MILAN—Italian lender Mediobanca SpA is gearing up to seize business opportunities in Iran since a landmark nuclear deal struck with the U.S. and other world powers is likely to prompt the lifting of economic sanctions against the middle eastern country.

"There are very interesting opportunities in a country in which every sector is bound to grow," said Chief Executive Alberto Nagel. "We are very determined in grabbing these opportunities, but it will all depend on external variables."

Mr. Nagel's comments come as the bank posted an 80% increase in net profit for its fiscal fourth quarter to €124.2 million, helped by higher net interest income and sharply lower provisions for bad loans.

Revenue for the quarter dropped to €529.8 million from €551 million. For the fiscal year 2014-2015 revenue rose to €2.04 billion, from €1.82 billion. It was the best result in the Mediobanca's history, the lender said. Net profit for the fiscal year rose 27% to €590 million.

Together with the Italian Ministry of economic development and export credit company SACE, the bank signed an agreement on Tuesday with Iran's Ministry of Economy and Finance and Central Bank aimed at developing economic and trade relations between Italy and Iran.

The Italian-Iranian agreement follows a historic deal reached between Iran and a six-nation negotiating bloc three weeks ago which strictly limits Tehran's nuclear activity for at least a decade in exchange for lifting billions of dollars in economic sanctions.

Mediobanca started to work in Iran 60 years ago, lending to Iranian state-owned banks and supporting Italian companies doing business in the Islamic Republic.

The Italian lender aims to play a role in the privatization of Iran's state-owned companies, in foreign investments into Iranian strategic sectors such as oil and finance, as well as developing its lending and debt capital markets business with the Iranian state and private sectors.

SACE estimated that removing sanctions may generate Italian exports to Iran between 2015 and 2018 worth €3 billion, primarily in the mechanical engineering, oil and gas and transport sectors.

Mediobanca also said it has agreed to buy a 51% stake in London-based credit manager Cairn Capital Group Ltd from Royal Bank of Scotland and other institutional investors. As part of the deal, it will have the option to buy all or part of the remaining stake in Cairn, now held mainly by its management and staff.

The bank didn't say how much it paid for Cairn, but Mr. Nagel said it would barely impact its Common Equity Tier 1 ratio—a measure of the bank's capital strength, which for Mediobanca was 12% at the end of the fiscal year.

The acquisition is part of a strategic plan the bank launched two years ago aimed at focusing more on retail and investment banking, on less capital-absorbing activities and on shedding its vast portfolio of stakes in pre-eminent Italian companies, while expanding its business outside of Italy.

Mr. Nagel said that Cairn Capital will contribute around 8% of the bank's commission income. Mediobanca plans to buy more businesses like Cairn, he said.

Net interest income for the quarter rose to €303 million from €278 million a year earlier, helped by a lower cost of funding.

Provisions for bad loans declined 34% to €123 million for the quarter, while net fees and commissions income dropped 26% to €111 million.

The bank proposed a divided payment for the fiscal year 2014-2015 of €0.25 a share, up 67% from the previous fiscal year.

Write to Giovanni Legorano at giovanni.legorano@wsj.com

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