ROCAU ROC Energy Acquisition Corporation

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 30, 2023

Registration No. 333-273348

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

AMENDMENT NO. 2

TO

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

Under

The Securities Act of 1933

DRILLING TOOLS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

3701 Briarpark Drive

Suite 150

Houston, Texas 77042

Telephone: (832) 742-8500

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

R. Wayne Prejean

President and Chief Executive Officer

3701 Briarpark Drive

Suite 150

Houston, Texas 77042

Telephone: (832) 742-8500

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

William S. Anderson

Troy L. Harder

Benjamin J. Martin

Bracewell LLP

711 Louisiana Street, Suite 2300

Houston, Texas 77002

Telephone: (713) 223-2300

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the effective date of this Registration Statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.  ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or re-vised financial accounting standards provided to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☐

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The Selling Stockholders may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy nor shall there be any sale of these securities in any jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED AUGUST 30, 2023

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

DRILLING TOOLS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

Up to 26,990,264 Shares of Common Stock

Offered by the Selling Stockholders

This prospectus relates to the offer and sale, from time to time, by the selling stockholders named in this prospectus, or any of their pledgees, donees, assignees and successors-in-interest (“permitted transferees” and, collectively with such selling stockholders, the “Selling Stockholders”), of up to an aggregate of (i) 2,560,396 shares of common stock of Drilling Tools International Corporation, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”), issued to ROC Energy Holdings, LLC in connection with the PIPE Financing (as defined herein) at a purchase price of $10.10 per share, (ii) 409,901 shares of Common Stock issued to FP SPAC 2, LLC in connection with the FP SPAC Note Conversion (as defined herein) at a purchase price of $10.10 per share, (iii) 2,302,500 Founder Shares (as defined herein), which were issued to ROC Energy Holdings, LLC (“ROC Holdings”) at a purchase price of $0.006 per share, (iv) 2,042,181 shares of Common Stock issued to certain Selling Stockholders pursuant to the Exchange Agreements (as defined herein), which were issued to the Exchangors (as defined herein) in lieu of an aggregate of $10,804,618 that would have otherwise been payable to them as consideration under the Merger Agreement (as defined herein) and at a price of $5.29 per share, (v) 875,600 shares of Common Stock issued to ROC Holdings in exchange for ROC Rights (as defined herein) and shares of ROC Common Stock issued to it in connection with a private placement at a purchase price of $10.00 per share, (vi) 1,761,570 shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of certain outstanding Options (as defined herein), having an exercise price of $3.72 per share, held by certain of the Selling Stockholders, (vii) 125,000 shares of Common Stock held by an affiliate of ROC Holdings, which were issued at a purchase price of $0.006 per share and (viii) 16,913,116 shares of Common Stock issued in connection with the Business Combination at an implied equity consideration value of $10.10 per share.

This prospectus also covers any additional securities that may become issuable by reason of share splits, share dividends or other similar transactions.

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of Common Stock by the Selling Stockholders pursuant to this prospectus. However, we will pay the expenses, other than underwriting discounts or selling commissions incurred by the Selling Stockholders in disposing of the securities, associated with the sale of securities pursuant to this prospectus.

We are registering the offer and sale of the securities described above to satisfy certain registration rights we have granted. Our registration of the securities covered by this prospectus does not mean that the Selling Stockholders will offer or sell any of the securities. The Selling Stockholders may offer and sell the securities covered by this prospectus in a number of different ways and at varying prices. Additional information on the Selling Stockholders, and the times and manner in which they may offer and sell the securities under this prospectus, is provided under “Selling Stockholders” and “Plan of Distribution” in this prospectus.

You should read this prospectus and any prospectus supplement or amendment carefully before you invest in our securities.

The Common Stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “DTI”. On August 29, 2023, the closing price of the Common Stock was $4.02 per share.

The shares of Common Stock being offered for resale pursuant to this prospectus by the Selling Stockholders represent the large majority (approximately 85.6%) of the shares of Common Stock outstanding as of August 30, 2023 (assuming the issuance of all 1,761,570 shares of Common Stock subject to Options covered by this prospectus). The sale of all such shares, or the perception that these sales could occur, could result in a significant decline in the public trading price of the shares of Common Stock. Even if the current trading price of the Common Stock is at or significantly below $10.00 per share, the price at which the ROC Units (as defined herein) were issued in the ROC IPO (as defined herein), certain of the Selling Stockholders, including holders of Founder Shares, Exchange Shares (as defined herein) and shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of certain outstanding Options and Alberto Pontonio (an affiliate of ROC Holdings), may have an incentive to sell because they will still profit on sales due to the lower price at which they purchased their shares compared to the public stockholders. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Ownership of the Common Stock – Sales of substantial amounts of Common Stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could reduce the price that the Common Stock might otherwise attain. The shares being offered for resale in this prospectus represent a substantial percentage of the outstanding Common Stock, and the sales of such shares, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of the Common Stock to decline significantly.” Additionally, certain Selling Stockholders, including holders of Founder Shares, Exchange Shares and shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of certain outstanding Options and Alberto Pontonio (an affiliate of ROC Holdings), may experience a positive rate of return on the sale of their shares covered by this prospectus even if the market price per share of Common Stock is below $10.00 per share, while the public stockholders may not experience a similar rate of return on the securities they purchased due to differences in the purchase prices and the current trading price. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Ownership of the Common Stock – Certain Selling Stockholders can earn a positive return on their investment, even if other stockholders experience a negative rate of return on their investment in DTIC.”

We are an “emerging growth company,” as that term is defined under the federal securities laws and, as such, are subject to certain reduced public company reporting requirements.

Investing in our securities involves risks that are described in the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 7 of this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is                , 2023.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

On June 20, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), Drilling Tools International Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“DTIH”), ROC Energy Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation (“ROC”), and ROC Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a directly, wholly owned subsidiary of ROC (“Merger Sub”), consummated the previously announced business combination pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated February 13, 2023, by and among DTIH, ROC and Merger Sub (the “Initial Merger Agreement”), as amended by the First Amendment to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated June 5, 2023 (the “Merger Agreement Amendment,” and the Initial Merger Agreement as amended thereby, the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into DTIH, with DTIH surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of ROC (the “Merger,” and together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the other agreements contemplated thereby, the “Business Combination”). In connection with the consummation of the Business Combination (the “Closing”), ROC changed its name to “Drilling Tools International Corporation” (“DTIC”).

In connection with the Closing, and pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement: (i) each share of common stock of DTIH (“DTIH Common Stock”) issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Closing was converted into the right to receive 0.2282 shares of common stock of DTIC (“Common Stock”), (ii) each share of preferred stock of DTIH (“DTIH Preferred Stock”) issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Closing was converted into the right to receive (a) $0.54 per share of cash and (b) 0.3299 shares of Common Stock (the “Conversion”), (iii) each share of common stock of Merger Sub issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Closing was converted into one share of DTIH Common Stock, (iv) each share of DTIH Common Stock and DTIH Preferred Stock held in the treasury of DTIH immediately prior to the Closing was cancelled and no payment or distribution was made in respect thereof, (v) each outstanding unexercised option to purchase shares of DTIH Common Stock was converted into an option to acquire shares of Common Stock (“Options”), (vi) each share of common stock of ROC (“ROC Common Stock”) issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Closing and not redeemed in connection with the Redemption (as defined herein) remained outstanding and is now a share of Common Stock and (vii) each right to receive one-tenth of a share of Common Stock (“ROC Right”) was exchanged for one-tenth of one share of Common Stock.

In connection with the Business Combination, ROC entered into a Subscription Agreement with ROC Energy Holdings, LLC (“ROC Holdings”) on March 30, 2023 (the “First ROC Holdings Subscription Agreement”), which was amended on the Closing Date (the “Amendment to the First ROC Holdings Subscription Agreement” and, the First ROC Holdings Subscription Agreement as amended thereby, the “Amended First ROC Holdings Subscription Agreement”). On the Closing Date, ROC and ROC Holdings entered into a second Subscription Agreement (the “Second ROC Holdings Subscription Agreement” and, together with the Amended First ROC Holdings Subscription Agreement, the “ROC Holdings Subscription Agreements”). In connection with the Closing and pursuant to the ROC Holdings Subscription Agreements, ROC issued and sold 2,560,396 shares of ROC Common Stock to ROC Holdings at a purchase price of $10.10 per share for an aggregate purchase price of $25,860,000 (the “PIPE Financing”).

In connection with the Business Combination, ROC entered into a Subscription Agreement with FP SPAC 2, LLC (“FP SPAC 2”), an affiliate of ROC Holdings, on March 30, 2023 (the “FP SPAC 2 Subscription Agreement”), which was amended on the Closing Date (the “Amendment to the FP SPAC 2 Subscription Agreement” and, the FP SPAC 2 Subscription Agreement as amended thereby, the “Amended FP SPAC 2 Subscription Agreement”). Pursuant to the Amended FP SPAC 2 Subscription Agreement, FP SPAC 2 agreed to convert two promissory notes issued to it by ROC into 409,901 shares of ROC Common Stock (the “FP SPAC Note Conversion”). The aggregate principal amount of the two promissory notes was $4,140,000, with a purchase price of $10.10 per share.

The PIPE Financing and the FP SPAC Note Conversion were conducted in reliance on the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act (“Section 4(a)(2)”). Pursuant to the ROC Holdings Subscription

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Agreements and the Amended FP SPAC 2 Subscription Agreement (collectively, the “Subscription Agreements”), ROC agreed that within thirty days after the Closing Date it would file with the SEC a registration statement to register, in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act, the resale of the shares issued pursuant to the Subscription Agreements. The PIPE Financing and the FP SPAC Note Conversion were consummated substantially concurrently with the Closing. The proceeds from the PIPE Financing and the FP SPAC Note Conversion were used, in part, to pay fees and expenses incurred in connection with the Business Combination; the remainder of the proceeds were received by DTIC.

On the Closing Date, in connection with the Closing, ROC, ROC Holdings, Merger Sub, DTIH and certain holders of DTIH Preferred Stock (the “Exchangors”) entered into separate Exchange Agreements (the “Exchange Agreements”). Pursuant to the Exchange Agreements, DTIC issued to the Exchangors 2,042,181 shares of Common Stock (the “Exchange Shares”), in lieu of an aggregate of $10,804,618 that would have otherwise been payable to the Exchangors as consideration under the Merger Agreement. In support of the transactions contemplated by the Exchange Agreements, ROC Holdings forfeited 972,416 shares of ROC Common Stock without any consideration at the Closing. On the Closing Date, the Exchange Shares were issued to the Exchangors in reliance on the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2).

As of the effective time of the Merger, each then-outstanding unexercised option to purchase shares of DTIH Common Stock (“DTIH Option”) was assumed by DTIC and was converted into an Option in accordance with the Merger Agreement. Each such Option as so assumed and converted was for that number of shares of Common Stock determined by multiplying the number of shares of the Common Stock subject to such DTIH Option immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger by 0.2282 and rounded down to the nearest whole number of shares, at a per share exercise price determined by dividing the per share exercise price of such DTIH Option immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger by 0.2282 and rounded up to the nearest whole cent. Each such Option is subject to the 2023 Plan (as defined herein) and to the same terms and conditions, including, without limitation, vesting conditions, as had applied to the corresponding DTIH Option, except for such terms rendered inoperative by reason of the Business Combination.

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FREQUENTLY USED TERMS

Unless the context otherwise requires, as used in this prospectus:

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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-1 that we filed with the SEC using a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, the Selling Stockholders may, from time to time offer and sell the securities described in this prospectus. The Selling Stockholders may use this prospectus to offer and sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate of (i) 2,560,396 shares of Common Stock issued to ROC Holdings in connection with the PIPE Financing at a purchase price of $10.10 per share, (ii) 409,901 shares of Common Stock issued to FP SPAC in connection with the FP SPAC Note Conversion at a purchase price of $10.10 per share, (iii) 2,302,500 Founder Shares, which were issued to ROC Holdings at a purchase price of $0.006 per share, (iv) 2,042,181 shares of Common Stock issued to certain Selling Stockholders pursuant to the Exchange Agreements, which were issued to the Exchangors in lieu of an aggregate of $10,804,618 that would have otherwise been payable to them as consideration under the Merger Agreement and at a price of $5.29 per share, (v) 875,600 shares of Common Stock issued to ROC Holdings in exchange for ROC Rights and shares of ROC Common Stock issued to it in connection with a private placement at a purchase price of $10.00 per share, (vi) 1,761,570 shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of certain outstanding Options, having an exercise price of $3.72 per share, held by certain of the Selling Stockholders, (vii) 125,000 shares of Common Stock held by Alberto Pontonio (an affiliate of ROC Holdings), which were issued at a purchase price of $0.006 per share and (viii) 16,913,116 shares of Common Stock issued in connection with the Business Combination at an implied equity consideration value of $10.10 per share. More specific terms of any securities that the Selling Stockholders offer and sell may be provided in a prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment that describes, among other things, the specific amounts and prices of the Common Stock being offered and the terms of the offering.

A prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment may add, update or change information included in this prospectus. Any statement contained in this prospectus will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in such prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment modifies or supersedes such statement. Any statement so modified will be deemed to constitute a part of this prospectus only as so modified, and any statement so superseded will be deemed not to constitute a part of this prospectus. You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement, post-effective amendment or any related free writing prospectus. See “Where You Can Find More Information.”

Neither we nor the Selling Stockholders have authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement or any free writing prospectus we have prepared. We and the Selling Stockholders take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the securities offered hereby and only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. No dealer, salesperson or other person is authorized to give any information or to represent anything not contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus. This prospectus is not an offer to sell securities, and it is not soliciting an offer to buy securities, in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement is accurate only as of the date on the front of those documents, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement, or any sale of a security. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.

For investors outside the United States: neither we nor the Selling Stockholders have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of our securities and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

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This prospectus contains summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed, will be filed or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under “Where You Can Find More Information.”

This prospectus contains references to trademarks, trade names and service marks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this prospectus may appear without the ^® or ^™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that the applicable licensor will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, its rights to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement may constitute “forward-looking statements” for purposes of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our and our management team’s expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. Forward-looking statements in this prospectus may include, for example, statements about:

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The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on our business. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting our business will be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those factors described in the section entitled “Risk Factors.” Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all such risk factors, nor can we assess the effect of all such risk factors on our business or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of the assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements made by us in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement speak only as of the date of this prospectus and the accompanying prospectus supplement. Except to the extent required under the federal securities laws and rules and regulations of the SEC, we disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. In light of these risks and uncertainties, there is no assurance that the events or results suggested by the forward-looking statements will in fact occur, and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

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RISK FACTORS

Risks Related to Our Business

Demand for our products and services depends on oil and gas industry activity and customer expenditure levels, which are directly affected by trends in the demand for, and price of, crude oil and natural gas as well as the availability of capital.

Demand for our products and services depends primarily upon the general level of activity in the oil and gas industry, including the number of drilling rigs in operation, the number of oil and gas wells being drilled, the depth and drilling conditions of these wells, the volume of production, the number of well completions and the cumulative feet drilled, the level of well remediation activity, and the corresponding capital spending by oil and gas companies. Oil and gas activity is in turn heavily influenced by, among other factors, current and anticipated oil and natural gas prices locally and worldwide. Historically, such prices have been volatile, and declines, whether actual or anticipated, thereof could negatively affect the level of oil and gas activity and related capital spending. Decreases in oil and gas activity and related capital spending could, in turn, adversely affect demand for our products and services and, in certain instances, result in the cancellation, modification or curtailing of demand for our services and the ability of our customers to pay us for our products and services. These factors could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Factors affecting the prices of oil and natural gas include, but are not limited to, the following:

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The oil and gas industry is cyclical and has historically experienced periodic downturns. These downturns have been characterized by diminished demand for our products and services and downward pressure on the prices we charge. These downturns generally cause many E&P companies to reduce their capital budgets and drilling activity. Any future downturn or expected downturn could result in a significant decline in demand for OFS and adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Customer expenditure levels could also drop if our customers face difficulty in accessing capital. If commodity prices drop, our customers may face liquidity constraints and the deterioration of their respective credit worthiness. Moreover, our customers may have limited viable financing alternatives in light of unfavorable lending and investment policies held by financial institutions associated with concerns about environmental impacts of the oil and gas industry or its products. Similarly, certain institutional investors have divested themselves of investments in this industry. If any of our customers experience any of these challenges, they may reduce spending, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Growth in U.S. drilling activity, and our ability to benefit from such growth, could be adversely affected by any significant constraints in equipment, labor or takeaway capacity in the regions in which we operate.

Growth in U.S. drilling activity may be impacted by, among other things, the availability and cost of drilling equipment, pipeline capacity, and material and labor shortages. Significant growth in drilling activity could strain availability of the equipment, materials and labor required to drill and complete a well, together with the ability to move the produced oil and natural gas to market. Should significant constraints develop that materially impact the efficiency and economics of oil and gas producers, growth in U.S. drilling activity could be adversely affected. This would have an adverse impact on the demand for the products we sell and rent, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

We depend on a relatively small number of customers in a single industry. The loss of an important customer could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our customers are primarily diversified OFS companies and E&P operators. Historically, we have been dependent on a relatively small number of customers for our revenues. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, 28% and 18%, respectively, of our total revenue was earned from our two largest customers. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, our two largest customers accounted for approximately 30% and 27% of our revenue, respectively. Our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected if an important customer ceases to engage us for our services on favorable terms, or at all, or fails to pay or delays paying us significant amounts of our outstanding receivables.

We have operated under a first call supply agreement with our largest customer since 2013. We and this customer have agreed to multiple extensions of this agreement, the most recent of which extends the agreement until December 28, 2023. However, if we are unable to successfully negotiate extensions in the future, then our ability to do business with this customer may be greatly reduced. Moreover, the supply agreements that we have entered into with our other customers are also of limited duration and require periodic extensions. Similarly, a failure to agree to such extensions may hinder our ability to do business with these customers.

Additionally, the E&P industry is characterized by frequent consolidation activity. Changes in ownership of our customers may result in the loss of, or reduction in, business from those customers. Moreover, customers

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may use their size and purchasing power to seek economies of scale and pricing concessions. Consolidation may also result in reduced capital spending by some of our customers, which may lead to a decreased demand for our services and equipment. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain our level of sales to a customer that has consolidated or replace that revenue with increased business activity with other customers. As a result, the acquisition of one or more of our primary customers may have a significant negative impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. We are unable to predict what effect consolidations in the industry may have on price, capital spending by our customers, our market share and selling strategies, our competitive position, our ability to retain customers or our ability to negotiate favorable agreements with our customers.

Termination of, or failure to comply with, the terms of our non-exclusive distribution agreement with SDPI could have a material adverse effect on our business.

In 2016, we entered into an exclusive distribution agreement with SDPI with respect to the Drill-N-Ream^™. In 2017, SDPI determined that we did not meet defined market share goals, and as a result our distribution rights with respect to the Drill-N-Ream^™ are no longer contractually exclusive. Accordingly, SDPI could choose to distribute the Drill-N-Ream^™ through other companies who will then compete with us in this space. These risks could be exacerbated if SDPI were to enter into an exclusive distribution agreement with, or sell the intellectual property rights to the Drill-N-Ream^™ to, one of our competitors, or if one of our competitors were to acquire SDPI. While we remain the Drill-N-Ream^™’s sole North American distributor, we cannot guarantee that this will remain the case. Our inability to remain the sole North American distributor of the Drill-N-Ream^™ could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

We may be unable to employ a sufficient number of skilled and qualified workers to sustain or expand our current operations.

The delivery of our products and services requires personnel with specialized skills and experience. Our ability to be productive and profitable will depend upon our ability to attract and retain skilled workers. In addition, our ability to expand our operations depends in part on our ability to increase the size of our skilled labor force. The demand for skilled workers is high, and the cost to attract and retain qualified personnel has increased. During industry downturns, skilled workers may leave the industry, reducing the availability of qualified workers when conditions improve. In addition, a significant increase in the wages paid by competing employers both within and outside of our industry could result in increases in the wage rates that we must pay. Throughout 2021 and 2022, our expenses related to salaries and wages increased materially, especially those expenses related to certain key oil and gas producing regions, as we sought to meet increasing customer demand. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, we experienced similar increases, although the rate of such increases slowed compared to that in 2021 and 2022. If we are not able to employ and retain skilled workers, our ability to respond quickly to customer demands or strong market conditions may inhibit our growth, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Our business depends on the continuing services of certain of our key managers and employees.

We depend on key personnel. The loss of key personnel could adversely impact our business if we are unable to implement our strategy and successfully manage our business in their absence. The loss of qualified employees or an inability to retain and motivate additional highly-skilled employees required for the operation and expansion of our business could hinder our ability to successfully maintain and expand our market share.

Equity interests in us are a substantial portion of the net worth of our executive officers and several of our other senior managers. As a result, those executive officers and senior managers may have less incentive to remain employed by us if they were to sell their equity interests. After terminating their employment with us, some of them may become employed by our competitors.

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Our only executives who are subject to lock-up agreements are Michael W. Domino, Jr. and R. Wayne Prejean. Following the expiration of the lock-up period set forth in the lock-up agreement between DTIC and Michael W. Domino, Jr. dated as of the Closing Date and the lock-up agreement between DTIC and RobJon dated as of the Closing Date, the shares of Common Stock held by Messrs. Domino and Prejean, respectively, will be more liquid than they are now.

We are an emerging growth company and smaller reporting company and as such are subject to various risks unique only to emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies, including but not limited to, no requirement to provide an assessment of the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) December 31, 2026, the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the ROC IPO; (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.235 billion or more; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under applicable SEC rules.

We expect that we will remain an emerging growth company for the foreseeable future but cannot retain our emerging growth company status indefinitely and will no longer qualify as an emerging growth company on or before December 31, 2026. References herein to “emerging growth company” have the meaning associated with it in the JOBS Act.

For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from specified disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:

Additionally, as an emerging growth company and smaller reporting company our status as such carries various unique risks such as the risk that our financial statements may not be comparable to those of other public companies, and the risk that we will not be required to provide an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting until our second annual report following our initial public offering.

For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we expect that we will take advantage of the reduced disclosure obligations available to us as a result of that classification. We have taken advantage of certain of those reduced reporting burdens in this prospectus. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.

An emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an

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emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will not be required to adopt new or revised accounting standards on the dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public reporting companies.

We are also a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, and have elected to take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosure available for smaller reporting companies.

The lack of availability of the tools we purchase to rent to our customers and inflation may increase our cost of operations beyond what we can recover through price increases.

Our ability to source tools, such as drill collars, stabilizers, crossover subs, wellbore conditioning tools, drill pipe, hevi-wate drill pipe and tubing, at reasonable cost is critical to our ability to successfully compete. Due to a shortage of steel caused primarily by production disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic and increased demand as economies rebounded, steel and assembled component prices have been and continue to be elevated. Our business and results of operations may be adversely affected by our inability to manage rising costs and the availability of the tools that we rent to our customers. Additionally, freight costs, specifically ocean freight costs, have risen significantly due to a number of factors including, but not limited to, a scarcity of shipping containers, congested seaports, a shortage of commercial drivers, capacity constraints on vessels or lockdowns in certain markets. We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to purchase and move these tools on a timely basis or at commercially viable prices, nor can we be certain of the impact of changes to tariffs and future legislation that may impact trade with China or other countries. Should our current suppliers be unable to provide the necessary tools or otherwise fail to deliver such tools timely and in the quantities required, resulting delays in the provision of rentals to our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

The United States has recently experienced the highest inflation in decades primarily due to supply-chain issues, a shortage of labor and a build-up of demand for goods and services. The most noticeable adverse impact to our business has been increased freight, materials and vehicle-related costs as well as higher salaries and wages. To date, we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations because we have been able to increase the prices we receive from our customers. We cannot be sure how long elevated inflation rates will continue. We cannot be confident that all costs will return to the lower levels experienced in prior years even as the rate of inflation abates. Our business and results of operations may be adversely affected by these rising costs to the extent we are unable to recoup them from our customers.

Delays in obtaining, or inability to obtain or renew, permits or authorizations by our customers for their operations could impair our business.

Our customers are required to obtain permits or authorizations from one or more governmental agencies or other third parties to perform drilling and completion activities, including hydraulic fracturing. Such permits or approvals are typically required by state agencies but can also be required by federal and local governmental agencies or other third parties. The requirements for such permits or authorizations vary depending on the location where such drilling and completion activities will be conducted. As with most permitting and authorization processes, there is a degree of uncertainty as to whether a permit will be granted, the time it will take for a permit or approval to be issued and the conditions which may be imposed in connection with the granting of the permit. In some jurisdictions, certain regulatory authorities have delayed or suspended the issuance of permits or authorizations while the potential environmental impacts associated with issuing such permits can be studied and appropriate mitigation measures evaluated.

In Texas, rural water districts have begun to impose restrictions on water use and may require permits for water used in drilling and completion activities. In addition, in January 2021, President Biden indefinitely

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suspended new oil and natural gas leases on public lands or in offshore waters pending completion of a comprehensive review and reconsideration of federal oil and gas permitting and leasing practices. Although the moratorium was enjoined nationwide in June 2021, and again in August 2022 after the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit vacated the June 2021 injunction, the Biden Administration may take further actions to limit new oil and natural gas leases.

In November 2021, the Department of the Interior completed its review and issued a report on the federal oil and gas leasing program. The Department of the Interior’s report recommends several changes to federal leasing practices, including changes to royalty payments, bidding and bonding requirements. The effects of this report or other initiatives to reform the federal leasing process could result in additional restrictions or limitations on the issuance of federal leases and permits for drilling on public lands. Permitting, authorization or renewal delays, the inability to obtain new permits or the revocation of current permits could impact our customers’ operations and cause a loss of revenue and potentially have a materially adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Competition within the oil and gas drilling tool rental industry may adversely affect our ability to market our services.

The oil and gas drilling tool rental tool industry is highly competitive and fragmented. The number of rental tool companies active in a given market may exceed the corresponding demand therefor, which could result in active price competition. Some oil and gas drilling companies prioritize rental prices when choosing to contract with a rental tool company, which may further increase competition based primarily on price. In addition, adverse market conditions lower demand for drilling equipment, which results in excess equipment and lower utilization rates. If market conditions in our operating areas deteriorate from current levels or if adverse market conditions persist, the prices we are able to charge and utilization rates may decline. Moreover, our customers may choose to purchase some or all of the tools that they typically rent from us, thereby reducing the volume of business that we conduct with such customers. Any significant future increase in overall market capacity for the rental equipment or services that we offer could adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.

We may fail to fully execute, integrate, or realize the benefits expected from acquisitions, which may require significant management attention, disrupt our business and adversely affect our results of operations.

As part of our business strategy and to remain competitive, we continually evaluate acquiring or making investments in complementary companies, products or technologies. We may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates or complete such acquisitions on favorable terms. We may incur significant expenses, divert employee and management time and attention from other business-related tasks and our organic strategy and incur other unanticipated complications while engaging with potential target companies where no transaction is eventually completed.

If we do complete acquisitions, we may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or achieve our goals or expected growth, and any acquisitions we complete could be viewed negatively by our customers, or we could experience unexpected competition from market participants. Any integration process may require significant time and resources. We may not be able to manage the process successfully and may experience a decline in our profitability as we incur expenses prior to fully realizing the benefits of the acquisition. We could also expend significant cash and incur acquisition related costs and other unanticipated liabilities associated with the acquisition, the product or the technology, such as contractual obligations, potential security vulnerabilities of the acquired company and its products and services and potential intellectual property infringement. In addition, any acquired technology or product may not comply with legal or regulatory requirements and may expose us to regulatory risk and require us to make additional investments to make them compliant.

We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired technology or personnel, or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including accounting charges and tax liabilities. We could become

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subject to legal claims following an acquisition or fail to accurately forecast the potential impact of any claims. Any of these issues could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

New technology may cause us to become less competitive.

New technology that enhances the functionality, performance reliability and design of downhole drilling tools currently on the market may become prevalent in the OFS industry. We may face difficulty obtaining these new tools for the purpose of renting them to our customers. Although we believe our fleet of rental equipment currently gives us a competitive advantage, if competitors develop fleets that are more technically advanced than ours, we may lose market share or be placed at a competitive disadvantage. Further, we may face competitive pressure to acquire certain new tools at a substantial cost. Some of our competitors have greater financial, technical and personnel resources that may allow them to enjoy various competitive advantages in the acquisition of new tools. We cannot be certain that we will be able to continue to acquire new tools or convert our existing tools to meet new performance requirements. Such an inability may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows, including a reduction in the value of assets, and the rates that may be charged for their rental.

We rent tools used in the drilling of oil and gas wells. This equipment may subject us to liability, including claims for personal injury, property damage and environmental contamination, or reputational harm if it fails to perform to specifications.

We rent tools used in oil and gas exploration, development and production. Some of these tools are designed to operate in high-temperature and/or high-pressure environments, and some tools are designed for use in hydraulic fracturing operations. Because of applications to which our tools are exposed, particularly those involving high pressure environments, a failure of such tools, or a failure of our customers to maintain or operate the tools properly, could cause damage to the tools, damage to the property of customers and others, personal injury and environmental contamination and could lead to a variety of claims against us or reputational harm that could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

We indemnify our customers against certain claims and liabilities resulting or arising from our provision of goods or services to them. In addition, we rely on customer indemnifications, generally, and third-party insurance as part of our risk mitigation strategy. However, our insurance may not be adequate to cover our liabilities. In addition, our customers may be unable to satisfy indemnification claims against them. Further, insurance companies may refuse to honor their policies, or insurance may not generally be available in the future, or if available, premiums may not be commercially justifiable. We could incur substantial liabilities and damages that are either not covered by insurance or that are in excess of policy limits, or incur liability at a time when we are not able to obtain liability insurance. Such potential liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Our operations, and those of our customers, are subject to hazards inherent in the oil and gas industry, which could expose us, and our customers, to substantial liability and cause us to lose substantial revenue.

Risks inherent in our industry include the risks of equipment defects, installation errors, the presence of multiple contractors at the wellsite over which we have no control, vehicle accidents, fires, explosions, blowouts, surface cratering, uncontrollable flows of gas or well fluids, pipe or pipeline failures, abnormally pressured formations and various environmental hazards such as oil spills and releases of, and exposure to, hazardous substances. For example, our operations are subject to risks associated with hydraulic fracturing, including any mishandling, surface spillage or potential underground migration of fracturing fluids, including chemical additives. Both we and our customers are subject to these risks.

The occurrence of any of these events could result in substantial losses to us or to our customers due to injury or loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property, natural resources and equipment, pollution or

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other environmental damage, clean-up responsibilities, regulatory investigations and penalties, suspension of operations and repairs required to resume operations. The cost of managing such risks may be significant. The frequency and severity of such incidents will affect operating costs, insurability and relationships with customers, employees and regulators.

Should these risks materialize for us, our customers may elect not to rent our tools or utilize our services if they view our environmental or safety record as unacceptable, which could cause us to lose customers and substantial revenues. Should these risks materialize for our customers, they may also suffer similar negative consequences with respect to their own customers and clients. If this were to happen, our customers may no longer be in a position to do business with us, thereby adversely affecting our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Our insurance may not be adequate to cover all losses or liabilities we may suffer. Also, insurance may no longer be available to us, or its availability may be at premium levels that do not justify its purchase. The occurrence of a significant uninsured claim, a claim in excess of the insurance coverage limits maintained by us or a claim at a time when we are not able to obtain liability insurance could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct normal business operations and on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In addition, we may not be able to secure additional insurance or bonding that might be required by new governmental regulations. This may cause us to restrict our operations, which might severely impact our business, results of operations and cash flows.

The global outbreak of COVID-19 and associated responses had an adverse impact on our business and operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected our revenues and operations. We experienced slowdowns or temporary idling of certain of our facilities due to a number of factors, including implementing additional safety measures, testing of our team members, team member absenteeism and governmental orders. A prolonged closure could have a material adverse impact on our ability to operate our business and on our results of operations. We have also experienced disruption and volatility in our supply chain, which has resulted, and may continue to result, in increased costs for certain goods. In addition, we have experienced significant delays in shipments of raw materials and finished goods from various vendors. To date, these delays have not caused us to fail to be able to meet the demands of our customers, though it has encouraged us to diversify our supply chain. We do not expect that supply chain disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic will have a materially adverse impact on our business or operations going forward. The spread of COVID-19 also disrupted and may continue to disrupt logistics necessary to import, export and deliver products to us and our customers. Further, we might experience temporary shortages of labor, making it difficult to provide in-house inspection and machining services to our DTR, Premium Tools and DNR divisions. The continued adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business is unknown and impossible to predict with certainty. Despite the availability of applicable vaccines and boosters, the extent of future impacts of COVID-19 and any new variants thereof on general economic conditions and on our business, operations and results of operations remains uncertain.

Oilfield anti-indemnity provisions enacted by many states may restrict or prohibit a party’s indemnification of us.

We typically enter into agreements with our customers governing the provision of our services, which usually include certain indemnification provisions for losses resulting from operations. Such agreements may require each party to indemnify the other against certain claims regardless of the negligence or other fault of the indemnified party. However, many states place limitations on contractual indemnity agreements, particularly agreements that indemnify a party against the consequences of its own negligence. Furthermore, certain states, including Louisiana, New Mexico, Texas and Wyoming, have enacted statutes generally referred to as “oilfield anti-indemnity acts” expressly prohibiting certain indemnity agreements contained in or related to OFS agreements. Such oilfield anti-indemnity acts may restrict or void a party’s indemnification of us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

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Restrictive covenants in the Credit Facility Agreement could limit our growth and our ability to finance our operations, fund our capital needs, respond to changing conditions and engage in other business activities that may be in our best interests.

The Credit Facility Agreement imposes operating and financial restrictions. These restrictions limit our ability to, among other things, subject to permitted exceptions:

The restrictions contained in the Credit Facility Agreement could:

The Credit Facility Agreement requires compliance with a specified financial ratio. The ability to comply with this ratio may be affected by events beyond our control and, as a result, this ratio may not be met in circumstances when it is tested. This financial ratio restriction could limit the ability to obtain future financings, make needed capital expenditures, withstand a continued downturn in our business or a downturn in the economy in general or otherwise conduct necessary corporate activities. Declines in oil and natural gas prices, and therefore a reduction in our customers’ activity, could result in failure to meet one or more of the covenants under the Credit Facility Agreement which could require refinancing or amendment of such obligations resulting in the payment of consent fees or higher interest rates, or require a capital raise at an inopportune time or on terms not favorable.

A breach of any of these covenants or the inability to comply with the required financial ratios or financial condition tests could result in a default under the Credit Facility Agreement. A default under the Credit Facility Agreement, if not cured or waived, could result in acceleration of all indebtedness outstanding thereunder.

We may incur indebtedness to execute our long-term growth strategy, which may reduce our profitability.

Maintaining a relevant rental fleet requires significant capital. We may require additional capital in the future to maintain and refresh our fleet. For the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, we spent $23.8 million, and $11.4 million, respectively, to purchase property, plant and equipment. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, we spent $10.6 million and $7.0 million, respectively, to purchase property, plant and equipment. Historically, we have financed these investments through cash flows from operations and external borrowings. These sources of capital may not be available to us in the future. If we are unable to fund capital expenditures for any reason, we may not be able to capture available growth opportunities or effectively maintain our existing assets and any such failure could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we incur additional indebtedness, our profitability may be reduced.

Political, regulatory, economic and social disruptions in the countries in which we conduct business could adversely affect our business or results of operations.

In addition to our facilities in the United States, we operate stocking points in Scotland and Germany and facilities in Canada and the United Arab Emirates. Additionally, we rent downhole drilling tools in Ukraine to

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Ukraine-based directional drilling companies and drilling contractors through Denimex, which acts as our representative in Ukraine. Instability and unforeseen changes in any of the markets in which we conduct business could have an adverse effect on the demand for, or supply of, the products that we rent and the services that we provide, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows. These factors include, but are not limited to:

We may not be able to manage our growth successfully.

The growth of our operations will depend upon our ability to expand our customer base in our existing markets and to enter new markets in a timely manner at reasonable costs, organically or through acquisitions. In order for us to recover expenses incurred in entering new markets and obtaining new customers, we must attract and retain customers on economic terms and for extended periods. Customer growth depends on several factors outside of our control, including economic and demographic conditions, such as population changes, job and income growth, housing starts, new business formation and the overall level of economic activity. We may experience difficulty managing our growth, integrating new customers and employees, and complying with applicable regulations. Expanding our operations also may require continued development of our operating and financial controls and may place additional stress on our management and operational resources. We may be unable to manage our growth and development successfully.

A failure of our information technology infrastructure and cyberattacks could adversely impact us.

We depend on our IT systems, in particular COMPASS, for the efficient operation of our business. Accordingly, we rely upon the capacity, reliability and security of our IT hardware and software infrastructure and our ability to expand and update this infrastructure in response to our changing needs. Despite our implementation of security measures, our systems are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, natural disasters, incursions by intruders or hackers, failures in hardware or software, power fluctuations, cyber terrorists and other similar disruptions. Moreover, we cannot guarantee that COMPASS, or features thereof, are not the protected intellectual property of third parties. If this is the case, these third parties may seek to protect their respective intellectual property rights, thereby hindering, or completely eliminating, our ability to use COMPASS and leverage its benefits.

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Additionally, we rely on third parties to support the operation of our IT hardware and software infrastructure, and in certain instances, utilize web-based applications. We also provide proprietary and client data to certain third parties, and such third parties may be the subject of IT failures or cyberattacks. The failure of our IT systems or those of our vendors or third parties to whom we disclose certain information to perform as anticipated for any reason or any significant breach of security could disrupt our business and result in numerous adverse consequences, including reduced effectiveness and efficiency of operations, inappropriate disclosure of confidential and proprietary information, reputational harm, increased overhead costs and loss of important information, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, we may be required to incur significant costs to protect against damage caused by these disruptions or security breaches in the future.

Our results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted by changes in accounting principles.

The accounting for our business is subject to change based on the evolution of our business model, interpretations of relevant accounting principles, enforcement of existing or new regulations, and changes in policies, rules, regulations, and interpretations of accounting and financial reporting requirements of the SEC or other regulatory agencies. Adoption of a change in accounting principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported results of operations and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the adoption of such change. It is difficult to predict the impact of future changes to accounting principles and accounting policies over financial reporting, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition and could require significant investment in systems and personnel.

Adverse and unusual weather conditions may affect our operations.

Our operations may be materially affected by severe weather conditions in areas where we operate. Severe weather, such as hurricanes, high winds and seas, blizzards and extreme temperatures may cause evacuation of personnel, curtailment of services and suspension of operations, inability to deliver tools to customers in accordance with contract schedules and loss of or damage to our tools and facilities. In addition, variations from normal weather patterns can have a significant impact on demand for oil and natural gas, thereby reducing demand for our tools and services.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters

Our operations require us to comply with various domestic and international regulations, violations of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We are exposed to a variety of federal, state, local and international laws and regulations relating to matters such as environmental, workplace, health and safety, labor and employment, customs and tariffs, export and re-export controls, economic sanctions, currency exchange, bribery and corruption and taxation. These laws and regulations are complex, frequently change and have tended to become more stringent over time. They may be adopted, enacted, amended, enforced or interpreted in such a manner that the incremental cost of compliance could adversely impact our business, results of operations and cash flows.

In addition to our U.S. operations, we operate stocking points in Scotland and Germany and facilities in Canada and the United Arab Emirates. Additionally, we rent downhole drilling tools in Ukraine to Ukraine-based directional drilling companies and drilling contractors through Denimex, which acts as our representative in Ukraine. Our operations outside of the United States require us to comply with numerous anti-bribery and anti-corruption regulations. The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, among others, applies to us and our operations. Our policies, procedures and programs may not always protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees or agents, and severe criminal or civil sanctions may be imposed as a result of violations of these laws. We are also subject to the risks that our employees and agents outside of the United States may fail to comply with applicable laws.

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In addition, we purchase tools for use in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, the United Arab Emirates and Ukraine for use in such countries. Most movement of these tools involves imports and exports. As a result, compliance with multiple trade sanctions, embargoes and import/export laws and regulations pose a constant challenge and risk to us since a portion of our business is conducted outside of the United States through our subsidiaries. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations could materially affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Environmental laws and regulations in the United States and foreign countries affect the services we provide and the equipment we rent and service, as well as the facilities we operate. Such laws and regulations also impact the oil and gas industry more broadly, thereby impacting demand for our products and equipment. For example, we may be affected by such laws as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act and the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Further, our customers may be subject to a range of laws and regulations governing hydraulic fracturing, drilling and greenhouse gas emissions.

We are required to invest financial and managerial resources to comply with environmental laws and regulations and believe that we will continue to be required to do so in the future. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in the assessment of administrative, civil and criminal penalties, the imposition of remedial and mitigation obligations, and the issuance of orders enjoining operations. These laws and regulations, as well as the finalizing of other new laws and regulations affecting our operations or the exploration and production and transportation of crude oil and natural gas by our customers, could adversely affect our business and operating results by increasing our costs of compliance, increasing the costs of compliance and costs of doing business for our customers, limiting the demand for our products and services, or restricting our operations. Increased regulation or a move away from the use of fossil fuels caused by additional regulation could also reduce demand for our products and services.

Existing or future laws and regulations related to greenhouse gases and climate change and related public and governmental initiatives and additional compliance obligations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, prospects, and financial condition.

Changes in environmental requirements related to greenhouse gas emissions may negatively impact demand for our products and services. For example, oil and natural gas E&P may decline as a result of environmental requirements or laws, regulations and policies promoting the use of alternative forms of energy, including land use policies and other actions to restrict oil and gas leasing and permitting in response to environmental and climate change concerns. In January 2021, the Acting Secretary of the Department of the Interior issued an order suspending new leasing and drilling permits for fossil fuel production on federal lands and waters for 60 days. President Biden then issued an executive order indefinitely suspending new oil and natural gas leases on public lands or in offshore waters pending completion of a comprehensive review and reconsideration of federal oil and gas permitting and leasing practices. Several states filed lawsuits challenging the suspension and in June 2021, a judge in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Louisiana issued a nationwide temporary injunction blocking the suspension. The Department of the Interior successfully appealed the U.S. District Court’s ruling in August 2022, but the moratorium was again enjoined that month. However, the Biden Administration may take further actions to limit new oil and natural gas leases. Further, to the extent that the Department of Interior’s report or other initiatives to reform federal leasing practices result in the development of additional restrictions on drilling, limitations on the availability of leases, or restrictions on the ability to obtain required permits, it could impact our customers’ opportunities and reduce demand for our products and services in the aforementioned areas.

Federal, state and local agencies continue to evaluate climate-related legislation and other regulatory initiatives that would restrict emissions of greenhouse gases in areas in which we conduct business. Because our business depends on the level of activity in the oil and gas industry, existing or future laws and regulations

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related to greenhouse gases could have a negative impact on our business if such laws or regulations reduce demand for oil and natural gas. Likewise, such laws or regulations may result in additional compliance obligations with respect to the release, capture, sequestration and use of greenhouse gases. These additional obligations could increase our costs and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, prospects and financial condition. Additional compliance obligations could also increase costs of compliance and costs of doing business for our customers, thereby reducing demand for our products and services. Finally, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes that could have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts, floods and other climatic events; if such effects were to occur, they could have an adverse impact on our operations.

Many of our customers utilize hydraulic fracturing in their operations. Environmental concerns have been raised regarding the potential impact of hydraulic fracturing on underground water supplies and seismic activity. These concerns have led to several regulatory and governmental initiatives in the United States to restrict the hydraulic fracturing process, which could have an adverse impact on our customers’ production activities. Although we do not conduct hydraulic fracturing, increased regulation and attention given to the hydraulic fracturing process could lead to greater opposition to oil and gas production activities using hydraulic fracturing techniques. In December 2021, the Texas Railroad Commission, which regulates the state’s oil and gas industry, suspended the use of deep wastewater disposal wells in four oil-producing counties in West Texas. The suspension is intended to mitigate earthquakes thought to be caused by the injection of waste fluids, including saltwater, that are a byproduct of hydraulic fracturing into disposal wells. The ban will require oil and gas production companies to find other options to handle the wastewater, which may include piping or trucking it longer distances to other locations not under the ban. The finalization of new laws or regulations at the federal, state, local or foreign level imposing reporting obligations on, or otherwise limiting, delaying or banning, the hydraulic fracturing process or other processes on which hydraulic fracturing and subsequent hydrocarbon production relies, such as water disposal, could make it more difficult to complete oil and natural gas wells. Further, it could increase our customers’ costs of compliance and doing business, and otherwise adversely affect the hydraulic fracturing services they perform, which could negatively impact demand for our products.

Increasing attention by the public and government agencies to climate change and Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) matters could also negatively impact demand for our products and services and the products of our oil and gas producing customers. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to corporate activities related to ESG in public discourse and the investment community. A number of advocacy groups, both domestically and internationally, have campaigned for governmental and private action to promote change at public companies related to ESG matters, including through the investment and voting practices of investment advisers, public pension funds, universities and other members of the investing community. These activities include increasing attention and demands for action related to climate change and energy rebalancing matters, such as promoting the use of substitutes to fossil fuel products and encouraging the divestment of fossil fuel equities, as well as pressuring lenders and other financial services companies to limit or curtail activities with fossil fuel companies. If this were to continue, it could have a material adverse effect on the valuation of the Common Stock and our ability to access equity capital markets.

In addition, our business could be impacted by initiatives to address greenhouse gases and climate change and incentives to conserve energy or use alternative energy sources. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, signed into law by President Biden in August 2022, includes financial and other incentives to increase wind and solar electric generation and encourage consumers to use these alternative energy sources. Additional similar state or federal initiatives to incentivize a shift away from fossil fuels could reduce demand for hydrocarbons, thereby reducing demand for our products and services and negatively impacting our business.

Changes in tax laws or tax rates, adverse positions taken by taxing authorities and tax audits could impact our operating results.

We are subject to the jurisdiction of numerous domestic and foreign taxing authorities. Changes in tax laws or tax rates, the resolution of tax assessments or audits by various tax authorities could impact our operating

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results. In addition, we may periodically restructure our legal entity organization. If taxing authorities were to disagree with our tax positions in connection with any such restructurings, our effective income tax rate could be impacted. The final determination of our income tax liabilities involves the interpretation of local tax laws, tax treaties and related authorities in each taxing jurisdiction, as well as the significant use of estimates and assumptions regarding future operations and results and the timing of income and expenses. We may be audited and receive tax assessments from taxing authorities that may result in assessment of additional taxes that are ultimately resolved with the authorities or through the courts. We believe these assessments may occasionally be based on erroneous and even arbitrary interpretations of local tax law. Resolution of any tax matter involves uncertainties and there are no assurances that the outcomes will be favorable. If U.S. or foreign tax authorities change applicable tax laws, our overall taxes could increase, and our business, financial condition or results of operating may be adversely impacted.

If we are unable to fully protect our intellectual property rights or trade secrets, we may suffer a loss in revenue or any competitive advantage or market share we hold, or we may incur costs in litigation defending intellectual property rights.

While we have some patents and others pending, we do not have patents relating to many of our key processes and technology. If we are not able to maintain the confidentiality of our trade secrets, or if our competitors are able to replicate our technology or services, our competitive advantage would be diminished. We also cannot provide any assurance that any patents we may obtain in the future would provide us with any significant commercial benefit or would allow us to prevent our competitors from employing comparable technologies or processes. We may initiate litigation from time to time to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights. In any such litigation, a defendant may assert that our intellectual property rights are invalid or unenforceable. Third parties from time to time may also initiate litigation against us by asserting that our businesses infringe, impair, misappropriate, dilute or otherwise violate another party’s intellectual property rights. We may not prevail in any such litigation, and our intellectual property rights may be found invalid or unenforceable or our products and services may be found to infringe, impair, misappropriate, dilute or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others. The results or costs of any such litigation may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Any litigation concerning intellectual property could be protracted and costly, is inherently unpredictable and could have an adverse effect on our business, regardless of its outcome.

Moreover, third parties on whom we rely for certain tools may be subject to litigation to defend their intellectual property rights. If such litigation ends adversely for the third party with whom we deal, our ability to obtain such tools could be significantly limited or restricted. This could have a material adverse effect on our business.

As a result of plans to expand our business operations, including to jurisdictions in which tax laws may not be favorable, our obligations may change or fluctuate, become significantly more complex or become subject to greater risk of examination by taxing authorities, any of which could adversely affect our after-tax profitability and financial results.

Our effective tax rates may fluctuate widely in the future, particularly if our business expands domestically or internationally. Future effective tax rates could be affected by operating losses in jurisdictions where no tax benefit can be recorded under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws. Factors that could materially affect our future effective tax rates include, but are not limited to: (a) changes in tax laws or the regulatory environment, (b) changes in accounting and tax standards or practices, (c) changes in the composition of operating income by tax jurisdiction and (d) pre-tax operating results of our business.

Additionally, we are subject to significant income, withholding, and other tax obligations in the United States and may become subject to taxation in numerous additional U.S. state and local and non-U.S. jurisdictions with respect to income, operations and subsidiaries related to those jurisdictions. Our after-tax profitability and

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financial results could be subject to volatility or be affected by numerous factors, including (a) the availability of tax deductions, credits, exemptions, refunds and other benefits to reduce tax liabilities, (b) changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, if any, (c) the expected timing and amount of the release of any tax valuation allowances, (d) the tax treatment of stock-based compensation, (e) changes in the relative amount of earnings subject to tax in the various jurisdictions, (f) the potential business expansion into, or otherwise becoming subject to tax in, additional jurisdictions, (g) changes to existing intercompany structure (and any costs related thereto) and business operations, (h) the extent of intercompany transactions and the extent to which taxing authorities in relevant jurisdictions respect those intercompany transactions, and (i) the ability to structure business operations in an efficient and competitive manner. Outcomes from audits or examinations by taxing authorities could have an adverse effect on our after-tax profitability and financial condition. Additionally, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and several foreign tax authorities have increasingly focused attention on intercompany transfer pricing with respect to sales of products and services and the use of intangibles. Tax authorities could disagree with our intercompany charges, cross-jurisdictional transfer pricing or other matters and assess additional taxes. If we do not prevail in any such disagreements, our profitability may be affected.

Our after-tax profitability and financial results may also be adversely affected by changes in relevant tax laws and tax rates, treaties, regulations, administrative practices and principles, judicial decisions and interpretations thereof, in each case, possibly with retroactive effect.

Risks Related to Ownership of the Common Stock

If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the market price of the Common Stock.

As a public company, we are required to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We continue to refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in filings with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules, and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and financial officers.

We will continue to refine our internal control over financial reporting. We will be required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with these requirements within the prescribed time period, we have been engaging, and will continue to engage, in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting. This process is both costly and challenging, and requires us to dedicate significant internal resources. We may also engage outside consultants and hire new employees with the requisite skillset and experience. We are developing a plan to assess and document the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. There is a risk that we will not be able to conclude, within the prescribed time period or at all, that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Moreover, our testing, or the subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal additional deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses.

Any failure to implement and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, including the identification of one or more material weaknesses, could cause investors to

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lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial statements and reports, which would likely adversely affect the market price of the Common Stock. In addition, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC and other regulatory authorities.

The market price of the Common Stock may be volatile, which could cause the value of your investment to decline.

The market price of the Common Stock has been and may continue to be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations depending on a number of factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in the Common Stock. Factors affecting the trading price of the Common Stock may include:

Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of the Common Stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. The stock markets have, from time to time, experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Stock prices of many companies have fluctuated in a manner often unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. Shareholder activism, which could take many forms or arise in a variety of situations, has been increasing recently. Volatility in the market price of the Common Stock or other reasons may in the future cause us to become the target of securities litigation or shareholder activism. Shareholder activism or securities litigation could give rise to perceived uncertainties regarding the future of our business and it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business and adversely affect relationships with suppliers and other parties.

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Further, although the Common Stock is currently listed on Nasdaq, an active trading market for the Common Stock may not be sustained. Accordingly, if an active trading market for these securities is not maintained, the liquidity of the Common Stock, your ability to sell your shares of the Common Stock when desired and the prices that you may obtain for your shares will be adversely affected.

The Selling Stockholders purchased the shares covered by this prospectus at different prices, some significantly below the current trading price of the shares, and may therefore make substantial profits upon resales even if the current trading price of the Common Stock is at or significantly below the price at which the ROC Units were issued in the ROC IPO.

The Selling Stockholders, or their permitted transferees, may sell under this prospectus up to an aggregate of (i) 2,560,396 shares of Common Stock issued to ROC Holdings in connection with the PIPE Financing at a purchase price of $10.10 per share, (ii) 409,901 shares of Common Stock issued to FP SPAC in connection with the FP SPAC Note Conversion at a purchase price of $10.10 per share, (iii) 2,302,500 Founder Shares, which were issued to ROC Holdings at a purchase price of $0.006 per share, (iv) 2,042,181 shares of Common Stock issued to certain Selling Stockholders pursuant to the Exchange Agreements, which were issued to the Exchangors in lieu of an aggregate of $10,804,618 that would have otherwise been payable to them as consideration under the Merger Agreement and at a price of approximately $5.29 per share, (v) 875,600 shares of Common Stock issued to ROC Holdings in exchange for ROC Rights and shares of ROC Common Stock issued to it in connection with a private placement at a purchase price of $10.00 per share, (vi) 1,761,570 shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of certain outstanding Options, having an exercise price of $3.72 per share, held by certain of the Selling Stockholders, (vii) 125,000 shares of Common Stock held by Alberto Pontonio (an affiliate of ROC Holdings), which were issued at a purchase price of $0.006 per share and (viii) 16,913,116 shares of Common Stock issued in connection with the Business Combination at an implied equity consideration value of $10.10 per share.

Based on the closing price of the Common Stock of $4.02 on August 29, 2023 and the effective purchase prices set forth in the paragraph above, (i) holders of the shares issued in the PIPE Financing may experience a potential loss of $6.08 per share of Common Stock (or $(15,567,208) in the aggregate); (ii) holders of the shares issued in connection with the FP SPAC Note Conversion may experience a potential loss of $6.08 per share of Common Stock (or $(2,492,198) in the aggregate); (iii) holders of Founder Shares may experience a potential gain of $4.01 per share of Common Stock (or $9,242,235 in the aggregate); (iv) holders of Exchange Shares may experience a potential loss of $1.27 per share of Common Stock (or $(2,593,570) in the aggregate); (v) ROC Holdings may, in connection with the shares of Common Stock issued to it in exchange for ROC Rights and shares of ROC Common Stock held by it, experience a potential loss of $5.98 per share of Common Stock (or $(5,236,088) in the aggregate); (vi) holders of the shares issuable upon exercise of certain outstanding Options may experience a potential gain of $0.30 per share of Common Stock (or $528,471 in the aggregate); (vii) Alberto Pontonio (an affiliate of ROC Holdings) may, in connection with the shares of Common Stock issued to the affiliate, experience a potential gain of $4.01 per share of Common Stock (or $501,750 in the aggregate); and (viii) holders of the shares of Common Stock issued in connection with the Business Combination may experience a potential loss of $6.08 per share of Common Stock (or $(102,831,745) in the aggregate).

In comparison, a public stockholder who holds shares of Common Stock originally purchased as part of a ROC Unit for $10.00 per unit may experience a loss of $5.98 per share of Common Stock based on the closing price of the Common Stock of $4.02 on August 29, 2023.

Therefore, even if the current trading price of the Common Stock is at or significantly below the price at which the ROC Units were issued in the ROC IPO, certain of the Selling Stockholders, including holders of the Founder Shares, Exchange Shares and shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of certain outstanding Options and Alberto Pontonio (an affiliate of ROC Holdings), may have an incentive to sell because they will

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still profit on sales due to the lower price at which they purchased their shares compared to the public stockholders, which could result in a significant decline in the public trading price of the shares of Common Stock.

See “ – Sales of substantial amounts of Common Stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could reduce the price that the Common Stock might otherwise attain. The shares being offered for resale in this prospectus represent a substantial percentage of the outstanding Common Stock, and the sales of such shares, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of the Common Stock to decline significantly.”

Certain Selling Stockholders can earn a positive return on their investment, even if other stockholders experience a negative rate of return on their investment in DTIC.

The Selling Stockholders acquired the shares of Common Stock covered by this prospectus at prices ranging from $0.006 per share to $10.10 per share of Common Stock. By comparison, the offering price to public stockholders in the ROC IPO was $10.00 per unit, which consisted of one share of ROC Common Stock and one ROC Right. Certain Selling Stockholders, including holders of Founder Shares, Exchange Shares and shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of certain outstanding Options and Alberto Pontonio (an affiliate of ROC Holdings), may realize a positive rate of return on the sale of their shares covered by this prospectus even if the market price per share of Common Stock is below $10.00 per share, in which case the public stockholders may experience a negative rate of return on their investment. For example, a Selling Stockholder who sells 1,000,000 Founder Shares (originally acquired for $0.006 per share) at a price per share of $4.02 per share (the closing price of the Common Stock on August 29, 2023) will earn a realized profit of $4,014,000, while a public stockholder who sells the same number of shares of Common Stock (which it originally acquired for $10.00 per share in the ROC IPO) will experience a realized loss of $(5,980,000). Therefore, public stockholders may not experience a similar rate of return on the securities they purchased due to differences in the purchase prices and the current trading price.

In addition, because the current market price of the Common Stock, which was $4.02 per share on August 29, 2023, is higher than the effective purchase price certain of the Selling Stockholders, including holders of the Founder Shares, Exchange Shares and shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of certain outstanding Options, paid for their shares of Common Stock (ranging from $0.006 per share to $5.29 per share), there is greater likelihood that these Selling Stockholders will sell their shares of Common Stock after the Registration Statement is declared effective (subject, in the case of certain Selling Stockholders, to compliance with contractual lock-up restrictions). Such sales, or the prospect of such sales, may have a material negative impact on the market price of the Common Stock. After the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the 26,990,264 shares of Common Stock being offered for resale pursuant to this prospectus, which represent approximately 85.6% of the total outstanding shares of Common Stock as of August 30, 2023 (assuming the issuance of all 1,761,570 shares of Common Stock subject to Options covered by this prospectus), will be able to be sold pursuant to the Registration Statement once the contractual lock-up restrictions that apply to such Selling Stockholders expire.

We may require additional capital to support our operations or the growth of our business, and we cannot be certain that this capital will be available on reasonable terms when required, or at all.

We expect our expenditures to continue to be significant in the foreseeable future as we expand our business, and that our level of expenditures will be significantly affected by the performance of the oil and gas industry. Our future capital requirements may be uncertain and actual capital requirements may be different from those currently anticipated, as we look to expand the size of our business, both in terms of fleet size and geographic scope. We may need to seek equity or debt financing to finance a portion of our capital expenditures. Such financing might not be available to us in a timely manner or on terms that are acceptable, or at all.

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Our ability to obtain the necessary financing to carry out our business plan is subject to a number of factors, including general market conditions and investor acceptance of our business model. These factors may make the timing, amount, terms and conditions of such financing unattractive or unavailable to us. If we are unable to raise sufficient funds, we may have to significantly reduce our spending, delay or cancel our planned activities or substantially change our corporate structure. We might not be able to obtain any funding, and we might not have sufficient resources to conduct our business as planned, both of which could mean that we would be forced to curtail or discontinue our operations.

In addition, our future capital needs and other business reasons could require us to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain additional borrowing capacity under a credit facility. The sale of additional equity or equity-linked securities could dilute our Stockholders. Moreover, the net proceeds received by us from an offering of equity securities could be reduced if the price of the Common Stock is negatively impacted by a sale of a large number of the shares of Common Stock registered by the Registration Statement. See “ – Sales of substantial amounts of Common Stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could reduce the price that the Common Stock might otherwise attain. The shares being offered for resale in this prospectus represent a substantial percentage of the outstanding Common Stock, and the sales of such shares, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of the Common Stock to decline significantly.” The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could subject us to operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations or our ability to pay dividends to our Stockholders. If we cannot raise additional funds when we need or want them, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be negatively impacted.

As a public company, we will incur significant increased expenses and administrative burdens which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

As a public company, we face increased legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses that we did not incur as a private company. These expenses may increase even more after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including the requirements of Section 404, and rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, the PCAOB and Nasdaq, impose additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. Compliance with public company requirements will continue to lead to increased costs and make certain activities more time consuming. A number of those requirements require us to carry out activities we have not done previously. For example, we have created new board committees, have entered into new insurance policies and adopted new internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, we have incurred, and will continue to incur, expenses associated with SEC reporting requirements. We may be required to expand our staff to ensure that our workforce has the requisite experience to implement these changes.

Furthermore, if any issues in complying with those requirements are identified (for example, if management or our independent registered public accounting firm identifies a material weakness in the internal control over financial reporting), we could incur additional costs rectifying those issues, the existence of those issues could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of it and it may be more expensive to obtain director and officer liability insurance. Risks associated with our status as a public company may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on the Board or as executive officers.

As a result of disclosure of information in this prospectus and in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition will become more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims and the time and resources necessary to resolve them could divert the resources of our management and adversely affect our business and results of operations. The additional reporting and other obligations imposed by these rules and regulations will increase legal and financial compliance costs and the

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costs of related legal, accounting and administrative activities. These increased costs will require us to divert a significant amount of money that could otherwise be used to expand the business and achieve strategic objectives. Advocacy efforts by Stockholders and third parties may also prompt additional changes in governance and reporting requirements, which could further increase costs.

Our Certificate of Incorporation designates specific courts as the exclusive forum for substantially all stockholder litigation matters, which could limit the ability of our Stockholders to obtain a favorable forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our Certificate of Incorporation requires, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that derivative actions brought in our name, actions against current or former directors, officers or other employees for breach of fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws, any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine of the State of Delaware or any other action asserting an “internal corporate claim” (as defined in Section 115 of the DGCL), confer jurisdiction to the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware), unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum. This provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Our Certificate of Incorporation also provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. This provision may limit a Stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us and our directors, officers or other employees and may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors, officers and other employees. Furthermore, Stockholders may be subject to increased costs to bring these claims, and the exclusive forum provision could have the effect of discouraging claims or limiting investors’ ability to bring claims in a judicial forum that they find favorable.

In addition, the enforceability of similar exclusive forum provisions in other companies’ certificates of incorporation has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that, in connection with one or more actions or proceedings described above, a court could rule that this provision in our Certificate of Incorporation is inapplicable or unenforceable. In March 2020, the Delaware Supreme Court issued a decision in Salzberg, et al. v. Sciabacucchi which found that an exclusive forum provision providing for claims under the Securities Act to be brought in federal court is facially valid under Delaware law. We intend to enforce this provision, but we do not know whether courts in other jurisdictions will agree with this decision or enforce it. If a court were to find the exclusive forum provision contained in our Certificate of Incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Shareholder litigation and regulatory inquiries and investigations are expensive and could harm our business, financial condition and operating results and could divert management attention.

In the past, securities class action litigation and/or shareholder derivative litigation and inquiries or investigations by regulatory authorities have often followed certain significant business transactions, such as the sale of a company or announcement of any other strategic transaction, such as the Business Combination. Any shareholder litigation and/or regulatory investigations against us, whether or not resolved in our favor, could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business and cash resources and the ultimate value of our securities.

While we have not received demand letters, we may in the future receive demand letters or complaints, from purported holders of the Common Stock regarding certain actions taken in connection with the Business Combination, the adequacy of the registration statement filed therewith or this Registration Statement. These demand letters or complaints may lead to litigation against our directors and officers in connection with the

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Business Combination. Defending against any lawsuits could require us to incur significant costs and draw the attention of our management away from the day-to-day operations of our business.

Past performance by our management team may not be indicative of future performance of an investment in us.

Information regarding performance by, or businesses associated with, our management team, directors, advisors and their respective affiliates is presented for informational purposes only. Past performance by our management team, directors, advisors and such affiliates is not a guarantee of the future success of our business and operations. You should not rely on the historical performance of our management team, directors and advisors or that of their respective affiliates as indicative of our future performance, of an investment in us, or the returns the Common Stock will, or is likely to, generate going forward.

HHEP owns a significant equity interest in us and may take actions that conflict with your interests.

The interests of HHEP may not align with our interests and those of our Stockholders. HHEP is in the business of making investments in companies and may acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us. HHEP (and its affiliates, partners, and associate entities), may also pursue business opportunities that may be complementary to our business and, as a result, those business opportunities may not be available to us. Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that we renounce any interest or expectancy in, or being offered an opportunity to participate in, business opportunities that may be presented to any Stockholder, director, officer or any other person or entity (including, with respect to any of the foregoing that are entities, any affiliates and their respective directors, officers, partners, members and associated entities) in each case who is not a full-time employee of DTIC or any of its subsidiaries (each, an “Exempted Person”). Our Certificate of Incorporation further provides that no Exempted Person has a duty to communicate the receipt of knowledge of any potential circumstances, transaction, agreement, arrangement or other matter that may be Corporate Opportunity (as defined therein).

Sales of substantial amounts of Common Stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could reduce the price that the Common Stock might otherwise attain. The shares being offered for resale in this prospectus represent a substantial percentage of the outstanding Common Stock, and the sales of such shares, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of the Common Stock to decline significantly.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of the Common Stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of the Common Stock and may make it more difficult for investors to sell their shares of the Common Stock at a time and price that investors deem appropriate.

A significant portion of our total outstanding shares are restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the near future. Approximately 17.5 million shares of Common Stock are subject to transfer restrictions set forth in the Lock-Up Agreements. On the Closing Date, in connection with the Closing, DTIC entered into Lock-Up Agreements with each of HHEP, RobJon and Michael W. Domino, Jr. (the “Stockholder Parties”). Under the terms of the Lock-Up Agreements, the Stockholder Parties agreed, subject to certain customary exceptions, that during the period that is the earlier of (i) the date that is 180 days following the Closing Date and (ii) the date specified in a written waiver of the provisions of the Lock-Up Agreements duly executed by ROC Holdings and DTIC, not to dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of the Common Stock subject to their respective Lock-Up Agreement, or take other related actions with respect to such shares. The shares of the Common Stock subject to the Lock-Up Agreements include all shares held by the Stockholder Parties, except for shares of the Common Stock issued pursuant to the Exchange Agreements.

Other than R. Wayne Prejean, who is the President, Manager and sole owner of RobJon’s general partner, and Mr. Domino, no directors, officers or employees of DTIC are party to any lock-up agreement with respect to the Common Stock.

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We intend to file registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register shares of the Common Stock that may be issued under the 2023 Plan from time to time, as well as any shares of the Common Stock underlying outstanding equity awards that have been granted to our directors, executive officers and other employees, all of which have vested. Shares registered under these registration statements will be available for sale in the public market upon issuance subject to the exercise of options, as well as Rule 144 in the case of our affiliates.

Once the Registration Statement becomes effective and during such time as it remains effective, the Selling Stockholders will be permitted, subject to the lock-up restrictions described above, to sell the shares registered hereby. Sales of our shares as restrictions end or pursuant to registration rights may make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. These sales also could cause the trading price of the Common Stock to fall and make it more difficult for you to sell shares of the Common Stock. We expect that, because of the significant number of shares offered hereby, the Selling Stockholders will continue to offer shares covered by this prospectus for a significant period of time, the precise duration of which cannot be predicted. Accordingly, the adverse market and price pressures resulting from an offering pursuant to this prospectus may continue for an extended period of time.

In addition, this prospectus relates to the offer and sale, from time to time, by the Selling Stockholders of up to an aggregate of (i) 2,560,396 shares of Common Stock issued to ROC Holdings in connection with the PIPE Financing at a purchase price of $10.10 per share, (ii) 409,901 shares of Common Stock issued to FP SPAC 2 in connection with the FP SPAC Note Conversion at a purchase price of $10.10 per share, (iii) up to 2,302,500 Founder Shares, which were issued to ROC Holdings at a purchase price of $0.006 per share, (iv) 2,042,181 shares of Common Stock issued to certain Selling Stockholders pursuant to the Exchange Agreements, which were issued to the Exchangors in lieu of an aggregate of $10,804,618 that would have otherwise been payable to them as consideration under the Merger Agreement and at a price of $5.29 per share, (v) 875,600 shares of Common Stock issued to ROC Holdings in exchange for ROC Rights and shares of ROC Common Stock issued to it in connection with a private placement at a purchase price of $10.00 per share, (vi) 1,761,570 shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of certain outstanding Options, having an exercise price of $3.72 per share, held by certain of the Selling Stockholders, (vii) 125,000 shares of Common Stock held by Alberto Pontonio (an affiliate of ROC Holdings), which were issued at a purchase price of $0.006 per share and (viii) 16,913,116 shares of Common Stock issued in connection with the Business Combination at an implied equity consideration value of $10.10 per share. The shares of Common Stock being offered for resale pursuant to this prospectus by the Selling Stockholders represent the large majority (approximately 85.6%) of the shares of Common Stock outstanding as of August 30, 2023 (assuming the issuance of all 1,761,570 shares of Common Stock subject to Options covered by this prospectus). As a result, significant near-term resale of shares of the Common Stock pursuant to this prospectus could have a significant, negative impact on the trading price of the Common Stock since the number of shares of Common Stock that the Selling Stockholders can sell into the public markets pursuant to this prospectus would constitute a considerable increase to our current public float. This impact may be heightened by the fact that certain of the Selling Stockholders purchased shares of the Common Stock at prices that are well below the current trading price of the Common Stock. See “ – The Selling Stockholders purchased the shares covered by this prospectus at different prices, some significantly below the current trading price of the shares, and may therefore make substantial profits upon resales even if the current trading price of the Common Stock is at or significantly below the price at which the units were issued in the ROC IPO.” and “ – Certain Selling Stockholders can earn a positive return on their investment, even if other stockholders experience a negative rate of return on their investment in DTIC.”

We may issue additional shares of Common Stock or other equity securities without your approval, which would dilute your ownership interests and may depress the market price of your shares.

We may issue additional shares of Common Stock or other equity securities of equal or senior rank in the future in connection with, among other things, future acquisitions or repayment of outstanding indebtedness, without Stockholder approval, in a number of circumstances. The issuance of additional shares or other equity securities of equal or senior rank could have the following effects:

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We have access to a significant amount of cash and our management has broad discretion over the use of that cash. Our management may use the cash in ways that our Stockholders may not approve.

We have broad discretion over the use of our cash and cash equivalents. You may not agree with our use of such cash and cash equivalents. Our failure to apply these resources effectively could compromise our ability to pursue our growth strategy and we might not be able to yield a significant return, if any, on our investment of these assets. You will not have the opportunity to influence directly our decisions on how to use our cash resources.

Because there are no current plans to pay cash dividends on the Common Stock for the foreseeable future, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell the Common Stock at a price greater than what you paid for it.

We may retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and there are no current plans to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made by the Board and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness DTIC or its subsidiaries incur. As a result, you may not receive any return on an investment in Common Stock unless you sell your shares of Common Stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

DTIC’s sole material asset is its direct equity interest in DTIH and, accordingly, it is dependent upon distributions from DTIH to pay taxes and cover its corporate and other overhead expenses and pay dividends, if any, on the Common Stock.

DTIC is a holding company and has no material assets other than its direct equity interest in DTIH. We have no independent means of generating revenue. To the extent DTIH has available cash, DTIC will cause DTIH to make distributions of cash to pay taxes, cover its corporate and other overhead expenses and pay dividends, if any, on the Common Stock. To the extent that DTIC needs funds and DTIH’s operating subsidiaries fail to generate sufficient cash flow to distribute funds to DTIC or is restricted from making such distributions or payments under applicable law or regulation or under the terms of DTIC’s financing arrangements, or is otherwise unable to provide such funds, DTIC’s liquidity and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Nasdaq may delist the Common Stock from trading, which could limit investors’ ability to execute transactions in the Common Stock and subject us to additional trading restrictions.

We cannot assure you that the Common Stock will continue to be listed on Nasdaq. If Nasdaq delists the Common Stock from trading and we are unable to list the Common Stock on another national securities exchange, we expect the Common Stock could be quoted on an over-the-counter market. If this were to occur, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

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The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, which is a federal statute, prevents or preempts the states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as “covered securities.” Because the Common Stock is listed on Nasdaq, the Common Stock qualifies as a covered security. Although the states are preempted from regulating the sale of the Common Stock, the federal statute does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar the sale of covered securities in a particular case. Further, if we were no longer listed on Nasdaq, shares of Common Stock would not be covered securities and we would be subject to regulation in each state in which we offer the Common Stock.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding the Common Stock adversely, the price and trading volume of the Common Stock could decline.

The trading market for the Common Stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If any of the analysts who cover us change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of the Common Stock would likely decline. If an analyst that covers us ceases its coverage or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the applicable rules of Nasdaq and, as a result, qualify for exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. If we rely on these exemptions, our Stockholders will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.

HHEP controls more than 50% of the voting power for the election of the Board. Accordingly, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq rules. A “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirements to have:

While we do not currently rely on these exemptions, we may take advantage of these exemptions in the future. As a result, our Stockholders may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

All of the shares of Common Stock offered by the Selling Stockholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Stockholders for their respective accounts. We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales.

The Selling Stockholders will pay any underwriting discounts or selling commissions attributable to the securities covered by this prospectus. We will bear the costs and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of the securities covered by this prospectus, including, but not limited to, all registration and filing fees, fees and expenses of compliance with securities or “blue sky” laws, printing expenses, our internal expenses (including all salaries and expenses of our officers and employees), the fees and expenses incurred in connection with listing the shares of Common Stock on Nasdaq, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority fees, and fees and disbursements of our counsel and for our independent certified public accountants.

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MARKET INFORMATION AND DIVIDEND POLICY

Market Information

The Common Stock is listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “DTI”. On August 29, 2023, the closing price of the Common Stock was $4.02 per share. As of August 28, 2023, there were approximately 31 holders of record of Common Stock. Such number does not include beneficial owners holding shares of the Common Stock through nominees.

Dividend Policy

Neither ROC nor we have paid any cash dividends on the ROC Common Stock or the Common Stock, respectively. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Our ability to pay dividends on the Common Stock could be restricted by the terms of the Credit Facility Agreement or the terms of any agreement governing other indebtedness we may incur. Any future determination to declare cash dividends will be made at the discretion of the Board, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, general business conditions and other factors that the Board may deem relevant.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The 2023 Plan was approved at the June 1, 2023 special meeting of ROC stockholders held, in part, to ask such stockholders to vote on a proposal to approve the Business Combination (the “ROC Special Meeting”). In accordance with the 2023 Plan, we have reserved approximately 2,976,857 shares of Common Stock for issuance pursuant to awards under the 2023 Plan. See “Executive Compensation.”

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BUSINESS

Our Company

We are a leading OSC, based on the percentage of active rigs to which we supply tools in the geographies in which we are active, that rents downhole drilling tools used in horizontal and directional drilling of oil and natural gas. We operate from 18 locations in North America and four locations in Europe and the Middle East, and maintain a large fleet of rental equipment consisting of drill collars, stabilizers, crossover subs, wellbore conditioning tools, drill pipe, hevi-wate drill pipe and tubing. We also rent surface control equipment such as blowout preventers and handling tools, and provide downhole products for producing wells.

Drilling and producing oil and gas is a complex endeavor that requires tools of various shapes and sizes. Many of our customers rent these tools, as opposed to owning them, because of the many factors that affect which tools are needed for a specific task. Such factors include different formations, drilling methodologies, drilling engineer preferences, drilling depth and hole size. We believe that we are successful because we meet our customers’ wide demands by operating from multiple locations with over 65,000 tools in our fleet.

We are led by an accomplished management team that has significant experience in the oil and gas industry and has worked together for much of the last decade. Since 2012, we have grown the business and strengthened our standing in the industry. Specifically, we have:

Our Operating Activities

Our operating activities are divided into four divisions:

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Our Industry

The Role of Rental Tool Companies in the Production of Oil and Gas

Wellbore construction is a critical stage in the production of oil and gas. Wellbore construction is comprised of drilling the wellbore, logging the target producing formation to determine if commercial amounts of hydrocarbons exist, installing casing, cementing casing and performing completion procedures to prepare the well for production. Even after wellbore construction is complete, production products and services are needed over the well’s full life cycle.

Oil and gas companies typically hire a drilling contractor with an appropriate drilling rig to begin wellbore construction. However, drilling contractors generally do not have all the necessary tools to complete the project, and instead focus their business on the rig and its main components and rarely rent tools on behalf of oil and gas operators. Instead, oil and gas companies prefer to procure the products and services involved in drilling and subsequent procedures on a temporary basis from entities operating in the OFS industry. This enables them to obtain the best quality, service, and pricing value directly from the service and equipment suppliers. As a result, upon completion of the well, the oil and gas operator does not hold assets that it no longer needs.

The tools provided by rental tool companies vary from select bottom hole assembly components, drill string tools, pressure control devices and a wide variety of specialty items. Rental tool companies purchase assets and rent them to their oil and gas operator customers, who in turn use these tools to complete their respective projects. Rental tool companies typically charge daily rental fees, but fees also can be structured as hourly,

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footage, weekly, or monthly charges. Rental tool companies also bill customers for repair charges if tools are damaged beyond normal wear and tear. In addition, if the tools are lost in the well, or damaged beyond repair, the customer is charged a replacement fee. Rental tool companies’ ability to charge such fees are particularly important in light of the acceleration of drilling rates, as such acceleration has led to an increase in the number of damaged or lost-in-hole tools. We believe that this commercial arrangement has been standard practice in the industry for over 70 years. Given the cyclical nature of the oil and gas industry, commercial terms will be more favorable to rental tool companies when oil and gas industry activity is higher.

Oil and Gas Drilling Activity

Rental tool companies’ financial and operating results are tied to the level of oil and gas drilling activity in their respective regions of operation, which, in our case, are generally the United States and Canada. Historically, the level of activity was measured by the number of active drilling rigs. As of December 31, 2022, there were 779 rigs drilling in the United States and 189 rigs drilling in Canada. These figures have increased by 518 rigs, or 198%, in the United States since the low in the third quarter of 2020 and by 165 rigs, or 687%, in Canada since the low in the second quarter of 2020. However, these rig counts are down substantially from 2014 highs of 1,903 rigs in the United States and 548 rigs in Canada.

Drilling rigs now operate faster than ever before. As a result, a rig can now accomplish more than one could have in the past. Accordingly, we believe that well count and feet drilled are better indicators of the level of oil and gas drilling activity.

Our Strategy

We intend to (i) maximize the profitability of our core rental tool business, (ii) commercialize new high-value rental tools that make the drilling process more efficient (iii) extend our reach into other segments of a well’s lifecycle, such as completion and production and (iv) expand geographically. We intend to execute our strategy through the following:

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Our Competitive Strengths

To implement the strategies discussed above, we plan to leverage the following competitive strengths:

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Customers

Our customer base is comprised of: (i) diversified OSCs such as SLB (formerly Schlumberger), Baker Hughes, Phoenix Energy and Halliburton (accounting for approximately 54.1% of 2022 revenue); (ii) E&P operators such as Occidental Petroleum, EOG, ConocoPhillips and Pioneer Energy (accounting for approximately 42.7% of 2022 revenue); and (iii) oil and gas equipment manufacturers such as National Oilwell Varco and Liberty Lift (accounting for approximately 3.2% of 2022 revenue). In 2022, 28% of our total revenue was earned from our two largest customers.

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Conducting business with top tier customers requires world class service quality, safety and auditable work processes. These operating requirements are contained in MSAs with our clients. Obtaining MSAs can be difficult and time-consuming. We believe this creates a barrier to entry for smaller, less competent providers and provides us an industry advantage.

Employees and Employee Safety

We have 390 employees and contractors, all of whom were full-time. Our workforce includes over 25 sales professionals who are divided between city-sales and field-sales teams. Keeping our workforce safe and healthy is a key priority, and management is committed to ensuring our employees return home safely after each shift. In 2018, we implemented “Safety Now,” a rigorous safety program that is part of DTI’s Safe, Inspired, Productive incentive program (“SIP”). SIP has helped reduce our total recordable incident rate from 2.3 in 2018 to 1.2 in 2022, which is significantly better than the industry average. The success of SIP is necessary for us to do business with many of our customers, including SLB, Baker Hughes, Occidental and EOG.

Properties

We operate from 18 locations in North America and four locations in Europe and the Middle East, as shown below:

Government Regulation and Environmental, Health and Safety Measures

Our business is significantly affected by federal, state and local laws and other regulations. These regulations primarily impact the operation of our facilities. The laws and regulations relate to, among other things:

Our internal environmental group monitors our compliance with applicable laws and regulations. We also engage third parties to review our compliance with such.

We cannot predict the level of enforcement of existing laws and regulations or how such laws and regulations may be interpreted by enforcement agencies or court rulings in the future. We also cannot predict whether additional laws and regulations will be adopted, including changes in regulatory oversight, increase of federal, state or local taxes, increase of inspection costs, or the effect such changes may have on us, our business or our financial condition.

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Competition

We believe that there are a limited number of competitors in the oil and gas drilling rental tools industry. Of those, most are local and regional players, and we believe only one competitor is of appreciable scale. We believe that we enjoy a competitive advantage with respect to these competitors due to our large relevant tool inventory, strong management team and significant scale.

Corporate Information

Our operations date to the founding of Directional Rentals, Inc. in 1984. Its name was changed to “Drilling Tools International, Inc.” in 2014, and it is a wholly owned subsidiary of DTIH. As a result of the Business Combination, DTIH became a wholly owned subsidiary of ROC. In connection with the Business Combination, ROC changed its name to “Drilling Tools International Corporation”. See “Introductory Note.”

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations with our unaudited consolidated financial statements as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (the “Interim Financial Statements”) and our audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (the “Annual Financial Statements”), together with the related notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus. The discussion and the analysis should also be read together with the information set forth in the section entitled “Business.” The following discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” or in other parts of this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.

Overview

We are a leading OSC, based on the percentage of active rigs to which we supply tools in the geographies in which we are active, that rents downhole drilling tools used in horizontal and directional drilling of oil and natural gas. We operate from 18 locations in North America and four locations in Europe and the Middle East and maintain a large fleet of rental equipment consisting of drill collars, stabilizers, crossover subs, wellbore conditioning tools, drill pipe, hevi-wate drill pipe and tubing. We also rent surface control equipment such as blowout preventers and handling tools and provide downhole products for producing wells.

Our business model primarily centers on revenue generated from tool rentals and product sales. We generated revenue from total tool rentals and product sales of $37.9 million and $30.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and had net income of $0.9 million and $5.9 million for those same periods. Additionally, we generated revenue from tool rentals and product sales of $78.7 million and $56.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and had net income of $6.6 million and $7.3 million for those same periods, respectively. Moreover, we generated revenue from tool rentals and product sales of $129.6 million and $77.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and had net income of $21.1 million and $2.1 million for those same years, respectively. We have incurred significant operating losses since inception. As of June 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $7.2 million, and an accumulated deficit of $14.4 million.

We believe our future financial performance will be driven by continued investment in oil and gas drilling following years of industry underinvestment.

Market Factors

Demand for our services and products depends primarily upon the general level of activity in the oil and gas industry, including the number of active drilling rigs, the number of wells drilled, the depth and working pressure of these wells, the number of well completions, the level of well remediation activity, the volume of production and the corresponding capital spending by oil and natural gas companies. Oil and gas activity is in turn heavily influenced by, among other factors, investor sentiment, availability of capital and oil and gas prices locally and worldwide, which have historically been volatile.

Our tool rental revenues are primarily dependent on drilling activity and our ability to gain or maintain market share with a sustainable pricing model.

Our product sales revenues are primarily dependent on oil & gas companies paying for tools that are lost or damaged in their drilling programs as well as the drilling contractors need to replace aging or consumable products and our ability to provide competitive pricing.

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All of these factors may be influenced by the oil and gas region in which our customers are operating. While these factors may lead to differing revenues, we have generally been able to forecast our product needs and anticipated revenue levels based on historic trends in a given region and with a specific customer.

Recent Developments and Trends

Industry Update

In 2020 and early 2021, demand for oil significantly declined as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors. Oil prices have since increased due in part to an increase in demand and measured production increases by OPEC+ members. However, prices remained volatile through 2022. In the first half of 2022, West Texas Intermediate (“WTI”) oil prices and volatility thereof increased dramatically, in large part due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Russia has since been subject to a host of sanctions, some of which limit its ability to export crude oil and other petroleum products. The anticipated impact on supply drove WTI oil prices above $106 per barrel in June 2022.

By the end of December 2022, WTI oil prices declined to approximately $80 per barrel due in part to high inflation rates and fears of a global recession that could negatively impact oil demand. WTI oil prices declined further during the first quarter of 2023, reaching a low of $67 per barrel in the middle of March, following turmoil in the banking sector, which escalated fears of a global recession and a concomitant decline in oil demand. However, in April 2023, WTI oil prices returned to the low-$80s per barrel range, due in part to OPEC+’s decision to further cut production by approximately 1.2 million barrels per day. This production cut was effective as of May 2023 and is expected to continue through the end of the year. As of June 30, 2023, the WTI oil price was approximately $71 per barrel.

Despite the high volatility in spot oil prices described above, our customers tend to be more focused on medium-term and long-term commodity prices when making investment decisions due to the longer lead times for offshore projects. These forward prices experienced far less volatility in 2022 and the first half of 2023 and have maintained levels which are highly constructive for offshore project demand.

Prices for natural gas have declined throughout the second quarter of 2023 in the United States due to several factors including a decrease in demand for heating due to a warmer winter in the first quarter, leading to increased inventory and eased pricing in the second quarter, ample natural gas supply, and turmoil in the banking sector that has weighed on commodities. Henry Hub natural gas spot prices have decreased from an average of $7.70 per one million British Thermal Units (“MMBtu”) in June 2022 to $5.53 per MMBtu for December 2022 and $2.18 per MMBtu in June 2023.

The ongoing conflict in Ukraine has caused uncertainty in the oil and natural gas markets, and the financial markets, both globally and in the United States. Such uncertainty already has and could continue to cause stock price volatility and supply chain disruptions as well as higher oil and natural gas prices. These could result in higher inflation worldwide, impact consumer spending and negatively impact demand for our goods and services. Moreover, additional interest rate increases by the U.S. Federal Reserve to combat inflation could further increase the probability of a recession.

Notwithstanding the significant commodity price volatility over the past several years, we have seen increases in United States onshore drilling activity. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the weekly average U.S. onshore rig count as reported by Baker Hughes was 719 and 740 rigs, respectively, compared to 716 and 678 rigs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. Current rig activity remains significantly reduced from 2019 levels when the weekly average rig count for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was 989 and 1016, respectively. However, notwithstanding the impact of longer laterals, improved rig efficiencies have partially offset the impact of this reduction.

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Inflation and Increased Costs

We are experiencing the impacts of global inflation, both in increased personnel costs and the prices of goods and services required to operate our rigs and execute capital projects. While we are currently unable to estimate the ultimate impact of rising prices, we do expect that our costs will continue to rise in the near term and will impact our profitability. To date, we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact to our financial condition or results of operations because we have been able to increase the prices we receive from our customers.

How We Evaluate Our Operations

We use a number of financial and operational measures to routinely analyze and evaluate the performance of our business, including revenue, net and non-GAAP measures Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow.

Revenue, net

We analyze our performance by comparing actual monthly revenue to revenue trends and revenue forecasts by product line as well as tool activity trends for each month. Our revenue is primarily derived from tool rental and product sales.

Adjusted EBITDA

We regularly evaluate our financial performance using Adjusted EBITDA. Our management believes Adjusted EBITDA is a useful financial performance measure as it excludes non-cash charges and other transactions not related to our core operating activities and allows more meaningful analysis of the trends and performance of our core operations.

Free Cash Flow

We define Free Cash Flow as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, reduced by purchases of property, plant and equipment. Free Cash Flow is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure that is used by our management and other external users of our financial statements, such as industry analysts, investors, lenders, rating agencies and others to assess our ability to internally fund our capital program, service or incur additional debt and to pay dividends. We believe Free Cash Flow is a useful liquidity measure because it allows us and others to compare cash flow provided by operating activities across periods and to assess our ability to internally fund our capital program, fund acquisitions and pay dividends to our stockholders whereas applicable.

Please refer to the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net (loss) income, the most directly comparable financial performance measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP and a reconciliation of free cash flow to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, the most directly comparable liquidity measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.

Key Components of Results of Operations

The discussion below relating to significant line items from our interim unaudited consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income are based on available information and represent our analysis of significant changes or events that impact the comparability of the reported amount. Where appropriate, we have identified specific events and changes that affect comparability or trends and, where reasonably practicable, we have quantified the impact of such items.

Revenue, net

We currently generate our revenue, net from tool rental services and product sales. Tool rental services consist of rental services, inspection services, and repair services is accounted for under Topic 842. We recognize

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revenues from renting tools on a straight-line basis. Our rental contract periods are daily, monthly, per well, or based on footage. As part of this straight-line methodology, when the equipment is returned, we recognize as incremental revenue the excess, if any, between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay, which is based on the rental contract period applicable to the actual number of days the drilling tool was out on rent, over the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date.

The rental tool recovery component of product sales revenue is recognized when a tool is deemed to be lost-in-hole, damaged-beyond-repair, or lost-in-transit while in the care, custody, or control of the customer. Other made to order product sales revenue is recognized when the product is made available to the customer for pickup at our shipping dock.

We expect our tool rental services revenue to increase over time as a function of an increase in drilling activity and customer pricing.

We expect our product sales revenue to increase over time as a function of oil & gas companies drilling faster and harder thereby pushing the limits of downhole drilling tools and often contributing to tools being lost-in-hole or damaged-beyond-repair. In addition, product sales revenue should increase as drilling contractors replace aged and consumable products to maintain or increase capacity.

Costs and Expenses

Our costs and expenses consist of cost of revenue, selling, general, administrative expense, and depreciation and amortization expense.

Cost of Revenue

Our cost of revenue consist primarily of all direct and indirect expenses related to providing our tool rental services offering and delivering our product sales, including personnel-related expenses and costs associated with maintaining the facilities.

We expect our total cost of tool rental revenue and our total cost of product sale revenue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods, corresponding to our anticipated growth in revenue and employee headcount to support our customers and to maintain the manufacturing, operations and field service team with some expected cost inflation.

We expect that gross margins will continue to improve slightly as we leverage our existing cost structure to support an increase in our business activity. In addition, we expect that customer price increases will help offset cost inflation.

Selling, General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation for personnel and outside professional services expenses including legal, audit and accounting services, insurance, other administrative expenses and allocated facility costs for our administrative functions.

We expect our operating expenses to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future as a result of operating as a public company. In particular, we expect our legal, accounting, tax, personnel-related expenses and directors’ and officers’ insurance costs reported within general and administrative expense to increase as we establish more comprehensive compliance and governance functions, increased security and IT compliance, review internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, and prepare and distribute periodic reports as required by the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. As a result, our historical results of operations may not be indicative of our results of operations in future periods.

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Selling expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation for personnel, direct advertising, marketing and promotional material costs, sales commission expense, consulting fees and allocated facility costs for our sales and marketing functions.

We intend to increase investments in our sales and marketing organization to drive additional revenue, expand our global customer base, and broaden our brand awareness. We expect our sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future.

Depreciation and amortization expense

Depreciation and amortization expense relates to the consumption of our property and equipment, which consists of rental tools, shop equipment, computer equipment, furniture and fixtures and leasehold improvements, and the amortization of our intangible assets mainly related to customer relationships, software and partnerships.

Other income (expense), net

Our other income (expense), net is primarily comprised of interest income (expense), gain on sale of property, unrealized gain (loss) on securities, and other miscellaneous income and expense unrelated to our core operations.

Results of Operations

The following table set forth our results of operations for the periods presented (in thousands):

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Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

Revenue, net

Our revenue, net consists of tool rental and product sale revenues.

Tool rental revenue increased $6.0 million, or 26%, to $29.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $23.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by increased market activity and customer pricing across all divisions, especially in relation to our Directional Tool Rentals (“DTR”) division, the revenue of which increased $6.1 million.

Product sale revenue increased $1.6 million, or 21%, to $8.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $7.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by increased market activity and customer pricing across all divisions. The increase was primarily driven by market activity due to customer behavior, especially in relation to our rental tool recovery sales revenue. Increased demand has led our customers to increase the speed of operations, resulting in additional fees collected on tool recovery for rental equipment that is non-recoverable or damaged.

Costs and Expenses

Cost of revenue

Our cost of revenue consists of cost of tool rental revenue and cost of product sale revenue.

Cost of tool rental revenue increased $1.0 million, or 15%, to $7.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $6.7 million for the for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in cost of tool rental revenue was primarily driven by increased directional tool rental activity year-over-year. The primary increase was to our DTR division, the cost of tool rental revenue of which increased $1.1 million. This was partially offset by a $0.1 million combined decrease in our Premium Tools (“PT”) and Drill-N-Ream divisions.

Cost of product sale revenue decreased $0.1 million, or 8%, to $1.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $1.3 million for the for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease in cost of product sale revenue was primarily driven by a decrease in cost of lost-in-hole revenue of $0.1 million.

Selling, General, Administrative

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Selling, general, and administrative expenses increased $8.2 million, or 87%, to $17.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $9.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. This increase was primarily driven by a:

No other driver of this increase was individually significant.

Depreciation and Amortization expense

Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $0.2 million, or 3%, to $4.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $4.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due a decrease in depreciation expense resulting from assets reaching the end of their depreciable lives and a decrease in amortization expense as certain intangible assets reached the end of their useful lives.

Other (expense) income

Interest Expense, net

Interest expense increased $0.1 million, or 63%, to $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $0.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 primarily due to the change in unrealized gain on the interest rate swap.

Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Equity Securities

Unrealized gain on equity securities increased by $0.5 million, or 583%, to $0.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to ($0.1) million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 primarily due to favorable market conditions in 2023 as compared to 2022.

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Other Expense, net

Other expense for the three months ended June 30, 2023 was $4.4 million, an increase of $4.4 million, or 18952%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to transaction costs and accelerated stock-based compensation expense as a result of the Business Combination of $4.2 million with no comparable activity in the first quarter of 2022.

Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

Revenue, net

Our revenue, net consists of tool rental and product sale revenues.

Tool rental revenue increased $17.8 million, or 41%, to $61.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $43.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by increased market activity and customer pricing across all divisions, especially in relation to our DTR division, the revenue of which increased $12.2 million and our PT division, the revenue of which increased $5.9 million.

Product sale revenue increased $4.5 million, or 35%, to $17.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $12.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by increased market activity and customer pricing across all divisions, which collectively increased other products and services by $1.7 million. The increased market activity and customer pricing also impacted our rental tool recovery sales revenue, which collectively increased $2.8 million.

Costs and Expenses

Cost of revenue

Our cost of revenue consists of cost of tool rental revenue and cost of product sale revenue.

Cost of tool rental revenue increased $2.8 million, or 22%, to $15.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $13.0 million for the for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in cost of tool rental revenue was primarily driven by increased directional tool rental activity year-over-year. The primary increases were for our DTR division, the cost of tool rental revenue of which increased $2.4 million, and our PT division, the cost of tool rental revenue of which increased $0.5 million.

Cost of product sale revenue increased $47 thousand, or 2%, to $2.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $2.4 million for the for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in cost of product sale revenue was primarily driven by an increase in product sales year-over-year.

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Selling, General, Administrative

Selling, general, and administrative expenses increased $12.7 million, or 59%, to $34.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $21.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. This increase was primarily driven by a:

No other driver of this increase was individually significant.

Depreciation and Amortization expense

Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $0.2 million, or 2%, to $9.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $10.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due a decrease in depreciation expense resulting from assets reaching the end of their depreciable lives and a decrease in amortization expense as certain intangible assets reached the end of their useful lives.

Other (expense) income

Interest Income (Expense), net

For the six months ended June 30, 2023 we had interest expense of $0.9 million as compared to interest income of $4 thousand for the six months ended June 30, 2022. This change of $0.9 million or 23150% was primarily due to the change in unrealized gain on the interest rate swap.

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Gain on Sale of Property

Gain on the sale of property increased $0.1 million, or 1260%, to $68 thousand for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $5 thousand for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The immaterial increase is driven by a decrease in the selling price of the property sold compared to its net book value.

Unrealized Gain on Equity Securities

Unrealized gain on equity securities increased by $0.1 million, or 20%, to $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $0.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 primarily due to favorable market conditions in 2023 as compared to 2022.

Other Expense

Other expense for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $6.0 million, an increase of $5.9 million, or 6253%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to $5.8 million of transaction fees and accelerated stock-based compensation expense that incurred with the Business Combination for which we had no comparative activity during the six months ended June 30, 2022.

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Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

The following table set forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Revenue, net

Our revenue, net consists of tool rental and product sale revenues.

Tool rental revenue increased $39.7 million, or 67%, to $99.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $59.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily driven by increased market activity and customer pricing across all divisions, especially in relation to our DTR, the revenue of which increased $23.0 million, our PTD division, the revenue of which increased $10.9 million, and our WOT division, the revenue of which increased by $6.7 million. The increases were partially offset by a decrease in the Engineering Services & New Products division of $0.9 million.

Product sale revenue increased $12.4 million, or 69%, to $30.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $18.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily driven by increased market activity and customer pricing across all divisions. The increased market activity and customer pricing also impacted our rental tool recovery sales revenue, which collectively increased $10.6 million.

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Costs and Expenses

Cost of Revenue

Our cost of revenue consists of cost of tool rental revenue and cost of product sale revenue.

Cost of tool rental revenue increased $7.7 million, or 38%, to $27.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $19.9 million for the for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in cost of tool rental revenue was primarily driven by increased directional tool rental activity year-over-year. The primary increases were for our DTR division, the cost of tool rental revenue of which increased $5.1 million, and our PTD division, the cost of tool rental revenue of which increased $2.6 million. Partially offsetting the increase in cost of tool rental revenue was a decrease in inventory obsolescence write-offs of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

Cost of product sale revenue increased $1.7 million, or 47%, to $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $3.7 million for the for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in cost of product sale revenue was primarily driven by an increase in product sales year-over-year.

Selling, General, and Administrative

Selling, general, and administrative expenses increased 13.3 million, or 35%, to $51.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $38.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase was primarily driven by a:

No other driver of this increase was individually significant.

These increases were partially offset by $4.3 million related to ERC Benefits we qualified for during the year ended December 31, 2022 related to the COVID-19 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act. These ERC Benefits were included in selling, general, administrative expense as an offset to the related compensation expenses.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

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Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $2.0 million, or 9%, to $19.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $21.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily due a decrease in depreciation expense resulting from assets reaching the end of their depreciable lives and a decrease in amortization expense as certain intangible assets reached the end of their useful lives.

Other (expense) income

Interest Expense

Interest expense decreased $0.7 million, or 61%, to $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to the change in unrealized gain on the interest rate swap.

Gain on Forgiveness of Paycheck Protection Plan (“PPP”) Loan

Gain on forgiveness of PPP loan for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0, a decrease of $8.6 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The forgiveness of the PPP loan was granted by the Small Business Association on July 29, 2021 and December 30, 2021, which collectively resulted in a gain of $8.6 million.

Gain on Sale of Property

Gain on the sale of property decreased $0.8 million, or 86%, to $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease is driven by a decrease in the selling price of the property sold compared to its net book value.

Unrealized Gain on Equity Securities

Unrealized gain on equity securities increased by $0.1 million, or 49%, to $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to favorable market conditions in 2022 as compared to 2021.

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Other Expense

Other expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0.4 million, an increase of $0.2 million, or 65%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to increased foreign currency losses and fewer collections of bad debt for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. This is partially offset by a decrease in miscellaneous costs associated with the sale of property for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements, which are prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, we use certain non-GAAP financial measures, as described below, to understand and evaluate our core operating performance. These non-GAAP financial measures, which may be different than similarly titled measures used by other companies, are presented to enhance investors’ overall understanding of our financial performance and should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP.

We use the non-GAAP financial measure Free Cash Flow, which is defined as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, reduced by purchases of property, plant and equipment. We believe Free Cash Flow is an important liquidity measure of the cash that is available, after capital expenditures, for operational expenses and investment in our business and is a key financial indicator used by management. Free Cash Flow is useful to investors as a liquidity measure because it measures our ability to generate or use cash. Once our business needs and obligations are met, cash can be used to maintain a strong balance sheet and invest in future growth.

We use the non-GAAP financial measure Adjusted EBITDA, which is defined as net income (loss); excluding interest income; interest expense; other income (expense), net; income tax benefit (expense); depreciation and amortization; and certain other non-cash or non-recurring items impacting net income (loss) from time to time. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA helps identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be masked by the effect of the expenses that we exclude in Adjusted EBITDA.

These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as substitutes for, financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. There are a number of limitations related to the use of these non-GAAP financial measures compared to the closest comparable GAAP measure. Some of these limitations are that:

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The following table presents a reconciliation of Free Cash Flow to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, and the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

The following tables present a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, and the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (non-recurring transaction expenses recorded to other (income) expense are presented separately within Adjusted EBITDA):