NHYDY Norsk Hydro ASA (QX)

U.S. actions against Russian source of key ingredient, alumina, exact a harsh toll

By Scott Patterson and Sarah McFarlane 

This article is being republished as part of our daily reproduction of WSJ.com articles that also appeared in the U.S. print edition of The Wall Street Journal (September 28, 2018).

The Trump administration's aluminum tariffs are aimed at boosting U.S. producers' profits. But another move by the administration -- sanctions against Russian aluminum giant United Co. Rusal and its founder Oleg Deripaska -- is having the opposite effect.

The sanctions have pushed up prices for aluminum's key ingredient, alumina, eating into the profits of U.S. producers, analysts and aluminum makers say. It takes about two tons of alumina to make one ton of aluminum and companies that had previously purchased the white powdery material from Rusal, which makes 6% of the world's alumina, have been scrambling to get supplies from other producers, squeezing limited supplies.

Production curbs at the world's largest alumina refinery in Brazil and a strike by workers at aluminum giant Alcoa Corp. have also put pressure on alumina prices. Through mid-September, alumina prices had surged about 60% from a year ago to $625 a metric ton, according to London commodities researcher CRU Research.

Alumina supplies "are really stretched globally, smelters are scraping the bottom of the silos for stocks," said Ami Shivkar, analyst at consultancy Wood Mackenzie.

While high alumina prices haven't translated into higher aluminum prices yet, they are likely to do so by next year, analysts say, pushing up the price of everything from beer cans to cars. BMO Capital Markets forecasts London Metal Exchange aluminum prices will average $2,182 a ton in the fourth quarter of 2018, before rising to $2,314 a ton in 2019.

Century Aluminum Co., the biggest aluminum producer in the U.S. ahead of Alcoa, said on an August earnings call that while the administration's tariffs have boosted earnings, it expects higher alumina prices to reduce adjusted third-quarter earnings by $35 million to $45 million.

The trouble for aluminum producers such as Century is that while alumina prices have soared, the price for aluminum has remained relatively stable. Through mid-September, aluminum traded on the London Metal Exchange fell about 3% from a year ago to $2,050 a ton, according to CRU.

The price of alumina as a percentage of aluminum prices this month hit an all-time high of 31%, compared with 16% a year ago, according to CRU.

New York brokerage Berenberg Capital Markets last week initiated coverage of Century with a "sell" rating, citing high alumina prices. "The drag from alumina is higher than the benefit from tariffs at this point," said Berenberg analyst Paretosh Misra.

Century declined to comment.

Alumina prices dipped below $600 a ton after the Trump administration eased some of its sanctions against Rusal last week by allowing companies to enter new supply contracts with the Russian producer, but remain historically high.

Alumina has become the biggest cost for aluminum producers, eclipsing the cost of electricity used in production, analysts say.

"Alumina is the tightest market right now of the commodities we cover," said BMO analyst Kash Kamal.

Global output of alumina to make aluminum -- excluding China, which typically consumes nearly all of its alumina -- is expected to dip below 50 million tons this year, the lowest annual production in a decade, according to BMO. A boost in supply next year is expected to come from Emirates Global Aluminium's two-million-ton alumina refinery, but for now supplies are tight, analysts say. In 2018, China began exporting more alumina than it normally does, taking advantage of higher prices, according to CRU.

Aluminum plants are dependent on frequent deliveries of alumina, only carrying a couple of weeks of supply at any one time. Disruptions in the supply chain can quickly lead to higher prices. Alumina is a product of refining bauxite mined by companies including Rio Tinto PLC and Alcoa.

Aluminum producers that also sell alumina, such as Alcoa, aren't as vulnerable to the spike in prices of the metal. Alcoa said in July that the administration's tariffs are hurting its profits because it relies on imports from Canada, a target of the tariffs.

Problems in the market began with the world's largest alumina refinery, Alunorte in Brazil. The refinery, which is owned by Norway's Norsk Hydro ASA, has been operating at half its capacity since March 1, when heavy rain triggered government concerns of water contamination.

Then in April, the Trump administration sanctioned Rusal, one of the world's biggest alumina producers. Rusal has until November to implement governance changes required by the Treasury Department, opening a path for its removal from the sanctions list. But analysts say it is uncertain when the company's supply would be coming back to market.

Rusal has said it is working to address problems created by the sanctions and to protect the interests of shareholders.

A Norsk Hydro spokesman said the timing for resuming full production at Alunorte remained up to the Brazilian environmental authorities and a federal court, but noted the plant was "ready to restart anytime."

Separately, Alcoa's three refineries in Western Australia -- which account for about 7% of global alumina supplies -- have been hit by a strike that began on Aug. 8. An Alcoa spokesman said the Australian Workers Union was meeting on Friday to discuss whether to continue their strike.

Write to Scott Patterson at scott.patterson@wsj.com and Sarah McFarlane at sarah.mcfarlane@wsj.com

(END) Dow Jones Newswires

September 28, 2018 02:47 ET (06:47 GMT)

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