BTTX Better Therapeutics Inc

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be issued until the registration statement filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and does not constitute the solicitation of an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED DECEMBER 13, 2023

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

Up to 20,000,000 Shares of Common Stock

This prospectus relates to the potential offer and sale from time to time by Chardan Capital Markets LLC (“Chardan” or the “Selling Securityholder”) of up to 20,000,000 shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”), that have been or may be issued by us to Chardan pursuant to a ChEF Purchase Agreement, dated as of December 13, 2023 (the “Signing Date”), by and between us and Chardan (the “Purchase Agreement”) establishing a committed equity facility (the “Facility”). Such shares of our Common Stock that we may elect, in our sole discretion, to issue and sell to Chardan from time to time under the Purchase Agreement are referred to herein as the “Purchase Shares”. The actual number of shares of our Common Stock issuable will vary depending on the then current market price of shares of our Common Stock sold to Chardan under the Facility, but will not exceed the number set forth in the preceding sentence unless we file an additional registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). See “The Committed Equity Financing” for a description of the Purchase Agreement and the Facility and “Selling Securityholder” for additional information regarding Chardan and “Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of Interest)” for a description of compensation payable to Chardan.

We are not selling any securities under this prospectus and will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of the shares of our Common Stock by Chardan. We may receive up to $50.0 million in aggregate gross proceeds from Chardan under the Purchase Agreement in connection with sales of the shares of our Common Stock to Chardan pursuant to the Purchase Agreement after the date of this prospectus. However, the actual proceeds from Chardan may be less than this amount depending on the number of shares of our Common Stock sold and the price at which the shares of our Common Stock are sold. In connection with the execution of the Purchase Agreement, we agreed to pay Chardan a commitment fee in an aggregate amount of $150,000 (the “Commitment Fee”) as consideration for its execution and delivery of the Purchase Agreement on the Signing Date.

This prospectus provides you with a general description of such securities and the general manner in which Chardan may offer or sell the securities. More specific terms of any securities that Chardan may offer or sell may be provided in a prospectus supplement that describes, among other things, the specific amounts and prices of the securities being offered and the terms of the offering. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus.

Chardan may offer, sell or distribute all or a portion of the shares of our Common Stock acquired under the Purchase Agreement and hereby registered publicly or through private transactions at prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. We will bear all costs, expenses and fees in connection with the registration of the shares of our Common Stock, including with regard to compliance with state securities or “blue sky” laws. The timing and amount of any sales are within the sole discretion of Chardan. Chardan is an underwriter under the Securities Act, and any profit on the sale of shares of our Common Stock by Chardan and any discounts, commissions or concessions received by Chardan may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. Although Chardan is obligated to purchase shares of our Common Stock under the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations of the Purchase Agreement to the extent we choose to sell such shares of our Common Stock to it (subject to certain conditions), there can be no assurances that we will choose to sell any shares of our Common Stock to Chardan or that Chardan will sell any or all of the shares of our Common Stock, if any, purchased under the Purchase Agreement pursuant to this prospectus. Chardan will bear all commissions and discounts, if any, attributable to its sale of shares of our Common Stock. See “Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of Interest).”

You should read this prospectus and any prospectus supplement or amendment carefully before you invest in our securities.

Our Common Stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “BTTX”. On December 12, 2023, the last quoted sale price for the shares of our Common Stock as reported on Nasdaq was $0.2091 per share.

We are an “emerging growth company” under applicable federal securities laws and will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before buying any securities, you should carefully read the discussion of the risks of investing in our securities in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 14 of this prospectus.

Neither the SEC nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of the securities to be issued under this prospectus or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is                 , 2023.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-1 that we filed with the SEC using the “shelf” registration process. Under the shelf registration process, the Selling Securityholder may, from time to time, sell the securities offered by it described in this prospectus. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale by such Selling Securityholder of the securities offered by it described in this prospectus.

Neither we nor the Selling Securityholder has authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement or any free writing prospectuses prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. Neither we nor the Selling Securityholder takes responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. Neither we nor the Selling Securityholder will make an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where such offer or sale is not permitted. No dealer, salesperson or other person is authorized to give any information or to represent anything not contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement is accurate as of the date on the front of those documents only, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement, or any sale of a security. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.

The Selling Securityholder and its permitted transferees may use this shelf registration statement to sell securities from time to time through any means described in the section titled “Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of Interest).” More specific terms of any securities that the Selling Securityholder and its permitted transferees offer and sell may be provided in a prospectus supplement that describes, among other things, the specific amounts and prices of the securities being offered and the terms of the offering.

We may also provide a prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the registration statement to add information to, or update or change information contained in, this prospectus. Any statement contained in this prospectus will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in such prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment modifies or supersedes such statement. Any statement so modified will be deemed to constitute a part of this prospectus only as so modified, and any statement so superseded will be deemed not to constitute a part of this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the registration statement together with the additional information to which we refer you in the sections of this prospectus titled “Where You Can Find More Information.”

This prospectus contains summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed or will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under “Where You Can Find More Information.”

This prospectus contains references to trademarks, trade names and service marks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this prospectus may appear without the ^® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that the applicable licensor will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, its rights to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” and any related terms refer to Better Therapeutics, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements in this prospectus may constitute “forward-looking statements” for purposes of the federal securities laws, which are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this prospectus are forward-looking statements. Our forward- looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our or our management team’s expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

The forward-looking statements are based on our and our management’s current expectations and are inherently subject to uncertainties and changes in circumstances and their potential effects and speak only as of the date of such statement. There can be no assurance that future developments will be those that have been anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to:

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The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus are based on current expectations and beliefs of the Company and its management concerning future developments and their potential effects on us, and are inherently subject to uncertainties and changes in circumstances. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those factors described under the heading “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus, our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and our most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as any subsequent filings with the SEC. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Some of these risks and uncertainties may in the future be amplified by global economic and political developments and public health events, and there may be additional risks that we consider immaterial or which are unknown. It is not possible to predict or identify all such risks. The forward-looking statements in this prospectus speak only as of the date of such statement. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before you decide to invest in our securities, you should consider carefully the risks described below, together with the other information contained in this prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus. We believe the risks described below are the risks that are material to us as of the date of this prospectus. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, results of operations and financial condition would likely be materially and adversely affected. In these circumstances, the market price of our securities could decline, and you may lose part or all of your investment.

Risks Related to the Facility

It is not possible to predict the actual number of shares of our Common Stock, if any, we will sell under the Purchase Agreement to Chardan, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales or the dilution to you from those sales.

On December 13, 2023, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with Chardan, pursuant to which Chardan shall purchase from us up to $50.0 million of shares of our Common Stock (the “Total Commitment”), upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth in the Purchase Agreement. The shares of our Common Stock that may be issued under the Purchase Agreement may be sold by us to Chardan at our discretion from time to time until the earliest to occur of (i) the 36-month anniversary of the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, (ii) the date on which Chardan has purchased the Total Commitment pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, (iii) the date on which our Common Stock fails to be listed or quoted on The Nasdaq Capital Market or any successor Principal Market (as defined in the Purchase Agreement), and (iv) the date on which, pursuant to or within the meaning of any bankruptcy law, we commence a voluntary case or any person commences a proceeding against us, a custodian is appointed for us or for all or substantially all of our property, or we make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors (each date of such termination, an “Automatic Termination Event”).

We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our Common Stock to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement. Sales of our Common Stock, if any, to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to Chardan all, some or none of the Common Stock that may be available for us to sell to Chardan pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. Accordingly, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to sell all of the Total Commitment or how much in proceeds we may obtain under the Purchase Agreement. If we cannot sell securities under the Facility, we may be required to utilize more costly and time-consuming means of accessing the capital markets, which could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and cash position.

Because the purchase price per share of Common Stock to be paid by Chardan for the Common Stock that we may elect to sell to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our Common Stock at the time we elect to sell shares to Chardan pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, it is not possible for us to predict, as of the date of this prospectus and prior to any such sales, the number of shares of Common Stock that we will sell to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement, the purchase price per share that Chardan will pay for shares of Common Stock purchased from us under the Purchase Agreement, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by Chardan under the Purchase Agreement.

We are registering 20,000,000 shares of our Common Stock under this prospectus. The actual number of shares of our Common Stock issuable will vary depending on the then current market price of shares of our Common Stock sold to Chardan in this offering and the number of shares of our Common Stock we ultimately elect to sell to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement. If it becomes necessary for us to issue and sell to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement more than the 20,000,000 shares of shares of our Common Stock being registered for resale under this prospectus in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to $50.0 million under the Purchase

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Agreement, we must file with the SEC one or more additional registration statements to register under the Securities Act the resale by Chardan of any such additional shares of our Common Stock we wish to sell from time to time under the Purchase Agreement, which the SEC must declare effective, in each case before we may elect to sell any additional shares of our Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement. Under applicable Nasdaq rules, in no event may we issue to Chardan more than 19.99% of the total number of shares of our Common Stock that were outstanding immediately prior to the execution of the Purchase Agreement, unless we first obtain stockholder approval or the Average Price equals or exceeds the Base Price, so that the Exchange Cap limitation would not apply to issuances and sales of Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement pursuant to the applicable Nasdaq rules and regulations. In addition, Chardan is not obligated to buy any Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement if such shares, when aggregated with all other Common Stock then beneficially owned by Chardan and its affiliates (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-3 promulgated thereunder), would result in Chardan beneficially owning Common Stock in excess of 4.99% of our outstanding voting power or shares of Common Stock. Our inability to access a portion or the full amount available under the Purchase Agreement, in the absence of any other financing sources, could have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operation.

Investors who buy Common Stock from Chardan at different times will likely pay different prices.

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the timing, price and number of shares of Common Stock sold to Chardan will vary depending on when we choose to sell shares, if any, to Chardan. If and when we elect to sell Common Stock to Chardan pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, after Chardan has acquired such Common Stock, Chardan may resell all, some or none of such shares at any time or from time to time in its sole discretion and at different prices. As a result, investors who purchase shares from Chardan in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices for those shares, and so may experience different levels of dilution and in some cases substantial dilution and different outcomes in their investment results. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase from Chardan in this offering as a result of future sales made by us to Chardan at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares in this offering.

The sale or issuance of shares of our Common Stock to Chardan will result in additional outstanding shares and the resale of shares of our Common Stock by Chardan that it acquires pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the price of shares of our Common Stock to decrease.

On December 13, 2023, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with Chardan, pursuant to which Chardan shall purchase from us up to the Total Commitment, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth in the Purchase Agreement. The shares of our Common Stock issued under the Purchase Agreement may be sold by us to Chardan at our sole discretion, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions in the Purchase Agreement, from time to time, until the earliest to occur of (i) the 36-month anniversary of the effectiveness of this registration statement, (ii) the date on which Chardan has purchased the Total Commitment pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, (iii) the date on which our Common Stock fails to be listed or quoted on The Nasdaq Capital Market or any successor Principal Market, and (iv) the date on which, pursuant to or within the meaning of any bankruptcy law, we commence a voluntary case or any person commences a proceeding against us, a custodian is appointed for us or for all or substantially all of our property, or we make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors. The purchase price for shares of our Common Stock that we may sell to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement will fluctuate based on the trading price of shares of our Common Stock. Depending on market liquidity at the time, sales of shares of our Common Stock may cause the trading price of shares of our Common Stock to decrease. We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any future sales of shares of our Common Stock to Chardan. Additional sales of shares of our Common Stock, if any, to Chardan will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to Chardan all, some or none of the additional shares of our Common Stock that may be available for us to sell pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. If and when we do sell shares of our Common Stock to Chardan, after Chardan has acquired

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shares of our Common Stock, Chardan may resell all, some or none of such shares of our Common Stock at any time or from time to time in its discretion. Therefore, sales to Chardan by us could result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of shares of our Common Stock. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of shares of our Common Stock or the mere existence of our arrangement with Chardan may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect such sales.

We may use proceeds from sales of our Common Stock made pursuant to the Purchase Agreement in ways with which you may not agree or in ways which may not yield a significant return.

We will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from sales of our Common Stock made pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, including for any of the purposes described in the section entitled “Use of Proceeds,” and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of the net proceeds, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. While we expect to use the net proceeds from this offering as set forth in “Use of Proceeds,” we are not obligated to do so. The failure by us to apply these funds effectively could harm our business, and the net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not increase our operating results or enhance the value of our Common Stock.

Risks Related to Our Business

We are a newly commercial stage digital therapeutics company with a limited operating history and have incurred significant financial losses since our inception. We anticipate that we will continue to incur significant financial losses for the foreseeable future.

We are a newly commercial stage digital therapeutics company with a limited operating history. We were formed in April 2015 and our operations to date have been limited. We have only recently received marketing authorization from the FDA for our lead product, AspyreRx, and have not yet demonstrated an ability to generate revenues, manufacture any product on a commercial scale or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization.

We have one product authorized for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales to date, nor do we expect to generate any revenue until the fourth quarter of 2023 following the commercial launch of AspyreRx in October 2023. We will continue to incur significant research and development and other expenses related to our preclinical and clinical development, commercialization activities and ongoing operations. As a result, we are not profitable and have incurred losses in each period since our inception. Net losses and negative cash flows have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital. Our net loss was $22.8 million and $31.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $134.3 million. We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect these losses to increase as we continue our research and development of, and seek regulatory authorizations for, our product candidates.

We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if, and as, we:

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Digital therapeutic product development entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product candidate will fail to demonstrate adequate efficacy, gain regulatory marketing authorization, secure market access and reimbursement and become commercially viable, and therefore any investment in our company is highly speculative. Additionally, our expenses could increase beyond our expectations if we are required by the FDA, or other regulatory authorities to perform clinical trials in addition to those that we currently expect, or if there are any delays in establishing appropriate arrangements for or in completing our clinical trials or the development of any of our product candidates.

You should consider our prospects, factoring in the costs, uncertainties, delays and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in clinical development, especially clinical-stage digital therapeutics companies such as us. Any predictions you make about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they would otherwise be if we had a longer operating history or a history of successfully developing and commercializing digital therapeutics products. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known or unknown factors in achieving our business objectives.

There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We have incurred significant financial losses since our inception. Our net loss was $22.8 million and $31.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and we had an accumulated deficit of $134.3 million as of September 30, 2023. Moreover, we anticipate that we will continue to incur significant financial losses for the foreseeable future. Our existing cash and cash equivalents of $6.6 million as of September 30, 2023 is expected to fund our operations into the first quarter of 2024. Accordingly, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

We plan to seek additional funding through various financing sources, including the sale of equity and/or debt securities, and we are exploring other non-dilutive financing options. There can be no assurance that any future financing efforts will be successful. If we are unable to obtain additional funding, or if we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, reduce or terminate our product development programs or plans for commercialization. We could also be required to limit or terminate our operations, make reductions in our workforce, discontinue our development programs, liquidate all or a portion of our assets or pursue other strategic alternatives, in which case investors may not receive any return on their investment and may lose their entire investment.

We have not generated substantial revenue from product sales to date and may never be profitable.

Our ability to become and remain profitable depends on our ability to generate revenue or execute other business development arrangements. We do not expect to generate significant revenue, if any, unless and until we are able to obtain regulatory authorization for, and successfully commercialize the product candidates we are developing or may develop. Successful commercialization will require achievement of many key milestones, including demonstrating safety and efficacy in clinical trials, obtaining regulatory authorization for these product candidates, developing, marketing and selling those products for which we may obtain regulatory authorization,

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satisfying any post-marketing requirements and obtaining favorable reimbursement for our products from private insurance or government payers. Because of the uncertainties and risks associated with these activities, we are unable to accurately and precisely predict the timing and amount of revenues, the extent of any further losses or if or when we might achieve profitability. We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, we may never generate revenues that are significant enough for us to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

Our failure to become and remain profitable may depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, diversify our product offerings or continue our operations. If we continue to suffer losses as we have since inception, investors may not receive any return on their investment and may lose their entire investment.

We will likely need additional funding, and if we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce or terminate our product discovery and development programs or commercialization efforts.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. While we have reduced our operating expenses through a reduction-in-force in March 2023, we will likely need to raise additional capital to fund the commercialization activities for AspyreRx and to complete our ongoing real-world evidence program. Other unanticipated costs may arise in the course of our development efforts. If we are able to gain marketing authorization for additional product candidates that we develop, we would require additional amounts of funding in order to launch and commercialize such product candidates. We cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of any product candidate we develop and we may need substantial additional funding to complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

Our future need for additional funding depends on many factors, including:

We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, reduce or terminate our product development programs or plans for commercialization.

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We believe that we will be able to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the first quarter of 2024. Our estimate may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Further, changing circumstances, some of which may be beyond our control, could cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned.

We may not be successful in attracting, motivating and retaining highly qualified personnel in the future.

On March 23, 2023, we announced a reduction in our workforce (the “Workforce Reduction”), of approximately 35% of our employees as part of a cost reduction initiative to improve our cash runway and focus on the long-term success of the company. We incurred approximately $400 thousand in cash-based expenses related to severance and benefits through the third quarter of 2023 as a result of the Workforce Reduction. In addition, in November 2023, we announced that we were implementing various cost-saving measures, including company-wide salary reductions for the first quarter of 2024 to strengthen our financial position and maintain investments to support the commercial launch of AspyreRx. We may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits and savings from our Workforce Reduction, and we cannot guarantee that we will not have to undertake additional workforce reductions, salary reductions or restructuring activities in the future. Furthermore, the Workforce Reduction and subsequent salary reductions may be disruptive to our operations. For example, the Workforce Reduction and the subsequent salary reductions could yield unanticipated consequences, such as attrition beyond planned staff reductions, increased difficulties in our day-to-day operations and reduced employee morale. If employees who were not affected by the reduction in force seek alternate employment, this could result in us seeking contract support at unplanned additional expense or harm our productivity. We may not be able to attract, motivate and retain qualified personnel who are critical to our business in the future. Recruiting and retaining qualified employees, consultants and advisors for our business is and will continue to be critical to our success. Competition for skilled personnel is intense and the turnover rate can be high. Any failure to attract or retain qualified personnel could prevent us from successfully developing our product candidates in the future.

Depending on our ability to access capital, we must prioritize the development of certain product candidates over others. We may fail to expend our limited resources on product candidates or indications that may have been more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

We currently have one product which has been authorized for marketing by the FDA as well as several other product candidates that are at various earlier stages of development. We seek to maintain a process of prioritization and resource allocation to maintain an optimal balance between aggressively pursuing our commercialization efforts for AspyreRx, and ensuring the development of additional potential product candidates. Due to the significant resources required for the development of our product candidates and current limited runway for funding, we must decide which product candidates to pursue and advance and the amount of resources to allocate to each.

Our decisions concerning the allocation of research, development, collaboration, management and financial resources toward particular product candidates or therapeutic areas may not lead to the development of any viable commercial products and may divert resources away from better opportunities. If we make incorrect determinations regarding the viability or market potential of any of our product candidates or misread trends in the pharmaceutical industry, in particular for cardiometabolic disorders, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. As a result, we may fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities, be required to forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or other diseases and disease pathways that may later prove to have greater commercial potential than those we choose to pursue, or relinquish valuable rights to such product candidates through collaboration, licensing, or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been advantageous for us to invest additional resources to retain sole development and commercialization rights.

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Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our planned operations. Unless and until we can generate a substantial amount of revenue from our product candidates, we expect to finance our future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, licensing arrangements, royalty financings or other sources, or any combination of the foregoing. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities, your ownership interest may be diluted, and the terms of these securities could include liquidation or other preferences and anti-dilution protections that could adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. In addition, debt financing, if available, may result in fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that limit our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, creating liens, redeeming stock or declaring dividends, that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. In addition, securing financing could require a substantial amount of time and attention from our management and may divert a disproportionate amount of their attention away from day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect management’s ability to oversee the development of our product candidates.

If we raise additional capital through collaborations or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed, we may be required to delay, reduce or terminate our product discovery and development programs or commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

The amount of our future losses is uncertain and our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly or fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, each of which may cause our stock price to fluctuate or decline.

Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including the following:

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The cumulative effects of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our operating results or revenue fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated guidance we may provide.

Our business is highly dependent on the success of AspyreRx. If we are unable to successfully commercialize AspyreRx, our business will be materially harmed.

Our future success and ability to generate revenue from our products and product candidates is dependent on our ability to commercialize AspyreRx. We completed our pivotal clinical trial for AspyreRx in July 2022, our de novo classification request was accepted for substantive review by the FDA in October 2022, and we received FDA authorization for AspyreRx in July 2023. If AspyreRx encounters issues or problems, the development plans for our other product candidates and business would be materially harmed.

We may not have the financial resources to continue development of our product candidates if we are unable to successfully commercialize AspyreRx, including:

If physicians are not willing to change current practices to adopt AspyreRx or our other product candidates, if authorized for marketing, or if our products otherwise fail to achieve and maintain market acceptance, our business, financial condition and results of operation would be materially and adversely affected.

Our current business strategy is highly dependent on our products obtaining FDA authorization and these products being accepted and adopted in the market. Market acceptance and adoption of our products depends on

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educating people with cardiometabolic conditions, as well as payers, providers, health plans and government entities, as to the distinct features, clinical impact, cost savings, and other benefits of our products. If we are not successful in demonstrating to physicians who treat potential patients the benefits of AspyreRx and our other product candidates, if authorized for marketing, or if we are not able to achieve the support of insurance carriers for our products, our business, financial condition and results of operation would be materially and adversely affected.

Our primary strategy to grow our revenue is to drive the adoption of AspyreRx by physicians to assist their patients in improving glycemic control. Physicians may choose not to adopt our digital therapeutic products for a number of reasons, including:

For our lead product, AspyreRx, we intend to focus our sales, marketing and training efforts primarily on a segment of health care providers who are early-tech adopting innovators, 74% of which are endocrinologists and diabetologists, in our initial target geographies. We believe that educating the many healthcare providers involved, from nurse practitioners to dieticians and other medical professionals in these disciplines about the clinical merits, patient benefits and safety profile of our digital therapeutic products is an element of increasing product adoption. However, if additional primary care physicians or other medical professionals do not appreciate and recommend the benefits of our digital therapeutic for any reason, including those listed above, our ability to execute our growth strategy will be impaired, and our business may be adversely affected.

In addition, our products may be perceived by patients and healthcare providers to be more complicated or less effective than traditional approaches, and people may be unwilling to change their current health regimens. Moreover, we believe that healthcare providers tend to be slow to change their medical treatment practices because of perceived liability risks or new workflow processes arising from the use of new products and the uncertainty of third-party reimbursement. Accordingly, healthcare providers may not recommend our products until there is sufficient evidence to convince them to alter their current approach.

Additionally, patients may not be able to adopt or may choose not to adopt our digital therapeutic if, among other potential reasons, they are worried about potential adverse effects of use of our digital therapeutic or they are unable to obtain adequate third-party coverage or reimbursement. If our products fail to achieve market acceptance for any reason, our business, financial condition and results of operation would be materially and adversely affected.

Competitive products may reduce or eliminate the commercial opportunity for AspyreRx or our other product candidates, if authorized for marketing. If our competitors develop technologies or product candidates more rapidly than we do, or their technologies or product candidates are more effective or safer than ours, our ability to develop and successfully commercialize AspyreRx and our other product candidates may be adversely affected.

The clinical and commercial landscapes for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases are highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. We face competition with respect to our indications for our product candidates from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology

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companies and potentially other technology companies. There are a number of large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market and sell drugs or are pursuing the development of drug candidates for the treatment of the indications that we are pursuing.

Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization. In addition, technology companies are increasingly exploring the potential for digital products to manage and treat cardiometabolic diseases that could compete with AspyreRx and our other product candidates, if authorized for marketing.

Our competitors may have significantly greater financial resources, established presence in the market, expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical and clinical testing, obtaining regulatory marketing authorizations and reimbursement and marketing commercialized products than we do. Accordingly, our competitors may be more successful than we may be in obtaining regulatory marketing authorization for therapies and achieving widespread market acceptance. Our competitors’ products may be more effective, or more effectively marketed and sold, than any product candidate we may commercialize and may render our therapies obsolete or non-competitive before we can recover development and commercialization expenses. If any of our other product candidates is authorized for marketing, such products could compete with a range of therapeutic treatments that are in development.

We may face competition based on many different factors, including the efficacy, safety and tolerability of our products, the ease with which our products can be administered, the timing and scope of regulatory marketing authorization for these products, the availability and cost of manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities, price, reimbursement coverage and patent position. Existing and future competing products could present superior treatment alternatives, including being more effective, safer, less expensive or marketed and sold more effectively than any product we may develop. Competitive products may make any product we develop obsolete or noncompetitive before we recover the expense of developing and commercializing our products and other product candidates. Such competitors could also recruit our employees, which could negatively impact our level of expertise and our ability to execute our business plan.

In addition, our competitors may obtain patent protection or FDA approvals and marketing authorizations and commercialize products more rapidly than we do, which may impact future authorizations or clearances we may seek or sales of any of our products and other product candidates that receive regulatory marketing authorization or clearance. We will also be competing with respect to marketing capabilities and manufacturing efficiency. We expect competition among products will be based on product efficacy and safety, the timing and scope of regulatory authorizations or clearances, marketing and sales capabilities, product price, reimbursement coverage by government and private third-party payers, regulatory exclusivities and patent position. Our profitability and financial position will suffer if our products or other product candidates receive regulatory marketing authorization but cannot compete effectively in the marketplace.

Additionally, mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller and other early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly as the develop disruptive therapies through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

Acquisitions and investments could result in operating difficulties, dilution and other harmful consequences that may adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may in the future make acquisitions to add complementary companies, products, technologies, or revenue. These transactions could be material to our results of operations and financial condition. We may also evaluate

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and enter into discussions regarding a wide array of potential strategic transactions. The identification of suitable acquisition candidates can be difficult, time-consuming and costly, and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. The process of integrating an acquired company, business or technology may create unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. The areas where we face risks include:

Future acquisitions could also result in expenditures of significant cash, dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, restrictions on our business, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses or write-offs of goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition. In addition, any acquisitions we announce could be viewed negatively by patients.

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Additionally, competition within our industry for acquisitions of business, technologies and assets may become intense. Even if we are able to identify an acquisition that we would like to consummate, we may not be able to complete the acquisition on commercially reasonable terms or the target may be acquired by another company. We may enter into negotiations for acquisitions that are not ultimately consummated.

Those negotiations could result in diversion of management time and significant out-of-pocket costs. If we fail to evaluate and execute acquisitions successfully, we may not be able to realize the benefits of these acquisitions, and our operating results could be harmed. If we are unable to successfully address any of these risks, our business, financial condition or operating results could be harmed.

If we are unable to develop our sales, marketing and distribution capability on our own or through collaborations with marketing partners, we will not be successful in commercializing AspyreRx and our other product candidates, if authorized for marketing.

We are currently commencing commercialization activities but have not completed the build-out of our marketing, sales or distribution capabilities. We intend to establish a sales and marketing organization to commercialize our products and other product candidates, if authorized for marketing. Any failure or delay in the development of our sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of AspyreRx and our other product candidates, if authorized for marketing.

Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize AspyreRx and our other product candidates, if authorized for marketing, include:

With respect to our existing and future product candidates, we may choose to collaborate with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems to serve as an alternative to our own sales force and distribution systems. Our future product revenue may be lower than if we directly marketed or sold AspyreRx and our other product candidates, if authorized for marketing. In addition, any revenue we receive will depend in whole or in part upon the efforts of these third parties, which may not be successful and are generally not within our control. If we are not successful in commercializing any products authorized for marketing, our future product revenue will suffer and we may incur significant additional losses.

If we are unable to achieve widespread acceptance of AspyreRx and our other product candidates, if authorized for marketing, our revenue growth could be slower than we expect, and our business may be adversely affected.

We expect to generate revenue from physicians prescription of AspyreRx and our other product candidates, if authorized for marketing, for patients. As a result, widespread acceptance, prescription and use of our products, if authorized for marketing, is critical to our future growth and success. If the market fails to grow or grows more slowly than we currently anticipate, demand for any of our marketed products could be negatively affected and our revenue may grow more slowly than we expect and our business may be adversely affected. Demand for any products we market, if authorized by the FDA, is affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Some of these potential factors include:

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Any failure to offer high-quality patient support or support to health care providers prescribing our product may adversely affect our relationships with our existing and prospective patients, and in turn our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In implementing and using our products, our patients will depend on our patient support to resolve issues in a timely manner. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in demand for patient support. Increased patient demand for support could increase costs and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Any failure to maintain high-quality patient support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality patient support, could adversely affect patient satisfaction or the willingness of physicians to prescribe our products, and in turn our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We may in the future enter into collaborations, in-licensing arrangements, joint ventures, or strategic alliances with third parties that may not result in the development of commercially viable products or the generation of significant future revenues.

In the ordinary course of our business, we may enter into collaborations, in-licensing arrangements, joint ventures, or strategic alliances to develop proposed products and to pursue new markets.

In the future, proposing, negotiating, and implementing collaborations, in-licensing arrangements, joint ventures, strategic alliances, or partnerships may be a lengthy and complex process. Other companies, including those with substantially greater financial, marketing, sales, technology or other business resources, may compete with us for these opportunities or arrangements. We may not identify, secure or complete any such transactions or arrangements in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, on acceptable terms or at all, and may not realize the anticipated benefits of any such transaction or arrangement.

Additionally, with respect to current and future collaborations, we may not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the transaction or arrangement, which could create the potential risk of creating impasses on decisions, and our collaborators may have economic or business interests or goals that are, or that may become, inconsistent with our business interests or goals.

It is possible that conflicts may arise with our collaborators, such as conflicts concerning the achievement of performance milestones, or the interpretation of significant terms under any agreement, such as those related to financial obligations or the ownership or control of intellectual property developed during the collaboration. If any conflicts arise with our current or future collaborators, they may act in their self-interest, which may be adverse to our best interest, and they may breach their obligations to us. In addition, we have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our current collaborators or any future collaborators devote to our collaborators’ or our future products. Disputes between us and our collaborators may result in litigation or arbitration which would increase our expenses and divert the attention of our management. Further, these transactions and arrangements are contractual in nature and may be terminated or dissolved under the terms of the applicable agreements and, in such event, we may not continue to have rights to the products relating to such transaction or arrangement or may need to purchase such rights at a premium.

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We could suffer disruptions, outages, defects, and other performance and quality problems with our platform or with the cloud and internet infrastructure on which we rely.

Our business depends on our platform to be available without disruption. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages, defects, and other performance and quality problems with our platform. We have also experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages, defects, and other performance and quality problems with the cloud and internet infrastructure on which our platform relies. These problems can be caused by a variety of factors, including introductions of new functionality, vulnerabilities and defects in proprietary and open source software, human error or misconduct, capacity constraints, design limitations, or denial of service attacks or other security-related incidents.

Further, if our contractual and other business relationships with our cloud service providers are terminated, suspended, or suffer a material change to which we are unable to adapt, such as the elimination of services or features on which we depend, we could be unable to provide our platform and could experience significant delays and incur additional expense in transitioning patients to a different cloud service provider.

Any disruptions, outages, defects, and other performance and quality problems with our platform or with the cloud and internet infrastructure on which we rely, or any material change in our contractual and other business relationships with our cloud services providers, could result in reduced use of our platform, increased expenses, including service credit obligations, and harm to our brand and reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business could be disrupted by catastrophic events and man-made problems, such as power disruptions, data security breaches, and terrorism.

Our platform and the cloud-based infrastructure on which our platform relies are vulnerable to damage or interruption from the occurrence of any catastrophic event, including earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, or other weather event, power loss, telecommunications failure, software or hardware malfunction, cyber-attack, war, terrorist attack, incident of mass violence or disease, such as effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, and similar events, which could result in lengthy interruptions in access to our platform. In addition, acts of terrorism, including malicious internet-based activity, could cause disruptions to the internet or the economy as a whole. Even with our disaster recovery arrangements, access to our platform could be interrupted. If our systems were to fail or be negatively impacted as a result of a natural disaster or other event, our ability to deliver our platform and products to our patients would be impaired or we could lose critical data. If we are unable to develop adequate plans to ensure that our business functions continue to operate during and after a disaster, and successfully execute on those plans in the event of a disaster or emergency, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be harmed.

We have implemented a disaster recovery program that allows us to move mobile and website traffic to a backup data center in the event of a catastrophe. This allows us the ability to move traffic in the event of a problem, and the ability to recover in a short period of time. However, to the extent our disaster recovery program does not effectively support the movement of traffic in a timely or complete manner in the event of a catastrophe, our business and results of operations may be harmed.

We do not carry business interruption insurance sufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant losses, including the potential harm to our business, financial condition and results of operations that may result from interruptions in access to our platform as a result of system failures.

Unfavorable global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. A severe or prolonged economic downturn may cause extreme volatility and disruptions

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in the capital and credit markets and could result in a variety of risks to our business and our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. Additionally, our obligations to repay principal and interest on our indebtedness make us vulnerable to economic or market downturns.

Geopolitical developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may lead to worldwide economic and legal uncertainty, including significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rates, and increasingly divergent laws and regulations.

In February 2022, armed conflict escalated between Russia and Ukraine. The sanctions announced by the U.S. and other countries against Russia since February 2022 include restrictions on selling or importing goods, services, or technology in or from affected regions and travel bans and asset freezes impacting connected individuals and political, military, business, and financial organizations in Russia. The U.S. and other countries could impose wider sanctions and take other actions should the conflict further escalate. It is not possible to predict the broader consequences of this conflict, or of the conflict in the Israel-Gaza region and any potential increase in hostilities in the Middle East, which could include further sanctions, embargoes, regional instability, prolonged periods of higher inflation, geopolitical shifts, and adverse effects on macroeconomic conditions, currency exchange rates, and financial markets, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Any of the foregoing could harm our business, and we cannot anticipate all the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

Our Loan Agreement with Hercules Capital contains restrictions that limit our flexibility in operating our business.

In August 2021, we entered into the Loan Agreement with Hercules Capital as agent and lender. The Loan Agreement provides for an up to $50.0 million Term Loan Facility. The Loan Agreement is secured by a lien on substantially all of our assets, including, but not limited to, shares of our subsidiaries, the current and future intellectual property of the Company and our subsidiaries, insurance, trade and intercompany receivables, inventory and equipment and contract rights. The Loan Agreement requires us to meet specified minimum cash requirements, as described below, and contains various affirmative and negative covenants that limit our ability to engage in specified types of transactions. These covenants, which are each subject to customary exceptions, limit our ability to, without Hercules Capital’s prior written consent, effect any of the following, among other things:

Our board of directors or management team could believe that taking any one of these actions would be in our best interests and the best interests of our stockholders. If that were the case and if we were unable to complete any of these actions because Hercules Capital does not provide its consent, that could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, we are required to maintain a minimum aggregate balance of $2.5 million in cash in one or more controlled accounts. These accounts are required to be maintained as cash collateral accounts securing our obligations under the Loan Agreement. While such requirements apply under the Loan Agreement, our ability to use the cash amounts held in these controlled accounts in the operation of our business will be limited.

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On October 28, 2021, we drew down on $10 million of the Term Loan Facility and in May 2022, we drew down an additional $5 million of the Term Loan Facility. Our ability to draw on the remaining Term Loan Facility is contingent on our compliance with the covenants described above and certain other covenants and milestones. We did not initiate a second pivotal trial prior to September 15, 2022 that was required under the Loan Agreement, and hence, as a result the associated borrowing is no longer available to us. Additionally, we did not receive net cash proceeds of at least $40 million prior to March 15, 2023 and as a result the associated borrowing is no longer available to us.

Amortization payments under the Term Loan Facility began on November 1, 2023.

On November 27, 2023, we entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Loan Agreement with Hercules Capital and the Lenders. Amendment No. 2 provides the Company the right to prepay the loans without prepayment penalties during the period from November 1, 2023 until March 31, 2024 with New Proceeds. In addition, any prepayment made during the period from November 1, 2023 until March 31, 2024 with New Proceeds shall decrease the company’s minimum cash covenant dollar for dollar. If the Company raises $500,000 in New Proceeds and does not apply those funds to prepayment, the Company can instead receive a one month pause on amortization payments (which may be repeated). If the Company raises $5 million in New Proceeds (not including amounts applied to receive pauses on amortization payments), the Company is entitled to a three month pause on amortization payments and the Company may convert $1 million of outstanding loans under the Loan Agreement to equity.

In the event of a default under the Loan Agreement, including, among other things, our failure to make any payment when due or our failure to comply with any provision of the Loan Agreement, subject to customary grace periods, Hercules Capital could elect to declare all amounts outstanding to be immediately due and payable and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. If we are unable to repay the amounts due under the Loan Agreement, Hercules Capital could proceed against the collateral granted to it to secure this indebtedness, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, the Loan Agreement contains subjective acceleration clauses that would allow Hercules Capital to accelerate the scheduled maturities and obligations under the Loan Agreement if they determine that there has been a Material Adverse Change (as defined in the Loan Agreement) in our business, financial condition or the prospect of repayment of any obligations under the Loan Agreement, among other things. In the event a subjective acceleration clause is invoked, the outstanding principal, interest, end of term charge and prepayment penalty under the Loan Agreement would become payable on demand by Hercules Capital. There is no assurance that Hercules Capital will not invoke an acceleration clause in the future, which would have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Hercules Capital’s interests as a lender may not always be aligned with our interests. If our interests come into conflict with those of Hercules Capital, including in the event of a default under the Loan Agreement, Hercules Capital may choose to act in its self-interest, which could adversely affect the success of our current and future collaborative efforts with Hercules Capital.

If we fail to effectively manage our growth, we may be unable to execute our business plan, adequately address competitive challenges or maintain our corporate culture, and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed.

The growth and expansion of our business creates significant challenges for our management, operational and financial resources. To effectively manage our growth, we must continue to improve our operational, financial and management processes and systems and to effectively expand, train and manage our employee base. As our organization continues to grow and we are required to implement more complex organizational management structures, we may find it increasingly difficult to maintain the benefits of our corporate culture. This could negatively affect our business performance.

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Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) and credits to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

Our NOLs could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities because of their limited duration or because of restrictions under U.S. tax law. NOLs generated in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2018 are permitted to be carried forward for 20 taxable years under applicable U.S. federal income tax law. Under current U.S. federal income tax law, NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2020 may not be carried back. Moreover, NOLs generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 may be carried forward indefinitely. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had NOLs for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes of approximately $77.6 million and $59.8 million, respectively. NOLs generated between January 1, 2020 and September 30, 2023 for U.S. federal tax reporting purposes of approximately $73.3 million have an indefinite life. NOLs generated between January 1, 2020 and September 30, 2023 for state tax reporting purposes of approximately $4.4 million will begin to expire in 2035.

In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” (defined under Section 382 of the Code and applicable Treasury Regulations as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in a corporation’s equity ownership by certain stockholders over a rolling three-year period) is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change NOLs to offset future taxable income. We have not determined whether the NOLs from our operations are limited under Section 382 of the Code; however, based on a preliminary review of information available, other than the NOL attributes that were carried forward from our business combination, the Company does not believe its NOLs are currently limited by Section 382. We may have experienced ownership changes in the past and may experience ownership changes in the future, including as a result of our business combination or subsequent shifts in our stock ownership (some of which are outside our control). Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. NOL attributes that were carried forward from our business combination are expected to be subject to the limitations under Section 382. The NOLs subject to that limitation are $77 thousand as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. There is also a risk that due to regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to reduce future income tax liabilities, including for state tax purposes. For these reasons, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of the NOLs reflected on our balance sheet, even if we attain profitability, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us and could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Changes in tax law may adversely affect us or our investors.

The rules dealing with U.S. federal, state and local income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Treasury Department. Changes to tax laws (which changes may have retroactive application) could adversely affect us or holders of our common stock. For example, under Section 174 of the Code, in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021, expenses that are incurred for research and development in the U.S. will be capitalized and amortized, which may have an adverse effect on our cash flow. In recent years, many such changes have been made, and changes are likely to continue to occur in the future. It cannot be predicted whether, when, in what form or with what effective dates tax laws, regulations and rulings may be enacted, promulgated or issued, which could result in an increase in our or our shareholders’ tax liability or require changes in the manner in which we operate in order to minimize or mitigate any adverse effects of changes in tax law.

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Risks Related to Discovery and Development

Our current product candidates are in various stages of development. Our product candidates may fail in development or suffer delays that adversely affect their commercial viability. If we fail to obtain or maintain de novo classification or clearance to market and sell other product candidates, or if such classification or clearance is delayed, or if the FDA limits our intended use or limits the clinical data included in our labeling, our business will be materially harmed.

The process of seeking regulatory de novo classification or clearance to market a medical device is expensive and time consuming. There can be no assurance that marketing authorization will be granted. In October 2022, the FDA notified us that our de novo classification request for AspyreRx was accepted for substantive review. In July 2023, the FDA notified us that AspyreRx was authorized for marketing. If we are not successful in obtaining timely marketing authorization for our other product candidates from the FDA, we may never be able to pursue authorization by foreign regulatory authorities or to generate significant revenue and may be forced to cease operations. The FDA de novo classification process requires an applicant to demonstrate the safety and efficacy based, in part, on extensive data, including, but not limited to preclinical, clinical trial, technical, manufacturing and labeling data. The FDA regulatory clearance process requires an applicant to demonstrate the device to be marketed is as safe and effective, that is, substantially equivalent, to a legally marketed device and the de novo classification process requires an applicant to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of a new device. The FDA can delay, limit or deny de novo classification or clearance of a device for many reasons, including:

Obtaining de novo classification and clearance from the FDA or any foreign regulatory authority could result in unexpected and significant costs for us and consume management’s time and other resources. The FDA could ask us to supplement our submissions, collect additional non-clinical data, conduct additional clinical trials, prepare additional manufacturing data or information or engage in other time-consuming actions, or it could simply deny our applications. For example, as part of the typical de novo review process as expected by us, in February 2023, we received a Request for Additional Information from the FDA notifying us that, after review of our submission, the FDA determined that additional information is required. The letter outlined the FDA’s view that our submission has a number of deficiencies, classified into major and minor deficiencies. We requested a meeting with the FDA to clarify several of the major deficiencies noted as well as to seek guidance on our options to address them. That meeting also took place in February 2023. During the meeting the FDA provided helpful context, clarifications and guidance, and we submitted our response to the FDA’s comments on April 17, 2023. In July 2023, we received authorization from the FDA for AspyreRx.

In addition, we may be required to obtain additional FDA marketing authorizations or clearances prior to marketing certain modifications to our devices, and the FDA may revoke the marketing authorization or clearance or impose other restrictions if post-market data demonstrates safety issues or lack of efficacy. If we are unable to obtain and maintain the necessary regulatory authorizations and clearances to market our products, our financial condition may be adversely affected, and our ability to grow domestically and internationally would likely be limited.

We are substantially dependent on market acceptance in the United States of AspyreRx, and our failure to gain such market acceptance would negatively impact our business.

Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to the development of AspyreRx. If we are unable to achieve significant market acceptance in the United States, our results of operations will be adversely

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affected as the United States is expected to be the principal market for AspyreRx. Further, because we have incurred costs prospectively in advance of FDA de novo classification, we would be unable to recoup these costs if AspyreRx fails to obtain market acceptance. Unexpected or serious complications or other unforeseen negative effects related to the development or market acceptance of any digital therapeutic we seek to market could materially and adversely affect our business.

The clinical trial process required to obtain marketing authorizations for potential additional product candidates is lengthy and expensive with uncertain outcomes. If clinical trials of any of our digital therapeutic applications in development fail to produce results necessary to support regulatory marketing authorization or clearance in the United States we will be unable to commercialize these products and may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the commercialization of those products.

Conducting clinical trials is a complex and expensive process, can take many years, and outcomes are inherently uncertain. We may incur substantial expense for, and devote significant time to, clinical trials but cannot be certain that the trials will ever result in commercial revenue. We may experience significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after earlier clinical trials showed promising results, and failure can occur at any time during the clinical development process. Any of our products may malfunction or may produce undesirable adverse effects that could cause us, Institutional Review Boards (“IRBs”) or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials. We, IRBs, the FDA, or another regulatory authority may suspend or terminate clinical trials at any time to avoid exposing trial participants to unacceptable health risks. In addition, successful results of earlier pilot studies are not necessarily indicative of future clinical trial results, and predecessor pilot study or clinical trial results may not be replicated in subsequent clinical trials.

Moreover, interim results or topline results may be subject to change upon full review of the data from a clinical trial. Additionally, the FDA may disagree with our interpretation of the data from our pilot studies and clinical trials, or may find the clinical trial design, conduct or results inadequate to demonstrate safety or efficacy, and may require us to pursue additional clinical trials. The data we collect from our pilot studies and clinical trials may not be sufficient to support future FDA clearance, and if we are unable to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our future products in our clinical trials, we will be unable to obtain the regulatory authorizations we need to commercialize our products.

In addition, we may estimate and publicly announce the anticipated timing of the accomplishment of various clinical, regulatory and other product development goals, which are often referred to as milestones. These milestones could include: the submission to the FDA of a meeting request to discuss product development pathways or submission of an IDE, if applicable, to commence clinical trials of our other product candidates; the enrollment of patients in clinical trials; the release of data from clinical trials; the obtainment of the right to affix the CE mark in the European Union. The actual timing of these milestones could vary dramatically compared to our estimates, in some cases for reasons beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will meet our projected milestones and if we do not meet these milestones as publicly announced, the commercialization of our products may be delayed and, as a result, our stock price may decline.

Clinical trials are necessary to support de novo classification requests and certain 510(k) premarket notifications and may be necessary to support subsequent 510(k) submissions for modified versions of any digital therapeutic devices for which we obtain marketing authorization. This requires the enrollment of large numbers of suitable subjects, which may be difficult to identify, recruit and maintain as participants in the clinical trial. Adverse outcomes in our pivotal trials or post-market studies could also result in restrictions on or withdrawal of marketing authorization or clearances we obtain. We will likely need to conduct additional clinical studies in the future for the authorization of the use of our products in some foreign countries. Clinical testing is difficult to design and implement, can take many years, can be expensive and carries uncertain outcomes. The initiation and completion of any of these trials may be prevented, delayed, or halted for numerous reasons. We may experience

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a number of events during the conduct of our clinical trials that could adversely affect the costs, timing or successful completion, including:

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Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations of the FDA and other applicable regulatory authorities’ legal requirements, regulations or guidelines, and are subject to oversight by these governmental agencies and IRBs at the medical institutions where the clinical trials are conducted. We may in the future have to terminate a clinical trial site or investigator which is found through our clinical trial monitoring activities to be noncompliant with our clinical trial protocols or with applicable laws, regulations, requirements and guidelines for the conduct of our clinical trials.

Furthermore, we rely on clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials and while we have agreements governing their committed activities, we have limited influence over their actual performance. We depend on our CROs to support the conduct of our clinical trials in compliance with good clinical practice (“GCP”) requirements. To the extent our CROs fail to help oversee and conduct the study in compliance with GCP standards or are delayed for a significant time in the execution of the trial, including achieving full enrollment, we may be affected by increased costs, program delays or both. In addition, clinical trials that are conducted in countries outside the United States may subject us to further delays and expenses as a result of increased shipment costs, additional regulatory requirements and the engagement of non-U.S. CROs, as well as expose us to risks associated with clinical investigators who are unknown to the FDA, and different standards of diagnosis, screening and medical care.

Failure can occur at any stage of clinical testing. Our clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results or may demonstrate a lack of effect of our other product candidates. We may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical and non-clinical testing in addition to those we have planned. Our failure to adequately demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of any product candidates we may develop or may develop in the future would prevent receipt of regulatory marketing authorization and, ultimately, the commercialization of that product or indication for use. Even if our future products are granted de novo classification or cleared in the United States, commercialization of our products in foreign countries would require marketing authorization by regulatory authorities in those countries.

Marketing authorization procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from, and greater than, those in the United States, including the conduct of additional pilot studies or clinical trials. Any of these occurrences could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Retention of patients in clinical trials is an expensive and time-consuming process and could be made more difficult or rendered impossible by multiple factors outside our control.

We may encounter delays or difficulties in enrolling, or be unable to enroll, a sufficient number of patients to complete any potential future clinical trials on our targeted timelines, or at all, and even once enrolled, we may be unable to retain a sufficient number of patients to complete any of our trials. Slow enrollment in our clinical trials may lead to delays in our development timelines and milestones.

Patient enrollment in clinical trials and completion of patient follow-up depend on many factors, including the size of the patient population, the nature of the trial protocol, the ability of patients to continue to receive medical care, the eligibility criteria for the clinical trial, patient compliance, competing clinical trials and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the product being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new treatments that may be approved or authorized for the indications we are investigating. For example, patients may be discouraged from enrolling in our clinical trials if the trial protocol requires them to undergo extensive post-treatment procedures or follow-up to assess the safety and efficacy of a product candidate, or they may be persuaded to participate in contemporaneous clinical trials of a competitor’s product candidate. In addition, patients participating in our clinical trials may drop out before completion of the trial or experience adverse medical events unrelated to our products. Delays in patient enrollment or failure of patients to continue to participate in a clinical trial may delay commencement or completion of the clinical trial, cause an increase in the costs of the clinical trial and delays, make our data more difficult to interpret, affect the powering of our trial, or result in the failure of the clinical trial.

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Delays or failures in planned patient enrollment or retention may result in increased costs, program delays or both, which could have a harmful effect on our ability to develop our other product candidates, or could render further development impossible. In addition, we rely on clinical trial sites to ensure timely conduct of our clinical trials and, while we have entered into agreements governing their services, we are limited in our ability to compel their actual performance.

Interim, “topline” and preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to confirmation, audit, and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publicly disclose preliminary or topline data from our pilot studies and clinical trials, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations, and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the topline or preliminary results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results, once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Topline data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, topline data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. From time to time, we may also disclose interim data from our clinical trials. Interim or preliminary data from clinical trials are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment and treatment continues and more patient data become available or as patients from our clinical trials continue other treatments for their disease. Adverse differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects. Further, disclosure of interim data by us or by our competitors could result in volatility in the price of our common stock.

Further, others, including regulatory agencies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates, calculations, conclusions or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could impact the potential of the particular program, the likelihood of marketing authorization or clearance or commercialization of the particular product candidate, the commercial success of any product for which we may have already obtained authorization or clearance, and our company in general. In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is derived from information that is typically extensive, and you or others may not agree with what we determine is material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure.

If the interim, topline or preliminary data that we report differ from actual results, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain marketing authorization for, and commercialize our product candidates may be harmed, which could harm our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition.

Our long-term growth depends on our ability to enhance our digital therapeutic products, expand our indications and develop and commercialize additional products once granted marketing authorization or clearance.

It is important to our business strategy that we continue to enhance AspyreRx with additional functionalities and, in the future, additional indications, as well as develop, seek authorization or clearance for and introduce new products. Developing products is expensive and time-consuming and could divert management’s attention away from our core business. The success of any new product offering or product enhancements will depend on several factors, including our ability to:

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If we are not successful in expanding our indications and developing and commercializing new products and product enhancements, our ability to increase our revenue may be impaired, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our product candidates represent novel and innovative potential therapeutic areas, and negative perception of any product candidate that we develop could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business, obtain regulatory marketing authorizations or identify alternate regulatory pathways to market for such product candidate.

Certain of our product candidates are considered relatively new and novel therapeutic approaches. Our and their success will depend upon physicians who specialize in the treatment of diseases targeted by our and their product candidates prescribing potential treatments that involve the use of our and their product candidates in lieu of, or in addition to, existing treatments with which they are more familiar and for which greater clinical data may be available. Access will also depend on consumer acceptance and adoption of products that are commercialized. In addition, responses by the U.S., state or foreign governments to negative public perception or ethical concerns may result in new legislation or regulations that could limit our ability to develop or commercialize any product candidates, obtain or maintain regulatory authorization, identify alternate regulatory pathways to market or otherwise achieve profitability.

For example, in the United States, other than AspyreRx for T2D, no prescription digital therapeutic candidates designed to deliver CBT for treating diabetes, heart disease, and other cardiometabolic conditions have been authorized, to date. We are developing a platform of FDA-regulated, software-based, PDT candidates for treating such conditions through a novel form of CBT. The FDA may lack experience in evaluating the safety and effectiveness of product candidates based on CBT, which could result in a longer than expected regulatory review process, increase expected development costs and delay or prevent potential commercialization of product candidates.

We may not receive Breakthrough Device Designation by the FDA for our investigational CBT-based treatment platform, and even if we do, such designation may not lead to a faster development, regulatory review or clearance process, and it may not increase the likelihood that our study will receive marketing authorization from the FDA.

We intend to seek Breakthrough Device Designation from the FDA by the end of 2023 for our investigational CBT based treatment platform. The FDA’s breakthrough devices program is a voluntary program for certain medical devices that provide for more effective treatment or diagnosis of life-threatening or irreversibly debilitating diseases or conditions. The goal of the program is to provide patients and healthcare providers with timely access to these medical devices by speeding up their development, assessment and review, while preserving the statutory standards for premarket approval, 510(k) clearance and de novo marketing authorization, consistent with the FDA’s mission to protect and promote public health.

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Even if received, Breakthrough Device Designation may not result in a faster development process, review or clearance compared to conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate marketing authorization by the FDA. In addition, even if a product qualifies as a breakthrough device, the FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification and revoke such designation.

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property and Potential Litigation

We may be subject to legal proceedings and litigation, including intellectual property and privacy disputes, which are costly to defend and could materially harm our business and results of operations.

We may be party to lawsuits and legal proceedings in the normal course of business. These matters are often expensive and disruptive to normal business operations. We may face allegations, lawsuits and regulatory inquiries, audits and investigations regarding data privacy, security, labor and employment, consumer protection and intellectual property infringement, including claims related to privacy, patents, publicity, trademarks, copyrights and other rights. A portion of the technologies we use incorporates open source software, and we may face claims claiming ownership of open source software or patents related to that software, rights to our intellectual property or breach of open source license terms, including a demand to release material portions of our source code or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. We may also face allegations or litigation related to our acquisitions, securities issuances or business practices, including public disclosures about our business. Litigation and regulatory proceedings, and particularly the patent infringement and class action matters we could face, may be protracted and expensive, and the results are difficult to predict. Certain of these matters may include speculative claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages and include claims for injunctive relief. Additionally, our litigation costs could be significant. Adverse outcomes with respect to litigation or any of these legal proceedings may result in significant settlement costs or judgments, penalties and fines, or require us to modify our products or require us to stop offering certain products, all of which could negatively impact our revenue growth. We may also become subject to periodic audits, which would likely increase our regulatory compliance costs and may require us to change our business practices, which could negatively impact our revenue growth. Managing legal proceedings, litigation and audits, even if we achieve favorable outcomes, is time-consuming and diverts management’s attention from our business.

The results of regulatory proceedings, litigation, claims, and audits cannot be predicted with certainty, and determining reserves for pending litigation and other legal, regulatory and audit matters requires significant judgment. There can be no assurance that our expectations will prove correct, and even if these matters are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, these matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could harm our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and the market price of our common stock.

Furthermore, our business exposes us to potential product liability claims if our products fail to properly perform due to undetected errors or similar problems. There can be no assurance that, despite testing we undertake, errors will not be found in new products after commencement of commercial use. In addition, the misuse of our products, or the failure of patients to adhere to operating guidelines, could cause significant harm to patients, including death, which could result in product liability claims. Product liability lawsuits and claims, with or without merit, could cause us to incur substantial costs, and could place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our core business, harm our reputation and adversely affect our ability to attract and retain patients, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Although we maintain third-party product liability insurance coverage, it is possible that claims against us may exceed the coverage limits of our insurance policies. Even if any product liability loss is covered by an insurance policy, these policies typically have substantial deductibles for which we are responsible.

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Product liability claims in excess of applicable insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could result in an increase of our product liability insurance premiums. Insurance coverage varies in cost and can be difficult to obtain, and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain insurance coverage in the future on terms acceptable to us or at all.

Failure to establish, protect or enforce our intellectual property rights could harm our business and results of operations.

We believe that our intellectual property is an essential asset of our business. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property, our brand and reputation could be harmed and competitors may be able to use our technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could materially harm our business, negatively affect our position in the marketplace, limit our ability to commercialize our platform and delay or render impossible our achievement of profitability. A failure to protect our intellectual property in a cost-effective and meaningful manner could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete. We regard the protection of our trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks, trade dress, databases, domain names and patents as critical to our success. We strive to protect our intellectual property rights by relying on federal, state and common law rights and other rights provided under foreign laws. These laws are subject to change at any time and could further restrict our ability to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights. In addition, the existing laws of certain foreign countries in which we operate may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. We also have a practice of entering into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and contractors, and often enter into confidentiality agreements with parties with whom we conduct business in order to limit access to, and disclosure and use of, our proprietary information. In addition, from time to time we make our technology and other intellectual property available to others under license agreements, including open source license agreements and trademark licenses under agreements with any development collaborators for the purpose of co-branding or co-marketing our products or services. However, these contractual arrangements and the other steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights may not prevent the misappropriation of our proprietary information, infringement of our intellectual property rights, disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information, or deter independent development of similar or competing technologies, duplication of our technologies or efforts to design around our patents by others, and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of such misappropriation or infringement.

Obtaining and maintaining effective intellectual property rights is expensive, including the costs of defending our rights. We make business decisions about when to seek patent protection for a particular technology and when to rely upon trade secret protection, and the approach we select may ultimately prove to be inadequate. We are seeking to protect certain of our intellectual property rights through filing applications for copyrights, trademarks, patents and domain names in a number of jurisdictions, a process that is expensive and may not be successful in all jurisdictions. We are continuing to monitor and evaluate our intellectual property protection in various jurisdictions as we expand our business. Even in cases where we seek patent protection, there is no assurance that the resulting patents will effectively protect every significant feature of our products, technology, or proprietary information, or provide us with any competitive advantages. Moreover, we cannot guarantee that any of our pending patent applications will issue or be approved. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) also requires compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process and after a patent has issued. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. If this occurs, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. Even where we have intellectual property rights, they may later be found to be unenforceable or have a limited scope of enforceability. In addition, we may not seek to pursue such protection in every jurisdiction. In particular, we believe it is important to maintain, protect and enhance our brands. Accordingly, we may pursue the registration of domain names and our trademarks and service marks in the United States and in some jurisdictions outside of the United States.

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Third parties may challenge our use of our trademarks, oppose our trademark applications or otherwise impede our efforts to protect our intellectual property in certain jurisdictions. In the event that we are unable to register our trademarks in certain jurisdictions, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. We have already and may, over time, increase our investment in protecting innovations through investments in patents and similar rights, and this process is expensive and time-consuming.

In order to protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect these rights. We may not always detect infringement of our intellectual property rights, and defending or enforcing our intellectual property rights, even if successfully detected, prosecuted, enjoined or remedied, could result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources.

Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our proprietary rights or determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights claimed by others. Any litigation of this nature, regardless of outcome or merit, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management and technical resources, any of which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. We may also incur significant costs in enforcing our trademarks against those who attempt to imitate our brand and other valuable trademarks and service marks. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, countersuits and adversarial proceedings such as oppositions, inter partes review, post-grant review, re-examination or other post-issuance proceedings, that attack the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. An adverse determination of any litigation proceedings could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our related pending patent applications at risk of not issuing. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential or sensitive information could be compromised by disclosure in the event of litigation. In addition, during the course of litigation there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

If we fail to maintain, protect and enhance our intellectual property rights, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be harmed and the market price of our common stock could decline.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

Our products and operations are subject to extensive government regulation and oversight both in the United States and abroad, and our failure to comply with applicable requirements could harm our business.

We and our products are subject to extensive regulation in the United States and elsewhere, including by the FDA and its foreign counterparts. The FDA and foreign regulatory agencies regulate, among other things, with respect to medical devices: design, development and manufacturing; testing, labeling, content and language of instructions for use; clinical trials; product safety; premarket clearance and approval; establishment registration and device listing; marketing, sales and distribution; complaint handling; record keeping procedures; advertising and promotion; recalls and field safety corrective actions; post-market surveillance, including reporting of deaths or serious injuries and malfunctions that, if they were to recur, could lead to death or serious injury; post-market approval studies; and product import and export.

The regulations to which we are subject are complex and have tended to become more stringent over time. Regulatory changes could result in restrictions on our ability to carry on or expand our operations, higher than anticipated costs or lower than anticipated sales. The FDA enforces these regulatory requirements through periodic unannounced inspections. We do not know whether we will pass any future FDA inspections or those conducted by foreign regulatory agencies. Failure to comply with applicable regulations could jeopardize our ability to sell our products and result in enforcement actions such as: warning letters; fines; injunctions; civil

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penalties; termination of distribution; recalls or seizures of products; delays in the introduction of products into the market; total or partial suspension of production; refusal to grant future clearances or marketing authorizations; withdrawals or suspensions of any current marketing authorizations, resulting in prohibitions on the sale and distribution of any of our marketed products; and in the most serious cases, criminal penalties.

We may not receive the necessary de novo classification grant for our other product candidates and failure to timely obtain these regulatory authorizations would adversely affect our ability to grow our business.

In the United States, before we can market a new medical device, or a new use of, new claim for or significant modification to an existing products, we must first receive either clearance under Section 510(k) of the FD&C Act, or authorization under the de novo classification process added under the FDAMA, or premarket approval (“PMA”) from the FDA, unless an exemption applies.

The de novo classification process, which is how the FDA authorized AspyreRx, provides a pathway to classify novel medical devices for which general controls alone, or general and special controls, provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness for the intended use, but for which there is no legally marketed predicate device. A de novo classification is a risk-based classification process where devices that are classified into Class I or Class II through a de novo classification request may be marketed and used as predicates for future premarket notification 510(k) submissions.

In the 510(k) clearance process, before a device may be marketed, the FDA must determine that a proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a legally-marketed “predicate” device, which includes a device that has been previously cleared through the 510(k) process, a device that was legally marketed prior to May 28, 1976 (pre-amendments device), a device that was originally on the United States market pursuant to an approved PMA and later down-classified, or a 510(k)-exempt device. To be “substantially equivalent,” the proposed device must have the same intended use as the predicate device, and either have the same technological characteristics as the predicate device or have different technological characteristics and not raise different questions of safety or effectiveness than the predicate device. Clinical data are sometimes required to support substantial equivalence demonstrations.

Where the de novo classification or 510(k) clearance pathways are not available for medical devices, and where no policy of enforcement discretion exists enabling a manufacturer to market a medical device without obtaining premarket authorization, the process of obtaining PMA approval may apply, which is the most rigorous product development pathway for seeking marketing approval for a medical device. In review of a PMA application, the FDA must determine that a proposed device is safe and effective for its intended use based, in part, on extensive data, including, but not limited to preclinical, clinical trial, technical, manufacturing and labeling data beyond that which is required to support a de novo classification request or 510(k) clearance submission. The PMA process is typically required for devices that are deemed to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices.

Modifications to products that are approved through a PMA application generally require FDA approval. Similarly, certain modifications made to products cleared through a 510(k) or the de novo classification process may require a new 510(k) clearance or a new de novo classification request. Each of the PMA approval, de novo classification, and the 510(k) clearance processes can be expensive, lengthy and uncertain. The FDA’s 510(k) clearance process usually takes from three to 12 months, but can last longer, while the de novo classification request process is usually longer and requires a clinical trial. The process of obtaining a PMA is much more costly and uncertain than the de novo or 510(k) clearance processes and generally takes from one to three years, or even longer, from the time the application is filed with the FDA. In addition, a PMA generally requires the performance of one or more clinical trials. Despite the time, effort and cost, a device may not be approved, granted marketing authorization or cleared by the FDA. Any delay or failure to obtain necessary regulatory approvals could harm our business. Furthermore, even if we are granted regulatory authorizations, clearances or approvals, they may include significant limitations on the indicated uses for the device, which may limit the market for the device.

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In the United States, we received authorization for AspyreRx through the de novo classification pathway. Some modifications to AspyreRx that have not been previously authorized may require us to submit a 510(k) premarket clearance application or a subsequent de novo classification request prior to implementing the change for marketing. If the FDA requires us to go through a lengthier, more rigorous examination for future products or modifications to existing products than we had expected, product introductions or modifications could be delayed or canceled, which could adversely affect our ability to grow our business.

The FDA can delay, limit or deny de novo classification, clearance or approval of a device for many reasons, including:

In addition, the FDA may change its policies, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations, or take other actions, which may prevent or delay de novo classification, clearance or approval of our future products under development or impact our ability to modify our authorized product on a timely basis. Such policy or regulatory changes could impose additional requirements upon us that could delay our ability to obtain new authorizations, increase the costs of compliance or restrict our ability to maintain any authorizations we may successfully obtain.

We may market digital products for uses under current FDA enforcement discretion or outside of the definition of a “medical device” in the United States.

Currently, the FDA’s regulatory framework permits the marketing of certain digital applications and products outside of the FDA’s active regulation under its device authorities or, in other cases, completely outside FDA regulation if the product uses do not meet the definition of a “medical device.” From time to time, we may develop and commercialize products that we determine fall within the current areas of FDA enforcement discretion or outside the definition of a medical device, but the FDA may not agree with our determination. If the FDA disagrees with any such determinations that we make, we may be required to cease further marketing or distribution of those products until such time as we obtain any required premarket authorization, clearance or approval for those products and we may be subject to receiving an FDA untitled letter or warning letter for such product marketing and distribution activities, amongst other potential enforcement mechanisms available to the FDA.

Failure to comply with post-marketing regulatory requirements could subject us to enforcement actions, including substantial penalties, and might require us to recall or withdraw a product from the market.

After de novo classification for AspyreRx, we are subject to ongoing and pervasive regulatory requirements governing, among other things, the manufacture, marketing, labeling, sale, promotion, advertising, medical device reporting, registration, distribution, and listing of devices. For example, we must submit reports to the

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FDA, for certain adverse events. Failure to submit such reports, or failure to submit the reports in a timely manner, could result in enforcement action by the FDA. Following its review of these medical device adverse event reports, the FDA might ask for additional information or initiate further investigation.

In addition, our digital therapeutics may become subject to post-market study requirements. Any failure to conduct the required studies in accordance with an IRB, and informed consent requirements, or adverse findings in these studies, could also be grounds for modification or withdrawal of marketing authorization for any product we may commercialize.

The FDA and the FTC, also regulate the advertising and promotion of our products and services to ensure that the claims we make are consistent with our regulatory authorizations, that there is adequate and reasonable data to substantiate the claims and that our promotional labeling and advertising is neither false nor misleading. If the FDA or FTC determines that any of our advertising or promotional claims are misleading, not substantiated or not permissible, we may be subject to enforcement actions, including warning letters, and we may be required to revise our promotional claims and make other corrections or restitutions.

The regulations to which we are subject are complex and have become more stringent over time. Regulatory changes could result in restrictions on our ability to continue or expand our operations, higher than anticipated costs, or lower than anticipated sales. Even after we have obtained the proper regulatory authorization to market a device, we have ongoing responsibilities under FDA regulations and applicable foreign laws and regulations. The FDA, state and foreign regulatory authorities have broad enforcement powers. Our failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could result in enforcement action by the FDA, state or foreign regulatory authorities, which may include any of the following sanctions:

Any of these sanctions could result in higher than anticipated costs or lower than anticipated sales and have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

If treatment guidelines for diabetes patient management change or the standard of care evolves, we may need to redesign and seek new marketing authorization from the FDA for one or more of our product candidates.

If treatment guidelines for diabetes patient management change or the standard of care for this or any other conditions in which we seek to develop digital therapeutics evolves, we may need to redesign the applicable product or product candidates we market or seek to develop and may need to seek and obtain new de novo classifications, clearances or approvals from the FDA and the equivalent from foreign regulatory authorities. If treatment guidelines or the standards of care change so that different treatments become desirable, the clinical utility of one or more of our products could be diminished and our business could be adversely affected.

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The misuse or off-label use of our products may harm our reputation in the marketplace, result in injuries that lead to product liability suits or result in costly investigations, fines or sanctions by regulatory bodies if we are deemed to have engaged in the promotion of these uses, any of which could be costly to our business.

Although AspyreRx and our other product candidates, if authorized for marketing, are marketed for the specific therapeutic uses for which the devices were designed and our personnel will be trained to not promote our products for uses outside of the FDA-approved indications for use, known as “off-label uses,” we cannot, however, prevent a physician from using our products in ways, when in the physician’s independent professional medical judgment, he or she deems it appropriate. There may be increased risk of injury to patients if primary care physicians attempt to use our products off-label. Furthermore, the use of our products for indications other than those authorized, cleared or approved by the FDA or authorized by any foreign regulatory body may not effectively treat such conditions, which could harm our reputation in the marketplace among primary care physicians and patients.

Following authorization of AspyreRx, or any other product candidates we may commercialize, if the FDA or any foreign regulatory body determines that our promotional materials or training include promotion of an off-label use, it could request that we modify our training or promotional materials or subject us to regulatory or enforcement actions, including the issuance or imposition of an untitled letter or warning letter, injunction, seizure, civil fine or criminal penalties. It is also possible that other federal, state or foreign enforcement authorities might take action under other regulatory authorities, such as false claims laws for any products for which we obtain government reimbursement, if they consider our business activities to constitute promotion of an off-label use, which could result in significant penalties, including, but not limited to, criminal, civil and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs and the curtailment of our operations.

In addition, physicians may misuse our products with their patients if they are not adequately trained, potentially leading to injury and an increased risk of product liability. If our products are misused, we may become subject to costly litigation by our patients or their patients. As described above, product liability claims could divert management’s attention from our core business, be expensive to defend and result in sizable damage awards against us that may not be covered by insurance.

Our products may cause or contribute to adverse medical events or be subject to failures or malfunctions that we are required to report to the FDA, and if we fail to do so, we would be subject to sanctions that could harm our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. The discovery of serious safety issues with our products, or a recall of our products either voluntarily or at the direction of the FDA or another governmental authority, could have a negative impact on us.

We are subject to the FDA’s medical device reporting regulations and similar foreign regulations for any device we may market, which require us to report to the FDA when we receive or become aware of information that reasonably suggests that one or more of our products may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or malfunctioned in a way that, if the malfunction were to recur, it could cause or contribute to a death or serious injury. The timing of our obligation to report is triggered by the date we become aware of the adverse event as well as the nature of the event. We may fail to report adverse events of which we become aware within the prescribed timeframe. We may also fail to recognize that we have become aware of a reportable adverse event, especially if it is not reported to us as an adverse event or if it is an adverse event that is unexpected or removed in time from the use of the product. If we fail to comply with our reporting obligations, the FDA could take action, including warning letters, untitled letters, administrative actions, criminal prosecution, imposition of civil monetary penalties, revocation of our device authorization, seizure of our products or delay in clearance or approval of future products.

The FDA and foreign regulatory bodies have the authority to require the recall of commercialized products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture of a product or in the event that a product poses

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an unacceptable risk to health. The FDA’s authority to require a recall must be based on a finding that there is reasonable probability that the device could cause serious injury or death. We may also choose to voluntarily recall a product if any material deficiency is found. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by us could occur as a result of an unacceptable risk to health, component failures, malfunctions, manufacturing defects, labeling or design deficiencies, packaging defects or other deficiencies or failures to comply with applicable regulations. Product defects or other errors may occur in the future.

Depending on the corrective action we take to redress a product’s deficiencies or defects, the FDA may require, or we may decide, that we will need to obtain new authorizations, clearance or approvals for the device before we may market or distribute the corrected device. Seeking such authorizations, clearances or approvals may delay our ability to replace the recalled devices in a timely manner. Moreover, if we do not adequately address problems associated with our devices, we may face additional regulatory enforcement action, including FDA warning letters, product seizure, injunctions, administrative penalties or civil or criminal fines.

Companies are required to maintain certain records of recalls and corrections, even if they are not reportable to the FDA. We may initiate voluntary withdrawals or corrections for our products in the future that we determine do not require notification of the FDA. If the FDA disagrees with our determinations, it could require us to report those actions as recalls and we may be subject to enforcement action. A future recall announcement could harm our reputation with patients, potentially lead to product liability claims against us and negatively affect our sales. Any corrective action, whether voluntary or involuntary, as well as defending ourselves in a lawsuit, will require the dedication of our time and capital, distract management from operating our business and may harm our reputation and financial results.

In the event we seek to market our products in international markets, if we do not obtain and maintain international regulatory registrations or marketing authorizations for our products, we will be unable to market and sell our products outside of the United States.

Sales of our products outside of the United States are subject to foreign regulatory requirements that vary widely from country to country. In addition, the FDA regulates exports of medical devices from the United States. While the regulations of some countries may not impose barriers to marketing and selling our products or only require notification, others require that we obtain the marketing authorization of a specified regulatory body. Complying with foreign regulatory requirements, including obtaining registrations or marketing authorizations, can be expensive and time-consuming, and we may not receive regulatory authorizations, clearances or approvals in each country in which we may plan to market our products or we may be unable to do so on a timely basis. The time required to obtain registrations or marketing authorizations, if required by other countries, may be longer than that required for FDA de novo classification, clearance or approval, and requirements for such registrations and marketing authorizations may significantly differ from FDA requirements. If we modify our products, we may need to apply for additional regulatory authorizations before we are permitted to sell the modified product. In addition, we may not continue to meet the quality and safety standards required to maintain the authorizations that we have received. If we are unable to maintain our authorizations in a particular country, we will no longer be able to sell the applicable product in that country.

Regulatory de novo classification, clearance or approval by the FDA does not ensure registration or marketing authorization by regulatory authorities in other countries, and registration or marketing authorization by one or more foreign regulatory authorities does not ensure registration or marketing authorization by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or by the FDA. However, a failure or delay in obtaining registration or marketing authorization in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in others.

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Inadequate funding for the FDA, the SEC and other government agencies, including from government shut downs, or other disruptions to these agencies’ operations, could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, the ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of the SEC and other government agencies on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and development activities, is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.

Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new product candidates to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, future government shutdowns could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations.

Risks Related to Healthcare Laws and Regulations

The insurance coverage and reimbursement status of newly-authorized products is uncertain. Failure to obtain or maintain adequate coverage and reimbursement for AspyreRx or any of our other product candidates, if authorized for marketing, could limit our ability to market those products and decrease our ability to generate revenue.

In the United States and markets in other countries, patients generally rely on third-party payers to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their treatment. Adequate coverage and reimbursement from governmental healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and commercial payers is critical to new product acceptance. Our ability to successfully commercialize our products and other product candidates will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and other third-party payers, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which products they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. In the United States, the principal decisions about reimbursement for new products are typically made by CMS, an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (the “HHS”). CMS decides whether and to what extent a new product will be covered and reimbursed under Medicare and private payors tend to follow CMS to a substantial degree. Currently, there is no defined benefit category under CMS for prescription digital therapeutics. The availability of coverage and extent of reimbursement by governmental and private payers is essential for most patients to be able to afford treatments. Sales of our products and other product candidates that we may identify will depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of our products and other product candidates will be covered and paid for by commercial health plans, pharmacy benefits managers, other healthcare management organizations, or reimbursed by government health administration authorities. If coverage and adequate reimbursement is not available, or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our product and other product candidates. Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us to establish or maintain pricing sufficient to realize a sufficient return on our investment. Further, if we are not successful in obtaining coverage from a broad spectrum of payers, our ability to successfully commercialize our products and other product candidates may be impacted.

There is also significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly authorized, cleared, or approved products and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the product is authorized for marketing by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities.

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Factors payers consider in determining reimbursement are based on whether the product is:

Each payer determines whether it will provide coverage for a treatment, under what benefit (pharmacy, medical, other), what amount it will pay the manufacturer for the treatment, and on what tier of its pharmacy formulary or under what medical coverage policy it will be placed. The position on a payer’s list of covered drugs, biological products, and medical devices, or formulary, generally determines the co-payment that a patient will need to make to obtain the therapy and can strongly influence the adoption of such therapy by patients and physicians. Patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers prescribing such services generally rely on third-party payers to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Patients are unlikely to use our products unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our products. There may be significant delays in obtaining such coverage and reimbursement for newly marketed products, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the product is authorized for marketing by the FDA.

Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that a product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, intellectual property, manufacture, sale and distribution expenses. Interim reimbursement levels for new products, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the product and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost products and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for products may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payers, by any future laws limiting product prices.

Third-party payers have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular products. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for any product that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Inadequate coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product for which we obtain marketing authorization. If coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available, or are available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our products and other product candidates.

In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a prescription device must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing product pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, the European Union provides options for its Member States to restrict the range of products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of products for human use. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval, some of these countries may require the completion of clinical trials that compare the cost effectiveness of a particular product to currently available therapies. A Member State may approve a specific price for the products, or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products and other product candidates. Historically, products launched in the European Union do not follow price structures of the U.S. and generally prices tend to be significantly lower.

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We may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws health information privacy and security laws, and other health care laws and regulations. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties.

We are subject to applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the FCA, which may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we sell, market and distribute our products. In particular, the promotion, sales and marketing of healthcare items and services, as well as certain business arrangements in the healthcare industry (e.g., healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payers), are subject to extensive laws designed to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self- dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, structuring and commission(s), certain customer incentive programs and other business arrangements generally. We also may be subject to patient information and privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The applicable federal, state and foreign healthcare laws and regulations laws that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:

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Additionally, we are subject to state and foreign equivalents of each of the healthcare laws and regulations described above, among others, some of which may be broader in scope and may apply regardless of the payer. Many U.S. states have adopted laws similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the FCA, and may apply to our business practices, including, but not limited to, research, distribution, sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental payers, including private insurers. Several states also impose other marketing restrictions or require medical device manufacturers to make marketing or price disclosures to the state. State and foreign laws, including for example the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, which became effective May 2018 also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. There are ambiguities as to what is required to comply with these state requirements and if we fail to comply with an applicable state law requirement we could be subject to penalties. Finally, there are state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge and may not comply under one or more of such laws, regulations, and guidance. Law enforcement authorities are increasingly focused on enforcing fraud and abuse laws, and it is possible that some of our practices may be challenged under these laws. Efforts to ensure that our current and future business arrangements with third parties, and our business generally, will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. If our operations, including our arrangements with physicians and other healthcare providers are found to be in violation of any of such laws or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including, without limitation, administrative, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs (such as Medicare and Medicaid), and imprisonment, as well as additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate

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integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.

We are subject to data privacy and security laws and regulations governing our collection, use, disclosure, or storage of personally identifiable information, including protected health information and payment card data, which may impose restrictions on us and our operations and subject us to penalties if we are unable to fully comply with such laws.

Numerous federal and state laws and regulations govern the collection, use, disclosure, storage and transmission of personally identifiable information, including protected health information. These laws and regulations, including their interpretation by governmental agencies, are subject to frequent change and could have a negative impact on our business. In addition, in the future, industry requirements or guidance, contractual obligations, and/or legislation at both the federal and the state level may limit, forbid or regulate the use or transmission of health information outside of the United States. These varying interpretations can create complex compliance issues for us and our partners and potentially expose us to additional expense, adverse publicity and liability, any of which could adversely affect our business.

Federal and state consumer protection laws are increasingly being applied by the FTC, and states’ attorneys general to regulate the collection, use, storage and disclosure of personal or personally identifiable information, through websites or otherwise, and to regulate the presentation of website content.

The security measures that we and our third-party vendors and subcontractors have in place to ensure compliance with privacy and data protection laws may not protect our facilities and systems from security breaches, acts of vandalism or theft, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming and human errors or other similar events. Even though we provide for appropriate protections through our agreements with our third party vendors, we still have limited control over their actions and practices. A breach of privacy or security of personally identifiable health information may result in an enforcement action, including criminal and civil liability, against us. We are not able to predict the extent of the impact such incidents may have on our business. Enforcement actions against us could be costly and could interrupt regular operations, which may adversely affect our business. While we have not received any notices of violation of the applicable privacy and data protection laws and believe we are in compliance with such laws, there can be no assurance that we will not receive such notices in the future.

There is ongoing concern from privacy advocates, regulators and others regarding data privacy and security issues, and the number of jurisdictions with data privacy and security laws has been increasing. Also, there are ongoing public policy discussions regarding whether the standards for de-identification, anonymization or pseudonymization of health information are sufficient, and the risk of re-identification sufficiently small, to adequately protect patient privacy. We expect that there will continue to be new proposed and amended laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, such as the CCPA. Further, the CPRA was passed by California voters on November 3, 2020. The CPRA will create additional obligations with respect to processing and storing personal information that are scheduled to take effect on January 1, 2023 (with certain provisions having retroactive effect to January 1, 2022). Other U.S. states also are considering omnibus privacy legislation and industry organizations regularly adopt and advocate for new standards in these areas. While the CCPA and CPRA contains exceptions for certain activities involving PHI under HIPAA, we cannot yet determine the impact the CCPA, CPRA or other such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business.

Future laws, regulations, standards, obligations, amendments and changes in the interpretation of existing laws, regulations, standards and obligations could impair our or our clients’ ability to collect, use or disclose information relating to patients or consumers, including information derived therefrom, which could decrease demand for our Platform, increase our costs and impair our ability to maintain and grow our client base and increase our revenue. Accordingly, we may find it necessary or desirable to fundamentally change our business

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activities and practices or to expend significant resources to modify our software or platform and otherwise adapt to these changes.

Further, our patients may expect us to comply with more stringent privacy and data security requirements than those imposed by laws, regulations or self-regulatory requirements, and we may be obligated contractually to comply with additional or different standards relating to our handling or protection of data.

Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with federal or state laws or regulations, industry standards or other legal obligations, or any actual or suspected privacy or security incident, whether or not resulting in unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other data, may result in governmental enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity and could cause our clients to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business. We may be unable to make such changes and modifications in a commercially reasonable manner or at all, and our ability to develop new products could be limited. Any of these developments could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Privacy and data security concerns, whether valid or not valid, may inhibit retention of our Platform by existing clients or adoption of our Platform by new clients.

Healthcare legislative reform measures and constraints on national budget social security systems may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In both the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the health care system that could impact our ability to sell our products profitably. In particular, in 2010, the Affordable Care Act (the “ACA”), was enacted, which, among other things, addressed a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected; increased the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by most manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; extended the Medicaid Drug Rebate program to utilization of prescriptions of individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; subjected manufacturers to new annual fees and taxes for certain branded prescription drugs; created a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% (increased to 70% pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, effective as of January 1, 2019) point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D; and provided incentives to programs that increase the federal government’s comparative effectiveness research.

Since its enactment, there have been judicial, Congressional and executive challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. On June 17, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the most recent judicial challenge to the ACA brought by several states without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA. Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision, President Biden issued an executive order to initiate a special enrollment period from February 15, 2021 through August 15, 2021 for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the ACA marketplace. The executive order also instructed certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the ACA. It is unclear how other healthcare reform measures of the Biden administration or other efforts, if any, to challenge, repeal or replace the ACA will impact our business.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. The Budget Control Act of 2011 and subsequent legislation, among other things, created measures for spending reductions that resulted in aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers up to 2% per fiscal year, which, due to subsequent legislative amendments, will remain in effect through 2030 unless additional Congressional action is taken.

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In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) was signed into law. The IRA includes several provisions that may impact our business, depending on how various aspects of the IRA are implemented. Provisions that may impact our business include a $2,000 out-of-pocket cap for Medicare Part D beneficiaries, the imposition of new manufacturer financial liability on most drugs in Medicare Part D, permitting the U.S. government to negotiate Medicare Part B and Part D pricing for certain high-cost drugs and biologics without generic or biosimilar competition, requiring companies to pay rebates to Medicare for drug prices that increase faster than inflation, and delaying the rebate rule that would require pass through of pharmacy benefit manager rebates to beneficiaries. In August 2023, the government selected the first 10 drugs to be put through the Medicare drug price negotiation program, which is currently subject to several constitutional challenges. The outcomes of these challenges on the IRA, and the effect of the IRA on our business and the healthcare industry in general are not yet known.

There has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the United States with respect to product pricing practices. Specifically, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, reduce the cost of products under Medicare, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. The HHS has already started the process of soliciting feedback on some of these measures and, at the same time, is immediately implementing others under its existing authority. It is unclear what effect such legislative and enforcement interest may have on prescription devices.

We expect that these and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any marketed device, which could have an adverse effect on patients for our products and other product candidates. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers.

There have been, and likely will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals at the foreign, federal and state levels in the U.S. directed at broadening the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our products. Such reforms could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenue from products that we may successfully develop and for which we may obtain regulatory marketing authorization and may affect our overall financial condition and ability to develop other product candidates. If we or any third parties we may engage are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we or such third parties are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, our current or any future product candidates we may develop may lose any regulatory marketing authorization that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial collaborators, principal investigators, vendors and other agents may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial collaborators, principal investigators, vendors and other agents may engage in fraudulent conduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violates applicable regulations, including those laws requiring the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to regulatory agencies, manufacturing standards and U.S. federal and state healthcare laws and regulations. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. We could face liability under the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute and similar U.S. state laws. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, referrals, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Misconduct by these parties

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could also involve the improper use of individually identifiable information, including, without limitation, information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in significant regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. Further, should violations include promotion of unapproved (off-label) uses one or more of our products, we could face significant regulatory sanctions for unlawful promotion, as well as substantial penalties under the FCA, and similar state laws. Similar concerns could exist in jurisdictions outside of the United States as well. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. The precautions we take to detect and prevent misconduct may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, imprisonment, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of noncompliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Legal and Regulatory Environment

Failure to comply with anti-bribery, anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”) and other anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and anti-money laundering laws in the jurisdictions in which we do business, both domestic and abroad. These laws generally prohibit us and our employees from improperly influencing government officials or commercial parties in order to obtain or retain business, direct business to any person or gain any improper advantage. The FCPA and similar applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws also prohibit our third-party business partners, representatives and agents from engaging in corruption and bribery. We and our third-party business partners, representatives and agents may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. We may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party business partners and intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. These laws also require that we keep accurate books and records and maintain internal controls and compliance procedures designed to prevent any such actions. While we have policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws, we cannot assure you that our employees and agents will not take actions in violation of our policies or applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. Our exposure for violating these laws will increase as we expand internationally and as we commence sales and operations in foreign jurisdictions. Any violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption laws and anti- money laundering laws could result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, imposition of significant legal fees, loss of export privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions or suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, substantial diversion of management’s attention, drop in stock price or overall adverse consequences to our business, all of which may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Federal, state and local employment-related laws and regulations could increase our cost of doing business and subject us to fines and lawsuits.

Our operations are subject to a variety of federal, state and local employment-related laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, the U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act, which governs such matters as minimum wages, the Family Medical Leave Act, overtime pay, compensable time, recordkeeping and other working conditions,

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Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, the National Labor Relations Act, regulations of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, regulations of the Office of Civil Rights, regulations of the Department of Labor (DOL), regulations of state attorneys general, federal and state wage and hour laws, and a variety of similar laws enacted by the federal and state governments that govern these and other employment-related matters. As our employees are located in a number of states, compliance with these evolving federal, state and local laws and regulations could substantially increase our cost of doing business while failure to do so could subject us to fines and lawsuits. We are currently subject to employee-related legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. While we believe that we have adequate reserves for those losses that we believe are probable and can be reasonably estimated, the ultimate results of legal proceedings and claims cannot be predicted with certainty.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations of the applicable listing standards of the Nasdaq Capital Market. We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming and costly and place significant strain on our personnel, systems and resources. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we will file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers. We are also continuing to improve our internal control over financial reporting, which includes hiring additional accounting and financial personnel to implement such processes and controls. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs and significant management oversight. If any of these new or improved controls and systems do not perform as expected, we may experience material weaknesses in our controls.

Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Further, weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we will eventually be required to include in our periodic reports that will be filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on Nasdaq. We are not currently required to comply with the SEC rules that implement Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and are therefore not required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for that purpose. As a public company, we are required to provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting commencing with our second annual report on Form 10-K.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in

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the JOBS Act. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our internal control over financial reporting is documented, designed or operating. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations and could cause a decline in the price of our common stock.

If we fail to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in the market price of our stock.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404”), we are required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting. However, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we are engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that we will not be able to conclude, within the prescribed timeframe or at all, that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. We identified a material weakness our internal control over financial reporting related to the inaccurate accounting for the value of shares to be issued to the underwriter at the closing of our IPO as well as inaccurate accounting for certain accrued expenses and prepaid expenses and the Company’s restatement of our financial statements to reclassify all redeemable equity instruments to temporary equity from permanent equity. Up to and including the third fiscal quarter of 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective. We implemented a remediation plan to remediate the material weakness but can give no assurance that the measures we have taken will prevent any future material weaknesses or deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting. Even though we believe we have strengthened our controls and procedures, in the future those controls and procedures may not be adequate to prevent or identify irregularities or errors or to facilitate the fair presentation of our financial statements.

Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure

Our executive chairman of the board of directors, David Perry has significant influence over the Company.

As of September 30, 2023, and taking into account shares sold in our ATM program since then, our Executive Chairman, David Perry controls approximately 36.0% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. As long as Mr. Perry either owns or controls a significant percentage of outstanding voting power, he has the ability to strongly influence all corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors and the size of our board of directors, any amendment of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or the approval of any merger or other significant corporate transaction, including a sale of substantially all of our assets and may have interests different than yours.

Delaware law and our governing documents contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions, that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

Our governing documents and the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors and therefore depress the trading price of our common stock. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by

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the current members of our board of directors or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. Among other things, our governing documents include provisions regarding:

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our board of directors or management.

Our amended and restated bylaws designate specific courts as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

Pursuant to our amended and restated bylaws, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for state law claims for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders; (3) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our certificate of incorporation or bylaws (including the interpretation, validity or enforceability thereof); or (4) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. We refer to this provision in our bylaws as the Delaware Forum Provision. The Delaware Forum Provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. Our amended and restated bylaws further provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. We refer to this provision in our bylaws as the Federal Forum Provision. In addition, our amended and restated bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision; provided, however, that stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

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The Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision in our bylaws may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims. Additionally, these forum selection clauses may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage the filing of lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees, even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court are “facially valid” under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may be volatile.

The price of our common stock may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:

These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock regardless of our operating performance.

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If our common stock becomes subject to the penny stock rules, it may be more difficult to sell our common stock.

The SEC has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00 (other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system). The OTC Bulletin Board does not meet such requirements and if the price of our common stock is less than $5.00 and our common stock is no longer listed on a national securities exchange such as The Nasdaq Capital Market, our stock may be deemed a penny stock. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, at least two business days prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver to the customer a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information and to obtain from the customer a signed and date acknowledgment of receipt of that document. In addition, the penny stock rules require that prior to effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive: (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks; and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our common stock, and therefore stockholders may have difficulty selling their shares.

Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and stock price.

As widely reported, global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruptions in the past several years, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in the rate of inflation, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability, including most recently in connection with public health events, such as the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and economic and political developments, including the conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, rising interest rates and high inflation. There can be no assurance that further deterioration in credit and financial markets and confidence in economic conditions will not occur. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturn, volatile business environment or continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions. Our business could also be impacted by volatility caused by geopolitical events, such as the conflicts in Ukraine and Israel. If the current equity and credit markets deteriorate, or do not improve, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly, and more dilutive. Furthermore, our stock price may decline due in part to the volatility of the stock market and the general economic downturn.

Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance and stock price and could require us to delay, scale back or discontinue the development and commercialization of one or more of our products and other product candidates or delay our pursuit of potential in-licenses or acquisitions. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our current service providers or other partners may not survive these difficult economic times, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget.

Recent volatility in capital markets and lower market prices for our securities may affect our ability to access new capital through sales of shares of our common stock or issuance of indebtedness, which may harm our liquidity, limit our ability to grow our business, pursue acquisitions or improve our operating infrastructure and restrict our ability to compete in our markets.

Our operations consume substantial amounts of cash, and we intend to continue to make significant investments to develop and, if approved, commercialize our products and other product candidates, support our business growth, retain or expand our current levels of personnel, enhance our operating infrastructure, and potentially acquire complementary businesses and technologies.

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Our future capital requirements may be significantly different from our current estimates and will depend on many factors, including the need to:

Accordingly, we may need to pursue equity or debt financings to meet our capital needs. With uncertainty in the capital markets and other factors, such financing may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, we could face significant limitations on our ability to invest in our operations and otherwise suffer harm to our business.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq.

On April 5, 2023, we received a deficiency letter (the “April Letter”), from the Staff of Nasdaq Stock Market notifying us that we were not in compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. The April Letter further noted that as of its date, we did not have a market value of listed securities of $35 million, or net income from continued operations of $500,000 in the most recently completed fiscal year or in two of the last three most recently completed fiscal years, the alternative quantitative standards for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. On April 24, 2023, we received a letter from Nasdaq notifying us that we had regained compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing standards by demonstrating compliance with Nasdaq’s alternative standard of market value of listed securities in excess of $35 million under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(2) and that the matter was closed. However, on June 16, 2023, we received deficiency letters (the “June Letters”), from the Staff notifying us that we were not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirement and the market value of listed securities requirement for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. The June Letters noted that, as of their date, the bid price of our common stock was below $1 per share and our market value of listed securities was below $35 million, in each case for 30 consecutive business days. In accordance with Nasdaq rules, we have been provided 180 calendar days, or until December 13, 2023 (the “Compliance Deadline”), to regain compliance. The June Letters are only a notification of deficiency, not of imminent delisting, and have no current effect on the listing or trading of our securities on The Nasdaq Capital Market.

If at any time before the Compliance Deadline the market value of our listed securities closes at $35 million or more for a minimum of ten consecutive business days, Nasdaq will provide written notification that we have achieved compliance with the market value of listed securities requirement, and the matter would be resolved. If we are not able to regain compliance with the market value of listed securities requirement by the Compliance Deadline, our common stock may be subject to delisting from The Nasdaq Capital Market,

If at any time before the Compliance Deadline the closing bid price of our common stock closes at or above $1.00 per share for 10 consecutive business days, Nasdaq will provide written notification that we have achieved compliance with the minimum bid price requirement, and the matter would be resolved. If we do not regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement before the Compliance Deadline, then Nasdaq may grant us a second 180 calendar day period to regain compliance, provided we (i) meet the continued listing requirement

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for market value of listed securities and all other initial listing standards for The Nasdaq Capital Market, other than the minimum closing bid price requirement and (ii) notify Nasdaq of our intent to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period.

Since we do not expect to regain compliance before the Compliance Deadline, we will receive written notification that our securities are subject to delisting unless we timely request a hearing before a Panel. We intend to timely request a hearing before the Panel, which will stay any delisting action by Nasdaq until the hearing. At the hearing, we intend to present our plan to demonstrate compliance, which may include fundraising and a reverse stock split, if necessary. There can be no assurance that the Panel will grant our request for a grace period to demonstrate compliance, or we will be successful in executing our plan of compliance, and we may be delisted from Nasdaq as a result.

Upon a delisting from The Nasdaq Capital Market, our stock would likely be traded in the over-the-counter inter-dealer quotation system, more commonly known as the OTC. OTC transactions involve risks in addition to those associated with transactions in securities traded on the securities exchanges, such as The Nasdaq Capital Market (“Exchange-listed stocks”). Many OTC stocks trade less frequently and in smaller volumes than Exchange-listed stocks. Accordingly, our stock would be less liquid than it would be otherwise. Also, the prices of OTC stocks are often more volatile than Exchange-listed stocks. Additionally, institutional investors are usually prohibited from investing in OTC stocks, and it might be more challenging to raise capital when needed.

A significant portion of our total outstanding shares may be sold into the market, which could cause the market price of our common stock to decline significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. As of December 1, 2023, we had outstanding 49,861,726 shares of Common Stock, which may be resold in the public market immediately without restriction, subject only to the restrictions of Rule 144 under the Securities Act. If our stockholders sell, or the market perceives that our stockholders intend to sell, substantial amounts of our shares of common stock in the public market, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly.

Our issuance of additional capital stock in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our stock incentive plans or otherwise will dilute all other stockholders.

We expect to issue additional capital stock in the future that will result in dilution to all other stockholders. We expect to grant equity awards to employees, directors, and consultants under our stock incentive plans. We may also raise capital through equity financings in the future. We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by investors in this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing shareholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into shares of common stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the prices per share paid by investors in this offering.

In addition, as part of our business strategy, we may acquire or make investments in complementary companies, products, or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment. Any such issuances of additional capital stock may cause stockholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our common stock to decline.

Because we have no current plans to pay cash dividends on our common stock, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell your common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

We have no current plans to pay cash dividends on our common stock. The declaration, amount and payment of any future dividends will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors. Our board of directors may take into

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account general and economic conditions, our financial condition and operating results, our available cash, current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions, implications on the payment of dividends by us to our stockholders or by our subsidiary to us and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, the terms of our Loan Agreement, as amended, with Hercules Capital restrict our ability to pay cash dividends. Accordingly, we may not pay any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Future offerings of debt or equity securities by us may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

In the future, we may attempt to obtain financing or to further increase our capital resources by issuing additional shares of our common stock or offering debt or other equity securities, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes, debt securities convertible into equity or shares of preferred stock. Future acquisitions could require substantial additional capital in excess of cash from operations. We would expect to obtain the capital required for acquisitions through a combination of additional issuances of equity, corporate indebtedness and/or cash from operations.

Issuing additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities or securities convertible into equity may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our common stock or both. Upon liquidation, holders of such debt securities and preferred shares, if issued, and lenders with respect to other borrowings would receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Debt securities convertible into equity could be subject to adjustments in the conversion ratio pursuant to which certain events may increase the number of equity securities issuable upon conversion. Preferred shares, if issued, could have a preference with respect to liquidating distributions or a preference with respect to dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, which may adversely affect the amount, timing and nature of our future offerings.

General Risk Factors

We depend on our senior management team, and the loss of one or more of our executive officers or key employees or an inability to attract and retain highly skilled employees could adversely affect our business.

Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our key executive officers. These executive officers are at-will employees and therefore they may terminate employment with us at any time with no advance notice. We rely on our leadership team in the areas of operations, clinical and software development, information security, marketing, compliance and general and administrative functions. From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team resulting from the hiring or departure of executives, which could disrupt our business.

The loss of one or more of the members of our senior management team, or other key employees, could harm our business. The replacement of one or more of our executive officers or other key employees would likely involve significant time and costs and may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives.

To continue to execute our growth strategy, we also must attract and retain highly skilled personnel. Competition is intense for qualified professionals. We may not be successful in continuing to attract and retain qualified personnel. We have from time to time in the past experienced, and we expect to continue to experience in the future, difficulty in hiring and retaining highly skilled personnel with appropriate qualifications. The pool of qualified personnel with experience working in the healthcare market is limited overall. In addition, many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have.

Additionally, our success is dependent on our ability to evolve our culture, align our talent with our business needs, engage our employees and inspire our employees to be open to change and innovation. Our business would be adversely affected if we fail to adequately plan for succession of our executives and senior management, or if we fail to effectively recruit, integrate, retain and develop key talent and/or align our talent with our business needs, in light of the current rapidly changing environment.

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Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults, or non-performance by financial institutions or transactional counterparties, could adversely affect our current and projected business operations and our financial condition and results of operations.

Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”) was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) as receiver. Similarly, on March 12, 2023, Signature Bank and Silvergate Capital Corp. were each swept into receivership; since then, additional financial institutions have experienced similar failures and have been placed into receivership. It is possible that other banks will face similar difficulty in the future. Although a statement by the Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC indicated that all depositors of SVB would have access to all of their money after only one business day of closure, including funds held in uninsured deposit accounts, borrowers under credit agreements, letters of credit and certain other financial instruments financial institutions that have been placed into receivership by the FDIC may be unable to access undrawn amounts thereunder. Although we are not a borrower or party to any such instruments with any financial institution currently in receivership, if any of our lenders or counterparties to any such instruments were to be placed into receivership, we may be unable to access such funds. In addition, if any of the parties with whom we conduct business are unable to access funds pursuant to such instruments or lending arrangements with such a financial institution, such parties’ ability to pay their obligations to us or to enter into new commercial arrangements requiring additional payments to us could be adversely affected. In this regard, counterparties to credit agreements and arrangements with banks in receivership or other financial difficulty, and third parties such as beneficiaries of letters of credit (among others), may experience direct impacts from the closure or reorganization of such financial institutions and uncertainty remains over liquidity concerns in the broader financial services industry. Similar impacts have occurred in the past, such as during the 2008-2010 financial crisis.

Although we assess our banking relationships as we believe necessary or appropriate, our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our current and projected future business operations could be significantly impaired by factors that affect us, the financial institutions with which we have arrangements directly, or the financial services industry or economy in general. These factors could include, among others, events such as liquidity constraints or failures, the ability to perform obligations under various types of financial, credit or liquidity agreements or arrangements, disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets, or concerns or negative expectations about the prospects for companies in the financial services industry. These factors could involve financial institutions or financial services industry companies with which we have financial or business relationships, but could also include factors involving financial markets or the financial services industry generally.

The results of events or concerns that involve one or more of these factors could include a variety of material and adverse impacts on our current and projected business operations and our financial condition and results of operations. These could include, but may not be limited to, the following:

In addition, investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and tighter financial and operating covenants,

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or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for us to acquire financing on acceptable terms or at all. Any decline in available funding or access to our cash and liquidity resources could, among other risks, adversely impact our ability to meet our operating expenses, financial obligations or fulfill our other obligations or result in breaches of our financial and/or contractual obligations. Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the factors described above or other related or similar factors not described above, could have material adverse impacts on our liquidity and our current and/or projected business operations and financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, any further deterioration in the macroeconomic economy or financial services industry could lead to losses or defaults by the parties with whom we conduct business, which in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our current and/or projected business operations and results of operations and financial condition. For example, a party with whom we conduct business may fail to make payments when due, default under their agreements with us, become insolvent or declare bankruptcy. In addition, a party with whom we conduct business could be adversely affected by any of the liquidity or other risks that are described above, including but not limited to delayed access or loss of access to uninsured deposits or loss of the ability to draw on existing credit facilities involving a troubled or failed financial institution. Any bankruptcy or insolvency of a party with whom we conduct business, or the failure of such party to make payments when due, or any breach or default by such party, could result in material losses to us and may have a material adverse impact on our business.

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” and as a “smaller reporting company”, and if we take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies or smaller reporting companies, which could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance to the performance of other public companies.

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. As such, we are eligible for and intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies for as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, including (i) the exemption from the auditor attestation requirements with respect to internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) the exemptions from say-on-pay, say-on-frequency and say-on-golden parachute voting requirements and (iii) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which the market value of the shares of our common stock that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of June 30 of that fiscal year, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1.235 billion or more during such fiscal year, (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt in the prior three-year period or (iv) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of our common stocks in our IPO. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the exemption from complying with new or revised accounting standards provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act as long as we are an emerging growth company. An emerging growth company can therefore delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we may not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Investors may find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions, which may result in a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

We are also a “smaller reporting company,” meaning that the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million as of the prior June 30 and our annual revenue is less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company if either (i) the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million as of the prior June 30 or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million as of the prior June 30. If we are a smaller reporting company at the time

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we cease to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and take advantage of reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

We will continue to incur significant expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As a public company, we will continue to face increased legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses as a public company that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including the requirements of Section 404, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, the PCAOB and the securities exchanges, impose additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. Compliance with public company requirements will increase costs and make certain activities more time-consuming. A number of those requirements will require us to carry out activities we have not done previously. In addition, additional expenses associated with SEC reporting requirements will be incurred. Furthermore, if any issues in complying with those requirements are identified (for example, if the auditors identify a material weakness or significant deficiency in the internal control over financial reporting), we could incur additional costs rectifying those issues, and the existence of those issues could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of it. It may also be more expensive to obtain director and officer liability insurance. Risks associated with our status as a public company may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. The additional reporting and other obligations imposed by these rules and regulations will increase legal and financial compliance costs and the costs of related legal, accounting and administrative activities. These increased costs will require us to divert a significant amount of money that could otherwise be used to expand the business and achieve strategic objectives. Advocacy efforts by stockholders and third parties may also prompt additional changes in governance and reporting requirements, which could further increase costs.

Reports published by analysts, including projections in those reports that differ from our actual results, could adversely affect the price and trading volume of our common shares.

Securities research analysts may establish and publish their own periodic projections for us. These projections may vary widely and may not accurately predict the results we actually achieve. Our share price may decline if our actual results do not match the projections of these securities research analysts. Similarly, if one or more of the analysts who write reports on us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, our share price or trading volume could decline.

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THE COMMITTED EQUITY FINANCING

On December 13, 2023, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with Chardan establishing the Facility. Pursuant to and upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth in the Purchase Agreement, beginning on the date of this prospectus (the “Commencement Date”), we have the right from time to time at our option to direct Chardan to purchase up to $50.0 million of shares of our Common Stock. Sales of our Common Stock to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement, and the timing of any sales, will be determined by us from time to time in our sole discretion and will depend on a variety of factors, including, among other things, market conditions, the trading price of our Common Stock and determinations by us regarding the use of proceeds from any sale of such Common Stock. The net proceeds from any sales under the Facility will depend on the frequency with, and prices at, which the Common Stock are sold to Chardan. To the extent we sell shares under the Purchase Agreement, we currently plan to use any proceeds therefrom, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, predominantly to support the commercialization of AspyreRx in T2D, which we launched in October 2023, and for general working capital purposes.

In accordance with our obligations under the Purchase Agreement, we have filed the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part in order to register the resale by Chardan of up to 20,000,000 Purchase Shares, consisting of shares of Common Stock that we may elect, in our sole discretion, to issue and sell to Chardan, from time to time from and after the Commencement Date upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations of the Purchase Agreement. Unless earlier terminated, the Purchase Agreement will remain in effect until the earliest to occur of (i) the 36-month anniversary of the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, (ii) the date on which Chardan has purchased the Total Commitment pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, (iii) the date on which our Common Stock fails to be listed or quoted on The Nasdaq Capital Market or any successor market, and (iv) the date on which, pursuant to or within the meaning of any bankruptcy law, we commence a voluntary case or any Person commences a proceeding against us, a custodian is appointed for us or for all or substantially all of our property, or we make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors (the “Termination Provisions”).

Although the Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of our shares of our Common Stock to Chardan, only 20,000,000 shares of our Common Stock are being registered for resale under the registration statement that includes this prospectus. If it becomes necessary for us to issue and sell to the Selling Shareholder under the Purchase Agreement more shares than are being registered for resale under this prospectus in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to $50.0 million under the Purchase Agreement, we must first file with the SEC one or more additional registration statements to register under the Securities Act the resale by the Selling Shareholder of any such additional shares of our Common Stock we wish to sell from time to time under the Purchase Agreement, which the SEC must declare effective, in each case, before we may elect to sell any additional shares of our Common Stock to the Selling Shareholder under the Purchase Agreement. Under applicable Nasdaq rules, in no event may we issue to Chardan more than 19.99% of the total number of our Common Stock that were outstanding immediately prior to the execution of the Purchase Agreement, unless we first obtain stockholder approval or the Average Price of all applicable sales of Common Stock to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement equals or exceeds $0.2494 per share (the “Base Price”) (which represents the sum of (i) the lower of (A) the official closing price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq on the date of the Purchase Agreement and (B) the average official closing price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq for the five (5) consecutive trading days ending on the date of the Purchase Agreement and (ii) $0.0224), so that the Exchange Cap limitation would not apply to issuances and sales of Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement pursuant to the applicable Nasdaq rules and regulations. As used herein, “Average Price” means a price per share of Common Stock (rounded to the nearest tenth of a cent) equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (i) the aggregate gross purchase price paid by Chardan for all shares of Common Stock purchased pursuant to the Purchase Agreement with any offset necessary for compliance with the rules of the Principal Market (as defined in the Purchase Agreement), by (ii) the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock issued pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. In addition, Chardan is not obligated to buy any Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement if such shares, when aggregated with all other Common Stock then beneficially owned by Chardan

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and its affiliates (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-3 promulgated thereunder), would result in Chardan beneficially owning Common Stock in excess of 4.99% of our outstanding voting power or shares of Common Stock (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”).

The Purchase Agreement and the registration rights agreement, dated as of December 13, 2023, by and between the Company and Chardan, and entered into in connection with the Purchase Agreement (the “Chardan Registration Rights Agreement”), contain customary registration rights, representations, warranties, conditions and indemnification obligations by each party. The representations, warranties and covenants contained in such agreements were made only for purposes of such agreements and as of specific dates, were solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreements and are subject to certain important limitations.

VWAP Purchase and Intraday VWAP Purchases of Shares of Common Stock Under the Purchase Agreement

From and after the Commencement Date, we will have the right, at any time we do not have material non-public information, but not the obligation, from time to time at our sole discretion, until the earliest to occur of the Termination Provisions, to direct Chardan to purchase an amount of shares of our Common Stock equal to the applicable VWAP Purchase Share Amount, at the applicable VWAP Purchase Price (as defined herein) therefor on such VWAP Purchase Date (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) in accordance with the Purchase Agreement (each such purchase, a “VWAP Purchase”) by delivering written notice to Chardan (such notice, a “VWAP Purchase Notice”) on any trading day, so long as all shares of Common Stock subject to all prior VWAP Purchases by Chardan have been delivered to Chardan as required by the Purchase Agreement.

In addition to the regular VWAP Purchases described above, from and after the Commencement Date, we will also have the right, at any time we do not have material non-public information, but not the obligation, from time to time at our sole discretion, until the earliest to occur of the Termination Provisions, to offer to Chardan the right to or, in certain circumstances, to direct Chardan, to purchase, on any trading day we select as the Purchase Date (including the same Purchase Date on which an earlier regular VWAP Purchase was effected by us (as applicable), although we are not required to effect an earlier regular VWAP Purchase on such Purchase Date in order to effect an Intraday VWAP Purchase on such Purchase Date), up to an amount of shares of our Common Stock equal to the applicable Intraday VWAP Purchase Share Amount (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) at the applicable VWAP Purchase Price therefor on such VWAP Purchase Date in accordance with the Purchase Agreement (each such purchase, an “Intraday VWAP Purchase”) by delivering a written notice to Chardan (each such notice, an “Intraday VWAP Purchase Notice”) to Chardan prior to 3:00 p.m., New York City time, on any trading day.

We may, in our sole discretion, timely deliver one Intraday VWAP Purchase Notice to Chardan on a single Purchase Date to effect an Intraday VWAP Purchase on such same Purchase Date, so long as all shares of Common Stock subject to all prior VWAP Purchases and all prior Intraday VWAP Purchases effected by us under the Purchase Agreement have been received by Chardan prior to the time we deliver to Chardan a new Intraday VWAP Purchase Notice to effect an Intraday VWAP Purchase on the same Purchase Date as a regular VWAP Purchase. The terms and limitations that will apply to each Intraday VWAP Purchase effected on the same Purchase Date will be the same as those applicable to any earlier regular VWAP Purchase (as applicable) effected on the same Purchase Date as such Intraday VWAP Purchase, and the per share purchase price for the shares of Common Stock that we elect to sell to Chardan in each Intraday VWAP Purchase effected on the same Purchase Date as an earlier regular VWAP Purchase (as applicable) effected on such Purchase Date will be calculated in the same manner as in the case of such earlier regular VWAP Purchase (as applicable) effected on the same Purchase Date as such Intraday VWAP Purchase, with the exception that the Intraday VWAP Purchase Period for each Intraday VWAP Purchase will begin and end at different times (and may vary in duration) during the regular trading session on such Purchase Date, in each case as determined in accordance with the Purchase Agreement.

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The maximum number of shares of Common Stock that Chardan is required to purchase on any one trading day pursuant to a VWAP Purchase Notice and an Intraday VWAP Purchase Notice, as applicable, under the Purchase Agreement, is equal to the lesser of:

The per share purchase price for the Common Stock that we elect to sell to Chardan in a VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, will be equal to (i) ninety-five percent (95.0%) of the VWAP until the aggregate sum of such VWAP equals $2,500,000 and (ii) ninety-six and a half percent (96.5%) of the VWAP thereafter over the applicable period on such VWAP Purchase Date for such VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase (such price, the “VWAP Purchase Price”), subject to certain adjustments.

We define “VWAP” as, for the Common Stock for a specified period, the dollar volume-weighted average price for the Common Stock on the Principal Market, for such period, as reported by Bloomberg through its “VWAP” function. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any sales of shares of Common Stock through certain block transactions, any reorganization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split, stock combination, recapitalization or other similar transaction during such period. There is no upper limit on the price per share that Chardan could be obligated to pay for Common Stock we elect to sell to Chardan in any VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase under the Purchase Agreement.

At or prior to 5:30 p.m., New York City time, on the VWAP Purchase Date for each VWAP Purchase and each Intraday VWAP Purchase, if applicable, Chardan will provide us and the Transfer Agent with a written confirmation for such VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase setting forth, among other things, the applicable VWAP Purchase Price for such trading day, the total number of shares of Common Stock being purchased by Chardan in such VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase, the total aggregate VWAP Purchase Price to be paid by Chardan for such VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase, the VWAP Purchase Period and (if applicable) the Intraday VWAP Purchase Period, and, if Chardan is purchasing a number of shares of Common Stock less than the VWAP Purchase Share Amount or Intraday VWAP Purchase Share Amount, Chardan’s calculation of the VWAP Purchase Commitment Amount (as defined in the Purchase Agreement).

The Common Stock purchased by Chardan in an applicable VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase shall be delivered to Chardan not later than 1:00 p.m., New York City time, on the trading day immediately following the applicable VWAP Purchase Date for such VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase (the “VWAP Purchase Share Delivery Date”). The payment for, against delivery of, Common Stock purchased by Chardan in a VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase under the Purchase Agreement is required to be fully settled not

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later than 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on the trading day immediately following the applicable VWAP Purchase Share Delivery Date for such VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase, as set forth in the Purchase Agreement.

Conditions Precedent to Commencement and Each VWAP Purchase and Intraday VWAP Purchase

Our right to commence delivering VWAP Purchase Notices and Intraday VWAP Purchase Notices under the Purchase Agreement and Chardan’s obligation to accept VWAP Purchase Notices and Intraday VWAP Purchase Notices that are timely delivered by us under the Purchase Agreement and to purchase shares of our Common Stock in VWAP Purchases and Intraday VWAP Purchases under the Purchase Agreement, are subject to the initial satisfaction, at the Commencement Date, of the conditions precedent thereto set forth in the Purchase Agreement, which conditions include, among others, the following:

Termination of the Purchase Agreement

Unless earlier terminated as provided in the Purchase Agreement, the Purchase Agreement will terminate automatically on the earliest to occur of:

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We have the right to terminate the Purchase Agreement at any time after Commencement, at no cost or penalty, upon ten (10) trading days’ prior written notice to Chardan. We and Chardan may also terminate the Purchase Agreement at any time by mutual written consent. Chardan also has the right to terminate the Purchase Agreement upon ten (10) trading days’ prior written notice to us, but only upon the occurrence of certain customary events as listed in the Purchase Agreement. No termination of the Purchase Agreement by us or by Chardan will become effective prior to the second trading day immediately following the date on which any pending (or not fully settled) VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase has been fully settled in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Purchase Agreement, and will not affect any of our respective rights and obligations under the Purchase Agreement with respect to any pending (or not fully settled) VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase, and both we and Chardan have agreed to complete our respective obligations with respect to any such pending (or not fully settled) VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase under the Purchase Agreement. Furthermore, no termination of the Purchase Agreement will affect our or Chardan’s respective rights or obligations under the Chardan Registration Rights Agreement, which will survive any termination of the Purchase Agreement.

No Short-Selling or Hedging by Chardan

Chardan has agreed that neither it nor any entity managed or controlled by it, will engage in, directly or indirectly, any (i) “short sale” (as such term is defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO of the Exchange Act) of the Common Stock or (ii) hedging transaction, which, with respect to items (i) and (ii), establishes a net short position with respect to the Common Stock, during the term of the Purchase Agreement.

Effect of Sales of our Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement on our Stockholders

The Common Stock being registered for resale in this offering may be issued and sold by us to Chardan from time to time at our discretion over a period until the earliest to occur of the Termination Provisions. The resale by Chardan of a significant quantity of shares registered for resale in this offering at any given time, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our Common Stock to decline and to be highly volatile. Sales of our Common Stock, if any, to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement will be determined by us in our sole discretion, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions in the Purchase Agreement, and will depend upon market conditions and other factors. We may ultimately decide to sell to Chardan all, some or none of the Common Stock that may be available for us to sell to Chardan pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. If we elect to sell Common Stock to Chardan pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, after Chardan has acquired such shares, Chardan may resell all, some or none of such Common Stock at any time or from time to time in its discretion and at different prices. As a result, investors who purchase Common Stock from Chardan in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices for those shares of Common Stock, and so may experience different levels of dilution and in some cases substantial dilution and different outcomes in their investment results. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to the Facility — Investors who buy Common Stock from Chardan at different times will likely pay different prices.”

Investors may experience a decline in the value of the Common Stock they purchase from Chardan in this offering as a result of future sales made by us to Chardan at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares in this offering. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of shares of Common Stock to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of Common Stock or the mere existence of our arrangement with Chardan may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect such sales.

Because the purchase price per share to be paid by Chardan for the Common Stock that we may elect to sell to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our Common Stock during the applicable period for each VWAP Purchase or Intraday VWAP Purchase made pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, as of the date of this prospectus it is not possible for us to predict the number of shares of Common Stock that we will sell to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement, the actual purchase price

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per share to be paid by Chardan for those shares of Common Stock, or the actual gross proceeds to be raised by us from those sales, if any. As of December 1, 2023, there were 49,861,726 shares of Common Stock outstanding. If all of the 20,000,000 shares of our Common Stock offered for resale by Chardan under this prospectus were issued and outstanding as of December 1, 2023, such shares would represent approximately 28.6% of total number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding. The actual number of shares of our Common Stock issuable will vary depending on the then current market price of shares of our Common Stock sold to Chardan in this offering.

The number of shares of Common Stock ultimately offered for sale by Chardan for resale under this prospectus is dependent upon the number of shares of Common Stock, if any, we ultimately sell to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement. Further, if and when we elect to sell shares of Common Stock to Chardan pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, after Chardan has acquired such shares, Chardan may resell all, some or none of such shares of Common Stock at any time or from time to time in its discretion and at different prices.

The issuance of our shares of Common Stock to Chardan pursuant to the Purchase Agreement will not affect the rights or privileges of our existing stockholders, except that the economic and voting interests of each of our existing stockholders will be diluted. Although the number of shares of Common Stock that our existing stockholders own will not decrease, the shares of Common Stock owned by our existing stockholders will represent a smaller percentage of our total outstanding shares of Common Stock after any such issuance.

The following table sets forth information at varying purchase prices assuming we sell all 20,000,000 Purchase Shares being registered for resale under this prospectus to Chardan under the Purchase Agreement:

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USE OF PROCEEDS

All of the shares of our Common Stock offered by Chardan will be solely for Chardan’s account. We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales. We may receive up to $50.0 million in aggregate gross proceeds from Chardan under the Purchase Agreement in connection with sales of our shares of our Common Stock to Chardan pursuant to the Purchase Agreement from time to time after the date of this prospectus. However, the actual proceeds we receive may be less than this amount (before being reduced for the discount to Chardan) depending on the number of share of our shares of our Common Stock sold and the price at which the shares of our Common Stock are sold.

We intend to use any net proceeds from any sales of shares of our Common Stock to Chardan under the Facility, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, predominantly to support the commercialization of AspyreRx in T2D, which we launched in October 2023, and for general working capital purposes. We will have broad discretion in the way we use these proceeds. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to the Facility — We may use proceeds from sales of our Common Stock made pursuant to the Purchase Agreement in ways with which you may not agree or in ways which may not yield a significant return.”

Chardan will pay any underwriting fees, discounts, selling commissions, stock transfer taxes and certain legal expenses incurred by Chardan in disposing of its shares of Common Stock, and we will bear all other costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of such securities covered by this prospectus, including, without limitation, all registration and filing fees, Nasdaq listing fees and fees and expenses of our counsel and our independent registered public accountants.

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DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE

We cannot currently determine the price or prices at which the shares of our Common Stock may be sold by Chardan under this prospectus. Our Common Stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Marker under the symbol “BTTX.”

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MARKET PRICE AND DIVIDEND INFORMATION

Market Price

Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “BTTX”.

The closing price of our Common Stock as reported on The Nasdaq Capital Market on December 12, 2023 was $0.2091 per share.

Holders

As of December 1, 2023, there were 63 holders of record of our common stock. The number of holders of record does not include for example a substantially greater number of “street name” holders or beneficial holders whose shares of common stock are held of record by banks, brokers and other financial institutions.

Dividend Policy

We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the growth and development of our business. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We do not intend to pay cash dividends to our stockholders in the foreseeable future. In addition, the terms of our Loan Agreement, as amended, with Hercules Capital preclude us from paying dividends. Investors should not purchase our common stock with the expectation of receiving cash dividends.

Any future determination to declare dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

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DILUTION

The sale of Common Stock to Chardan pursuant to the Purchase Agreement will have a dilutive impact on our stockholders. In addition, the lower the price of our Common Stock is at the time we exercise our right to sell shares to Chardan, the more shares of our Common Stock we will issue to raise our desired amount of proceeds from the sale, and the greater the dilution to our existing shareholders.

The price that Chardan will pay for our Common Stock to be resold pursuant to this prospectus will depend upon the timing of sales and will fluctuate based on the trading price of our Common Stock.

As of September 30, 2023, we had a net tangible book value (deficit) of $(12.7) million, or $(0.31) per share of Common Stock. Our net tangible book value per share represents total tangible assets (total assets less capitalized software) less total liabilities, divided by the number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding as of September 30, 2023.

Our pro forma net tangible book (deficit) value attributed to Common Stock as of September 30, 2023 was $(9.4) million, or $(0.19) per share of Common Stock. Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents total tangible assets (total assets less capitalized software) less total liabilities, divided by the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding, taking into account (i) approximately $3.3 million in net proceeds received from “at-the-market” offerings of an aggregate of 9,053,762 shares of Common Stock prior to December 1, 2023 and (ii) approximately $39 thousand in net proceeds received from the issuance of 229,977 shares of Common Stock pursuant to the ESPP in November 2023.

Dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per share to new investors participating in this offering represents the difference between the assumed offering price per share in this offering and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our Common Stock immediately after giving effect to this offering.

After giving effect to the assumed sale of 20,000,000 shares of Common Stock to Chardan pursuant to the Purchase Agreement at an assumed price of $0.2091 per share, the closing price of our Common Stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market on December 12, 2023, after deducting the estimated discounts and offering fees and expenses payable by us, and without giving effect to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation under the Purchase Agreement, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value (deficit) as of September 30, 2023, would have been approximately $(5.9) million, or $(0.08) per share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma net tangible book value of $0.11 per share to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $0.29 per share to new investors.

Dilution per share to new investors is determined by subtracting pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering from the assumed offering price per share.

The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis:

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A $0.10 increase in the assumed offering price of $0.2091 per share, which is the last reported trading price of our Common Stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market on December 12, 2023 would increase our as adjusted net tangible book value by $1.9 million, our as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by $0.02 and dilution per share to new investors purchasing shares in this offering by $0.08, assuming that the number of shares sold to Chardan, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the estimated discounts and offering fees and expenses payable by us, and without giving effect to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation in the Purchase Agreement.

A $0.10 decrease in the assumed offering price of $0.2091 per share, which is the last reported trading price

of our Common Stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market on December 12, 2023 would decrease our as adjusted

net tangible book value by $(1.9) million, our as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering

by $(0.03) and dilution per share to new investors purchasing shares in this offering by $(0.07), assuming that

the number of shares sold to Chardan, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and

after deducting the estimated discounts and offering fees and expenses payable by us, and without giving

effect to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation under the Purchase Agreement.

The foregoing table is based on 49,861,726 shares of our Common Stock outstanding, consisting of (i) 40,577,987 shares of our Common Stock outstanding as of September 30, 2023, (ii) 9,053,762 shares of our Common Stock sold in “at the market” offerings prior to December 1, 2023 and (iii) 229,977 shares of our Common Stock issued pursuant the ESPP in November 2023, and excludes:

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BUSINESS

Overview

Our mission is to advance human health through the power of behavior change.

We are a prescription digital therapeutics company developing FDA regulated cognitive behavioral therapy that is accessed via an app on a patient’s smartphone to address the root causes of CMDx. Our clinically validated PDTs are intended to be prescribed by physicians and reimbursed by payers like traditional medicines. The mechanism of action embedded in our PDTs is a novel form of CBT developed by Better Therapeutics, targeting the specific behaviors that cause and contribute to the progression of the diseases we seek to treat. The CBT delivered by our PDTs is designed to enable changes in neural pathways of the brain so that lasting changes in behavior become possible.

We selected cardiometabolic diseases as our initial target markets because they 1) share lifestyle behavior as a common root cause, potentially enabling rapid expansion of our platform across multiple related diseases, 2) rank amongst the most prevalent and costly chronic diseases that are largely reversible and preventable, offering opportunities for transformative impact and 3) represent areas of significant unmet need because currently available drugs predominantly treat symptoms, rather than addressing the root causes, often resulting in disease progression and more costly healthcare interventions over time.

Our first commercial product, AspyreRx, was authorized by the FDA to treat T2D, in July 2023, and launched commercially in October 2023. AspyreRx is the first FDA-authorized digital behavioral therapeutic delivering CBT for the treatment of a cardiometabolic disease. Our pipeline also includes programs for the treatment of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, MASLD, MASH and chronic kidney disease. Founded in 2015, we are led by executives that have track records of building multi-billion dollar businesses and extensive industry experience in developing and commercializing therapeutics and medical devices.

AspyreRx is a prescription-only digital treatment indicated to provide cognitive behavioral therapy to patients 18 years or older with T2D. The device targets behavior to aid in the treatment of T2D adjunctively with standard-of-care in patients who are under the care of a healthcare provider. AspyreRx was reviewed through the FDA’s de novo pathway and its authorization created a new class of diabetes digital behavioral therapeutic devices. We envision AspyreRx becoming part of the standard-of-care for adult patients with T2D given the clinical evidence supporting its efficacy and safety, its broad label to treat all adult patients with T2D across the disease spectrum, its mechanism of action in-line with existing treatment guidelines, its broad accessibility to anyone with a smartphone, and the potential cost savings the utilization of AspyreRx can generate for payers and health systems.

Treatment guidelines for T2D typically start with instructions for physicians to counsel patients on changes in diet and exercise. Since AspyreRx offers providers a clinically proven behavioral therapy that targets behaviors around diet, exercise and other disease driving behaviors, is valuable at any stage of the disease, is delivered in an easily accessible, engaging and affordable way, and behavior change is already part of the foundation of treatment under the current clinical guidelines for treatment of T2D, we project that peak annual sales of AspyreRx may potentially exceed $1 billion per year.

Like other prescription therapies, successful commercialization will require physicians to write prescriptions for their patients and for payers to reimburse the cost of those prescriptions. We are pursuing a focused go-to-market strategy and intend to launch AspyreRx initially in 6 geographies with a small commercial team, targeting high prescribing providers identified as innovators and early adopters, as well as the top health systems and payer organizations that overlap, with the goal to generate early, meaningful, commercial traction in these areas. We intend to expand our commercial footprint after we have established commercial traction in our initial target geographies.

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The treatment and other healthcare costs associated with T2D consumes over $400 billion each year in the U.S., and that number is growing each year driven by rising prevalence of the disease, which is projected to grow from 37 million patients in 2019 to 55 million by 2030, as well as the introduction of expensive new drugs. We have completed an extensive healthcare economic study which demonstrates the potential of AspyreRx to improve health outcomes and reduce costs to insurers.

We have conducted primary market research into the potential for reimbursement coverage of AspyreRx by representative payer groups and, with FDA authorization, have conducted post authorization meetings with several payers. As a result of the market research and payer meetings to date, we believe widespread reimbursement coverage can be established. These findings have been further supported by independent research studies, such as the one conducted by Xcenda and presented at the AMCP Nexus meeting in October 2022. To ensure eligible patients have affordable access to AspyreRx regardless of insurance coverage while payer coverage is ramping up, we are offering a cash-pay program for a limited time. We expect to announce our first coverage decisions in Q4 2023 and further expand coverage through 2024.

In September 2023, we completed enrollment in our real-world evidence studies to evaluate the long-term effectiveness and healthcare utilization changes associated with the use of AspyreRx for the treatment of T2D. The randomized, controlled, multi-site studies enrolled patients for a treatment period of at least 12 months. Change in A1c and healthcare resource utilization will be evaluated and compared to SOC. The study seeks to provide payers and providers with long-term data related to usage and outcomes in a real-world like setting.

We further achieved positive top-line results in our LivVita study, a first-ever clinical study evaluating the feasibility of our digitally delivered CBT to reduce liver fat and improve liver disease biomarkers as a potential treatment for MASLD and MASH (formerly known as NAFLD/NASH). The results of this study were published in the peer reviewed journal Gastro Hep Advances in October 2023. Currently, there is no FDA approved treatment for these conditions, which affect one in four Americans and cause approximately $100 billion in direct medical costs annually. Because of the significant unmet medical need, we intend to submit a request to the FDA for Breakthrough Device Designation for our investigational CBT-based treatment platform by the end of 2023. We plan to use data from the LivVita study and exploratory endpoints embedded in the BT-001 pivotal trial that generated additional proof-of-concept data in hypertension and hyperlipidemia, to inform the potential expansion of our digital therapeutics platform into other cardiometabolic diseases beyond T2D.

The clinical trial for BT-001 was the largest PDT trial for an intervention aimed at glycemic control and included a diverse, nationally representative population of 668 patients with a body mass index ≥ 25 mg/m2, advanced and difficult to treat T2D and a mean baseline A1c of 8.1%. Participants in the trial had long standing (mean 11 years), poorly controlled T2D, high cardiovascular risk, multiple comorbidities, multiple blood sugar lowering medications, representing a difficult to treat patient population. Participants were randomized to receive SOC with or without BT-001 and that the primary and secondary efficacy endpoints would be the difference in mean change from baseline in A1c at 90 and 180 days. The study was powered to detect a 0.4% or greater change in A1c at 90 days, between BT-001 and control, and a statistically significant change (p<0.05) in A1c at 180 days. The study also assessed a safety endpoint (the occurrence, relatedness and severity of Adverse Events) at day 90 and 180. Two important study design features set a high bar to demonstrate efficacy and included a) the ability for physicians to adjust diabetes medication for all participants throughout the duration of the trial and b) that participants randomly assigned to use BT-001 were not mandated or incentivized to use the CBT features contained in BT-001. We believe these features established a very high bar for evaluating efficacy.

Our clinical trial of BT-001 achieved statistically significant and clinically meaningful changes in both the primary and secondary endpoints. The primary efficacy endpoint was the difference in mean change in A1c from baseline after 90 days of treatment.BT-001 met the primary endpoint, showing a highly statistically significant improvement in A1c relative to the control group (-0.4%, n=610, p <0.001). BT-001 showed a sustained and statistically significant change relative to the control group on the secondary efficacy endpoint, which was the mean change in A1c from baseline at 180 days (-0.3%, n=517, p =0.01). Importantly, BT-001 met the 180 day

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endpoint even though 1.5 times more SOC patients increased blood sugar lowering medications relative to those in the BT-001 arm prior to the 180 day A1c draw. After the day 180 A1c draw, 1.7 times more SOC control patients increased their medications compared to BT-001 patients. BT-001 demonstrated sustained and numerically improved A1c levels, with A1c reduction from baseline improving from 0.3% at 90 days to 0.4% at 180 days across the intent-to-treat population, suggesting a durable treatment effect. Half of the BT-001 patients achieved a meaningful reduction in A1c (defined as 0.4% reduction or more), with a mean A1c reduction of 1.3% within this subset. The clinical trial also provided evidence that beyond reductions in A1c: (1) there was a clear dose-response between greater engagement in CBT and greater reductions in A1c, supporting CBT as a mechanism of action, (2) measures of patient engagement, adherence, persistence, and satisfaction were all positive, (3) BT-001 resulted in reassuring safety data, with significantly fewer adverse (p<0.001) and serious adverse events (p=0.01) as compared to the SOC control group, and (4) exploratory endpoint data revealed additional cardiometabolic improvements as well as the potential to reduce the need for medications and lower healthcare utilization compared to the control group, supporting the potential for BT-001 to improve overall health of patients with T2D and potentially reduce cost of care associated with the progression of the disease.

The LivVita study, our clinical study evaluating the feasibility of our digitally delivered CBT to reduce fatty liver and improve liver disease biomarkers as a potential treatment for MASLD and MASH, was conducted in collaboration with Arizona Liver Health, a leading liver clinical research center. This single arm interventional cohort study enrolled 22 patients who were given access to a 90-day CBT-based treatment platform. This clinical study met its primary endpoint, showing a statistically significant positive signal with an average relative reduction in MRI-PDFF of 16% (p=0.01) in the intent-to-treat population (n=19). Additionally, the clinical study showed (i) a statistically significant mean reduction in alanine transaminase (ALT) of -17 IU/L (p=0.002), (ii) a statistically significant mean change in FAST Score of 20% (p=0.01), (iii) no serious adverse events or device related adverse events, and (iv) high engagement and patient satisfaction with treatment, with a Net Promoter Score of +75 and 94% of subjects still using the app after 90 days. MASLD and MASH affects over 80 million adults in the U.S., resulting in over $100 billion in direct healthcare costs annually. There are currently no FDA approved therapeutics for treating MASLD or MASH.

We are engaging in business development efforts to maximize the value of AspyreRx and our platform in non-dilutive ways. We are exploring opportunities to partner with pharmaceutical, medical device, and technology companies that have a strategic interest in digital health or have the organizational infrastructure to support the successful commercialization of AspyreRx and our platform. Opportunities may also exist to co-develop novel combination products with a pharmaceutical company operating in the cardiometabolic space. In September 2023, the FDA issued draft guidance titled “Regulatory Considerations for Prescription Drug Use-Related Software,” which provides clarity about the agency’s views and intent to consider the combined effectiveness of pharmaceuticals and digital therapeutic solutions when making drug labeling decisions. We believe the FDA draft guidance has the potential to support our business development efforts and may be particularly relevant in the context of a new subgroup analysis data which was announced in October 2023 and which revealed that adjunctive use of AspyreRx with SOC, including GLP-1 receptor agonists, led to a substantially greater clinical improvement compared to control participants who did not incorporate AspyreRx into their regimen.

We believe we are differentiated from other PDT companies in several important ways, which we believe has the potential to result in better commercial performance and peak revenue than those observed for previously approved PDTs: 1) with our focus on cardiometabolic diseases, and T2D as our lead indication, we are targeting very large patient populations with significant unmet medical needs (about 50% of patients diagnosed with T2D have uncontrolled blood sugar levels despite being on SOC medication); 2) because T2D ranks among the most costly therapeutic areas for payers, and given the rapidly rising prevalence of the disease as well as escalating expenses for payers, in part driven by the introduction of expensive new medications, we believe we get a different level of attention from payers than prior PDT companies seeking to obtain payer coverage, 3) we ran the largest randomized control trial to date for a PDT intending to lower blood sugar, generating clinical evidence against the same clinical endpoints used in drug development for T2D; 4) the FDA granted us a broad label,

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authorizing the treatment of all adult T2D patients from first diagnosis across all stages of the disease; 5) our FDA authorized and investigational PDTs are designed to deliver a treatment intervention that fits into the existing treatment paradigm, e.g., current clinical guidelines for the treatment of diabetes highlight behavior change as the foundation of treatment; 6) our therapy has the potential to generate health economic benefits and the utilization of our PDTs has the potential to demonstrate cost savings for payers; and 7) we have a team with extensive industry experience in developing and commercializing therapeutics and medical devices. Furthermore, we believe our internally developed novel form of CBT is differentiated from other approaches in the digital therapeutics space that are incorporating CBT principles.

Essential elements of our value proposition to our stakeholders include:

Inadequacies of the Current Treatment Paradigm

The U.S. has arrived at a massive, worsening, and unsustainable healthcare crisis. The prevalence of CMDx and U.S. healthcare spending have trended upwards over half a century. A crisis this large is not the result of only one factor such as genetics. The advent of digital entertainment, changes in the food we eat, and other social determinants have all played a role.

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U.S. Healthcare Spending and Prevalence of CMDx

The use of prescription drugs to treat CMDx can provide symptomatic relief and, in some cases, control the progression of disease. However, medications generally do not address root causes, which are predominantly behavioral. There is clear consensus in the scientific and medical community that poor diet, lack of exercise, and other lifestyle factors drive the onset, co-morbidity and mortality associated with CMDx. Just three CMDx, T2D, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia account for more than $100 billion in annual prescription drug spending in the United States, none of which addresses root causes.

An estimated 37 million people in the United States had T2D in 2019 and that number is projected to grow to about 55 million by 2030. Another estimated 96 million people in the United States have prediabetes, 70% of which are expected to develop into T2D during their lifetimes. The annual direct medical costs in the United States for treating T2D exceeded $237 billion in 2017, representing an increase of $61 billion since 2012. These costs are forecasted to increase to $472 billion by 2030.

Despite advances in pharmacological treatment, about half of U.S. patients with T2D are not achieving glycemic control. Even when adequate glycemic control (i.e., an A1c <7%) is achieved via pharmacotherapy, a substantially elevated risk due to all-cause mortality still exists. According to the American Diabetes Association (“ADA”), the behavioral determinants of T2D are a significant contributor to both poor glycemic control and mortality risk.

The role of behaviors, including dietary pattern and exercise, in the development and progression of T2D and other cardiometabolic conditions is well established. These behavioral determinants are resistant to change because they are created and reinforced by strong social norms and culturally reinforced ideas. The use of CBT to directly target these behaviors is a critically important means of achieving high-quality CMDx care. Unfortunately for patients, the U.S. health system is not organized to provide comprehensive CBT at the scale needed. While clinical guidelines consistently recommend that healthcare providers facilitate behavioral changes, they often do not have the ability to provide or prescribe effective behavioral therapy to their patients.

Accordingly, significant unmet needs remain in the therapeutic treatment of CMDx and in the control of associated healthcare spending. We believe that to address this problem, we must focus on its root causes and address the near-complete absence to date of behavior-modifying therapeutics for CMDx.

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Our Solution

We have combined medical, behavioral and data sciences to develop a clinically proven software-based therapeutics platform targeting behavior change at scale. Our platform allows for the creation of multiple PDTs that are designed to treat patients with CBT, delivered digitally via an app, to address the underlying causes of CMDx. Once authorized by the FDA, our PDTs are intended to be prescribed by physicians and reimbursed by health insurance providers.

CBT is a treatment paradigm originally developed for the management of psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Traditional CBT aims to correct behavioral responses to a situation that are either non-productive or have adverse effects (maladaptive behaviors) by identifying and changing the core beliefs that produced them. It has since been successfully applied to a wide range of chronic conditions, including CMDx, and has been observed to be generally well-tolerated and to have the potential to provide durable treatment effects, either alone or in combination with other therapies. In current practice, CBT represents a family of therapies that have evolved over several decades and include modalities such as acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

Our solution to the crisis described above is a novel form of behavioral therapy developed by Better Therapeutics for patients with T2D and other CMDx designed specifically to address the cognitive patterns and mental structures that drive dietary and exercise patterns and associated lifestyle behaviors.

CBT systematically targets the cognitive structures, behavioral routines, emotional patterns and coping skills that underlie culturally specific eating behaviors. The content and delivery mechanisms of our novel CBT were developed internally from first principles, leveraging experience from clinician- and health coach-patient interactions to distill common maladaptive thinking and beliefs pertaining to diet and lifestyle. It is designed as a digitally delivered therapy so that it can be widely disseminated to large patient populations yet personalized to the individual patient using artificial intelligence (AI)-driven feedback loops.

Our PDTs enable the delivery of CBT at scale to fill this critical gap in care. To be widely adopted, we believe an effective PDT needs to be prescribed by healthcare providers and reimbursed by payers like a traditional prescription medication. This allows a digital therapeutic to leverage and bolster the trust established in a patient-provider relationship and to provide actionable data back to both provider and patient that can help advance care.

Our PDTs are intended to be used by patients under the guidance of their primary care provider and may fill an important gap in existing clinical guidelines. Our first PDT authorized by FDA, AspyreRx, is intended to improve glycemic control in adult patients with T2D by targeting the behaviors that are root causes, with the potential for patients’ physicians to ultimately reduce or eliminate over time the ongoing need for prescription medications to manage these chronic diseases. With a goal of pursuing commercialization first in T2D, we see a compelling opportunity to quickly and efficiently leverage our therapeutics platform to create additional PDTs targeting a broad range of CMDx, and for us to play a significant role in helping reduce the human and monetary costs of CMDx that are currently unsustainable and increasing.

Our Platform

We believe that our platform can support the discovery and development of additional PDTs that can be advanced in clinical development to treat CMDx using CBT. The platform consists of three integrated components.

Behavioral Therapy. The behavioral therapy components of the platform consist of lessons, skill-building modules, and a mechanism for goal setting. These components deliver CBT to patients at a pace and sequence that is designed to maximize treatment outcomes on an individual basis. They target the ideas, beliefs, and expectations that drive the behaviors known to be root causes for CMDx to help change neural pathways of the

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brain, reducing or removing obstacles to making sustained behavioral changes. AspyreRx is intended to treat T2D and consists of 26 therapy lessons, intended to be completed at a rate of about one per week. Each therapy lesson takes 5 to 20 minutes to complete. Associated with each lesson are skill-building modules, enabling practical application of the therapy lesson content in daily life. There are 96 skill-building modules in AspyreRx, and patients engage in them on a self-directed basis.

Treatment Plans. A daily treatment plan is the primary engagement interface for patients. It guides changes in diet and exercise consistent with daily and weekly goals, encourages adherence to prescribed medications, and enables self-monitoring of disease biometrics. Brief, daily self-reported measures of both behaviors and biometrics serve as inputs to our treatment algorithms.

Personalization. We use artificial intelligence (“AI”), pre-programmed into our algorithm to adjust goals and personalize treatment plans to each individual patient based on their engagement and inputs. Remotely monitored app-engagement data, self-reported measures, and patient specific health data serve as the primary inputs into our proprietary treatment algorithms. We also use gamification and various feedback mechanisms to reward progress, encourage ongoing use, and visualize the impact of behavior changes made on the primary measures of disease status.

Inception, Development and Validation of Our Platform

We began development of our platform in 2015, starting with a small number of features thought to be essential for supporting effective and sustained behavior changes based on clinical evidence. Through a cycle of iteration and usability testing, we advanced the platform to a minimal state of readiness, paired the software with board-certified, physician-supervised health coaches, and studied it in various patient populations with CMDx. Those early feasibility studies demonstrated clinical potential comparable to commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of diabetes and hypertension. The data from those earlier studies were peer-reviewed and published in medical journals (see Problem, Solution and Market Opportunity by Product Candidate-BT-001 — Diabetes; Hypertension), and informed further development of a software-only configuration. The first software-only product candidate, BT-001, to emerge from this platform was tested in a pilot study among patients with uncontrolled T2D, which demonstrated that use of BT-001 resulted in a clinically meaningful improvement in glycemic control. The data from the pilot study was presented at Endocrine 2020. Thereafter, BT-001 was tested in the largest randomized, controlled clinical trial conducted of PDT to date (see Problem, Solution and Market Opportunity by Product Candidate-BT-001 — Diabetes-Pivotal Trial of BT-001). We included these data in our de novo classification request to the FDA.

In order to establish a comprehensive framework for ongoing product development, we adhere to rigorous product development procedures and processes documented in a commercially scalable Quality Management

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System (“QMS”). We believe this allows us to employ an agile software development process that results in the highest levels of product innovation while helping ensure consistent product quality and patient safety.

The foundational elements of our QMS are Design Controls and Risk Management Procedures which:

Platform Leverage

Because CMDx share common root causes which our platform is designed to address, we believe we can create products to treat additional CMDx with relatively small changes to our lead PDT, AspyreRx. This will greatly reduce product development time and cost. We further believe that learnings and improvements on any PDT can be leveraged across the platform. Additionally, because so many CMDx have comorbidities with other CMDx (e.g., patients diagnosed with diabetes are often also diagnosed with heart disease), we can gather data on effectiveness across many diseases with a single study. BT-001 was our first product candidate submitted to the FDA through the de novo classification process. We expect to apply for and to commercialize subsequent products through the 510(k) process. The 510(k) process typically requires a shorter premarket review period.

As a result of these efficiencies, we believe we have the potential to develop a portfolio of PDTs for some of the most prevalent diseases in the U.S. at a fraction of the time and cost of traditional therapeutics.

Market Opportunity

In 2016, the direct annual medical costs due to CMDx potentially addressed by the company’s platform were approximately $490 billion. Overall, approximately 30% of direct medical costs are associated with medications; in T2D however, the portion associated with medications is approximately 43%. According to the Milken Institute, total direct medical costs by indication in the United States in 2016 were approximately as follows:

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Our Pipeline

The following table summarizes the product candidates under evaluation:

We have the opportunity to rapidly develop and, if authorized by the FDA, commercialize multiple other product candidates. Our clinical development and regulatory strategy prospectively offer a tempo of related, high-value product launches that, if authorized by the FDA, will be differentiated from a traditional molecular therapeutics company. Unlike traditional therapeutics that require discrete and sequential Phase I, II, and III trials, followed by a lengthy regulatory review process, we expect that our PDTs will require a single potentially pivotal trial to generate the data required for submission to the FDA. We believe these potentially pivotal trials can be conducted at a fraction of the cost and time of a traditional new drug trial, and be subject to what we believe to be, a potentially shorter regulatory review process.

Software Instead of Drugs: Unique Benefits of Digital Therapeutics

Digital therapeutics are an emerging new class of therapies, aimed at addressing the root cause of certain diseases. Many of the most common chronic diseases are caused by diet, exercise and other lifestyle factors. These behaviors could be influenced or changed by digitally delivered behavioral therapies that have demonstrated activity against the same clinical endpoints used in traditional drug development. While traditional pharmaceutical drugs tend to mitigate specific symptoms, behavioral therapies addressing the root cause of a disease have the potential to prevent and/or reverse disease progression. In addition, digital therapeutics may offer several unique benefits over traditional pharmaceutical drugs including:

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Problem, Solution and Market Opportunity by Product and Product Candidate

AspyreRx (formerly BT-001) — Diabetes

T2D is a chronic health condition that results in high levels of blood sugar. It occurs when the body is unable to use insulin properly. Insulin allows blood sugar, which comes mainly from the food we eat, to enter cells to be used for energy. It is highly likely that patients with T2D will also develop one or more other medical conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, and/or chronic kidney disease.

T2D is the most common type of diabetes. It was estimated that 37 million adults in the U.S. had T2D in 2019. 27 million adults are receiving medical care for T2D, but only about 13 million of these patients have well controlled blood sugars. In addition, approximately 96 million U.S. adults have prediabetes, up to 70% of which are expected to develop T2D during their lifetime.

The ADA and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for the management of T2D recommend a) changing behaviors to lower blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol, b) regular monitoring of blood sugar, kidney, heart, blood vessels, eye and nerve function, and c) chronic use of antihyperglycemic medications. Widespread failure to change behavior and the inability of current medications to address root causes of T2D has resulted in a massive, growing and unsustainable crisis in the treatment of this disease.

Solution

Under the guidance of a physician, AspyreRx is intended to help patients with T2D improve glycemic control. The AspyreRx software delivers behavioral therapy to patients via a mobile application that targets behaviors related to improving glycemic control and is intended to reduce A1c. The physician ensures the patient is an appropriate candidate for behavioral therapy, monitors the patient for treatment effects and adjusts concurrent medications as needed.

Market Opportunity

According to the ADA, patients diagnosed with diabetes have annual medical costs that are 2.3 times higher than patients without diabetes. The ADA estimated that patients diagnosed with T2D incurred average medical costs of $16,750 in 2017, of which about $9,600 was attributed directly to diabetes. Additionally, the ADA estimates total annual drug cost for treating diabetes in 2017 to be approximately $102 billion, which is a four-fold increase since 2007. This includes nearly $15 billion for insulin, $16 billion for other antihyperglycemic agents, and $71 billion for other prescription drugs that can be attributed to higher disease prevalence associated with diabetes.

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Clinical Development

Early feasibility study

In 2017, we conducted a 12-week feasibility study in 118 patients with T2D. The intervention was delivered by an early version of BT-001 paired with a health coach providing remote support to patients approximately every two weeks by phone. Study participants all had baseline A1c > 6.5% (mean = 8.1%), were mostly female (81%), resided in 38 U.S. states, and had a mean age of 51 years.

After 12-weeks, mean change in A1c was -.8% (p<.001) (this result is considered to be statistically significant), and among those participants with baseline A1c >7.0%, mean change was -1.1% (p<.001) (this result is considered to be statistically significant). Greater glycemic control was observed in those that used BT-001 more often (p=.03) (this result is considered to be statistically significant). The average engagement rate was 4.3 times per day and retention was 86% in this broadly distributed sample.

Data from the study were peer-reviewed and published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research Diabetes in 2018.

Key findings of the pilot study

In early 2020, we completed a single-arm, uncontrolled, unblinded pilot study of BT-001, presented the data at Endocrine 2020, and published results in the Journal of the Endocrine Society. In our single-arm pilot study, the addition of the BT-001 treatment regimen to subjects who were, on average, already taking 2.2 oral diabetes medications and continued those medications during the study resulted in an average of 1.0% estimated reduction in A1c of participants after 84 days. While the pilot study was not designed as a head-to-head comparison of BT-001 to oral medications, these data compare favorably to historical data published in the Journal of Diabetes Care in August 2010 which suggest an average 0.5% - 1.25% range of A1c reduction from untreated baseline with oral medications alone. The key finding was that the clinical outcomes measured were just as strong using a software-only product as for the earlier software-plus-coaching configuration. In the early feasibility study, the outcomes were attributed to the combination of the early BT-001 software and the remote human intervention delivered by health coaches and behavioral specialists. In contrast, the outcomes found in the pilot could be attributed directly to the use of BT-001 software.

The pilot study involved 80 adults with T2D residing in 32 U.S. states, including those with increasing prevalence of diabetes (e.g., Florida, Indiana and North Carolina), who used BT-001 for up to 12 weeks. At baseline, these patients all had poorly controlled diabetes despite taking on average multiple antihyperglycemic medications. Participants had a 3-day average fasting blood glucose value of 152 mg/dL or greater, corresponding to a baseline A1c of 7% or greater. On average, participants were 55.7 years old, had a BMI in the obese range, were taking 2.2 antihyperglycemic medications and were diagnosed with T2D 10.4 years prior to the start of the study.

Use of BT-001 resulted in clinically meaningful improvement in glycemic control. The mean decrease in fasting blood glucose (or FBG) of -22.9 mg/dL (p<.001) corresponds to approximately a 1.0% reduction in A1c. An A1c reduction of 1.0% has been associated with a 21% decrease in diabetes related mortality and a 40% reduction in microvascular complications in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study, a multi-site randomized intervention trial involving 5,102 patients with 20-years of follow up. These results suggested use of BT-001 may be associated with meaningful improvements in glycemic control in a widely distributed treatment population, and offers potential as a standalone treatment or when used alongside medications.

We observed a significant dose response (p=.04) (this result is considered to be statistically significant) between the degree of engagement in CBT content and improvements in glycemic control among adults with T2D. This was encouraging because it indicated that digitally delivered behavioral therapy using only software has the potential to treat disease at scale. Reductions in blood glucose were more significant and occurred faster than we

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had expected. BT-001 allows patients to make behavioral changes at a self-determined pace, which means that for some individuals it might take longer to see blood glucose reductions. In this context, blood sugar control was achieved more rapidly than expected, with 42% of participants achieving a fasting blood glucose less than 152 mg/dL (corresponding to an A1c < 7%, which is commonly regarded as the goal for A1c for most patients with T2D) and 16% achieving a fasting blood glucose less than 130 mg/dL (corresponding, on average to an A1c < 6.5%, a much more aggressive goal for A1c) after an average of 65 days. Bi-weekly fasting blood sugar values for participants are displayed in the table below, which suggests a rapid and progressive improvement in blood glucose. We hypothesized that longer duration of use may result in even greater improvements.

Improvements in blood glucose occurred in participants from across the country and with longstanding diabetes. No serious adverse events were observed in the study period. While it is commonly assumed that only newly diagnosed patients will benefit from behavioral therapy, based on the generally accepted view that the lowering of HbA1c of 0.4 is significant, we were encouraged to see a clinical activity from the usage of BT-001 in patients who were on average diagnosed with diabetes more than 10 years ago.

Pivotal Trial of BT-001

We screened the first patient in our pivotal unblinded study of BT-001 in February 2021 and completed full enrollment in the fourth quarter of 2021, enrolling a total of 668 patients.

Patients interested in participating in the BT-001 pivotal trial were included if they were between 18 and 75 years old, had a BMI of 25 kg/m2 or greater, had no recent changes in antihyperglycemic medications. Potential participants were excluded if they used prandial insulin, tobacco or other addictive substances or were taking medications that would interfere with study measures, such as chemotherapy or steroids. Participants with unstable or life-threatening medical illnesses, such as COVID-19 or active suicidality and patients with heart failure, kidney failure or history of angina within the previous six months were also excluded. The aim of recruitment was to generate a nationally representative sample of adults with T2D located in 5 geographically distinct regions.

Those who passed the screening period were randomized in a 1-to-1 manner to either an SOC group or an SOC plus BT-001 group. Both groups had blood tests and biometrics collected at 90 days and 180 days and were followed closely for adverse events during the entire study period. In addition to A1c levels, study staff collected laboratory measures of cholesterol, inflammatory markers, and cardiovascular risk, along with blood pressure and weight at baseline, day 90 and day 180. Participants were also asked to complete standardized surveys to assess changes in depression, quality of life and patient satisfaction at day 90 and day 180.

Our clinical trial of BT-001 achieved statistically significant and clinically meaningful changes in both the primary and secondary endpoints. The primary efficacy endpoint was the difference in mean change in A1c from baseline after 90 days of treatment. AspyreRx met the primary endpoint, showing a highly statistically significant improvement in A1c relative to the control group (-0.4%, n=610, p <0.001). AspyreRx showed a sustained and statistically significant change relative to the control group on the second efficacy endpoint, which was the mean change in A1c from baseline at 180 days. Importantly, AspyreRx met the 180 day endpoint even though

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1.5 times more SOC patients increased blood sugar lowering medications relative to those in the AspyreRx arm prior to the 180 day A1c draw.

After the day 180 A1c draw, 1.7 times more SOC control patients increased their medications compared to AspyreRx patients. AspyreRx demonstrated sustained and numerically improved A1c levels, with A1c reduction from baseline improving from 0.3% at 90 days to 0.4% at 180 days across the intent-to-treat population, suggesting a durable treatment effect. Half of the AspyreRx patients achieved a meaningful reduction in A1c (defined as 0.4% reduction), with a mean A1c reduction of 1.3% within this subset.

The clinical trial also provided evidence that beyond reductions in A1c: (1) there was a clear dose-response between greater engagement in CBT and greater reductions in A1c, supporting CBT as a mechanism of action, (2) measures of patient engagement, adherence, persistence, and satisfaction were all positive, (3) BT-001 resulted in reassuring safety data, with significantly fewer adverse (p<0.001) and serious adverse events (p=0.01)

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as compared to the SOC control group, and (4) exploratory endpoint data revealed additional cardiometabolic improvements as well as the potential to reduce the need for medications and lower healthcare utilization compared to the control group, supporting the potential for BT-001 to improve overall health of patients with T2D and potentially reduce cost of care associated with the progression of the disease. Based on positive primary and secondary endpoint data from the BT-001 pivotal clinical trial, we submitted a de novo classification request with the FDA in September 2022, seeking marketing authorization of BT-001 for the treatment of adult patients with T2D. AspyreRx received marketing authorization from the FDA in July 2023. We plan to use the data from this study to inform the potential initiation of additional pivotal trials to expand our PDT pipeline.

We have also initiated real-world evidence studies to evaluate the long-term effectiveness and healthcare utilization changes associated with the use of AspyreRx for the treatment of T2D with Mass General Brigham, Colorado Prevention Center Clinical Research, University of Colorado and Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center. The randomized, controlled, multi-site studies are expected to enroll patients for a treatment period of at least 12 months. Change in A1c and healthcare resource utilization will be evaluated and compared to usual care. Interim study results are expected to be reported in the fourth quarter of 2023, once a sufficient number of patients has completed an incremental 180 days of treatment. The study seeks to provide payers and providers with longer-team data related to usage and outcomes in a real-world setting.

Hypertension

Hypertension is a chronic health condition that results in high blood pressure. It occurs when the body is unable to properly regulate the pressure of blood moving through blood vessels. With chronic hypertension, the body’s organs are put under constant stress and are more likely to break down. It is common for patients with longstanding hypertension to develop heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease and/or dementia.

Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases. In 2017, it was estimated that 108 million U.S. adults have hypertension. Of these patients who are already taking blood pressure lowering medications, approximately 35% still have uncontrolled blood pressure.

Guidelines for the management of hypertension recommend a) changing behaviors to lower blood pressure, b) regular monitoring of blood pressure, kidney, and heart function, c) chronic use of anti-hypertensive medications. Widespread failure to change behavior and the inability of current medications to address root causes of hypertension has resulted in a massive, growing and unsustainable crisis in the treatment of this disease.

Solution

We may expand our platform to include a PDT to help patients with hypertension improve their blood pressure, under the guidance of a physician. The software is designed to deliver behavioral therapy to patients via a mobile application that targets behaviors related to achieving blood pressure control and is intended to reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Market Opportunity

Patients with hypertension are estimated to have nearly triple the prescription drug costs as patients without hypertension. A 2016 study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association concludes the annual prescription drug cost was $2,400 for individuals with hypertension versus only $815 for those without hypertension. For all adults in the United States with hypertension, this represents an estimated annual incremental drug cost for patients with hypertension of $42 billion in 2016.

Clinical Development

We plan to refine a detailed plan for a potentially pivotal trial using blood pressure data obtained from the BT-001 randomized, controlled trial. In the BT-001 pivotal trial, approximately two thirds of participants

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reported hypertension as a comorbidity, with approximately 18% of all participants having poorly controlled hypertension at baseline. Because the BT-001 trial included measurement of blood pressure along with A1c at every time point, we have 90 and 180 day randomized, controlled data on blood pressure for approximately 400 participants, which we believe may be sufficient pilot data to allow for planning the potentially pivotal trial in hypertension.

It is anticipated that a pivotal trial would evaluate the safety and effectiveness in a nationally representative sample of approximately 500 U.S. adults with hypertension located in 5 geographically distinct regions. Adults, aged 18-75, would be included if their resting blood pressure is poorly controlled (i.e., over 140/90 mmHg). These participants would be randomized in a one-to-one fashion to a control or intervention group. The control group would be provided standard of care treatment. The intervention group would be provided standard of care along with the hypertension product candidate. The primary outcome measure would be resting systolic blood pressure, measured at 90 days. The secondary outcome measure would be resting systolic blood pressure, measured at 180 days.

Hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia is a chronic health condition that results in high levels of blood cholesterol. It occurs when the body is unable to get rid of harmful types of cholesterol circulating in the blood. Low-density-lipoprotein (“LDL”) cholesterol is the most common form of harmful cholesterol. A dietary pattern high in unhealthy fats, cholesterol, and refined carbohydrates along with insufficient exercise, are the most common causes of high blood cholesterol. Over time, the presence of too much harmful cholesterol leads to cholesterol build up in the body’s arteries, limiting blood flow. It is very common for patients with longstanding hyperlipidemia to develop one or more other medical conditions caused by cholesterol build-up such as heart disease, stroke, and/or peripheral artery disease.

Hyperlipidemia is one of the most common chronic diseases. It was estimated that 65 million adults in the U.S. had hyperlipidemia in 2016. In 2016, it was estimated that 28 million adults had poorly controlled cholesterol levels.

Guidelines for the management of hyperlipidemia recommend a) changing behaviors to lower harmful cholesterol and raise healthy cholesterol levels, b) regular monitoring of blood cholesterol, blood sugar, and blood pressure, and c) chronic use of cholesterol-lowering medications. Widespread failure to change behavior and the inability of current medications to address root causes of hyperlipidemia has resulted in a massive, growing and unsustainable crisis in the treatment of this disease.

Solution

We may expand our platform to include a PDT to help patients with hyperlipidemia improve cholesterol levels, under the guidance of a physician. The software is designed to deliver behavioral therapy to patients via a mobile application that targets behaviors related to the control of cholesterol levels and is intended to reduce LDL cholesterol.

Market Opportunity

According to the American Heart Association, the annual incremental drug cost for patients with hyperlipidemia was estimated to be $12 billion in 2016. Also, due to updated clinical guidelines which make more aggressive treatment recommendations, an additional 12.3 million more Americans would be treated with cholesterol-lowering medications by 2025, increasing treatment costs by $13.3 billion per year.

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Clinical Development

We expect to refine a detailed plan for a potentially pivotal trial using blood cholesterol data obtained from the BT-001 randomized, controlled trial. In the BT-001 trial, approximately 45% of participants reported comorbid hyperlipidemia, with approximately one third of all participants having poorly controlled LDL cholesterol at baseline. Because the BT-001 trial included measurement of fasting blood cholesterol along with A1c at every time point, we have 90 and 180 day randomized, controlled data on cholesterol for approximately 380 participants, which we believe may be sufficient pilot data to allow for planning the potentially pivotal trial in hyperlipidemia.

It is anticipated that a pivotal trial would evaluate the safety and effectiveness in a nationally representative sample of approximately 500 U.S. adults with hyperlipidemia located in 5 geographically distinct regions. Adults, aged 18-75, would be included if their fasting LDL cholesterol is poorly controlled (i.e., above their risk-adjusted target). These participants would be randomized in a one-to-one fashion to a control or intervention group. The control group would be provided standard of care treatment. The intervention group would be provided standard of care along with the hyperlipidemia product candidate. The primary outcome measure would be fasting LDL cholesterol, measured at 90 days. The secondary outcome measure would be fasting LDL cholesterol, measured at 180 days.

MASLD and MASH

MASLD is a condition that results in a buildup of fat in the liver and MASH is the progression of the disease and includes liver inflammation and damage.

MASLD is a common chronic disease and a growing threat to public health. The condition currently affects an estimated 20-30% of all U.S. adults and approximately 70% of those with T2D. MASH affects approximately 5% of American adults and has recently become the leading indication for liver transplant.

Despite the magnitude of these conditions, no FDA-approved treatments currently exist. Guidelines for the management of MASLD and MASH recommend behavioral modification including weight loss, improving dietary quality and increasing physical activity. These interventions have been proven to have favorable effects on slowing and even reversing the progression of liver steatosis and fibrosis. Widespread failure to change behavior and lack of approved FDA pharmacotherapy has resulted in a massive, growing, and unsustainable crisis in the treatment of these conditions.

Solution

We may expand our platform to include a PDT to help patients with MASLD and MASH to improve liver fat, under the guidance of a physician. The software is designed to deliver behavioral therapy to patients via a mobile application that targets behaviors related to the control of liver fat levels and is intended to reduce liver fat.

Market Opportunity

The direct medical costs associated with MASLD and MASH were estimated to be $103 billion in 2016.

Clinical Development

We completed a feasibility pilot study of CBT to examine its potential to reduce liver fat and improve liver disease biomarkers as a potential treatment for MASLD and MASH. The study was conducted in collaboration with Arizona Liver Health, a leading liver clinical research center. This single arm interventional cohort study enrolled 22 patients who were given access to a 90-day CBT-based treatment period. This clinical study met its primary endpoint, showing a statistically significant positive signal with an average relative reduction in

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MRI-PDFF of 16% (p=0.01) in the intent-to-treat population (n=19). Additionally, the clinical study showed (i) a statistically significant mean reduction in alanine transaminase (ALT) of -17 IU/L (p=0.002), (ii) a statistically significant mean change in FAST Score of 20% (p=0.01), (iii) no serious adverse events or device related adverse events, and (iv) high engagement and patient satisfaction with treatment, with a Net Promoter Score of +75 and 94% of subjects still using the app after 90 days. Results from this study were published in the peer reviewed journal Gastro Hep Advances in October 2023. A detailed plan for the potentially pivotal trial will be refined using MRI-PDFF data obtained from the MASLD and MASH pilot studies. Because of the significant unmet medical need, we intend to apply for breakthrough device designation with the FDA for our investigational CBT based treatment platform for these indications by the end of 2023.

Competitive Advantages

To establish competitive advantage in our target markets, we are building on our early recognition of the potential of PDTs in CMDx, our focus on treating root causes, and our ability to leverage our platform to accelerate regulatory clearances of subsequent product launches. We believe we have the following advantages over existing and/or potential competitors:

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Company Strategy

We aspire to change the way CMDx are treated to improve patient health and reduce healthcare spending. We believe our platform technology, first-to-market advantage, intellectual property portfolio, and groundbreaking research will facilitate the achievement of this goal. Our immediate focus is on:

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Competition

The pharmaceutical, biotechnology and digital health industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and an emphasis on proprietary products. While we believe that our technology, development experience and scientific knowledge provide us with competitive advantages, we face potential competition from many different sources, including large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, digital health companies, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for the research, development, manufacturing and commercialization of cardiometabolic therapies. Any products that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with new therapies that may become available in the future.

We compete in the segments of the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other related markets that develop therapeutics as treatments for CMDx. There are many other companies that have commercialized and/or are developing such treatments for CMDx including large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies such as Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Merck, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, and Novartis.

The competitive landscape shown below, while not comprehensive, illustrates our competitors in the market space commonly described as “diabetes tech”, the digital health space focused on addressing problems associated with T2D. We believe the competitive landscape is best understood by comparing the primary mechanism of action (behavioral support/intervention or improving medication adherence and tracking); to the business model

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for patient acquisition (apps marketed direct-to-consumer; tech-enabled healthcare services offered to members of health plans, most often those of self-insured employers; or regulated products prescribed by providers).

While some solutions have evolved to include elements of various mechanisms such as behavioral support, reminders for medication adherence, or remote monitoring and transmission of biometric data, in our view, each has a primary mechanism for affecting disease and a clearly defined model for acquiring patients or consumers.

To our knowledge, AspyreRx is the only regulated PDT with a direct treatment claim for T2D that can be prescribed by providers and reimbursed by insurance, much like prescription drugs or other FDA authorized medical devices. Exploiting this opportunity requires us to generate significant evidence of safety, efficacy and impact on the total cost of care. While many early market entrants (in fact, nearly 360,000 health and wellness apps are now available in Apple’s App Store) are making marketing claims related to the ability to improve T2D care and are acquiring patients through their employers or direct-to-consumer advertising, we believe the landscape will change dramatically when new solutions, backed by clinical evidence from well-designed clinical trials, that can be prescribed by providers and covered by insurance, become broadly available.

There are a number of companies in the prescription digital therapeutics space but none of these companies have commercialized a prescription digital therapeutic to target a cardiometabolic disease at this time.

Many of the companies against which we are competing or against which we may compete in the future have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory marketing authorizations and marketing approved products than we do. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and digital health industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and enrolling subjects for our clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

We could see a reduction or elimination of our commercial opportunity if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer or more effective, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we or our collaborators may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or foreign regulatory

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authorization for their products more rapidly than we may obtain authorization for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we or our collaborators are able to enter the market. The key competitive factors affecting the success of all of our products, if authorized for marketing, are likely to be their efficacy, safety, convenience, price, and the availability of reimbursement from government and commercial payers.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends in part upon our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. To protect our intellectual property rights, we rely on patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures, and employee disclosure and invention assignment agreements. Our intellectual property is critical to our business and we strive to protect it through a variety of approaches, including by obtaining and maintaining patent protection in the United States and internationally for our digital therapeutic platform, novel treatment algorithms and uses thereof, and other inventions that are important to our business. For our digital therapeutic platform, we generally intend to pursue patent protection covering the machine learning aspects and key features of our products, along with the methods of use in treating a wide variety of cardiometabolic disorders and assisting patients and their caregivers in the management of disease. As we continue the development of our product candidates, we intend to identify additional means of obtaining patent protection that would potentially enhance commercial success, including through claims covering additional methods of use as well as subsequent iterations and improvements to our products and use of predictive analytics.

As of September 30, 2023, there are two patent families with one granted U.S. Patent issued on June 7, 2022 (No. 11,355,228) and one European Patent (No. 3 628 101) that granted on June 7, 2023, and which is being validated in Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, Great Britain, Ireland, and Italy. There are also a total of nine pending U.S. and foreign applications in Europe and Canada, with claims directed to systems encompassing our digital therapeutic platform, and related methods of use in treating cardiometabolic disorders. The statutory expiration for any U.S. and foreign patents issuing from these two patent families will be between 2038 and 2039, subject to any patent term adjustment and/or extension. There is also a third patent family with national stage applications pending in the U.S., Europe and Canada, with claims directed to methods for predicting health outcomes and managing chronic medications. The statutory expiration for any U.S. and foreign patents issuing in this patent family will be 2039, subject to any patent term adjustment and/or extension. In addition, there is a fourth patent family represented by a pending international PCT application (PCT/US2022/042797) with claims directed to various implementations of nutritional CBT in our digital therapeutic platform, and a fifth patent family represented by a pending U.S. provisional application with claims directed to improvements to our nCBT system and process. The statutory expiration will be 2042 for any U.S. and foreign patents issuing in the fourth patent family and 2044 for the fifty patent family, subject to any patent term adjustment and/or extension.

Government Regulation

Insurance and Coverage

In the United States and markets in other countries, patients generally rely on third-party payers to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their treatment. Adequate coverage and reimbursement from governmental healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and commercial payers is critical to new product acceptance. Our ability to successfully commercialize our products, if authorized for marketing, will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and other third-party payers, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which treatments they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. In the United States, the principal decisions about reimbursement for new treatments are typically made by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”), an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

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CMS decides whether and to what extent a new treatment will be covered and reimbursed under Medicare and private payors tend to follow CMS to a substantial degree. Commercial payers can cover products that are not covered by Medicare. Currently, there is no Medicare category for PDTs so it may be that coverage is established with commercial payers before Medicare. The availability of coverage and extent of reimbursement by governmental and private payers is essential for most patients to be able to afford treatments. Sales of products that we may develop will depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of our products will be paid by health maintenance, managed care, pharmacy benefit and similar health care management organizations, or reimbursed by government health administration authorities, private health coverage insurers and other third-party payers.

There is also uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the device is authorized by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities.

Payers consider the following factors in determining reimbursement are based on whether the product is:

Each payer determines whether it will provide coverage for a treatment, under what benefit (pharmacy, medical, other), what amount it will pay the manufacturer for the treatment and on what tier of its pharmacy formulary or under what medical coverage policy it will be placed. The position on a payer’s list of covered drugs, biological products, and medical devices, or formulary, generally determines the co-payment that a patient will need to make to obtain the therapy and can strongly influence the adoption of such therapy by patients and physicians. Patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers prescribing such services generally rely on third-party payers to reimburse all or part of the associated health care costs. Based on our own market research conducted with payers, as well as payer meetings post-FDA authorization, we believe we will be able to obtain broad coverage over time. This is further supported by third party research recently published by Xcenda

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and presented at the AMCP in October 2022, indicating that payers perceived diabetes as the highest priority area for managing PDT products.

Patients are unlikely to use our product unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our products. To ensure eligible patients have affordable access to AspyreRx regardless of insurance coverage and while payer coverage is ramping up, we are offering a cash-pay program for a limited time.

In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a prescription device must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing device pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, the European Union provides options for its Member States to restrict the range of products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval, some of these countries may require the completion of clinical trials that compare the cost effectiveness of a particular product to currently available therapies. A Member State may approve a specific price for the product, or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products. Historically, products launched in the European Union do not follow price structures of the U.S. and generally prices tend to be significantly lower.

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Health Care Laws and Regulations

We are subject to applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the U.S. federal False Claims Act (“FCA”), which may

constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we sell, market and distribute our products. In particular, the promotion, sales and marketing of healthcare items and services, as well as certain business arrangements in the healthcare industry (e.g., healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payers), are subject to extensive laws designed to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, structuring and commission(s), certain customer incentive programs and other business arrangements generally. We also may be subject to patient information and privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The applicable federal, state and foreign healthcare laws and regulations laws that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:

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Additionally, we are subject to state and foreign equivalents of each of the healthcare laws and regulations described above, among others, some of which may be broader in scope and may apply regardless of the payer. Many U.S. states have adopted laws similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the FCA, and may apply to our business practices, including, but not limited to, research, distribution, sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental payers, including private insurers. Several states also impose other marketing restrictions or require medical device manufacturers to make marketing or price disclosures to the state. State and foreign laws, including for example the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, which became effective May 2018, also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. There are ambiguities as to what is required to comply with these state requirements and if we fail to comply with an applicable state law requirement, we could be subject to penalties. Finally, there are state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge and may not comply under one or more of such laws, regulations, and guidance. Law enforcement authorities are increasingly focused on enforcing fraud and abuse laws, and it is possible that some of our practices may be challenged under these laws. Efforts to ensure that our current and future business arrangements with third parties, and our business generally, will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. If our operations, including our arrangements with physicians and other healthcare providers are found to be in violation of any of such laws or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including, without limitation, administrative, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations,

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exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs (such as Medicare and Medicaid), and imprisonment, as well as additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.

Data Privacy and Security Laws

Numerous federal and state laws and regulations govern the collection, use, disclosure, storage and transmission of personally identifiable information, including protected health information. These laws and regulations, including their interpretation by governmental agencies, are subject to frequent change. In addition, in the future, industry requirements or guidance, contractual obligations, and/or legislation at both the federal and the state level may limit, forbid or regulate the use or transmission of health information outside of the United States.

Federal and state consumer protection laws are increasingly being applied by the United States Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), and states’ attorneys general to regulate the collection, use, storage and disclosure of personal or personally identifiable information, through websites or otherwise, and to regulate the presentation of website content.

There is ongoing concern from privacy advocates, regulators and others regarding data privacy and security issues, and the number of jurisdictions with data privacy and security laws has been increasing. Also, there are ongoing public policy discussions regarding whether the standards for de-identification, anonymization or pseudonymization of health information are sufficient, and the risk of re-identification sufficiently small, to adequately protect patient privacy. We expect that there will continue to be new proposed and amended laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which went into effect on January 1, 2020 and has been amended several times. Further, a new California privacy law, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), was passed by California voters on November 3, 2020. The CPRA will create additional obligations with respect to processing and storing personal information that are scheduled to take effect on January 1, 2023 (with certain provisions having retroactive effect to January 1, 2022). Additionally, a new Virginia privacy law, the Comprehensive Data Protection Act (“VCDPA”), was signed into law on March 2, 2021 and is also scheduled to take effect on January 1, 2023. The VCDPA will impose many similar obligations regarding the processing and storing of personal information as the CCPA and the CPRA. Other U.S. states also are considering omnibus privacy legislation, and industry organizations regularly adopt and advocate for new standards in these areas. While the CCPA, CPRA, and VCDPA contain exceptions for certain activities involving Protected Health Information (“PHI”), already regulated under HIPAA, we cannot yet determine the impact the CCPA, CPRA, VCDPA or other such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business.

Health Care Legislative Reform

In both the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the health care system that could impact our ability to sell our products profitably. In particular, in 2010, the ACA was enacted, which, among other things, addressed a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected; increased the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by most manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; extended the Medicaid Drug Rebate program to utilization of prescriptions of individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; subjected manufacturers to new annual fees and taxes for certain branded prescription drugs; created a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% (increased to 70% as of January 1, 2019 and further revised, effective January 1, 2025 under the IRA), point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D; and provided incentives to programs that increase the federal government’s comparative effectiveness research. Effective January 1, 2025, certain provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act

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of 2022 will reduce Medicare Part D beneficiaries’ annual out-of-pocket maximum from $7,050 to $2,000, thereby effectively eliminating the coverage gap.

Since its enactment, there have been numerous judicial, administrative, executive and legislative challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. On June 17, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the most recent judicial challenge to the ACA brought by several states without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA. Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision, President Biden issued an executive order to initiate a special enrollment period from February 15, 2021 through August 15, 2021 for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the ACA marketplace. The executive order also instructed certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the ACA. It is unclear how other healthcare reform measures of the Biden administration or other efforts, if any, to challenge, repeal or replace the ACA will impact our business.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted:

There has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the United States with respect to product pricing practices. Specifically, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, reduce the cost of therapies under Medicare, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. The HHS has already started the process of soliciting feedback on some of these measures and, at the same time, is immediately implementing others under its existing authority. It is unclear what effect such legislative and enforcement interest may have on prescription devices.

We expect that these and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we received for any approved device, which could have an adverse effect on customers for our product candidates. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers.

There have been, and likely will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals at the foreign, federal and state levels in the U.S. directed at broadening the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of

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healthcare. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our products. Such reforms could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenue from product candidates that we may successfully develop and for which we may obtain regulatory approval and may affect our overall financial condition and ability to develop products. If we, or any third parties we may engage, are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we or such third parties are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, our current or any future product candidates we may develop may lose any regulatory approval that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

FDA Regulation

United States 

We are developing medical devices that are subject to extensive and ongoing regulation by the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “FD&C Act”), and its implementing regulations, as well as other federal and state regulatory bodies in the United States and comparable authorities in other countries under other statutes and regulations. The laws and regulations govern, among other things, product design and development, preclinical and clinical testing, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, storage, recordkeeping and reporting, clearance, de novo classification or approval, marketing, distribution, promotion, import and export and post-market surveillance. Failure to comply with applicable requirements may subject a device and/or its manufacturer to a variety of administrative sanctions, such as issuance of warning letters, import detentions, civil monetary penalties and/or judicial sanctions, such as product seizures, injunctions and criminal prosecution.

FDA’s Premarket Clearance, Grant and Approval Requirements 

Each digital therapeutic we seek to commercially distribute in the United States will require either a prior de novo classification grant, 510(k) clearance, unless it is exempt, or an approved premarket approval application (“PMA”), from the FDA under its medical device authorities. Generally, if a new device has a predicate that is already on the market under a 510(k) clearance, the FDA will allow that new device to be marketed under a 510(k) clearance; or if there is no legally marketed predicate device and general controls alone or with special controls provide reasonable assurance of safety and efficacy, the FDA will allow the new device to be marketed under a de novo classification grant; otherwise, a PMA is required. Medical devices are classified into one of three classes — Class I, Class II or Class III — depending on the degree of risk associated with each medical device and the extent of control needed to provide reasonable assurance of safety and efficacy. Class I devices are deemed to be low risk and are subject to the general controls of the FD&C Act, such as provisions that relate to: adulteration; misbranding; registration and listing; notification, including repair, replacement, or refund; records and reports; and good manufacturing practices. Most Class I devices are classified as exempt from premarket notification under section 510(k) of the FD&C Act, and therefore may be commercially distributed without obtaining 510(k) clearance from the FDA. Class II devices are subject to both general controls and special controls to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. Special controls include performance standards, post market surveillance, patient registries and guidance documents. A manufacturer may be required to submit to the FDA a premarket notification requesting permission to commercially distribute some Class II devices. Devices deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices, or devices deemed not substantially equivalent to a previously cleared 510(k) device, are placed in Class III. A Class III device cannot be marketed in the United States unless the FDA approves the device after submission of a PMA. However, there are some Class III devices for which FDA has not yet called for a PMA. For these devices, the manufacturer must submit a premarket notification and obtain 510(k) clearance in order to commercially distribute these devices. The FDA can also impose sales, marketing or other restrictions on devices in order to assure that they are used in a safe and effective manner.

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510(k) Clearance Pathway 

When a 510(k) clearance is required, we must submit a premarket notification to the FDA demonstrating that our proposed device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device, which is a previously cleared and legally marketed 510(k) device or a device that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976. By regulation, a 510(k) premarket notification must be submitted to the FDA at least 90 days before we intend to distribute a device. As a practical matter, clearance often takes significantly longer. To demonstrate substantial equivalence, the manufacturer must show that the proposed device has the same intended use as the predicate device, and it either has the same technological characteristics, or different technological characteristics and the information in the 510(k) premarket notification demonstrates that the device is equally safe and effective and does not raise different questions of safety and efficacy. The FDA may require further information, including clinical data, to make a determination regarding substantial equivalence. If the FDA determines that the device, or its intended use, is not substantially equivalent to a previously cleared device or use, the FDA will place the device into Class III.

There are three types of 510(k)s: traditional; special; and abbreviated. Special 510(k)s are for devices that are modified and the modification needs a new 510(k), and the methods used to evaluate the changes are well established, and the results can be sufficiently reviewed in a summary or risk analysis format. Abbreviated 510(k)s are for devices that conform to a recognized standard. The special and abbreviated 510(k)s are intended to streamline review, and the FDA intends to process special 510(k)s within 30 days of receipt.

De novo Classification

When it is determined there is no legally marketed predicate device, the de novo process provides a pathway to classify novel medical devices for which general controls alone, or general and special controls, provide reasonable assurance of safety and efficacy for the intended use. Medical device types that the FDA has not previously classified as Class I, II or III are automatically classified into Class III regardless of the level of risk they pose. The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (“FDAMA”), established a new route to market for low to moderate risk medical devices that are automatically placed into Class III due to the absence of a predicate device, called the “Request for Evaluation of Automatic Class III Designation,” or the de novo classification procedure. This procedure allows a manufacturer whose novel device is automatically classified into Class III to request down-classification of its medical device into Class I or Class II on the basis that the device presents low or moderate risk, rather than requiring the submission and approval of a PMA application. If the manufacturer seeks classification into Class II, the manufacturer must include a draft proposal for special controls that are necessary to provide a reasonable assurance of the safety and efficacy of the medical device. Prior to the enactment of the FDA Safety and Innovation Act of 2012 (“FDASIA”), a medical device could only be eligible for de novo classification if the manufacturer first submitted a 510(k) premarket notification and received a determination from the FDA that the device was not substantially equivalent. FDASIA streamlined the de novo classification pathway by permitting manufacturers to request de novo classification directly without first submitting a 510(k) premarket notification to the FDA and receiving a not substantially equivalent determination. Under FDASIA, the FDA is required to classify the device within 120 days following receipt of the de novo application. Under the Medical Device User Fee Amendments of 2022 (“MDUFA V”), the FDA has stated that it intends to reach a decision on 70% of de novo requests within 150 days. However, the timeline for review can be much longer.

Once a de novo request is accepted for review, the FDA will conduct its substantive review. During the substantive review, the FDA may require additional information regarding the device that is necessary for the FDA to complete the review of the de novo request. The FDA may attempt to resolve any outstanding deficiencies interactively in real-time (i.e., interactive review). If the FDA believes that additional information needed from the requester is not suitable for interactive review and/or cannot be provided within a reasonable timeframe, the FDA will issue a Request for Additional Information, which places the de novo request on hold. The requester has 180 calendar days from the date of the Request for Additional Information to submit a

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complete response to each item identified by the FDA. If the FDA does not receive a complete response to all deficiencies in the Request for Additional Information within 180 days, the de novo request will be considered withdrawn and deleted from the FDA’s review system. If the de novo request is deleted, the de novo requester will need to submit a new request to pursue the FDA’s marketing authorization for that device.

The FDA may reject the de novo classification request if, among other reasons, it identifies a legally marketed predicate device that would be appropriate for a 510(k) or determines that the device is not low to moderate risk or that general controls would be inadequate to control the risks and special controls cannot be developed or if the applicant has not adequately addressed deficiencies related to its clinical trial and identified by FDA in a Request for Additional Information. Devices that are classified into Class I or Class II through a de novo classification request may be marketed and used as predicates for future premarket notification 510(k) submissions.

Premarket Approval Pathway

A PMA must be submitted to the FDA for Class III devices for which the FDA has required a PMA. The PMA process is much more demanding than the 510(k) premarket notification process. A PMA must be supported by extensive data, including but not limited to technical, preclinical, clinical trials, manufacturing and labeling to demonstrate to the FDA’s satisfaction reasonable evidence of safety and efficacy of the device.

After a PMA is submitted, the FDA has 45 days to determine whether the application is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review and thus whether the FDA will file the application for review. The FDA has 180 days to review a filed PMA, although the review of an application generally occurs over a significantly longer period of time and can take up to several years. During this review period, the FDA may request additional information or clarification of the information already provided. Also, an advisory panel of experts from outside the FDA may be convened to review and evaluate the application and provide recommendations to the FDA as to the approvability of the device. Although the FDA is not bound by the advisory panel decision, the panel’s recommendations are important to the FDA’s overall decision-making process. In addition, the FDA may conduct a pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facility to ensure compliance with the Quality System Regulation (“QSR”). The agency also may inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with FDA’s regulations.

FDA allows applicants to submit discrete sections (modules) of the PMA to FDA for review soon after completing the testing and analysis. FDA intends the modular review approach to provide a mechanism by which applicants may submit preclinical data and manufacturing information for review while still collecting, compiling, and analyzing the clinical data. Therefore, a modular PMA is a compilation of sections or “modules” submitted at different times that together become a complete application. Additionally, the modular approach allows the applicant to potentially resolve any deficiencies noted by FDA earlier in the review process than would occur with a traditional PMA application.

Upon completion of the PMA review, the FDA may: (i) approve the PMA which authorizes commercial marketing with specific prescribing information for one or more indications, which can be more limited than those originally sought; (ii) issue an approvable letter which indicates the FDA’s belief that the PMA is approvable and states what additional information the FDA requires, or the post-approval commitments that must be agreed to prior to approval; (iii) issue a not approvable letter which outlines steps required for approval, but which are typically more onerous than those in an approvable letter, and may require additional clinical trials that are often expensive and time consuming and can delay approval for months or even years; or (iv) deny the application. If the FDA issues an approvable or not approvable letter, the applicant has 180 days to respond, after which the FDA’s review clock is reset.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are almost always required to support premarket approval, are often required for a de novo classification grant, and are sometimes required for 510(k) clearance. In the United States, for significant risk

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devices, these trials require submission of an application for an investigational device exemption (“IDE”), to the FDA prior to initiating clinical trials. The IDE application must be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory testing results, showing it is safe to test the device in humans and that the testing protocol is scientifically sound. The IDE must be approved in advance by the FDA for a specific number of patients at specified study sites. During the trial, the sponsor must comply with the FDA’s IDE requirements for investigator selection, trial monitoring, reporting and recordkeeping. The investigators must obtain patient informed consent, rigorously follow the investigational plan and study protocol, control the disposition of investigational devices and comply with all reporting and recordkeeping requirements. Clinical trials for significant risk devices may not begin until the IDE application is approved by the FDA and the appropriate IRBs at the clinical trial sites. An IRB is an appropriately constituted group that has been formally designated to review and monitor medical research involving subjects and which has the authority to approve, require modifications in, or disapprove research to protect the rights, safety and welfare of human research subjects. A nonsignificant risk device does not require FDA approval of an IDE; however, the clinical trial must still be conducted in compliance with various requirements of FDA’s IDE regulations and be approved by an IRB at the clinical trials sites. The FDA or the IRB at each site at which a clinical trial is being performed may withdraw approval of a clinical trial at any time for various reasons, including a belief that the risks to study subjects outweigh the benefits or a failure to comply with FDA or IRB requirements. Even if a trial is completed, the results of clinical testing may not demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the device, may be equivocal or may otherwise not be sufficient to obtain approval or clearance of the product.

Sponsors of clinical trials of devices are required to register with www.clinicaltrials.gov, a public database of clinical trial information. Information related to the device, patient population, phase of investigation, study sites and investigators and other aspects of the clinical trial is made public as part of the registration.

Expedited Development and Review Programs

FDA’s Breakthrough Devices Program is a voluntary program offered to manufacturers of certain medical devices and device-led combination products that may provide for more effective treatment or diagnosis of life-threatening or irreversibly debilitating diseases or conditions. The goal of the program is to provide patients and health care providers with more timely access to qualifying devices by expediting their development, assessment and review, while preserving the statutory standards for marketing authorization.

The program is available to medical devices that meet certain eligibility criteria, including that the device provides more effective treatment or diagnosis of life-threatening or irreversibly debilitating diseases or conditions, and that the device meets one of the following criteria: (i) the device represents a breakthrough technology, (ii) no approved or cleared alternatives exist, (iii) the device offers significant advantages over existing approved or cleared alternatives, or (iv) the availability of the device is in the best interest of patients. Breakthrough Device designation provides certain benefits to device developers, including more interactive and timely communications with FDA staff, use of postmarket data collection, when scientifically appropriate, to facilitate expedited and efficient development and review of the device, opportunities for efficient and flexible clinical study design, and prioritized review of premarket submissions.

Ongoing Regulation by the FDA

Even after a device receives clearance, de novo classification or approval and is placed on the market, numerous regulatory requirements apply. These include:

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After a device receives 510(k) clearance or a de novo classification grant, any modification that could significantly affect its safety or efficacy, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, will require a new clearance or possibly a PMA. The FDA requires each manufacturer to make this determination initially, but the FDA can review any such decision and can disagree with a manufacturer’s determination. If the FDA disagrees with a determination not to seek a new 510(k) clearance, the FDA may retroactively require a manufacturer to seek 510(k) clearance or possibly a premarket approval. The FDA could also require a manufacturer to cease marketing and distribution and/or recall the modified device until 510(k) clearance or premarket approval is obtained. Also, in these circumstances, manufacturers may be subject to significant regulatory fines and penalties.

Some changes to an approved PMA device, including changes in indications, labeling or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new PMA or PMA supplement, as appropriate, before the change can be implemented. Supplements to a PMA often require the submission of the same type of information required for an original PMA, except that the supplement is generally limited to that information needed to support the proposed change from the device covered by the original PMA. The FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing PMA supplements as it does in reviewing original PMAs.

FDA regulations require manufacturers to register with the FDA and to list the devices they market. Additionally, the California Department of Health Services (“CDHS”), requires manufacturers to register within the state. Following these registrations, the FDA and the CDHS inspect manufacturers on a routine basis for compliance with the QSR and applicable state regulations. These regulations require that we manufacture our products and maintain related documentation in a prescribed manner with respect to manufacturing, testing and control activities. We are also subject to other federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to safe working conditions, laboratory and manufacturing practices. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can result in enforcement action by the FDA or state authorities, which may include any of the following sanctions:

The Medical Device Reporting laws and regulations require manufacturers to provide information to the FDA when they receive or otherwise become aware of information that reasonably suggests their devices may have

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caused or contributed to a death or serious injury as well as a device malfunction that likely would cause or contribute to death or serious injury if the malfunction were to recur. In addition, the FDA prohibits marketed devices from being marketed for off-label uses and regulates the advertising of certain devices as well. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability, including substantial monetary penalties and criminal prosecution, including False Claims Act liability for products covered under the federal health care programs.

Finally, newly discovered or developed safety or efficacy data may require changes to a marketed product’s labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and also may require the implementation of other risk management measures. Also, new government requirements, including those resulting from new legislation, may be established, or the FDA’s policies may change, which could delay or prevent regulatory clearance or approval of our products under development.

Based on published guidance and four interactions with the FDA, the regulatory pathway for BT-001 will be via a de novo classification request submission. In October 2022, the FDA notified us that our de novo classification request for BT-001 was accepted for substantive review. In July 2023, AspyreRx received marketing authorization from the FDA. After receiving marketing authorization for AspyreRx, we expect our following product candidates will most likely pursue 510(k) clearances.

Coverage and Reimbursement

Despite widespread coverage of medications and digital disease management programs, commercial insurers, Medicare, and Medicaid (collectively “payers”), in the U.S. continue to be challenged with achieving cost effective care for their T2D patient populations. It is estimated that T2D adds an incremental $10,000 per patient per year or more in direct medical costs of which prescription drugs make up $4,500 per patient per year. Despite these high per patient costs and the considerable resources payers invest in the management of the disease, approximately half of T2D patients are not able to achieve glycemic control.

We believe a PDT that targets root causes of CMDx, addresses common comorbidities, potentially reduces or eliminates the ongoing need for medications and has the potential to substantially reduce other health care costs by halting or reversing disease progression would offer significant value to payers. In May 2022, we conducted initial pricing research with 15 payers that included national plans, regional plans and PBMs. In December 2022, we conducted a single blinded study to test a draft value story for BT-001 with payers. Participants (n=10) were either current or recent payer P&T formulary or medical policy decision-makers. The draft value proposition reviewed included disease burden, unmet need, treatment landscape, and a draft of BT-001’s product and clinical information. Feedback from this research study has been used to refine our value proposition presentation for payers. In February 2023, we conducted a separate double blinded study with participants (n=7) who are current payer decision makers to understand how we might optimize contract structures with payers. We tested several variables upon which agreements could be structured including patient engagement metrics, clinical outcomes, and financial targets. Overall payers reacted positively to BT-001’s target product profile and the pivotal trial results. Finally, HEOR models have been completed and are undergoing optimization. Additional pricing and payer research is planned for the first half of 2023. Collectively, the outcomes of these research and modeling efforts will inform our decisions on pricing and contract structure.

To optimize payer reimbursement coverage following our commercial launch, we are generating evidence to substantiate the value of AspyreRx with longer-term data related to usage and outcomes in a real-world setting. This is additive to the evidence generated from our six-month randomized controlled pivotal trial. We are conducting such real-world evidence studies in partnerships with Mass General Brigham, Colorado Prevention Center Clinical Research, University of Colorado and Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center.

We also expect to supplement this evidence with an assessment of the total cost of care in our intended patient population using multi-payer claims datasets. To estimate BT-001’s effect on total cost of care, we plan to

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leverage the totality of evidence related to BT-001 use to create robust cost-effectiveness and budget impact models. We expect to publish these results with reputable organizations and utilize this evidence in the development of our AMCP value dossier for submission to formulary review committees. We have been engaging with payers to gain insights related to clinical evidence expectations to be considered for coverage. Upon evidence availability, we intend to engage in pre-authorization health economics information exchange conversations with payers to begin reimbursement coverage discussions beginning in March 2023.

We cannot predict whether we will be successful in obtaining broad payer coverage or sufficient reimbursement for AspyreRx over time; however, the following factors support positive coverage and reimbursement decisions from payers: (1) AspyreRx addresses an enormous problem (T2D) on which commercial payers and Medicare (which insure approximately 86% of diabetes patients) spend approximately $200 billion each year; (2) the utilization of AspyreRx has the potential to save payers money by reducing medication usage and overall healthcare costs; (3) AspyreRx fills a gap in existing clinical guidelines and integrates with existing provider workflows; and (4) internal and 3rd party market research as well as feedback from our post FDA authorization payer engagements supports our believe that widespread payer coverage can be established.

Sales and Marketing

The intended use at launch for AspyreRx is to improve glycemic control in patients with uncontrolled T2D, under the supervision of their physician. This represents a rapidly growing target patient population of currently about 13 million in the U.S. and $52 billion a year spent on prescription drugs. It is estimated that 86% of T2D patients receive regular care from their primary care provider to treat their condition.

Go-to-market strategy

While there are approximately 13 million uncontrolled adult T2D patients in the US, we expect to have a focused approach. To inform our approach, we have identified providers, health systems and payers with the highest concentration of uncontrolled T2D patients. Analysis has pointed us to 50 integrated delivery networks or health systems which overlap with approximately 25 regionally dominant payers, covering about 40 million lives, or 45% of total lives covered by regional payers. We will target high prescribing providers identified as innovators and early adopters, as well as the payer organizations that cover them, with the goal to generate early, meaningful, commercial traction in these areas. These targets will serve to support a strong initial launch with a comparatively nimble team deployed in those geographies where this overlap exists. We intend to expand our commercial footprint after we have established commercial traction in our initial target geographies.

A patient claims analysis identified a patient cohort with the greatest potential benefit for AspyreRx and we have matched these patients to health care providers on which we will focus. These same providers also treat other patients with T2D beyond the uncontrolled specific population used in our claims analysis, who may also be appropriate candidates for a prescription, thereby expanding the universe of patients who may be introduced to BT-001 in the first few months of commercialization. We expect to execute on this strategy at launch with no more than 10-field facing representatives made up of a combination of payer leads, account managers and medical science liaisons. Over time, as we gain coverage and access with both regional and national plans, we can expand our field facing team.

Current work is underway to support the commercial launch of AspyreRx, and includes gaining presence among clinical stakeholders within their scientific meetings. We are leveraging evidence generated from our pivotal trial and real-world use studies to publish clinical and health outcomes data to showcase AspyreRx’s benefits. With the evidence generated, we also expect to begin the process of advocating for the incorporation of AspyreRx into future consensus guidelines to further integrate its use as a first line PDT for treating T2D. We are building a medical affairs organization to steer these efforts and whose primary responsibilities will include engaging thought leaders in scientific discourse, establishing an advisory board of key opinion leaders, creating a speaker’s panel and building advocates to support inclusion of BT-001 as part of future T2D consensus guidelines. Our

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medical affairs team will also play a critical, ongoing role in generating and publishing evidence that demonstrates the impact AspyreRx and future platform products can have on clinical outcomes, durability of effect and total cost of care.

We are also engaging key opinion leader advisors to inform our educational programming and marketing materials for launch. We plan to continue our investment in targeting analytics, as well as digital and non-personal promotion. As payer reimbursement coverage increases, we expect to implement targeted, direct to consumer advertising to drive awareness among patients on the benefits of AspyreRx in T2D.

Integration with the Standard of Care

T2D is a devastating disease that progressively worsens over time and often leads to the development of complex comorbidities, such as hypertension, high cholesterol, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Lacking the tools to address the maladaptive behaviors that cause disease progression, providers utilize the only treatment options currently available — medications. As a patient’s diabetes worsens, providers typically add multiple medications in an attempt to achieve glycemic control for their patients. By age 65, T2D patients are taking an average of five medications for treating diabetes and common comorbidities, while many are failing to achieve glycemic control.

Clinical treatment guidelines from the ADA recommend use of behavioral therapy as a first line treatment throughout the disease progression on a standalone basis or alongside medications. Recent updates to the 2022 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes recommend all people with diabetes participate in diabetes self-management education and receive the support needed to facilitate the knowledge, decision-making, and skills mastery for diabetes self-care, and notes that digital coaching and digital self-management interventions can be effective methods to deliver diabetes self-management education and support. Despite widespread alignment with these consensus guidelines, there are currently no FDA-regulated treatments available to address this unmet need or practical way for the healthcare system to deliver them. AspyreRx represents a unique opportunity for providers to prescribe to their patients FDA-regulated behavioral therapy. Because AspyreRx is specifically intended to address the behaviors that are the root causes of their condition, our first-to-market PDT treatment of T2D holds out the hope for many of these patients to achieve better glycemic control, reduce or eliminate the need for medications, and avoid insulin therapy altogether.

Partnering

We are engaging in business development efforts to maximize the value of AspyreRx and our platform in non-dilutive ways. We are exploring opportunities to partner with pharmaceutical, medical technology and technology companies that have a strategic interest in digital health or have the organizational infrastructure to support the successful commercialization of AspyreRx and our platform. Opportunities may also exist to co-develop novel combination products with a pharmaceutical company operating in the cardiometabolic space. We believe recent draft guidance from the FDA, titled “Regulatory Considerations for Prescription Drug Use-Related Software,” released in September 2023, which provides clarity about the agency’s views and intent to consider the combined effectiveness of pharmaceuticals and digital therapeutic solutions when making drug labeling decisions, has the potential support our business development efforts. The draft FDA guidance may be particularly relevant in the context of new subgroup analysis data, which was announced in October 2023, and which reveals that adjunctive use of AspyreRx with standard of care, including GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1), led to a substantially greater clinical improvement compared to control participants who did not incorporate AspyreRx into their regimen.

We intend to commercialize our products in the United States. We will also pursue opportunities to partner with pharmaceutical companies to commercialize our products outside of the United States.

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Employees and Human Capital Resources

As of September 30, 2023, we had 40 employees, all of which were full-time employees. The majority of our employees are focused on the commercial launch of AspyreRx. None of our employees are represented by a labor union and we believe that our relationships with our employees are good.

We believe that our future success depends upon our continued ability to attract and retain highly skilled employees. We provide our employees with competitive salaries and bonuses, opportunities for equity ownership, development programs that enable continued learning and growth and a robust employment package that promotes well-being across all aspects of their lives, including health care, retirement planning and paid time off. As part of our promotion and retention efforts, we also invest in ongoing development.

Our success is rooted in the diversity of our teams and our commitment to inclusion. We value diversity at all levels and continue to focus on extending our diversity and inclusion initiatives across our entire workforce, from working with managers to developing strategies for building diverse teams to promoting the advancement of leaders from different backgrounds.

Legal Proceedings

We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings. In the ordinary course of business, we may be subject to legal proceedings, claims and litigation.

Corporate Information

We were formed as a Delaware limited liability company on April 1, 2015 under the name Nutrition Development Group LLC. The LLC’s name was changed to Farewell LLC on August 18, 2016 and to Better Therapeutics LLC on January 4, 2018. The LLC merged into its wholly owned subsidiary Legacy BTX on August 14, 2020, with Legacy BTX surviving the merger. On October 28, 2021, Legacy BTX merged with and into MCAD Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of MCAD, and MCAD was renamed Better Therapeutics, Inc.

We are a remote, “fully distributed” company and do not have offices. Our business mailing address is 548 Market Street, #49404 San Francisco, CA 94104, and our telephone number is (415) 887-2311. Our website address is http://www.bettertx.com. The information contained in or accessible from our website is not incorporated into this prospectus, and you should not consider it part of this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITIONS AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2023 and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The discussion and analysis should also be read together with the financial information as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, and for the year ended December 31, 2022, which is included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Overview

Our mission is to advance human health through the power of behavior change.

We are a prescription digital therapeutics company developing FDA regulated cognitive behavioral therapy that is accessed via an app on a patient’s smartphone to address the root causes of cardiometabolic diseases. Our clinically validated PDTs are intended to be prescribed by physicians and reimbursed by payers like traditional medicines. The mechanism of action embedded in our PDTs is a novel form of CBT developed by Better Therapeutics, targeting the specific behaviors that cause and contribute to the progression of the diseases we seek to treat. The CBT delivered by our PDTs is designed to enable changes in neural pathways of the brain so that lasting changes in behavior become possible.

We selected cardiometabolic diseases as our initial target markets because they 1) share lifestyle behavior as a common root cause, potentially enabling rapid expansion of our platform across multiple related diseases, 2) rank amongst the most prevalent and costly chronic diseases that are largely reversible and preventable, offering opportunities for transformative impact and 3) represent areas of significant unmet need because currently available drugs predominantly treat symptoms, rather than addressing the root causes, often resulting in disease progression and more costly healthcare interventions over time.

Our first commercial product, AspyreRx^™ (formerly BT-001), was authorized by the FDA to treat T2D, in July 2023, and launched commercially in October 2023. AspyreRx is the first FDA-authorized digital behavioral therapeutic delivering CBT for the treatment of a cardiometabolic disease. Our pipeline also includes programs for the treatment of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, MASLD, MASH and chronic kidney disease. Founded in 2015, we are led by executives that have track records of building multi-billion dollar businesses and extensive industry experience in developing and commercializing therapeutics and medical devices.

AspyreRx is a prescription-only digital treatment indicated to provide cognitive behavioral therapy to patients 18 years or older with T2D. The device targets behavior to aid in the treatment of T2D adjunctively with standard-of-care in patients who are under the care of a healthcare provider. AspyreRx was reviewed through the FDA’s de novo pathway and its authorization created a new class of diabetes digital behavioral therapeutic devices. We envision AspyreRx becoming part of the standard-of-care for adult patients with T2D given the clinical evidence supporting its efficacy and safety, its broad label to treat all adult patients with T2D across the disease spectrum, its mechanism of action in-line with existing treatment guidelines, its broad accessibility to anyone with a smartphone and the potential cost savings the utilization of AspyreRx can generate for payers and health systems.

Treatment guidelines for T2D typically start with instructions for physicians to counsel patients on changes in diet and exercise. Since AspyreRx offers providers a clinically proven behavioral therapy that targets behaviors around diet, exercise and other disease driving behaviors, is valuable at any stage of the disease, is delivered in an easily accessible, engaging and affordable way, and behavior change is already part of the foundation of treatment under the current clinical guidelines for treatment of T2D, we project that peak annual sales of AspyreRx may potentially exceed $1 billion per year.

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Like other prescription therapies, successful commercialization will require physicians to write prescriptions for their patients and for payers to reimburse the cost of those prescriptions. We are pursuing a focused go-to-market strategy and intend to launch AspyreRx initially in 6 geographies with a small commercial team, targeting high prescribing providers identified as innovators and early adopters, as well as the top health systems and payer organizations that overlap, with the goal to generate early, meaningful, commercial traction in these areas. We intend to expand our commercial footprint after we have established commercial traction in our initial target geographies.

The treatment and other healthcare costs associated with T2D consumes over $400 billion each year in the U.S., and that number is growing each year driven by rising prevalence of the disease, which is projected to grow from 37 million patients in 2019 to 55 million by 2030, as well as the introduction of expensive new drugs. We have completed an extensive healthcare economic study which demonstrates the potential of AspyreRx to improve health outcomes and reduce costs to insurers.

We have conducted primary market research into the potential for reimbursement coverage of AspyreRx by representative payer groups and, with FDA authorization, have conducted post authorization meetings with several payers. As a result of the market research and payer meetings to date, we believe widespread reimbursement coverage can be established. These findings have been further supported by independent research studies, such as the one conducted by Xcenda and presented at the AMCP Nexus meeting in October 2022. To ensure eligible patients have affordable access to AspyreRx regardless of insurance coverage while payer coverage is ramping up, we are offering a cash-pay program for a limited time. We expect to announce our first coverage decisions in Q4 2023 and further expand coverage through 2024.

In September 2023, we completed enrollment in our real-world evidence studies to evaluate the long-term effectiveness and healthcare utilization changes associated with the use of AspyreRx for the treatment of T2D. The randomized, controlled, multi-site studies enrolled patients for a treatment period of at least 12 months. Change in A1c and healthcare resource utilization will be evaluated and compared to SOC. The study seeks to provide payers and providers with long-term data related to usage and outcomes in a real-world like setting.

We further achieved positive top-line results in our LivVita study, a first-ever clinical study evaluating the feasibility of our digitally delivered CBT to reduce liver fat and improve liver disease biomarkers as a potential treatment for MASLD and MASH (formerly known as NAFLD/NASH). The results of this study were published in the peer reviewed journal Gastro Hep Advances in October 2023. Currently, there is no FDA approved treatment for these conditions, which affect one in four Americans and cause approximately $100 billion in direct medical costs annually. Because of the significant unmet medical need, we intend to submit a request to the FDA for Breakthrough Device Designation for our investigational CBT-based treatment platform by the end of 2023. We plan to use data from the LivVita study and exploratory endpoints embedded in the BT-001 pivotal trial that generated additional proof-of-concept data in hypertension and hyperlipidemia, to inform the potential expansion of our digital therapeutics platform into other cardiometabolic diseases beyond T2D.

The clinical trial for BT-001 was the largest PDT trial for an intervention aimed at glycemic control and included a diverse, nationally representative population of 668 patients with a body mass index ≥ 25 mg/m2, advanced and difficult to treat T2D and a mean baseline A1c of 8.1%. Participants in the trial had long standing (mean 11 years), poorly controlled T2D, high cardiovascular risk, multiple comorbidities, multiple blood sugar lowering medications, representing a difficult to treat patient population. Participants were randomized to receive SOC with or without BT-001 and that the primary and secondary efficacy endpoints would be the difference in mean change from baseline in A1c at 90 and 180 days. The study was powered to detect a 0.4% or greater change in A1c at 90 days, between BT-001 and control, and a statistically significant change (p<0.05) in A1c at 180 days. The study also assessed a safety endpoint (the occurrence, relatedness and severity of Adverse Events) at day 90 and 180. Two important study design features set a high bar to demonstrate efficacy and included a) the ability for physicians to adjust diabetes medication for all participants throughout the duration of the trial and b) that participants randomly assigned to use BT-001 were not mandated or incentivized to use the CBT features contained in BT-001. We believe these features established a very high bar for evaluating efficacy.

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Our clinical trial of BT-001 achieved statistically significant and clinically meaningful changes in both the primary and secondary endpoints. The primary efficacy endpoint was the difference in mean change in A1c from baseline after 90 days of treatment. BT-001 met the primary endpoint, showing a highly statistically significant improvement in A1c relative to the control group (-0.4%, n=610, p <0.001). BT-001 showed a sustained and statistically significant change relative to the control group on the secondary efficacy endpoint, which was the mean change in A1c from baseline at 180 days (-0.3%, n=517, p =0.01). Importantly, BT-001 met the 180 day endpoint even though 1.5 times more SOC patients increased blood sugar lowering medications relative to those in the BT-001 arm prior to the 180 day A1c draw. After the day 180 A1c draw, 1.7 times more SOC control patients increased their medications compared to BT-001 patients. BT-001 demonstrated sustained and numerically improved A1c levels, with A1c reduction from baseline improving from 0.3% at 90 days to 0.4% at 180 days across the intent-to-treat population, suggesting a durable treatment effect. Half of the BT-001 patients achieved a meaningful reduction in A1c (defined as 0.4% reduction or more), with a mean A1c reduction of 1.3% within this subset. The clinical trial also provided evidence that beyond reductions in A1c: (1) there was a clear dose-response between greater engagement in CBT and greater reductions in A1c, supporting CBT as a mechanism of action, (2) measures of patient engagement, adherence, persistence, and satisfaction were all positive, (3) BT-001 resulted in reassuring safety data, with significantly fewer adverse (p<0.001) and serious adverse events (p=0.01) as compared to the SOC control group, and (4) exploratory endpoint data revealed additional cardiometabolic improvements as well as the potential to reduce the need for medications and lower healthcare utilization compared to the control group, supporting the potential for BT-001 to improve overall health of patients with T2D and potentially reduce cost of care associated with the progression of the disease.

The LivVita study, our clinical study evaluating the feasibility of our digitally delivered CBT to reduce fatty liver and improve liver disease biomarkers as a potential treatment for MASLD and MASH, was conducted in collaboration with Arizona Liver Health, a leading liver clinical research center. This single arm interventional cohort study enrolled 22 patients who were given access to a 90-day CBT-based treatment platform. This clinical study met its primary endpoint, showing a statistically significant positive signal with an average relative reduction in MRI-PDFF of 16% (p=0.01) in the intent-to-treat population (n=19). Additionally, the clinical study showed (i) a statistically significant mean reduction in alanine transaminase (ALT) of -17 IU/L (p=0.002), (ii) a statistically significant mean change in FAST Score of 20% (p=0.01), (iii) no serious adverse events or device related adverse events, and (iv) high engagement and patient satisfaction with treatment, with a Net Promoter Score of +75 and 94% of subjects still using the app after 90 days. MASLD and MASH affects over 80 million adults in the U.S., resulting in over $100 billion in direct healthcare costs annually. There are currently no FDA approved therapeutics for treating MASLD or MASH.

We are engaging in business development efforts to maximize the value of AspyreRx and our platform in non-dilutive ways. We are exploring opportunities to partner with pharmaceutical, medical device, and technology companies that have a strategic interest in digital health or have the organizational infrastructure to support the successful commercialization of AspyreRx and our platform. Opportunities may also exist to co-develop novel combination products with a pharmaceutical company operating in the cardiometabolic space. In September 2023, the FDA issued draft guidance titled “Regulatory Considerations for Prescription Drug Use-Related Software,” which provides clarity about the agency’s views and intent to consider the combined effectiveness of pharmaceuticals and digital therapeutic solutions when making drug labeling decisions. We believe the FDA draft guidance has the potential to support our business development efforts and may be particularly relevant in the context of a new subgroup analysis data which was announced in October 2023 and which revealed that adjunctive use of AspyreRx with SOC, including GLP-1 receptor agonists, led to a substantially greater clinical improvement compared to control participants who did not incorporate AspyreRx into their regimen.

We believe we are differentiated from other PDT companies in several important ways, which we believe has the potential to result in better commercial performance and peak revenue than those observed for previously approved PDTs: 1) with our focus on cardiometabolic diseases, and T2D as our lead indication, we are targeting very large patient populations with significant unmet medical needs (about 50% of patients diagnosed with T2D

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have uncontrolled blood sugar levels despite being on SOC medication); 2) because T2D ranks among the most costly therapeutic areas for payers, and given the rapidly rising prevalence of the disease as well as escalating expenses for payers, in part driven by the introduction of expensive new medications, we believe we get a different level of attention from payers than prior PDT companies seeking to obtain payer coverage, 3) we ran the largest randomized control trial to date for a PDT intending to lower blood sugar, generating clinical evidence against the same clinical endpoints used in drug development for T2D; 4) the FDA granted us a broad label, authorizing the treatment of all adult T2D patients from first diagnosis across all stages of the disease; 5) our FDA authorized and investigational PDTs are designed to deliver a treatment intervention that fits into the existing treatment paradigm, e.g., current clinical guidelines for the treatment of diabetes highlight behavior change as the foundation of treatment; 6) our therapy has the potential to generate health economic benefits and the utilization of our PDTs has the potential to demonstrate cost savings for payers; and 7) we have a team with extensive industry experience in developing and commercializing therapeutics and medical devices. Furthermore, we believe our internally developed novel form of CBT is differentiated from other approaches in the digital therapeutics space that are incorporating CBT principles.

Recent Events

ATM Program

In May, 2023, we entered into the ATM Sales Agreement with Virtu pursuant to which we may issue and sell ATM Shares from time to time, at our discretion, through Virtu as our sales agent or principal.

As of December 1, 2023, we have sold 11,129,640 shares of our common stock at a weighted average price of $0.51 per share in the ATM pursuant to the Sales Agreement, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $5.6 million to us, after deducting sales commissions and other offering costs.

Amendment to Loan Agreement

In November 2023, we entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Loan Agreement with Hercules Capital and the Lenders. Amendment No. 2 provides the Company the right to prepay the loans without prepayment penalties during the period from November 1, 2023 until March 31, 2024 with New Proceeds. In addition, any prepayment made during the period from November 1, 2023 until March 31, 2024 with New Proceeds shall decrease the company’s minimum cash covenant dollar for dollar. If the Company raises $500,000 in New Proceeds and does not apply those funds to prepayment, the Company can instead receive a one month pause on amortization payments (which may be repeated). If the Company raises $5 million in New Proceeds (not including amounts applied to receive pauses on amortization payments), the Company is entitled to a three month pause on amortization payments and the Company may convert $1 million of outstanding loans under the Loan Agreement to equity.

Nasdaq Deficiency Notice

On June 16, 2023, we received written notices from the Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying us that we were not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirement as well as the market value of listed securities requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. These notices do not impact our listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market at this time. Both notification letters state that we have 180 calendar days, or until December 13, 2023, to regain compliance. Since we do not expect to regain compliance before the Compliance Deadline, we will receive written notification that our securities are subject to delisting unless we timely request a hearing before a Panel. We intend to timely request a hearing before the Panel, which will stay any delisting action by Nasdaq until the hearing. At the hearing, we intend to present our plan to demonstrate compliance, which may include fundraising and a reverse stock split, if necessary. There can be no assurance that the Panel will grant our request for a grace period to demonstrate compliance, or we will be successful in executing our plan of compliance, and we may be delisted from Nasdaq as a result.

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At our special meeting of stockholders held on October 30, 2023, our stockholders approved a proposed amendment to our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock at a ratio of not less than 1-for-10 and not greater than 1-for-25, subject to and as determined by our board of directors. The primary reason we sought stockholder approval of the reverse stock split was to attempt to increase the per share market price of our common stock to exceed the minimum closing bid price requirement for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. We will also consider available options to resolve the market value of listed securities deficiency and regain compliance with all applicable Nasdaq rules.

In the event we do not regain compliance with the Nasdaq listing rules prior to the expiration of the compliance or any grace period, we will receive written notice that our securities are subject to delisting unless we timely request a hearing before a Nasdaq Hearings Panel to present a plan of compliance. There can be no assurance that the Panel will grant our request for a grace period to demonstrate compliance, or we will be successful in executing our plan of compliance, and we may be delisted from Nasdaq as a result.

Impact of Macroeconomic Events

Economic uncertainty in various global markets caused by political instability and conflict, such as the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, and economic challenges caused by public health events, including the effects of COVID-19 pandemic, have led to market disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital market instability and supply chain interruptions, which have caused record inflation globally. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by further negative impacts on the global economy and capital markets resulting from these global economic conditions, particularly if such conditions are prolonged or worsen. Although, to date, our business has not been materially impacted by these global economic and geopolitical conditions, it is impossible to predict the extent to which our operations may be impacted in the short and long term. The extent and duration of these market disruptions, whether as a result of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and effects of the Russian sanctions, the conflict in Israel, geopolitical tensions, record inflation or otherwise, are impossible to predict. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this prospectus.

Update to Previously Reported Financial Information

The financial statements as of December 31, 2022 included in this prospectus include a payroll accrual of $1.5 million related to expenses incurred during 2022. Management has determined that this payroll accrual will not be paid out and therefore reversed such amount during the quarter ended September 30, 2023.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We expect that our primary sources of revenue will be through reimbursement coverage for our treatments by commercial insurers, Medicare, Medicaid and the Veterans Administration in the U.S. In the near term we are offering a cash pay option as we work to obtain broad reimbursement coverage for our first PDT for treating T2D, AspyreRx. We expect to pursue obtaining favorable rates and broad reimbursement coverage through demonstrating and generating a comprehensive set of evidence to substantiate the value of AspyreRx based on its impact on clinical outcomes, total cost of care, and durability of effect. Obtaining favorable rates and broad reimbursement coverage and timing of obtaining such coverage for AspyreRx and our other product candidates is highly uncertain. As a result, the timing and the amount of revenue we expect to recognize from monetizing our product candidates may vary based on various factors.

We are engaging in business development efforts to maximize the value of AspyreRx and our platform in non-dilutive ways. We are exploring opportunities to partner with pharmaceutical, medical technology and

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technology companies who are marketing traditional drug therapies for CMDx, and have a strategic interest in digital health, or the organizational infrastructure to support the successful development and commercialization of our platform. Opportunities may also exist to co-develop novel combination products with a pharmaceutical company operating in the cardiometabolic space.

Operating Expenses

We classify operating expenses into three main categories: (i) research and development, (ii) sales and marketing and (iii) general and administrative.

Research and Development

Our research and development expenses consist of external and internal expenses incurred in connection with our research activities and development programs. These expenses include external expenses, including expenses associated with contract research organizations (“CROs”) and consultants engaged to manage and conduct clinical trials, other research and development expenses associated with software development and licenses, other external development services and expenses associated with analysis and publications of research findings. Additionally, our research and development expenses include internal personnel expenses, including expenses for salaries and benefits, stock-based compensation, and allocation of certain overhead expenses.

We capitalize our research and development internal use software costs related to our digital therapeutic platform incurred during the application development stage and separately present these costs on the balance sheet as capitalized software development costs. Research and development costs incurred during the preliminary planning and evaluation stage of the project were expensed as incurred. To date, the majority of these expenses have been incurred to advance our lead product, AspyreRx.

We expect our research and development expenses may increase in the future as we continue to invest in research and development activities related to developing our platform and our other product candidates, as our other product candidates advance into later stages of development, and as we continue to conduct clinical trials. The successful development of our platform and our product candidates is highly uncertain. As a result, we are unable to determine the duration and completion costs of our research and development projects or when and to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of any of our product candidates.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs, advertising and public relations costs and consulting services. We expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we support the commercialization of AspyreRx. Our sales and marketing efforts are expected to focus on targeting payers, patients and health care providers through general awareness and branded promotional activities. We initially plan to focus primarily on innovative healthcare systems and Integrated Delivery Networks to reach a sizable number of primary care physicians and endocrinologists with a modestly sized sales team.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs and professional services including legal, audit and accounting services and business insurance. Personnel-related costs consist of salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase for the foreseeable future due to anticipated increases in headcount to advance our product candidates and as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC, investor relations activities and other administrative and professional services.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net primarily consists of interest expense related to the secured Term Loan Facility (as defined herein) entered into in 2021, offset by interest earned on excess cash.

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Results of Operations

Comparisons of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods presented (in thousands):