various alternatives available to us.

Outside of our normal operating and investing cash activities, future funding requirements could be met through: 1) unpledged cash and cash equivalents, which total approximately $108.8 million at March 31, 2023, 2) $100 million bank revolving line of credit, and 3) liquidation of unpledged assets held in our investment portfolio, including preferred stock and investment grade bonds, which totaled approximately $757.8 million at March 31, 2023.  Volatility in the financial markets could impair our ability to sell certain fixed income securities or cause such securities to sell at deep discounts.  Additionally, we have the ability to curtail or modify discretionary cash outlays such as those related to shareholder dividends and share repurchase activities.

As of March 31, 2023, we have access to a $100 million bank revolving line of credit with a $25 million letter of credit sublimit that expires on October 29, 2026. As of March 31, 2023, a total of $99.1 million remains available under the facility due to $0.9 million outstanding letters of credit, which reduce the availability for letters of credit to $24.1 million. We had no borrowings outstanding on our line of credit as of March 31, 2023. Investments with a fair value of $115.6 million were pledged as collateral on the line of credit at March 31, 2023. These investments have no trading restrictions and are reported as available-for-sale securities and cash and cash equivalents in the Statement of Financial Position.  The bank requires compliance with certain covenants, which include leverage ratios and debt restrictions.  We were in compliance with all covenants at March 31, 2023.


32
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
 
We make estimates and assumptions that have a significant effect on the amounts and disclosures reported in the financial statements.  The most significant estimates relate to investment valuation and retirement benefit plans for employees.  While management believes its estimates are appropriate, the ultimate amounts may differ from estimates provided.  Our most critical accounting estimates are described in Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for the year ended December 31, 2022 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2023.  See Part I, Item 1. "Financial Statements - Note 5, Fair Value, of Notes to Financial Statements" contained within this report for additional information on our valuation of investments.


ITEM 3.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 
Our exposure to market risk is primarily related to fluctuations in interest rates and prices. Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk resulting from changes in interest rates, prices, and other risk exposures for the year ended December 31, 2022 are included in Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2023.
The current inflationary environment, rising interest rates and recent banking industry events may create future volatility; however, there have been no material changes that impacted our portfolio or reshaped our periodic investment reviews of asset allocations during the three months ended March 31, 2023. We continue to closely monitor events in the banking industry and take appropriate measures, when necessary, to minimize potential risk exposure to our cash and investment balances. For a recent discussion of conditions surrounding our investment portfolio, see the "Operating Overview", "Results of Operations", and "Financial Condition" discussions contained in Part I, Item 2. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" contained within this report.


ITEM 4.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 
We carried out an evaluation, with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this report.  Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
 
Our management evaluated, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, any change in our internal control over financial reporting and determined there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

33
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Erie Indemnity Company ("Indemnity") was named as a defendant in a complaint filed on August 24, 2021, by alleged subscribers of the Erie Insurance Exchange (the "Exchange") in the Court of Common Pleas Civil Division of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania captioned TROY STEPHENSON, CHRISTINA STEPHENSON, SUSAN RUBEL, and STEVEN BARNETT, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated (Plaintiffs) v. Erie Indemnity Company (Defendant).

The complaint seeks relief for alleged breaches of fiduciary duty by Indemnity in connection with the setting of the management fee it receives, pursuant to the terms of the Subscribers Agreement executed between Indemnity and all policyholders of the Exchange, as compensation for acting as the attorney-in-fact in the management of the Exchange. The relief sought is for the period beginning two years prior to the date of the filing of the complaint and continuing through 2021.

The complaint seeks (i) a finding that Indemnity has breached its fiduciary duties; (ii) an award of damages in an amount to be determined at trial; and (iii) such other relief, including disgorgement of profits or other injunctive relief, that the Court deems just and proper.

Service of the complaint was effectuated on September 20, 2021. A Notice of Removal to the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania was filed on October 20, 2021. On November 2, 2021, Plaintiffs filed a Notice of Voluntary Dismissal. As a result, the action was dismissed without prejudice.

On December 6, 2021, another Complaint was filed in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania captioned ERIE INSURANCE EXCHANGE, an unincorporated association, by TROY STEPHENSON, CHRISTINA STEPHENSON, and STEVEN BARNETT, trustees ad litem, and alternatively, ERIE INSURANCE EXCHANGE, by TROY STEPHENSON, CHRISTINA STEPHENSON, and STEVEN BARNETT, (Plaintiff), v. ERIE INDEMNITY COMPANY, (Defendant).

This most recent complaint has the same allegation of breach of fiduciary duty by Indemnity in connection with the setting of the management fee it receives, pursuant to the terms of the Subscribers Agreement executed between Indemnity and all policyholders of the Exchange, as compensation for acting as the attorney-in-fact in the management of the Exchange.

This most recent complaint seeks the same relief, specifically, (i) a finding that Indemnity has breached its fiduciary duties; (ii) an award of damages in an amount to be determined at trial; and (iii) such other relief, including disgorgement of profits or other injunctive relief, that the Court deems just and proper.

A Notice of Removal to the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania was filed on January 27, 2022. Indemnity intends to vigorously defend against all of the allegations and requests for relief in the complaint.

By Memorandum Opinion and Order dated September 28, 2022, the Court granted the Motion for Remand and directed the case be remanded to the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. On September 30, 2022, Indemnity filed a Motion to Stay the Remand Order pending an appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. On October 3, 2022, the Court granted the Stay. On October 11, 2022, Indemnity filed a Petition for Permission to Appeal the Remand Order with the Third Circuit. By Order dated November 7, 2022, a three judge panel of the Court denied the Petition to Appeal.

On November 21, 2022, Indemnity filed a Petition for Rehearing requesting that the Third Circuit permit the appeal. By Order dated January 9, 2023, the Court granted the petition for rehearing and vacated the prior Order of October 7, 2022, denying permission to appeal. The appeal is being heard by a three-judge panel of the Third Circuit. The matter is fully briefed, and argument is scheduled for April 20, 2023.

Indemnity intends to vigorously defend against all of the allegations and requests for relief in the complaint.

Separately, Indemnity filed a Complaint in Federal Court to invoke certain provisions of the “All Writs Act” and the “Anti-Injunction Act.” By filing this complaint, Indemnity seeks to protect the federal court’s prior binding, final judgments in favor of Indemnity and thereby foreclose further litigation of the claims and issues pertaining to the compensation practices that were the subject of the prior judgments.

For additional information on contingencies, see Part I, Item 1. "Financial Statements - Note 13, Commitment and Contingencies, of Notes to Financial Statements".

34
ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS
 
There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2023.


ITEM 2.    UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
In 2011, our Board of Directors approved a continuation of the current stock repurchase program, authorizing repurchases for a total of $150 million with no time limitation.  This repurchase authority included, and was not in addition to, any unspent amounts remaining under the prior authorization.

The following table presents the number and average price of our outstanding Class A nonvoting common stock shares purchased during the quarter ending March 31, 2023:

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
PeriodTotal number of shares purchasedAverage price paid per shareTotal number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced programDollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the program
January 1-31, 2023 (1)
1,610$252.32 —$17,754 
February 1-28, 2023—— —17,754 
March 1-31, 2023 (2)
2,894235.01 —17,754 
Total4,504241.20 —

(1)Represents shares purchased on the open market for stock-based awards in conjunction with our equity compensation plan.
(2)Represents shares purchased on the open market to fund the rabbi trust for both the outside director deferred stock compensation plan (1,581 shares at an average price of $237.68 per share) and the incentive compensation deferral plan (1,313 shares at an average price of $231.79 per share).

35
ITEM 6.    EXHIBITS     
Exhibit  
Number Description of Exhibit
31.1+ 
   
31.2+ 
   
32++ 
   
101.INS+ Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
   
101.SCH+ Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
   
101.CAL+ Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
   
101.DEF+ Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB+ Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
   
101.PRE+ Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104+ Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).


+     Filed herewith.
++    Furnished herewith.

36
SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
  Erie Indemnity Company 
  (Registrant) 
    
    
Date:April 27, 2023By:/s/ Timothy G. NeCastro 
  Timothy G. NeCastro, President & CEO 
    
 By:/s/ Gregory J. Gutting 
  Gregory J. Gutting, Executive Vice President & CFO 
37
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