Special Opportunities Fund, Inc.
(SPE)
Semi-Annual Report
For the six months ended
June 30, 2024
Managed Distribution Plan (unaudited)
On March 4, 2019, the Special Opportunities Fund (the “Fund”) received authorization from the SEC that permits the Fund to distribute long-term capital gains to stockholders more than once per year. Accordingly, on April 1,
2019, the Fund announced its Board of Directors formally approved the implementation of a Managed Distribution Plan (“MDP”) to make monthly cash distributions to stockholders.
In the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Fund made monthly distributions to common stockholders at an annual rate of 8%, based on the NAV of the Fund’s common shares as of the close of business on the last business day of
the previous year. You should not draw any conclusions about the Fund’s investment performance from the amount of these distributions or from the terms of the MDP. The MDP will be subject to regular periodic review by the Fund’s Board of Directors.
With each distribution, the Fund will issue a notice to stockholders which will provide detailed information regarding the amount and composition of the distribution and other information required by the Fund’s exemptive
order. The Fund’s Board of Directors may amend or terminate the MDP at any time without prior notice to stockholders; however, at this time, there are no reasonably foreseeable circumstances that might cause the termination of the MDP. For tax
reporting purposes the actual composition of the total amount of distributions for each year will continue to be provided on a Form 1099-DIV issued after the end of the year.
The conversion price for each share of the Fund’s convertible preferred stock will decrease by the amount of each distribution to common stockholders. The current conversion price, as well as other information about the
Fund, is available on the Fund’s website at www.specialopportunitiesfundinc.com.
August 29, 2024
Dear Fellow Shareholder:
The first half of 2024 saw stocks continue to advance with the S&P 500 Index gaining 15.29%. After accounting for distributions, the Fund’s net asset value per common share (NAV) rose by 12.82% over the same time span.
Due to the narrowing in the shares’ trading discount from 17.06% on December 29, 2023 to 15.78% on June 28, 2024, the market price of the Fund’s common shares rose by 15.45%. Since then, the discount has continued to contract and is below 15% as of
August 23, 2024. From late April 2023 through June 28, 2024, the Fund repurchased 709,728 of its common shares at discounts to NAV and 91,498 shares of its convertible preferred stock at a discount to their book value of $25. Details about our share
repurchases are posted monthly on the Fund’s website.
The Fund has a managed distribution plan that calls for monthly distributions to common shareholders at an annual rate of at least 8% of the NAV as of the last trading day of the prior year. The minimum monthly distribution
for 2024 is $0.0954 per share.
As a reminder, on January 21, 2022, the Fund completed a rights offering for shares of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C, at $25 per share which pay quarterly distributions at a rate of 2.75% per annum. The preferred
shares may be converted into common stock initially at a price of $20.50 per share (or a ratio of 1.2195 shares of common stock for each share of Series C Stock) and is adjusted for any distributions to common stockholders. Please refer to the
prospectus, which is available on the SEC’s website, for full details regarding the Series C stock. The current conversion ratio and diluted NAV of the Fund’s common shares (assuming all Series C shares are converted to common shares) are posted
weekly on the Fund’s website.
Investment Update and Commentary
In the first half of 2024, the IPO market for special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) improved, resulting in an increase of the percentage of the Fund’s investable assets in SPACs from 14.7% to 16.2%. In part, to make
room for additional SPACs, our exposure to discounted closed-end funds (CEFs) and business development companies (BDCs) fell from 71.1% to 67.1%. As of June 30, 2024, the balance of the Fund’s portfolio consisted of a smattering of shares of
undervalued operating companies, notes, and about 5% in cash equivalents.
As you know, the Fund’s investment advisor often employs activist measures to enhance the value of our investments. In our last letter, we said we were disappointed that the SEC, which is supposed to protect investors, has
taken a ‘hands off’ approach regarding attempts by managements of CEFs to undermine the voting rights of shareholders. As a result, shareholders have had to engage in
costly, inefficient, and time-consuming litigation to protect their voting rights. First, it was a plethora of so-called “control share” limitations on voting all of one’s shares. Next, a CEF adopted a poison pill that effectively limits the number
of shares any shareholder can acquire (and vote). But the latest ploy to disenfranchise shareholders tops them all. Believe it or not, the NYSE has proposed eliminating a requirement that CEFs have an annual meeting of shareholders to elect
directors. See 34-100460.pdf (sec.gov). If the SEC approves the NYSE’s proposal, shareholders will have almost no way to hold the directors of a CEF accountable for anything. If you think that prospect is appalling, as I do, I urge you to submit a
comment about the NYSE’s proposal to the SEC.
As discussed in our previous letter, we won the war with First Trust Dynamic Europe Equity Income Fund (FDEU). In late 2022, we asked FDEU’s Board of Trustees to recommend converting FDEU to an open-end fund, which it was
required to propose to stockholders in 2023. The Board refused, so we solicited proxies to elect our nominees as Trustees. The Board refused to count our votes, claiming that our nominees were ineligible. Apparently embarrassed about the prospect of
losing the election, shortly before the stockholder meeting, FDEU announced that it would become an exchange-traded fund (“ETF”) by the end of 2023. Despite that welcome result, which effectively eliminated the discount, we sued the Board and the
manager because we believe disenfranchising shareholders should not go unchallenged. After we sued, the Board rescinded FDEU’s illegal control share bylaw. As a result, we filed a motion for an award of legal fees for obtaining a “common benefit” for
FDEU’s stockholders. Unfortunately, the court denied our motion so we lost that battle.
To settle a proxy contest, we launched in mid-2023 for MFS High Yield Municipal Trust (CMU) and MFS Investment Grade Municipal Trust (CXH), management agreed to cause each fund to conduct a modest self-tender and to provide
a liquidity event, unless the discount shrinks to no more than 7.5% by mid-2025. At the time, the discount for each of these CEFs was about 14%. The discount for each fund has shrunk to less than 10% and we do not see much risk of them widening in
the near future.
The Fund has a meaningful stake in Destra Multi-Alternative Fund (DMA). More than half of DMA’s total assets are unquoted private investment vehicles. Last spring, after eliminating its monthly dividend, DMA’s shares fell
to a discount of more than 50%. We then reached out to management to discuss options to enhance stockholder value. On October 6, 2023, DMA announced that “unless certain targets are met, [it] will dissolve at the close of business on March 31, 2027.”
In addition, a representative of a large shareholder was invited to join DMA’s Board of Trustees. That gives us more confidence that (1) the valuations of DMA’s private holdings are not unreasonable, and (2) management will not be tempted to renege
on its commitment to dissolve. As Ronald Reagan used to say,
“Trust but verify.” DMA’s stock has risen since the announcement, and the discount has narrowed significantly to less than 30%. We think there is a good chance it will continue to narrow. Otherwise, we may advocate for an
earlier windup.
The Fund has significant exposure to term trusts or quasi term trusts (like CMU, CXH, and DMA), i.e., funds with a limited life and that have committed to either dissolve or to provide a liquidity event at a specified point
in time if certain conditions are met. The obvious attraction of these funds is that any current discount will eventually be reduced or eliminated. In one recent case, stockholders approved a proposal by management to eliminate the fixed life for
Nuveen Preferred & Income Term Fund (JPI), a term trust slated to dissolve later this year. However, to induce shareholders to vote for that proposal, management promised to conduct a self-tender offer for 100% of its shares at NAV. That tender
offer, in which we sold all our shares, was completed just a few weeks ago.
In our last letter, we said that we had submitted shareholder proposals to Principal Real Estate Income Fund (PGZ), Tortoise Energy Independence Fund (NDP), Tortoise Power and Energy Infrastructure Fund (TPZ), and Virtus
Total Return Fund (ZTR). Here is a progress report. As to PGZ, nothing definitive has been announced yet but we believe management is open to exploring strategic alternatives to enhance shareholder value. More gratifying, NDP and TPZ recently
proposed to merge with a third Tortoise CEF which would then merge into a newly formed ETF. As a result, the discounts for NDP and TPZ have narrowed from double digits to less than 4%. Lastly, in March 2024, ZTR announced a series of up to three
tender offers at 98% of NAV by the end of 2025, each for 10% of its outstanding shares, to hopefully reduce the discount over time.
In June, in a proxy contest, the Fund succeeded in electing three directors, including myself, to the board of BNY Mellon Municipal Income (DMF). In addition, the shareholders overwhelmingly approved our non-binding
proposal to allow them to monetize their shares at a price at or close to NAV. Although we constitute a minority on the board, we are hopeful that we can persuade the other directors to implement that proposal.
Our efforts to ferret out discounted closed-end funds have occasionally led us to foreign shores. A recent example is Magellan Global Fund (MGF.AU), an Australian based CEF that, despite its name, holds mostly U.S. large
cap stocks. We began to purchase shares of MGF in March 2024 at a discount of about 5% because it seemed likely covert to an open-end fund. That, in fact, did happen relatively soon thereafter and in late July we sold our shares at prices very close
to NAV.
Our largest investment in an operating company, Texas Pacific Land (TPL), a profitable asset-rich company that owns land in West Texas, primarily in the Permian Basin, has been a winner. Its stock got a boost after the
close of trading
on Friday, June 7th when it announced that it would be included in the S&P MidCap 400 Index. On the following Monday, its stock price rose from Friday’s $582 per share to $783. TPL’s shares are currently trading at
about $860 per share.
As you may know, we occasionally engage with the management of other companies whose shares we believe are undervalued and that have not taken steps to address the disparity. One such company in which we have a position is
Cannae Holdings (CNNE), a holding company somewhat akin to a CEF. CNNE trades at a discount of almost 40% below its NAV. We think shareholders are understandably disappointed with its poor stock performance and wide discount. Its largest investment
is a block of 69 million shares of Dun & Bradstreet, which recently announced that it “has received inbound interest from third parties and has retained Bank of America to assist with those inquiries.” We think the monetization of CNNE’s holding
of DNB stock could be a catalyst to a higher stock price for CNNE. In any case, if CNNE stock continue to languish far below its NAV, we are likely to take an activist approach to enhance shareholder value.
As we previously reported, a settlement was approved by the court in our class action lawsuit against FAST Acquisition Corp. (FST), a SPAC that was slated to liquidate. We alleged that FST’s remaining assets should have
been equitably distributed to all stockholders. In July 2024, the Fund received approximately $280,000 representing its share of the settlement. In addition, there are two other class action lawsuits that have tentatively been settled in which the
fund is a potential claimant. We expect the Fund to receive settlement proceeds totaling about $100,000 in those cases, but the timing is uncertain.
As always, please note that instruction forms for voting proxies for certain CEFs held by the Fund are available at http://www.specialopportunitiesfundinc.com/proxy_voting.html. To be notified directly of such instances,
please email us at proxyinstructions@bulldoginvestors.com.
Sincerely yours,
Phillip Goldstein
Chairman
Growth of $10,000 Investment
Performance at a glance (unaudited)
Average annual total returns for common stock for the periods ended 6/30/2024
|
Net asset value returns
|
1 year
|
5 years
|
10 years
|
|
Special Opportunities Fund, Inc.
|
24.15%
|
9.31%
|
7.18%
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Market price returns
|
|
|
|
|
Special Opportunities Fund, Inc.
|
27.81%
|
9.47%
|
7.43%
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Index returns
|
|
|
|
|
S&P 500® Index
|
24.56%
|
15.05%
|
12.86%
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Share price as of 6/30/2024
|
|
|
|
|
Net asset value
|
|
|
$15.53
|
|
Market price
|
|
|
$13.08
|
Past performance does not predict future performance. The return and value of an investment will fluctuate so that an investor’s share, when sold, may be worth more or less than their original cost. The
Fund’s common stock net asset value (“NAV”) return assumes, for illustration only, that dividends and other distributions, if any, were reinvested at the NAV on the ex-dividend date. The Fund’s common stock market price returns assume that all
dividends and other distributions, if any, were reinvested at the lower of the NAV or the closing market price on the ex-dividend date. NAV and market price returns for the period of less than one year have not been annualized. Returns do not reflect
the deduction of taxes that a shareholder could pay on Fund dividends and other distributions, if any, or the sale of Fund shares.
The S&P 500® Index is a capital weighted, unmanaged index that represents the aggregate market value of the common equity of 500 stocks
primarily traded on the New York Stock Exchange. You cannot invest directly in an index.
Portfolio composition as of 6/30/2024(1) (Unaudited)
| |
|
Value
|
|
|
Percent
|
|
Investment Companies
|
|
$
|
149,757,235
|
|
|
67.07
|
%
|
|
Special Purpose Acquisition Vehicles
|
|
|
36,233,892
|
|
|
16.23
|
%
|
|
Money Market Funds
|
|
|
14,645,576
|
|
|
6.56
|
%
|
|
Other Common Stocks
|
|
|
13,470,084
|
|
|
6.03
|
%
|
|
Real Estate Investment Trusts
|
|
|
3,934,489
|
|
|
1.76
|
%
|
|
Unsecured Notes
|
|
|
2,343,597
|
|
|
1.05
|
%
|
|
Trusts
|
|
|
1,524,260
|
|
|
0.68
|
%
|
|
Corporate Obligations
|
|
|
954,818
|
|
|
0.43
|
%
|
|
Preferred Stocks
|
|
|
345,936
|
|
|
0.16
|
%
|
|
Warrants
|
|
|
51,507
|
|
|
0.02
|
%
|
|
Rights
|
|
|
16,243
|
|
|
0.01
|
%
|
|
Total Investments
|
|
$
|
223,277,637
|
|
|
100.00
|
%
|
|
(1)
|
As a percentage of total investments.
|
The following table represents the Fund’s investments categorized by country as of June 30, 2024:
| |
|
% of Total
|
|
Country
|
|
Investments
|
|
United States
|
|
91.09
|
%
|
|
Cayman Islands
|
|
2.31
|
%
|
|
Australia
|
|
2.16
|
%
|
|
China
|
|
1.45
|
%
|
|
Hong Kong
|
|
0.99
|
%
|
|
Guernsey
|
|
0.95
|
%
|
|
Singapore
|
|
0.62
|
%
|
|
Ireland
|
|
0.43
|
%
|
| |
|
100.00
|
%
|
Portfolio of investments—June 30, 2024 (unaudited)
| |
|
Shares
|
|
|
Value
|
|
|
INVESTMENT COMPANIES—89.81%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Closed-End Funds—77.73%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AllianceBernstein National Municipal Income Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
273,326
|
|
|
$
|
3,036,652
|
|
|
Bancroft Fund Ltd.
|
|
|
22,345
|
|
|
|
350,146
|
|
|
BlackRock California Municipal Income Trust
|
|
|
57,423
|
|
|
|
687,353
|
|
|
BlackRock Municipal Income Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
115,899
|
|
|
|
1,430,193
|
|
|
BNY Mellon Alcentra Global Credit Income 2024 Target Term Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
54,458
|
|
|
|
481,953
|
|
|
BNY Mellon Municipal Income, Inc.
|
|
|
621,787
|
|
|
|
4,470,649
|
|
|
BNY Mellon Strategic Municipal Bond Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
474,121
|
|
|
|
2,816,279
|
|
|
Central and Eastern Europe Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
188,883
|
|
|
|
2,013,493
|
|
|
Central Securities Corp.
|
|
|
219,394
|
|
|
|
9,657,724
|
|
|
ClearBridge Energy Midstream Opportunity Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
14,534
|
|
|
|
599,092
|
|
|
ClearBridge MLP & Midstream Total Return Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
5,344
|
|
|
|
217,394
|
|
|
Destra Multi-Alternative Fund
|
|
|
226,142
|
|
|
|
1,824,966
|
|
|
Bexil Investment Trust
|
|
|
350,673
|
|
|
|
4,400,946
|
|
|
DWS Municipal Income Trust
|
|
|
612,979
|
|
|
|
5,804,911
|
|
|
DWS Strategic Municipal Income Trust
|
|
|
322,797
|
|
|
|
3,182,778
|
|
|
Eaton Vance New York Municipal Bond Fund
|
|
|
399,295
|
|
|
|
3,937,049
|
|
|
Ellsworth Growth and Income Fund Ltd.
|
|
|
83,179
|
|
|
|
685,395
|
|
|
Gabelli Dividend & Income Trust
|
|
|
133,595
|
|
|
|
3,033,942
|
|
|
General American Investors Co., Inc.
|
|
|
324,541
|
|
|
|
16,136,179
|
|
|
Herzfeld Caribbean Basin Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
20,443
|
|
|
|
48,041
|
|
|
High Income Securities Fund
|
|
|
242,733
|
|
|
|
1,696,704
|
|
|
Highland Opportunities and Income Fund
|
|
|
310,059
|
|
|
|
1,937,869
|
|
|
Invesco High Income 2024 Target Term Fund
|
|
|
210,539
|
|
|
|
1,543,251
|
|
|
Magellan Global Fund/Close Class
|
|
|
3,182,844
|
|
|
|
4,798,588
|
|
|
Mexico Equity & Income Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
100,100
|
|
|
|
960,960
|
|
|
MFS High Yield Municipal Trust
|
|
|
764,782
|
|
|
|
2,623,202
|
|
|
MFS Investment Grade Municipal Trust
|
|
|
245,919
|
|
|
|
1,942,760
|
|
|
Miller/Howard High Dividend Fund
|
|
|
132,868
|
|
|
|
1,489,450
|
|
|
Morgan Stanley Emerging Markets Domestic Debt Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
162,390
|
|
|
|
740,498
|
|
|
Neuberger Berman Municipal Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
278,884
|
|
|
|
2,978,481
|
|
|
Neuberger Berman Next Generation Connectivity Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
436,931
|
|
|
|
5,640,779
|
|
|
New America High Income Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
198,535
|
|
|
|
1,455,262
|
|
|
Nuveen Multi-Asset Income Fund
|
|
|
12,779
|
|
|
|
157,821
|
|
|
Nuveen Preferred & Income Term Fund
|
|
|
85,424
|
|
|
|
1,661,497
|
|
|
Pershing Square Holdings Ltd. Fund
|
|
|
30,000
|
|
|
|
1,585,933
|
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
Portfolio of investments—June 30, 2024 (unaudited)
| |
|
Shares
|
|
|
Value
|
|
|
INVESTMENT COMPANIES—(continued)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Closed-End Funds—(continued)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pershing Square Holdings Ltd. Fund
|
|
|
10,000
|
|
|
$
|
524,800
|
|
|
PGIM Short Duration High Yield Opportunities Fund
|
|
|
20,310
|
|
|
|
311,352
|
|
|
Platinum Asia Investments Ltd. (a)
|
|
|
24,235
|
|
|
|
14,874
|
|
|
Principal Real Estate Income Fund
|
|
|
201,915
|
|
|
|
2,061,552
|
|
|
Saba Capital Income & Opportunities Fund
|
|
|
237,096
|
|
|
|
1,669,156
|
|
|
SRH Total Return Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
1,116,522
|
|
|
|
16,245,395
|
|
|
Taiwan Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
57,019
|
|
|
|
2,505,415
|
|
|
The Swiss Helvetia Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
236,992
|
|
|
|
1,912,525
|
|
|
Tortoise Energy Independence Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
49,741
|
|
|
|
1,800,127
|
|
|
Tortoise Power and Energy Infrastructure Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
175,844
|
|
|
|
2,776,577
|
|
|
Virtus Convertible & Income 2024 Target Term Fund
|
|
|
161,186
|
|
|
|
1,452,608
|
|
|
Virtus Total Return Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
388,231
|
|
|
|
2,117,800
|
|
|
Western Asset Intermediate Muni Fund, Inc.
|
|
|
24,397
|
|
|
|
191,760
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
129,612,131
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Business Development Companies—12.08%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CION Investment Corp.
|
|
|
899,218
|
|
|
|
10,898,522
|
|
|
FS KKR Capital Corp.
|
|
|
171,024
|
|
|
|
3,374,304
|
|
|
Logan Ridge Finance Corp.
|
|
|
81,161
|
|
|
|
1,818,006
|
|
|
Portman Ridge Finance Corp.
|
|
|
93,672
|
|
|
|
1,837,845
|
|
|
Runway Growth Finance Corp.
|
|
|
145,403
|
|
|
|
1,709,940
|
|
|
SuRo Capital Corp. (a)
|
|
|
126,306
|
|
|
|
506,487
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
20,145,104
|
|
|
Total Investment Companies (Cost $126,178,031)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
149,757,235
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Shares/Units
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SPECIAL PURPOSE ACQUISITION VEHICLES—21.73%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
99 Acquisition Group, Inc. (a)
|
|
|
154,727
|
|
|
|
1,624,850
|
|
|
Agriculture & Natural Solutions Acquisition Corp. (a)
|
|
|
25,000
|
|
|
|
256,000
|
|
|
Ai Transportation Acquisition Corp. (a)
|
|
|
57,331
|
|
|
|
593,565
|
|
|
AP Acquisition Corp. (a)(c)
|
|
|
193,647
|
|
|
|
2,217,258
|
|
|
Ares Acquisition Corp. II (a)
|
|
|
161,985
|
|
|
|
1,728,380
|
|
|
Cartesian Growth Corp. II (a)
|
|
|
35,068
|
|
|
|
395,392
|
|
|
Centurion Acquisition Corp. (a)
|
|
|
156,250
|
|
|
|
1,560,937
|
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
Portfolio of investments—June 30, 2024 (unaudited)
| |
|
Shares/Units
|
|
|
Value
|
|
|
SPECIAL PURPOSE ACQUISITION VEHICLES—(continued)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chenghe Acquisition II Co. (a)
|
|
|
139,331
|
|
|
$
|
1,394,703
|
|
|
Churchill Capital Corp. IX (a)
|
|
|
4,032
|
|
|
|
40,763
|
|
|
Colombier Acquisition Corp. II (a)
|
|
|
61,998
|
|
|
|
637,029
|
|
|
EVe Mobility Acquisition Corp. (a)
|
|
|
34,200
|
|
|
|
379,962
|
|
|
Flag Ship Acquisition Corp. (a)
|
|
|
137,500
|
|
|
|
1,376,375
|
|
|
Global Lights Acquisition Corp. (a)
|
|
|
314,976
|
|
|
|
3,245,828
|
|
|
Graf Global Corp. (a)
|
|
|
184,789
|
|
|
|
1,848,038
|
|
|
Haymaker Acquisition Corp. 4 (a)
|
|
|
179,631
|
|
|
|
1,887,922
|
|
|
IB Acquisition Corp. (a)
|
|
|
214,860
|
|
|
|
2,142,154
|
|
|
Inflection Point Acquisition Corp. II (a)
|
|
|
326,335
|
|
|
|
3,459,151
|
|
|
Keen Vision Acquisition Corp. (a)
|
|
|
47,067
|
|
|
|
498,016
|
|
|
Lionheart Holdings (a)
|
|
|
323,525
|
|
|
|
3,231,077
|
|
|
Melar Acquisition Corp. I (a)
|
|
|
75,000
|
|
|
|
750,000
|
|
|
Nabors Energy Transition Corp. II (a)
|
|
|
31,658
|
|
|
|
333,359
|
|
|
Quetta Acquisition Corp. (a)
|
|
|
167,742
|
|
|
|
1,736,130
|
|
|
Spring Valley Acquisition Corp. II (a)
|
|
|
82,000
|
|
|
|
911,840
|
|
|
TG Venture Acquisition Corp. (a)(c)
|
|
|
309,207
|
|
|
|
3,342,528
|
|
|
Trailblazer Merger Corp. I (a)
|
|
|
59,479
|
|
|
|
642,635
|
|
|
Total Special Purpose Acquisition Vehicles (Cost $35,579,249)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36,233,892
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Shares
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PREFERRED STOCKS—0.21%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diversified REITs—0.20%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NexPoint Diversified Real Estate Trust (a)
|
|
|
22,324
|
|
|
|
327,047
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Office REITs—0.01%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brookfield DTLA Fund Office Trust Investor, Inc. (a)
|
|
|
171,723
|
|
|
|
18,889
|
|
|
Total Preferred Stocks (Cost $4,932,717)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
345,936
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OTHER COMMON STOCKS—8.08%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Broadline Retail—0.58%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Macy’s, Inc.
|
|
|
50,000
|
|
|
|
960,000
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Financial Services—2.41%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cannae Holdings, Inc.
|
|
|
221,441
|
|
|
|
4,016,940
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Food Products—0.25%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Limoneira Co.
|
|
|
20,000
|
|
|
|
416,200
|
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
Portfolio of investments—June 30, 2024 (unaudited)
| |
|
Shares
|
|
|
Value
|
|
|
OTHER COMMON STOCKS—(continued)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oil, Gas & Consumable Fuels—4.36%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Texas Pacific Land Corp.
|
|
|
9,900
|
|
|
$
|
7,269,273
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Personal Care Products—0.00%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Big Tree Cloud Holdings Ltd.—ADR (a)
|
|
|
2,300
|
|
|
|
3,887
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Real Estate Management & Development—0.48%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Howard Hughes Holdings, Inc. (a)
|
|
|
12,000
|
|
|
|
777,840
|
|
|
Trinity Place Holdings, Inc. (a)
|
|
|
221,748
|
|
|
|
25,944
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
803,784
|
|
|
Total Other Common Stocks (Cost $11,252,782)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13,470,084
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TRUSTS—0.91%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BlackRock Innovation and Growth Term Trust
|
|
|
12,462
|
|
|
|
90,100
|
|
|
Copper Property CTL Pass Through Trust
|
|
|
157,427
|
|
|
|
1,434,160
|
|
|
Lamington Road Grantor Trust (a)(c)
|
|
|
320,690
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
Total Trusts (Cost $1,912,627)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,524,260
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS—2.36%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Equity Commonwealth (a)
|
|
|
150,000
|
|
|
|
2,910,000
|
|
|
NexPoint Diversified Real Estate Trust
|
|
|
185,260
|
|
|
|
1,024,489
|
|
|
Total Real Estate Investment Trusts (Cost $5,210,150)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3,934,489
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Principal
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Amount
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CORPORATE OBLIGATIONS—0.57%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lamington Road DAC (b)(c)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8.000%, 2121-04-0%(a)(c)
|
|
$
|
17,891,840
|
|
|
|
715,673
|
|
|
14.000%, 2121-04-0%(a)(c)
|
|
|
1,804,866
|
|
|
|
239,145
|
|
|
Total Corporate Obligations (Cost $6,976,095)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
954,818
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
UNSECURED NOTES—1.40%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Legacy IMBDS, Inc. (c)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8.500%, 09/30/2026
|
|
|
23,458
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
Sachem Capital Corp. (a)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7.750%, 09/30/2025
|
|
|
78,092
|
|
|
|
1,915,597
|
|
|
6.000%, 03/30/2027
|
|
|
20,000
|
|
|
|
428,000
|
|
|
Total Unsecured Notes (Cost $2,999,704)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,343,597
|
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
Portfolio of investments—June 30, 2024 (unaudited)
| |
|
Shares
|
|
|
Value
|
|
|
WARRANTS—0.03%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agriculture & Natural Solutions Acquisition Corp.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: December 2028
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)
|
|
|
12,500
|
|
|
$
|
2,001
|
|
|
Big Tree Cloud Holdings Ltd.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: June 2029
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)
|
|
|
101,969
|
|
|
|
5,150
|
|
|
Blockchain Coinvestors Acquisition Corp. I
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: November 2028
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)
|
|
|
32,500
|
|
|
|
1,943
|
|
|
Cactus Acquisition Corp. 1 Ltd.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: October 2026
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)
|
|
|
40,700
|
|
|
|
2,218
|
|
|
Cartesian Growth Corp. II
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: July 2028
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)
|
|
|
21,986
|
|
|
|
2,221
|
|
|
Churchill Capital Corp. VII
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: February 2028
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)
|
|
|
24,984
|
|
|
|
8,744
|
|
|
Colombier Acquisition Corp. II
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: December 2028
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)
|
|
|
20,666
|
|
|
|
6,200
|
|
|
Corner Growth Acquisition Corp.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: December 2027
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)(c)
|
|
|
33,333
|
|
|
|
7,000
|
|
|
Corner Growth Acquisition Corp. 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: June 2026
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)
|
|
|
14,366
|
|
|
|
431
|
|
|
HWH INTL INC WT EXP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: January 2027
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $1.00 (a)(c)(e)
|
|
|
23,750
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
iCoreConnect, Inc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: May 2028
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)
|
|
|
150,000
|
|
|
|
165
|
|
|
Investcorp Europe Acquisition Corp. I
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: November 2028
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)
|
|
|
150,000
|
|
|
|
10,875
|
|
|
Lamington Road
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: July 2025
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $0.20 (a)(c)(e)
|
|
|
640,000
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
Portfolio of investments—June 30, 2024 (unaudited)
| |
|
Shares
|
|
|
Value
|
|
|
WARRANTS—(continued)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TG Venture Acquisition Corp.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: August 2028
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)(c)(e)
|
|
|
100,000
|
|
|
$
|
0
|
|
|
VSee Health, Inc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: August 2028
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)
|
|
|
8,700
|
|
|
|
1,883
|
|
|
Zapata Computing Holdings, Inc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: August 2028
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)
|
|
|
72,334
|
|
|
|
2,676
|
|
|
ZyVersa Therapeutics, Inc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expiration: December 2027
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise Price: $11.50 (a)(c)(e)
|
|
|
65,250
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
Total Warrants (Cost $246,495)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51,507
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RIGHTS—0.01%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
IB Acquisition Corp. (Expiration: September 28, 2025) (a)
|
|
|
214,860
|
|
|
|
16,243
|
|
|
Total Rights (Cost $16,090)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16,243
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MONEY MARKET FUNDS—8.78%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fidelity Institutional Government Portfolio—Class I, 5.213% (d)
|
|
|
7,322,788
|
|
|
|
7,322,788
|
|
|
Invesco Treasury Portfolio—Institutional Class, 5.216% (d)
|
|
|
5,690,591
|
|
|
|
7,322,788
|
|
|
Total Money Market Funds (Cost $14,645,576)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14,645,576
|
|
|
Total Investments (Cost $213,205,379)—133.89%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
223,277,637
|
|
|
Liabilities in Excess of Other Assets—(0.14)%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(240,078
|
)
|
|
Preferred Stock—(33.75)%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(56,280,725
|
)
|
|
TOTAL NET ASSETS—100.00%
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
166,756,834
|
|
Percentages are stated as a percent of net assets.
|
(a)
|
Non-income producing security.
|
|
(b)
|
The coupon rate shown represents the rate at June 30, 2024.
|
|
(c)
|
Fair valued securities. The total market value of these securities was $6,521,604, representing 3.91% of net assets. Value determined using significant unobservable inputs.
|
|
(d)
|
The rate shown represents the seven-day yield at June 30, 2024.
|
|
(e)
|
Illiquid securities. The total market value of these securities was $0, representing 0.00% of net assets.
|
The Schedule of Investments incorporates the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS®). GICS was developed by and/or is the exclusive
property of MSCI, Inc. and Standard & Poors Financial Services LLC (“S&P”). GICS is a service mark of MSCI and S&P and has been licensed for use by U.S. Bancorp Fund Services, LLC.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
Statement of assets and liabilities—June 30, 2024 (unaudited)
|
Assets:
|
|
|
|
|
Investments, at value (Cost $209,949,516)
|
|
$
|
223,277,637
|
|
|
Cash
|
|
|
385,605
|
|
|
Receivables:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investments sold
|
|
|
368,722
|
|
|
Dividends and interest
|
|
|
413,520
|
|
|
Other assets
|
|
|
24,240
|
|
|
Total assets
|
|
|
224,469,724
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Due to custody
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Payables:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investments purchased
|
|
|
190,061
|
|
|
Payable for shares redeemed
|
|
|
717,558
|
|
|
Advisory fees
|
|
|
181,859
|
|
|
Administration fees
|
|
|
16,025
|
|
|
Chief Compliance Officer fees
|
|
|
6,125
|
|
|
Director fees
|
|
|
59,134
|
|
|
Fund accounting fees
|
|
|
651
|
|
|
Custody fees
|
|
|
5,444
|
|
|
Transfer Agent fees
|
|
|
7,231
|
|
|
Legal fees
|
|
|
4,283
|
|
|
Audit fees
|
|
|
22,569
|
|
|
Reports and notices to shareholders
|
|
|
22,179
|
|
|
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
|
|
|
10,240
|
|
|
Total liabilities
|
|
|
1,243,359
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Preferred Stock:
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.75% Convertible Preferred Stock—$0.001 par value, $25 liquidation value per share;
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,243,456 shares outstanding
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total preferred stock
|
|
|
56,086,400
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Net assets applicable to common shareholders
|
|
$
|
167,139,965
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Net assets applicable to common shareholders:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common stock—$0.001 par value per common share; 199,995,800 shares authorized;
|
|
|
|
|
|
10,753,236 shares issued and outstanding, 15,008,591 shares held in treasury
|
|
$
|
397,849,386
|
|
|
Cost of shares held in treasury
|
|
|
(248,420,167
|
)
|
|
Total distributable earnings (deficit)
|
|
|
17,710,746
|
|
|
Net assets applicable to common shareholders
|
|
$
|
167,139,965
|
|
|
Net asset value per common share ($167,139,965 applicable to
|
|
|
|
|
|
10,778,236 common shares outstanding)
|
|
$
|
15.51
|
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
Statement of operations
| |
|
For the six months
|
| |
|
ended June 30, 2024
|
| |
|
(unaudited)
|
|
Investment income:
|
|
|
|
|
Dividends
|
|
$
|
4,966,499
|
|
|
Interest
|
|
|
335,194
|
|
|
Total investment income
|
|
|
5,301,693
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Expenses:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investment advisory fees
|
|
|
1,080,104
|
|
|
Directors’ fees and expenses
|
|
|
126,735
|
|
|
Administration fees and expenses
|
|
|
95,559
|
|
|
Compliance fees and expenses
|
|
|
35,540
|
|
|
Legal fees and expenses
|
|
|
27,450
|
|
|
Transfer agency fees and expenses
|
|
|
24,027
|
|
|
Reports and notices to shareholders
|
|
|
23,238
|
|
|
Audit fees and expenses
|
|
|
22,569
|
|
|
Other expenses
|
|
|
19,620
|
|
|
Custody fees and expenses
|
|
|
16,883
|
|
|
Insurance fees and expenses
|
|
|
16,413
|
|
|
Stock exchange listing fees
|
|
|
15,804
|
|
|
Accounting fees and expenses
|
|
|
1,817
|
|
|
Net expenses
|
|
|
1,505,759
|
|
|
Net investment income
|
|
|
3,795,934
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) from investment activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net realized gain (loss) from:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investments
|
|
|
8,860,983
|
|
|
Foreign currency translations
|
|
|
(4,650
|
)
|
|
Distributions received from investment companies
|
|
|
26,327
|
|
|
Net realized loss
|
|
|
8,882,660
|
|
|
Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investments
|
|
|
7,162,112
|
|
|
Foreign currency translations
|
|
|
(8,730
|
)
|
|
Net realized and unrealized gains from investment activities
|
|
|
16,036,042
|
|
|
Discount on redemption and repurchase of preferred shares
|
|
|
21,643
|
|
|
Increase in net assets resulting from operations
|
|
|
19,853,619
|
|
|
Distributions to preferred stockholders
|
|
|
(771,919
|
)
|
|
Net increase in net assets applicable to common shareholders resulting from operations
|
|
$
|
19,081,700
|
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
Statement of cash flows
| |
|
For the six months
|
|
| |
|
ended June 30, 2024
|
|
| |
|
(unaudited)
|
|
|
Cash flows from operating activities:
|
|
|
|
|
Net increase in net assets
|
|
$
|
19,853,619
|
|
|
Adjustments to reconcile net increase in net assets applicable to common
|
|
|
|
|
|
shareholders resulting from operations to net cash provided by operating activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Purchases of investments
|
|
|
(61,413,616
|
)
|
|
Proceeds from sales of investments
|
|
|
71,789,441
|
|
|
Net purchases and sales of short-term investments
|
|
|
(3,264,395
|
)
|
|
Return of capital distributions received from underlying investments
|
|
|
47,602
|
|
|
Accretion of discount
|
|
|
(1,422
|
)
|
|
Decrease in dividends and interest receivable
|
|
|
1,174,386
|
|
|
Decrease in receivable for investments sold
|
|
|
369,325
|
|
|
Increase in other assets
|
|
|
1,612
|
|
|
Due to custody
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Increase in payable for investments purchased
|
|
|
(1,298,749
|
)
|
|
Decrease in payable to Adviser
|
|
|
1,602
|
|
|
Increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities
|
|
|
742,740
|
|
|
Net distributions received from investment companies
|
|
|
26,327
|
|
|
Net realized loss from investments
|
|
|
(8,871,217
|
)
|
|
Litigation and other proceeds
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Discount on redemption and repurchase of preferred shares
|
|
|
(21,643
|
)
|
|
Net change in unrealized appreciation of investments
|
|
|
(7,162,097
|
)
|
|
Net cash used in operating activities
|
|
|
10,847,416
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Cash flows from financing activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Distributions paid to common shareholders
|
|
|
(6,230,153
|
)
|
|
Distributions paid to preferred shareholders
|
|
|
(771,919
|
)
|
|
Repurchase of common stock
|
|
|
(3,211,951
|
)
|
|
Repurchase of preferred stock
|
|
|
(277,525
|
)
|
|
Net cash provided by financing activities
|
|
|
(10,491,548
|
)
|
|
Net change in cash
|
|
$
|
355,868
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Cash:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Beginning of period
|
|
|
8,094
|
|
|
End of period
|
|
$
|
385,605
|
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
Statements of changes in net assets applicable to common shareholders
| |
|
For the
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
six months ended
|
|
|
For the
|
|
| |
|
June 30, 2024
|
|
|
year ended
|
|
| |
|
(unaudited)
|
|
|
December 31, 2023
|
|
From operations:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net investment income
|
|
$
|
3,795,934
|
|
|
$
|
6,679,706
|
|
|
Net realized gain (loss) from:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investments
|
|
|
8,860,983
|
|
|
|
1,077,661
|
|
|
Foreign currency translations
|
|
|
(4,650
|
)
|
|
|
5,001
|
|
|
Distributions received from investment companies
|
|
|
26,327
|
|
|
|
1,144,856
|
|
|
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investments
|
|
|
7,162,112
|
|
|
|
17,743,241
|
|
|
Foreign currency translations
|
|
|
(8,730
|
)
|
|
|
8,730
|
|
|
Discount on redemption and repurchases of preferred shares
|
|
|
21,643
|
|
|
|
179,207
|
|
|
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations
|
|
|
19,853,619
|
|
|
|
26,838,402
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Distributions paid to preferred shareholders:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net dividends and distributions
|
|
|
(771,919
|
)
|
|
|
(1,587,197
|
)
|
|
Total dividends and distributions paid to preferred shareholders
|
|
|
(771,919
|
)
|
|
|
(1,587,197
|
)
|
|
Net increase (decrease) in net assets applicable to common
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
shareholders resulting from operations
|
|
|
19,081,700
|
|
|
|
25,251,205
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Distributions paid to common shareholders:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net dividends and distributions
|
|
|
(6,230,153
|
)
|
|
|
(6,271,117
|
)
|
|
Return of capital
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(5,512,039
|
)
|
|
Total dividends and distributions paid to common shareholders
|
|
|
(6,230,153
|
)
|
|
|
(11,783,156
|
)
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capital Stock Transactions (Note 4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Repurchase of common stock through tender offer
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Repurchase of common stock
|
|
|
(3,211,951
|
)
|
|
|
(5,077,215
|
)
|
|
Total capital stock transactions
|
|
|
(3,211,951
|
)
|
|
|
(5,077,215
|
)
|
|
Net increase (decrease) in net assets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
applicable to common shareholders
|
|
|
9,639,596
|
|
|
|
8,390,834
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net assets applicable to common shareholders:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Beginning of year
|
|
|
157,500,369
|
|
|
|
149,109,535
|
|
|
End of year
|
|
$
|
167,139,965
|
|
|
$
|
157,500,369
|
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
Financial highlights
Selected data for a share of common stock outstanding throughout each period is presented below:
| |
|
For the six months
|
|
| |
|
ended June 30, 2024
|
|
| |
|
(unaudited)
|
|
|
Net asset value, beginning of period
|
|
$
|
14.30
|
|
|
Net investment income (loss)(1)
|
|
|
0.45
|
|
|
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) from investment activities
|
|
|
1.35
|
|
|
Total from investment operations
|
|
|
1.80
|
|
|
Common share equivalent of dividends paid to preferred shareholders from:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net investment income
|
|
|
(0.07
|
)
|
|
Net realized gains from investment activities
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Net increase (decrease) in net assets attributable to common
|
|
|
|
|
|
stockholders resulting form operations
|
|
|
1.73
|
|
|
Dividends and distributions paid to common shareholders from:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net investment income
|
|
|
(0.57
|
)
|
|
Net realized gains from investment activities
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Return of capital
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Total dividends and distributions paid to common shareholders
|
|
|
(0.57
|
)
|
|
Anti-Dilutive effect of Common Share Repurchase
|
|
|
0.05
|
|
|
Dilutive effect of conversions of preferred shares to common shares
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Anti-Dilutive effect of tender offer
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Net asset value, end of period
|
|
$
|
15.51
|
|
|
Market value, end of period
|
|
$
|
13.08
|
|
|
Total net asset value return(2)
|
|
|
12.82
|
%
|
|
Total market price return(3)
|
|
|
15.45
|
%
|
|
Ratio to average net assets attributable to common shares:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ratio of expenses to average assets(4)
|
|
|
0.94
|
%
|
|
Ratio of net investment income to average net assets(1)
|
|
|
2.36
|
%
|
|
Supplemental data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net assets applicable to common shareholders, end of period (000’s)
|
|
$
|
167,140
|
|
|
Liquidation value of preferred stock (000’s)
|
|
$
|
56,086
|
|
|
Portfolio turnover
|
|
|
30
|
%
|
|
Preferred Stock:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Shares Outstanding
|
|
|
2,254,557
|
|
|
Asset coverage per share of preferred shares, end of period
|
|
$
|
95
|
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
Financial highlights (continued)
|
For the year ended December 31,
|
|
|
2023
|
|
|
2022
|
|
|
2021
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
2019
|
|
|
$
|
13.01
|
|
|
$
|
16.55
|
|
|
$
|
16.13
|
|
|
$
|
16.06
|
|
|
$
|
13.78
|
|
| |
0.58
|
|
|
|
0.28
|
|
|
|
0.18
|
|
|
|
0.59
|
|
|
|
0.31
|
|
| |
1.80
|
|
|
|
(2.43
|
)
|
|
|
4.06
|
|
|
|
0.84
|
|
|
|
3.13
|
|
| |
2.38
|
|
|
|
(2.15
|
)
|
|
|
4.24
|
|
|
|
1.43
|
|
|
|
3.44
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
(0.14
|
)
|
|
|
(0.03
|
)
|
|
|
(0.05
|
)
|
|
|
(0.21
|
)
|
|
|
(0.05
|
)
|
| |
—
|
|
|
|
(0.09
|
)
|
|
|
(0.03
|
)
|
|
|
(0.02
|
)
|
|
|
(0.18
|
)
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
2.24
|
|
|
|
(2.27
|
)
|
|
|
4.16
|
|
|
|
1.20
|
|
|
|
3.21
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
(0.55
|
)
|
|
|
(0.34
|
)
|
|
|
(0.23
|
)
|
|
|
(0.65
|
)
|
|
|
(0.20
|
)
|
| |
—
|
|
|
|
(0.96
|
)
|
|
|
(1.57
|
)
|
|
|
(0.48
|
)
|
|
|
(0.73
|
)
|
| |
(0.49
|
)
|
|
|
(0.02
|
)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
| |
(1.04
|
)
|
|
|
(1.32
|
)
|
|
|
(1.80
|
)
|
|
|
(1.13
|
)
|
|
|
(0.93
|
)
|
| |
0.05
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
| |
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(1.94
|
)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
| |
—
|
|
|
|
0.05
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
14.30
|
|
|
$
|
13.01
|
|
|
$
|
16.55
|
|
|
$
|
16.13
|
|
|
$
|
16.06
|
|
|
$
|
11.86
|
|
|
$
|
11.40
|
|
|
$
|
15.45
|
|
|
$
|
14.08
|
|
|
$
|
14.73
|
|
| |
18.74
|
%
|
|
|
-13.81
|
%
|
|
|
14.09
|
%
|
|
|
9.24
|
%
|
|
|
23.72
|
%
|
| |
14.13
|
%
|
|
|
-18.33
|
%
|
|
|
23.62
|
%
|
|
|
5.00
|
%
|
|
|
32.93
|
%
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
1.95
|
%
|
|
|
1.89
|
%
|
|
|
1.57
|
%
|
|
|
2.13
|
%
|
|
|
1.99
|
%
|
| |
4.40
|
%
|
|
|
2.03
|
%
|
|
|
0.72
|
%
|
|
|
1.96
|
%
|
|
|
2.01
|
%
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
157,500
|
|
|
$
|
149,110
|
|
|
$
|
210,394
|
|
|
$
|
137,129
|
|
|
$
|
136,504
|
|
|
$
|
56,364
|
|
|
$
|
58,374
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
55,599
|
|
|
$
|
55,599
|
|
| |
64
|
%
|
|
|
54
|
%
|
|
|
80
|
%
|
|
|
85
|
%
|
|
|
75
|
%
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
2,254,557
|
|
|
|
2,334,954
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
2,223,976
|
|
|
|
2,223,976
|
|
|
$
|
95
|
|
|
$
|
89
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
87
|
|
|
$
|
86
|
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
Financial highlights (continued)
|
(1)
|
Recognition of investment income by the Fund is affected by the timing and declaration of dividends by the underlying investment companies in which the Fund invests.
|
|
(2)
|
Total net asset value return is calculated assuming a $10,000 purchase of common stock at the current net asset value on the first day of each period reported and a sale at the current net asset value on the last
day of each period reported, and assuming reinvestment of dividends and other distributions at the net asset value on the ex-dividend date. Total investment return based on net asset value is hypothetical as investors can not purchase or sell
Fund shares at net asset value but only at market prices. Returns do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder could pay on Fund dividends and other distributions, if any, or the sale of Fund shares.
|
|
(3)
|
Total market price return is calculated assuming a $10,000 purchase of common stock at the current market price on the first day of each period reported and a sale at the current market price on the last day of each
period reported, and assuming reinvestment of dividends and other distributions to common shareholders at the lower of the NAV or the closing market price on the ex-dividend date. Total investment return does not reflect brokerage commissions
and has not been annualized for the period of less than one year. Returns do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder could pay on Fund dividends and other distributions, if any, or the sale of Fund shares.
|
|
(4)
|
Does not include expenses of the investment companies in which the Fund invests.
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
Notes to financial statements (unaudited)
Note 1
Organization and significant accounting policies
Special Opportunities Fund, Inc. (formerly, Insured Municipal Income Fund Inc.) (the “Fund”) was incorporated in Maryland on February 18, 1993, and is registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission
(“SEC”) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (“1940 Act”), as a closed-end diversified management investment company. Effective December 21, 2009, the Fund changed its name to the Special Opportunities Fund, Inc. and changed its
investment objective to total return. There can be no assurance that the Fund’s investment objective will be achieved. The Fund’s previous investment objective was to achieve a high level of current income that was exempt from federal income tax,
consistent with the preservation of capital.
The Fund is an investment company and accordingly follows the investment company accounting and reporting guidance of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standard Codification Topic 946 “Financial
Services—Investment Companies”.
In the normal course of business, the Fund may enter into contracts that contain a variety of representations or that provide indemnification for certain liabilities. The Fund’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is
unknown, as this would involve future claims that may be made against the Fund that have not yet occurred. However, the Fund has not had prior claims or losses pursuant to these contracts and expects the risk of loss to be remote.
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with Accounting Principles Generally Accepted in the United States of America requires the Fund’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported
amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The following is a summary of significant accounting policies:
Valuation of investments—The Fund calculates its net asset value based on the current market value for its portfolio securities. The Fund obtains market values for its securities
from independent pricing sources and broker-dealers. Independent pricing sources may use last reported sale prices or if not available the most recent bid price, current market quotations or valuations from computerized “matrix” systems that derive
values based on comparable securities. A matrix system incorporates parameters such as security quality, maturity and coupon, and/or research and evaluations by its staff, including review of broker-dealer market price quotations, if available, in
determining the valuation of the portfolio securities. If a market value is not available from an independent pricing source or a broker-dealer for a particular security, that security is valued at fair value as determined in good faith by or under
the direction of the Fund’s Board of Directors (the “Board”). Various factors may be
Notes to financial statements (unaudited)
reviewed in order to make a good faith determination of a security’s fair value. The purchase price, or cost, of these securities is arrived at through an arms length transaction between a willing buyer and seller in the
secondary market and is indicative of the value on the secondary market. Current transactions in similar securities in the marketplace are evaluated. Factors for other securities may include, but are not limited to, the type and cost of the
security; contractual or legal restrictions on resale of the security; relevant financial or business developments of the issuer; actively traded similar or related securities; conversion or exchange rights on the security; related corporate actions;
and changes in overall market conditions. If events occur that materially affect the value of securities between the close of trading in those securities and the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, the securities may be fair
valued. U.S. and foreign debt securities including short-term debt instruments having a maturity of 60 days or less shall be valued in accordance with the price supplied by a Pricing Service using the evaluated bid price. Money market mutual funds,
demand notes and repurchase agreements are valued at cost. If cost does not represent current market value the securities will be priced at fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Fund’s Board.
The Fund has adopted fair valuation accounting standards that establish an authoritative definition of fair value and set out a hierarchy for measuring fair value. These standards require additional disclosures about the
various input and valuation techniques used in measuring fair value. Fair value inputs are summarized in the three broad levels listed below:
|
Level 1—
|
Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Fund has the ability to access.
|
| |
|
|
Level 2—
|
Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These inputs may include quoted prices for the identical instrument on
an inactive market, prices for similar instruments, interest rates, prepayment speeds, credit risk, yield curves, default rates and similar data.
|
| |
|
|
Level 3—
|
Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, to the extent relevant observable inputs are not available, representing the Fund’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in valuing the
asset or liability, and would be based on the best information available.
|
The availability of observable inputs can vary from security to security and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including, for example, the type of security, whether the security is new and not yet established in the
marketplace, the liquidity of markets, and other characteristics particular to the security. To the
Notes to financial statements (unaudited)
extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised in
determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3.
The inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls
in its entirety, is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Fund’s Level 3 investments are listed in the table on page 30. Significant changes in any of these inputs in isolation may result in a change in
fair value measurement.
In accordance with procedures established by the Fund’s Board of Directors, the Adviser shall initially value non-publicly-traded securities (for which a current market value is not readily available) at their acquisition
cost less related expenses, where identifiable, unless and until the Adviser determines that such value does not represent fair value.
The Adviser sends a memorandum to the Chairman of the Valuation Committee with respect to any non-publicly-traded positions that are valued using a method other than acquisition cost detailing the reason, factors
considered, and impact on the Fund’s NAV. If the Chairman determines that such fair valuation(s) require the involvement of the Valuation Committee, a special meeting of the Valuation Committee is called as soon as practicable to discuss such fair
valuation(s). The Valuation Committee of the Board consists of at least two non-interested Directors, as defined by the 1940 Act.
In addition to special meetings, the Valuation Committee meets prior to each regular quarterly Board meeting. At each quarterly meeting, the Adviser delivers a written report (the “Quarterly Report”) regarding any
recommendations of fair valuation during the past quarter, including fair valuations which have not changed. The Valuation Committee reviews the Quarterly Report, discusses the valuation of the fair valued securities with appropriate levels of
representatives from the Adviser’s management, and, unless more information is required, approves the valuation of fair valued securities.
The Valuation Committee also reviews other interim reports as necessary and, pursuant to Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act, periodically assesses any material risks associated with the determination of fair value of Fund
investments.
Notes to financial statements (unaudited)
The following is a summary of the fair valuations according to the inputs used as of June 30, 2024 in valuing the Fund’s investments:
| |
|
Quoted Prices in
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Active Markets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
for Identical
|
|
|
Significant Other
|
|
|
Unobservable
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Investments
|
|
|
Observable Inputs
|
|
|
Inputs
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
(Level 1)
|
|
|
(Level 2)
|
|
|
(Level 3)*
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
Investment Companies
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Closed-End Funds
|
|
$
|
129,612,131
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
129,612,131
|
|
|
Business Development
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Companies
|
|
|
20,145,104
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
20,145,104
|
|
|
Trusts
|
|
|
90,100
|
|
|
|
1,434,160
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
1,524,260
|
|
|
Preferred Stocks
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diversified REITs
|
|
|
327,047
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
327,047
|
|
|
Office REITs
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
18,889
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
18,889
|
|
|
Other Common Stocks
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Broadline Retail
|
|
|
960,000
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
960,000
|
|
|
Financial Services
|
|
|
4,016,940
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
4,016,940
|
|
|
Food Products
|
|
|
416,200
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
416,200
|
|
|
Oil, Gas & Consumable Fuels
|
|
|
7,269,273
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
7,269,273
|
|
|
Personal Care Products
|
|
|
3,887
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
3,887
|
|
|
Real Estate Management
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
& Development
|
|
|
803,784
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
803,784
|
|
|
Real Estate Investment Trusts
|
|
|
3,934,489
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
3,934,489
|
|
|
Special Purpose
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acquisition Vehicles
|
|
|
30,674,106
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
5,559,786
|
|
|
|
36,233,892
|
|
|
Corporate Obligations
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
954,818
|
|
|
|
954,818
|
|
|
Unsecured Notes
|
|
|
2,343,597
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
2,343,597
|
|
|
Warrants
|
|
|
42,341
|
|
|
|
2,166
|
|
|
|
7,000
|
|
|
|
51,507
|
|
|
Rights
|
|
|
16,243
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
16,243
|
|
|
Money Market Funds
|
|
|
14,645,576
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
14,645,576
|
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
215,300,818
|
|
|
$
|
1,455,215
|
|
|
$
|
6,521,604
|
|
|
$
|
223,277,637
|
|
|
*
|
The Fund measures Level 3 activity as of the beginning and end of each financial reporting period.
|
The fair value of derivative instruments as reported within the Schedule of Investments as of June 30, 2024:
|
Derivatives not accounted
|
Statement of Assets &
|
|
|
for as hedging instruments
|
Liabilities Location
|
Value
|
|
Equity Contracts – Warrants
|
Investments, at value
|
$51,507
|
Notes to financial statements (unaudited)
The effect of derivative instruments on the Statement of Operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024:
| |
Amount of Realized Loss on Derivatives Recognized in Income
|
|
Derivatives not accounted
|
|
Statement of
|
|
|
for as hedging instruments
|
|
Operations Location
|
Value
|
|
Equity Contracts – Warrants
|
|
Net Realized Loss
|
$(117,141)
|
| |
|
on Investments
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
Change in Unrealized Appreciation on Derivatives Recognized in Income
|
|
Derivatives not accounted
|
|
Statement of
|
|
|
for as hedging instruments
|
|
Operations Location
|
Total
|
|
Equity Contracts – Warrants
|
|
Net change in unrealized
|
$104,918
|
| |
|
appreciation of investments
|
|
The average monthly share amount of warrants during the period was 1,699,963. The average monthly market value of warrants during the period was $93,803.
Level 3 Reconciliation Disclosure
The following is a reconciliation of Level 3 assets for which significant unobservable inputs were used to determine fair value:
| |
|
Special Purpose
|
|
|
Other
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Acquisition
|
|
|
Common
|
|
|
Corporate
|
|
|
|
|
|
Category
|
|
Vehicles
|
|
|
Stocks
|
|
|
Obligations
|
|
|
Warrants
|
|
|
Balance as of 12/31/2023
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
1,598,381
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
Acquisitions
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
718,436
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Dispositions
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(632,000
|
)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Transfers into (out of) Level 3
|
|
|
5,507,095
|
|
|
|
608,000
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
3,107
|
|
|
Accretion/Amortization
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
1,422
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Corporate Actions
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
945
|
|
|
Realized Gain (Loss)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
80,922
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation)
|
|
|
52,691
|
|
|
|
(56,922
|
)
|
|
|
(1,363,421
|
)
|
|
|
2,948
|
|
|
Balance as of 6/30/2024
|
|
$
|
5,559,786
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
954,818
|
|
|
$
|
7,000
|
|
|
Change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
during the period for Level 3 investments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
held at June 30, 2024
|
|
$
|
52,691
|
|
|
$
|
(56,922
|
)
|
|
$
|
(1,363,421
|
)
|
|
$
|
2,948
|
|
Notes to financial statements (unaudited)
The following table presents additional information about valuation methodologies and inputs used for investments that are measured at fair value and categorized within Level 3 as of June 30, 2024:
| |
Fair Value
|
|
Valuation
|
Unobservable
|
|
Impact to valuation
|
|
Category
|
6/30/2024
|
|
Methodologies
|
Inputs
|
Range
|
from an increase to input
|
|
Special
|
$5,559,786
|
|
Reported Cash
|
Market Price
|
$9.70-
|
Discount–Decrease
|
|
Purpose
|
|
|
in Trust Account,
|
Discount to
|
11.11
|
|
|
Acquisition
|
|
|
Last Market Price
|
Reported Cash
|
|
|
|
Vehicles
|
|
|
Discount to
|
in Trust
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Reported Cash in
|
Account
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Trust Account
|
|
|
|
|
Other Common
|
—
|
|
Last trade price
|
Financial
|
3.00-
|
Financial Assessments/
|
|
Stocks
|
|
|
less 10% haircut
|
Assessments/
|
3.15
|
Company Announcements
|
| |
|
|
(Shares
|
Company
|
|
|
| |
|
|
un-registered)
|
Announcements
|
|
|
|
Trusts
|
—
|
|
Last Traded Price
|
Market
|
0.00
|
Significant changes in
|
| |
|
|
|
Assessments
|
|
market conditions could
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
result in direct and
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
proportional changes in the
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
fair value of the security
|
|
Corporate
|
954,818
|
|
Last Traded Price,
|
Terms of the Note/
|
4.00-
|
Significant changes in
|
|
Obligations
|
|
|
Company-Specific
|
Company’s
|
51.90
|
company’s financials,
|
| |
|
|
Information
|
Financial
|
|
changes to the terms of the
|
| |
|
|
|
Assessments/
|
|
notes or changes to the
|
| |
|
|
|
Company
|
|
general business conditions
|
| |
|
|
|
Announcements
|
|
impacting the company’s
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
business may result in
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
changes to the fair value of
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
the securities
|
|
Unsecured Notes
|
—
|
|
Last Traded Price,
|
Terms of the Note/
|
0.00
|
Significant changes in
|
| |
|
|
Company-Specific
|
Company’s
|
|
company’s financials,
|
| |
|
|
Information
|
Financial
|
|
changes to the terms of the
|
| |
|
|
|
Assessments/
|
|
notes or changes to the
|
| |
|
|
|
Company
|
|
general business conditions
|
| |
|
|
|
Announcements
|
|
impacting the company’s
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
business may result in
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
changes to the fair value of
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
the securities
|
|
Warrants
|
7,000
|
|
Last Traded Price
|
Market
|
0.00-
|
Significant changes in
|
| |
|
|
|
Assessments
|
1.07
|
market conditions could
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
result in direct and
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
proportional changes in the
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
fair value of the security
|
Notes to financial statements (unaudited)
Note 2
Related party transactions
Bulldog Investors, LLP serves as the Fund’s Investment Adviser (the “Investment Adviser”) under the terms of the Investment Advisory Agreement effective October 10, 2009. Effective May 7, 2013 Brooklyn Capital Management,
LLC changed its name to Bulldog Investors, LLP. In accordance with the investment advisory agreement, the Fund is obligated to pay the Investment Adviser a monthly investment advisory fee at an annual rate of 1.00% of the Fund’s average weekly total
assets.
Effective January 1, 2023, the Fund pays each of its directors who is not a director, officer or employee of the Investment Adviser, the Administrator or any affiliate thereof an annual fee of $55,000, quarterly plus $5,000
for each special in-person meeting (or $500 if attended by telephone) of the board of directors and $500 for special committee meetings held in between regularly scheduled Board meetings. As additional annual compensation, the Audit Committee
Chairman, Corporate Governance Committee Chairman and Valuation Committee Chairman receive $5,000. Effective January 1, 2024, the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”) receives annual compensation in the amount of $65,000. In addition, the Fund
reimburses the directors and CCO for travel and out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with Board of Directors’ meetings and CCO due diligence requirements.
U.S. Bank Global Fund Services (“Fund Services”), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of U.S. Bancorp, serves as the Fund’s Administrator (the “Administrator”) and, in that capacity, performs various administrative services
for the Fund. Fund Services also serves as the Fund’s Fund Accountant (the “Fund Accountant”). U.S. Bank, N.A. serves as the Fund’s custodian (the “Custodian”). The Custodian is an affiliate of the Administrator. The Administrator prepares
various federal and state regulatory filings, reports and returns for the Fund; prepares reports and materials to be supplied to the directors, monitors the activities of the Custodian and Fund Accountant; coordinates the preparation and payment of
the Fund’s expenses and reviews the Fund’s expense accruals. Equiniti Trust Company, LLC serves as the Fund’s Transfer Agent.
Note 3
Convertible Preferred Stock
During the year ended December 31, 2021 the Fund converted 2,163,053 shares or $54,076,325 of the Fund’s Convertible Preferred Stock, Series B into 4,211,996 shares of the Fund’s common stock. The remaining 60,923 of
Convertible Preferred Shares were redeemed at $25 per share for a total of $1,523,075.
On January 21, 2022 the Fund completed its Convertible Preferred Rights offering at $25 per share. As a result of this offering the Fund raised $58,373,850 and
Notes to financial statements (unaudited)
issued 2,334,954 shares of 2.75% Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C. The holders of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C may convert their shares to common stock on a quarterly basis at a conversion rate equivalent to
the current conversion price of $17.677 per share of common stock (which is a current ratio of 1.4143 shares of common stock for each share of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C held). The conversion price (and resulting conversion ratio) will be
adjusted for any distributions made to or on behalf of common stockholders. Following any such conversion, shares of common stock shall be issued as soon as reasonably practicable following the next quarterly dividend payment date. Until the
mandatory redemption date of the Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C, January 21, 2027, at any time following the second anniversary of the expiration date of the Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C rights offering, the Board may, in its sole
discretion, redeem all or any part of the then outstanding shares of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C at $25.00 per share. Under such circumstances, the Fund shall provide no less than 30 days’ notice to the holders of Convertible Preferred
Stock, Series C that, unless such shares have been converted by a certain date, the shares will be redeemed. If, at any time from and after the date of issuance of the Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C, the market price of the common stock is
equal to or greater than $20.93 per share (as adjusted for dividends or other distributions made to or on behalf of holders of the common stock), the Board may, in its sole discretion, require the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C
to convert all or any part of their shares into shares of common stock at a conversion rate equivalent to the current conversion price of $17.677 per share of common stock (which is a current ratio of 1.4143 shares of common stock for each share of
Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C held), subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events.
During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Fund purchased 14,061 shares of preferred stock in the open market at a cost of $324,710. The weighted average discount of these purchases comparing the average purchase price
to liquidation value at the close of the New York Stock Exchange was 7.99%.
The conversion price (and resulting conversion ratio) will be adjusted for any dividends or other distributions made to or on behalf of common stockholders. Notice of such mandatory conversion shall be provided by the Fund
in accordance with its Articles of Incorporation. In connection with all conversions shareholders of Convertible Preferred Stock would receive payment for all declared and unpaid dividends on the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock held to the date
of conversion, but after conversion would no longer be entitled to the dividends, liquidation preference or other rights attributable to holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock. The Convertible Preferred Stock is classified outside of the
permanent equity (net assets applicable to Common Stockholders) in the accompanying financial statements in accordance with accounting for redeemable
Notes to financial statements (unaudited)
equity instruments, which requires preferred securities that are redeemable for cash or other assets to be classified outside of permanent equity to the extent that the redemption is at a fixed or determinable price and at
the option of the holder or upon occurrence of an event that is not solely within the control of the issuer. The Fund is required to meet certain asset coverage tests with respect to the Convertible Preferred Stock as required by the 1940 Act. In
addition, pursuant to the Rating Agency Guidelines established by Moody’s, the Fund is required to maintain a certain discounted asset coverage. If the Fund fails to meet these requirements and does not correct such failure, the Fund may be required
to redeem, in part or in full, the Convertible Preferred Stock at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus an amount equal to the accumulated and unpaid dividends, whether or not declared on such shares, in order to meet these requirements.
Additionally, failure to meet the foregoing asset coverage requirements could restrict the Fund’s ability to pay dividends to Common Stockholders and could lead to sales of portfolio securities at inopportune times. The Fund has met these
requirements since issuing the Convertible Preferred Stock.
Note 4
Purchases and sales of securities
For the six months ended June 30, 2024, aggregate purchases and sales of portfolio securities, excluding short-term securities, were $61,413,616 and $71,789,441, respectively. The Fund did not purchase or sell U.S.
government securities during the six months ended June 30, 2024.
Note 5
Capital share transactions
During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Fund purchased 256,941 shares of common stock in the open market at a cost of $3,211,951. The weighted average discount of these purchases comparing the average purchase price
to net asset value at the close of the New York Stock Exchange was 15.53%.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Fund purchased 452,787 shares of common stock in the open market at a cost of $5,077,215. The weighted average discount of these purchases comparing the average purchase price to
net asset value at the close of the New York Stock Exchange was 17.02%.
During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and 2018 there were no shares of common stock repurchased by the Fund.
The Fund completed an offering to purchase up to 1,250,000 of the Fund’s shares outstanding at 97% of the net asset value (“NAV”) per common share on April 1, 2022. At the expiration of the offer on April 1, 2022, a total
of 7,549,920 shares or approximately 59.39% of the Fund’s outstanding common shares were validly tendered. As the total number of common shares tendered exceeded 1,250,000
Notes to financial statements (unaudited)
common shares, approximately 16.56% of the shares tendered by each tendering shareholder were accepted for payment at a price of $15.69 per share (97% of the NAV per common share of $16.18).
During the year ended December 31, 2021, 2,163,053 shares of 3.50% Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into 4,211,996 shares of Common Stock.
Note 6
Federal tax status
The Fund has elected to be taxed as a “regulated investment company” and intends to distribute substantially all taxable income to its shareholders and otherwise comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code
applicable to regulated investment companies. Therefore, no provision for federal income taxes or excise taxes has been made.
In order to avoid imposition of the excise tax applicable to regulated investment companies, the Fund intends to declare each year as dividends in each calendar year at least 98.0% of its net investment income (earned
during the calendar year) and 98.2% of its net realized capital gains (earned during the twelve months ended October 31) plus undistributed amounts, if any, from prior years.
The tax character of distributions paid to shareholders during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:
| |
|
For the
|
|
|
For the
|
|
| |
|
year ended
|
|
|
year ended
|
|
|
Distributions paid to common shareholders from:
|
|
December 31, 2023
|
|
|
December 31, 2022
|
|
|
Ordinary income
|
|
$
|
6,271,117
|
|
|
$
|
4,047,986
|
|
|
Long-term capital gains
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
11,269,599
|
|
|
Return of capital
|
|
|
5,512,039
|
|
|
|
226,028
|
|
|
Total distributions paid
|
|
$
|
11,783,156
|
|
|
$
|
15,543,613
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
For the
|
|
|
For the
|
|
| |
|
year ended
|
|
|
year ended
|
|
|
Distributions paid to preferred shareholders from:
|
|
December 31, 2023
|
|
|
December 31, 2022
|
|
|
Ordinary income
|
|
$
|
1,587,197
|
|
|
$
|
387,696
|
|
|
Long-term capital gains
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
1,079,344
|
|
|
Total distributions paid
|
|
$
|
1,587,197
|
|
|
$
|
1,467,040
|
|
The Fund designated as long-term capital gain dividends, pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 852(b)(3), the amount necessary to reduce the earnings and profits for the Fund related to net capital gains to zero for the
year ended December 31, 2023.
Notes to financial statements (unaudited)
The following information is presented on an income tax basis as of December 31, 2023:
|
Tax cost of investments
|
|
$
|
207,940,261
|
|
|
Unrealized appreciation
|
|
|
25,436,273
|
|
|
Unrealized depreciation
|
|
|
(20,065,643
|
)
|
|
Net unrealized depreciation
|
|
|
5,370,630
|
|
|
Undistributed ordinary income
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Undistributed long-term gains
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Total distributable earnings
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Other accumulated/gains losses and other temporary differences
|
|
|
(511,416
|
)
|
|
Total accumulated losses
|
|
$
|
4,859,214
|
|
GAAP requires that certain components of net assets relating to permanent differences be reclassified between financial and tax reporting. These reclassifications have no effect on net assets or net asset value per share.
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, there were no reclassifications made between total distributable earnings and paid-in capital.
Net capital losses incurred after October 31, and within the taxable year are deemed to arise on the first business day of the Fund’s next taxable year. At December 31, 2023, the Fund did not defer any post-October losses.
At December 31, 2023, the Fund had $511,416 in long-term capital loss carryovers which have an unlimited carryover period.
The Fund recognizes the tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only where the position is “more likely than not” to be sustained assuming examination by tax authorities. Management has analyzed the Fund’s tax positions,
and has concluded that no liability for unrecognized tax benefits should be recorded related to uncertain tax positions taken on returns filed for open tax years (2020-2022), or expected to be taken in the Fund’s 2023 tax returns. The Fund identifies
its major tax jurisdictions as U.S. Federal and the State of Maryland; however the Fund is not aware of any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will change materially in the next
twelve months.
Note 7
Recent Market Events
U.S. and international markets have experienced and may continue to experience significant periods of volatility in recent years and months due to a number of economic, political and global macro factors including rising
inflation, uncertainty regarding central banks’ interest rate increases, the possibility of a national or global recession, trade tensions, political events, the war between Russia and Ukraine and the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) global
pandemic. The
Notes to financial statements (unaudited)
global recovery from COVID-19 may last for an extended period of time. As a result of continuing political tensions and armed conflicts, including the war between Ukraine and Russia and general unrest in the Middle East,
the U.S. and the European Union imposed sanctions on certain Russian individuals and companies, including certain financial institutions, and have limited certain exports and imports to and from Russia. The war has contributed to recent market
volatility and may continue to do so. These developments, as well as other events, could result in further market volatility and negatively affect financial asset prices, the liquidity of certain securities and the normal operations of securities
exchanges and other markets, despite government efforts to address market disruptions. Continuing market volatility as a result of recent market conditions or other events may have adverse effects on your account.
Note 8
Additional information
Notice is hereby given in accordance with Section 23(c) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 that the Fund may purchase, from time to time, shares of its common stock and its convertible preferred stock in the open market.
Fund directors and officers and advisory persons to the Fund, including insiders and employees of the Fund and of the Fund’s investment adviser, may purchase or sell Fund securities from time to time, subject to the
restrictions set forth in the Fund’s Code of Ethics, as amended, a copy of which is available on the Fund’s website. Please see the corporate governance section of the Fund’s website at www.specialopportunitiesfundinc.com.
The Fund may seek proxy voting instructions from shareholders regarding certain underlying closed-end funds held by the Fund. Please see the proxy voting instructions section on the Fund’s website at www.specialopportunitiesfundinc.com
for further information.
Note 9
Subsequent events
In preparing these financial statements, management has evaluated events and transactions for potential recognition or disclosure resulting from subsequent events through the date the financial statements were available to
be issued. Management has determined that there were no subsequent events that would need to be disclosed in the Fund’s financial statements.
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
Fund Investment Objective and Policies
The Fund investment objective is total return. The investment objective is not fundamental and may be changed by the Board with 60 days’ notice to stockholders. To achieve the objective, the Fund invests primarily in
securities the Adviser believes have opportunities for appreciation. The Fund may employ strategies designed to capture price movements generated by anticipated corporate events such as investing in companies involved in special situations,
including, but not limited to, mergers, acquisitions, asset sales, spin-offs, balance sheet restructuring, bankruptcy, liquidations and tender offers. In addition, the Fund may employ strategies designed to invest in the debt, equity, or trade
claims of companies in financial distress when the Advisor perceives a mispricing. Furthermore, the Fund may invest both long and short in related securities or other instruments in an effort to take advantage of perceived discrepancies in the
market prices for such securities, including long and short positions in securities involved in an announced merger or acquisition. Securities which the Adviser identifies include closed-end investment companies with opportunities for appreciation,
including funds that trade at a market price discount from their NAV. In addition to the foregoing, the Adviser seeks out other opportunities in the market that have attractive risk reward characteristics for the Fund.
The Fund intends its investment portfolio, under normal market conditions, to consist principally of investments in other closed-end investment companies and the securities of large, mid and small-capitalization companies,
including potentially direct and indirect investments in the securities of foreign companies. Equity securities in which the Fund may invest include common and preferred stocks, convertible securities, warrants and other securities having the
characteristics of common stocks, such as ADRs and IDRs, other closed-end investment companies and exchange-traded funds. The Fund may, however, invest a portion of its assets in debt securities or other investment opportunities when the Adviser
believes that it is appropriate to do so to earn current income. For example, when interest rates are high in comparison to anticipated returns on equity investments, the Fund’s investment adviser may determine to invest in debt or preferred
securities including bank, corporate or government bonds, notes, and debentures that the Adviser determines are suitable investments for the Fund. Such determination may be made regardless of the maturity, duration or rating of any such debt
security.
The Fund may, from time to time, engage in short sales of securities for investment or for hedging purposes. Short sales are transactions in which the Fund sells a security it does not own. To complete the transaction,
the Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund is then obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing the security at the market price at the time of replacement. The Fund may sell short individual stocks,
baskets of
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
individual stocks and ETFs that the Fund expects to underperform other stocks which the Fund holds. For hedging purposes, the Fund may purchase or sell short future contracts on global equity indexes.
The Fund may invest, without limitation, in the securities of closed-end funds, provided that, in accordance with Section 12(d)(1)(F) of the 1940 Act, the Fund will limit any such investment to no more than 3% of the voting
stock of such fund and will vote such shares as provided in such Section as set forth below.
To comply with provisions of the 1940 Act, on any matter upon which stockholders of a closed-end investment company in which the Fund has invested may vote, the Adviser will direct such shares to be voted in the same
proportion as shares held by all other stockholders of such closed-end investment company (i.e., “mirror vote”) or seek instructions from the Fund’s stockholders with regard to the voting on such matter. If the Adviser deems it appropriate to seek
instructions from Fund stockholders, the Adviser will vote such proxies proportionally based upon the total number of shares owned by those shareholders that provide instructions. Fund stockholders are informed of such proxy votes on the Fund’s
website and by email, if so requested, and they may provide proxy voting instructions by email. In a letter dated August 11, 2020 discussing the results of its 2018 compliance examination, the staff of the New York regional office of the SEC’s
Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations opined that, in connection with its prior proxy voting policy, pursuant to which the Fund voted its shares of closed-end funds as determined by a majority of proxy voting instructions received, the
Fund “does not in certain cases meet the requirements of the exception set forth in Section 12(d)(1)(E)(iii) of the 1940 Act because in connection with seeking instructions from Fund shareholders with regard to voting certain proxies on behalf of the
Fund, the Fund votes such proxies as determined by a majority of the shares owned by those Fund shareholders who provide proxy voting instructions.” In response thereto, the Fund has amended its proxy voting policy to provide that the Fund will vote
such proxies proportionally based upon the total number of shares owned by those shareholders that provide instructions.
The ETFs and other closed-end investment companies in which the Fund invests may invest in common stocks and may invest in fixed income securities. As a stockholder in any investment company, the Fund will bear its ratable
share of the investment company’s expenses and would remain subject to payment of the Fund’s advisory and administrative fees with respect to the assets so invested.
The Fund’s management utilizes a balanced approach, including “value” and “growth” investing by seeking out companies at reasonable prices, without regard to sector or industry, which demonstrate favorable long-term growth
characteristics. Valuation and growth characteristics may be considered for purposes of selecting potential investment securities. In general, valuation analysis is used to determine the inherent value of the company by analyzing
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
financial information such as a company’s price to book, price to sales, return on equity, and return on assets ratios; and growth analysis is used to determine a company’s potential for long-term dividends and earnings
growth due to market-oriented factors such as growing market share, the launch of new products or services, the strength of its management and market demand. Fluctuations in these characteristics may trigger trading decisions to be made by the
Fund’s investment adviser with respect to the Fund’s portfolio.
Generally, securities will be purchased or sold by the Fund on national securities exchanges and in the over-the-counter market. From time to time, securities may be purchased or sold in private transactions, including
securities that are not publicly traded or that are otherwise illiquid.
The Fund may, from time to time, take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with the Fund’s principal investment strategies in attempting to respond to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions.
During such times, the Fund may temporarily invest up to 100% of its assets in cash or cash equivalents, including money market instruments, prime commercial paper, repurchase agreements, Treasury bills and other short-term obligations of the U.S.
Government, its agencies or instrumentalities. In these and in other cases, the Fund may not achieve its investment objective.
The Fund’s investment adviser may invest the Fund’s cash balances in any investments it deems appropriate, subject to the restrictions set forth in below under “Fundamental Investment Restrictions” and as permitted under
the 1940 Act, including investments in repurchase agreements, money market funds, additional repurchase agreements, U.S. Treasury and U.S. agency securities, municipal bonds and bank accounts. Any income earned from such investments will ordinarily
be reinvested by the Fund in accordance with its investment program. Many of the considerations entering into the Fund’s investment adviser’s recommendations and the portfolio manager’s decisions are subjective.
Fundamental Investment Restrictions
The following fundamental investment limitations cannot be changed without the affirmative vote of the lesser of (a) more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund or (b) 67% or more of such shares present at a
stockholders’ meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding shares are represented at the meeting in person or by proxy. If a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment or transaction, a later increase or decrease in percentage
resulting from a change in values of portfolio securities or the amount of total assets will not be considered a violation of any of the following limitations or of any of the Fund’s investment policies. The Fund may not:
(1) issue senior securities (including borrowing money from banks and other entities and thorough reverse repurchase agreements), except (a) the Fund may
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
borrow in an amount not in excess of 33 1/3% of total assets (including the amount of senior securities issued, but reduced by any liabilities and indebtedness not constituting senior securities), (b) the Fund may issue
preferred stock having a liquidation preference in an amount which, combined with the amount of any liabilities or indebtedness constituting senior securities, is not in excess of 50% of its total assets (computed as provided in clause (a) above) and
(c) the Fund may borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets (not including the amount borrowed) for temporary or emergency purposes.
The following interpretation applies to, but is not a part of, fundamental limitation:
(1) each state (including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico), territory and possession of the United States, each political subdivision, agency, instrumentality and authority thereof, and each multi-state agency of
which a state is a member is a separate “issuer.” When the assets and revenues of an agency authority, instrumentality or other political subdivision are separate from the government creating the subdivision and the security is backed only by the
assets and revenues of the subdivision, such subdivision would be deemed to be the sole issuer. Similarly, in the case of an Industrial Development Bond or Private Activity Bond, if that bond is backed only by the assets and revenues of the
non-governmental user, then that non-governmental user would be deemed to be the sole issuer. However, if the creating government or another entity guarantees a security, then to the extent that the value of all securities issued or guaranteed by
that government or entity and owned by the Fund exceeds 10% of the Fund’s total assets, the guarantee would be considered a separate security and would be treated as issued by that government or entity. This restriction does not limit the percentage
of the Fund’s assets that may be invested in Municipal Obligations insured by any given insurer.
(2) purchase any security if, as a result of that purchase, 25% or more of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in securities of issuers having their principal business activities in the same industry, except that
this limitation does not apply to securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities or to municipal securities.
(3) make loans, except through loans of portfolio securities or through repurchase agreements, provided that for purposes of this restriction, the acquisition of bonds, debentures, other debt securities or instruments, or
participations or other interests therein and investment in government obligations, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances or similar instruments will not be considered the making of a loan.
(4) engage in the business of underwriting securities of other issuers, except to the extent that the Fund might be considered an underwriter under the federal securities laws in connection with its disposition of
portfolio securities.
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
(5) purchase or sell real estate, except that investments in securities of issuers that invest in real estate and investments in mortgage-backed securities, mortgage participations or other instruments supported by
interests in real estate are not subject to this limitation, and except that the Fund may exercise rights under agreements relating to such securities, including the right to enforce security interests and to hold real estate acquired by reason of
such enforcement until that real estate can be liquidated in an orderly manner.
(6) purchase or sell physical commodities unless acquired as a result of owning securities or other instruments, but the Fund may purchase, sell or enter into financial options and futures, forward and spot currency
contracts, swap transactions and other financial contracts or derivative instruments.
The Fund has no intention to file a voluntary application for relief under federal bankruptcy law or any similar application under state law for so long as the Fund is solvent and does not foresee becoming insolvent.
Principal Risks Factors Related to The Fund’s Investments
Other Closed-End Investment Company Securities: The Fund invests in the securities of other closed-end investment companies. Investing in other closed-end
investment companies involves substantially the same risks as investing directly in the underlying instruments, but the total return on such investments at the investment company level may be reduced by the operating expenses and fees of such other
closed-end investment companies, including advisory fees. There can be no assurance that the investment objective of any investment company in which the Fund invests will be achieved. Closed-end investment companies are subject to the risks of
investing in the underlying securities. The Fund, as a holder of the securities of another closed-end investment company, will bear its pro rata portion of the closed-end investment company’s expenses, including advisory fees. These expenses are in
addition to the direct expenses of the Fund’s own operations. To the extent the Fund invests a portion of its assets in investment company securities, those assets will be subject to the risks of the purchased investment company’s portfolio
securities, and a stockholder in the Fund will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, the expenses of the purchased investment company. The market price of a closed-end investment company fluctuates
and may be either higher or lower than the NAV of such closed-end investment company.
In accordance with Section 12(d)(1)(F) of the 1940 Act, the Fund will be limited by provisions of the 1940 Act that limit the amount the Fund, together with its affiliated persons, can invest in other investment companies
to 3% of any other investment company’s total outstanding stock. As a result, the Fund may hold a smaller position in a closed-end investment company than if it were not subject to this restriction.
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
Special Purpose Acquisition Companies. The Fund may invest in units, stock, warrants, and other securities of special purpose acquisition companies or similar
special purpose entities that pool funds to seek potential acquisition opportunities (“SPACs”). Unless and until an acquisition meeting the SPAC’s requirements is completed, a SPAC generally deposits substantially all of the cash raised in its IPO
(less a specified amount to cover operating expenses) in a bank trust account which is generally invested in U.S. Government securities, money market securities and cash. If an acquisition that meets the requirements for the SPAC is not completed
within a pre-established period of time, the invested funds are returned to the entity’s shareholders. In addition, just prior to completion of an acquisition, shareholders of the SPAC can redeem their shares for a pro rata share of the value of the
trust account. Because SPACs have no operating history or ongoing business other than seeking acquisitions, the value of their securities can vary on the perceived likelihood of management to identify and complete a profitable acquisition. In
addition, such securities are subject to secondary market risk and may decline in value if sold prior to deal completion or trust liquidation. However, until a SPAC is liquidated or completes an acquisition, its common stock is unlikely to fall
substantially below the per share value of the trust account. If an acquisition is completed, the former SPAC’s shares and other securities will take on the same risks as an equivalent investment in the acquired company. Some SPACs may pursue
acquisitions only within certain industries or regions, which may increase the volatility of their prices.
Short sales. The Fund is authorized to make short sales. The Fund effects a short sale by borrowing and selling a security it does not own in anticipation of a
decline in the value of the security or to hedge against the decline of a security the Fund owns. Short sales carry risks of loss if the price of the security sold short increases after the short sale. As collateral for its short positions, the Fund
is required under the 1940 Act to maintain segregated assets consisting of cash, cash equivalents, or liquid securities. The amount of segregated assets is required to be adjusted daily to the extent additional collateral is required based on the
change in fair value of the securities sold short.
Common Stocks. The Fund invests in common stocks. Common stocks represent an ownership interest in a company. The Fund may also invest in securities that can be
exercised for or converted into common stocks (such as convertible preferred stock). Common stocks and similar equity securities are more volatile and riskier than some other forms of investment. Therefore, the value of your investment in the Fund
may sometimes decrease instead of increase. Common stock prices fluctuate for many reasons, including adverse events such as unfavorable earnings reports, changes in investors’ perceptions of the financial condition of an issuer, the general
condition of the relevant stock market or when political or economic events affecting the issuers occur. In addition, common stock prices may be sensitive to rising interest rates, as the costs of capital rise and borrowing costs increase for
issuers. Because convertible securities can be
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
converted into equity securities, their values will normally increase or decrease as the values of the underlying equity securities increase or decrease. The common stocks in which the Fund invests are structurally
subordinated to preferred securities, bonds and other debt instruments in a company’s capital structure in terms of priority to corporate income and assets and, therefore, will be subject to greater risk than the preferred securities or debt
instruments of such issuers.
Exchange Traded Funds. The Fund may invest in exchange-traded funds, which are investment companies that, in general, aim to track or replicate a desired index,
such as a sector, market or global segment. ETFs are passively or, to a lesser extent, actively managed and their shares are traded on a national exchange. ETFs do not sell individual shares directly to investors and only issue their shares in
large blocks known as “creation units.” The investor purchasing a creation unit may sell the individual shares on a secondary market. Therefore, the liquidity of ETFs depends on the adequacy of the secondary market. There can be no assurance that
an ETF’s investment objective will be achieved, as ETFs based on an index may not replicate and maintain exactly the composition and relative weightings of securities in the index. ETFs are subject to the risks of investing in the underlying
securities. The Fund, as a holder of the securities of the ETF, will bear its pro rata portion of the ETF’s expenses, including advisory fees. These expenses are in addition to the direct expenses of the Fund’s own operations.
Fixed Income Securities, including Non-Investment Grade Securities. The Fund may invest in fixed income securities, also referred to as debt securities. Fixed
income securities are subject to credit risk and market risk. Credit risk is the risk of the issuer’s inability to meet its principal and interest payment obligations. Market risk is the risk of price volatility due to such factors as interest rate
sensitivity, market perception of the creditworthiness of the issuer and general market liquidity. There is no limitation on the maturities or duration of fixed income securities in which the Fund invests. Securities having longer maturities
generally involve greater risk of fluctuations in value resulting from changes in interest rates. The Fund’s credit quality policy with respect to investments in fixed income securities does not require the Fund to dispose of any debt securities
owned in the event that such security’s rating declines to below investment grade, commonly referred to as “junk bonds.” Although lower quality debt typically pays a higher yield, such investments involve substantial risk of loss. Junk bonds are
considered predominantly speculative with respect to the issuer’s ability to pay interest and principal and are susceptible to default or decline in market value due to adverse economic and business developments. The market values for junk bonds
tend to be very volatile and those securities are less liquid than investment grade debt securities. Moreover, junk bonds pose a greater risk that exercise of any of their redemption or call provisions in a declining market may result in their
replacement by lower-yielding bonds. In addition, bonds in the lowest two investment grade categories, despite being of higher credit rating than junk bonds, have speculative characteristics with respect to the issuer’s ability to pay interest and
principal and their susceptibility to default or decline in market value.
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
Corporate Bonds, Government Debt Securities and Other Debt Securities: The Fund may invest in corporate bonds, debentures and other debt securities. Debt
securities in which the Fund may invest may pay fixed or variable rates of interest. Bonds and other debt securities generally are issued by corporations and other issuers to borrow money from investors. The issuer pays the investor a fixed or
variable rate of interest and normally must repay the amount borrowed on or before maturity. Certain debt securities are “perpetual” in that they have no maturity date.
The Fund may invest in government debt securities, including those of emerging market issuers or of other non-U.S. issuers. These securities may be U.S. dollar-denominated or non-U.S. dollar-denominated and include: (a)
debt obligations issued or guaranteed by foreign national, provincial, state, municipal or other governments with taxing authority or by their agencies or instrumentalities; and (b) debt obligations of supranational entities. Government debt
securities include: debt securities issued or guaranteed by governments, government agencies or instrumentalities and political subdivisions; debt securities issued by government owned, controlled or sponsored entities; interests in entities
organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics issued by the above noted issuers; or debt securities issued by supranational entities such as the World Bank or the European Union. The Fund may also invest in
securities denominated in currencies of emerging market countries. Emerging market debt securities generally are rated in the lower rating categories of recognized credit rating agencies or are unrated and considered to be of comparable quality to
lower rated debt securities. A non-U.S. issuer of debt or the non-U.S. governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or interest when due, and the Fund may have limited resources in the
event of a default. Some of these risks do not apply to issuers in large, more developed countries. These risks are more pronounced in investments in issuers in emerging markets or if the Fund invests significantly in one country.
Short Sale Risk: When a cash dividend is declared on a security in which the Fund holds a short position, the Fund incurs the obligation to pay an amount equal to
that dividend to the lender of the shorted security.
Depending on arrangements made with the broker-dealer from which it borrowed the security regarding payment over of any payments received by the Fund on such security, the Fund may not receive any payments (including
interest) on its collateral deposited with such broker-dealer.
Although the Fund’s gain is limited to the price at which it sold the security short, its potential loss is unlimited.
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
Purchasing securities to close out the short position can itself cause the price of the securities to rise further, thereby exacerbating a possible loss. Short selling exposes the Fund to unlimited risk with respect to
that security due to the lack of an upper limit on the price to which an instrument can rise.
The requirements of the 1940 Act and Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) provide that the Fund not make a short sale if, after giving effect to such sale, the market value of all securities sold short by
the Fund exceeds 30% of the value of its managed assets.
Small and Medium Cap Company Risk: Compared to investment companies that focus only on large capitalization companies, the Fund’s share price may be more volatile
because it also invests in small and medium capitalization companies. Compared to large companies, small and medium capitalization companies are more likely to have (i) more limited product lines or markets and less mature businesses, (ii) fewer
capital resources, (iii) more limited management depth and (iv) shorter operating histories. Further, compared to large cap stocks, the securities of small and medium capitalization companies are more likely to experience sharper swings in market
values, be harder to sell at times and at prices that the Fund’s investment adviser believes appropriate, and offer greater potential for gains and losses.
Foreign Securities: The Fund may invest in foreign securities, including direct investments in securities of foreign issuers that are traded on a U.S. securities
exchange or over the counter and investments in depository receipts (such as American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”)), ETFs and other closed-end investment companies that represent indirect interests in securities of foreign issuers. The Fund is not
limited in the amount of assets it may invest in such foreign securities. These investments involve certain risks not generally associated with investments in the securities of U.S. issuers, including the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency
exchange rates, unreliable and untimely information about the issuers and political and economic instability. These risks could result in the Fund’s investment adviser misjudging the value of certain securities or in a significant loss in the value
of those securities.
The value of foreign securities is affected by changes in currency rates, foreign tax laws (including withholding and confiscatory taxes), government policies (in this country or abroad), relations between nations and
trading, settlement, custodial and other operational risks. In addition, the costs of investing abroad are generally higher than in the United States, and foreign securities markets may be less liquid, more volatile and less subject to governmental
supervision than markets in the U.S. As an alternative to holding foreign traded securities, the Fund may invest in dollar-denominated securities of foreign companies that trade
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
on U.S. exchanges or in the U.S. over-the-counter market (including depositary receipts as described below, which evidence ownership in underlying foreign securities, and ETFs as described above).
Because foreign companies are not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies, there may be less publicly available
information about a foreign company than about a domestic company. Volume and liquidity in most foreign debt markets is less than in the United States and securities of some foreign companies are less liquid and more volatile than securities of
comparable U.S. companies. There is generally less government supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, broker dealers and listed companies than in the United States. Mail service between the United States and foreign countries may be
slower or less reliable than within the United States, thus increasing the risk of delayed settlements of portfolio transactions or loss of certificates for portfolio securities. Payment for securities before delivery may be required. In addition,
with respect to certain foreign countries, including those with emerging markets, there is the possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, political or social instability, or diplomatic developments which could affect investments in those
countries. For example, prior governmental approval for foreign investments may be required in some emerging market countries, and the extent of foreign investment may be subject to limitation in other emerging countries. Moreover, individual
foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. Foreign securities
markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as those in the United States, and securities of some foreign issuers (particularly those located in developing countries) may be less liquid and more volatile than
securities of comparable U.S. companies.
The Fund may purchase ADRs, international depositary receipts (“IDRs”) and global depository receipts (“GDRs”) which are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of foreign issuers and are alternatives to purchasing
directly the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. However, such depository receipts continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. These risks include foreign
exchange risk as well as the political and economic risks associated with the underlying issuer’s country. ADRs, EDRs and GDRs may be sponsored or unsponsored. Unsponsored receipts are established without the participation of the issuer.
Unsponsored receipts may involve higher expenses, they may not pass-through voting or other stockholder rights, and they may be less liquid. Less information is normally available on unsponsored receipts.
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
Dividends paid on foreign securities may not qualify for the reduced federal income tax rates applicable to qualified dividends under the Code. As a result, there can be no assurance as to what portion of the Fund’s
distributions attributable to foreign securities will be designated as qualified dividend income.
Emerging Market Securities: The Fund may invest up to 5% of its net assets in emerging market securities, although through its investments in ETFs, other
investment companies or depository receipts that invest in emerging market securities, up to 20% of the Fund’s assets may be invested indirectly in issuers located in emerging markets. The risks of foreign investments described above apply to an
even greater extent to investments in emerging markets. The securities markets of emerging countries are generally smaller, less developed, less liquid, and more volatile than the securities markets of the United States and developed foreign
markets. Disclosure and regulatory standards in many respects are less stringent than in the United States and developed foreign markets. There also may be a lower level of monitoring and regulation of securities markets in emerging market
countries and the activities of investors in such markets and enforcement of existing regulations has been extremely limited. Many emerging countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many
years. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had and may continue to have very negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging countries. Economies in emerging markets generally are heavily dependent
upon international trade and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be affected adversely by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values, and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the
countries with which they trade. The economies of these countries also have been and may continue to be adversely affected by economic conditions in the countries in which they trade. The economies of countries with emerging markets may also be
predominantly based on only a few industries or dependent on revenues from particular commodities. In addition, custodial services and other costs relating to investment in foreign markets may be more expensive in emerging markets than in many
developed foreign markets, which could reduce the Fund’s income from such securities. In many cases, governments of emerging countries continue to exercise significant control over their economies, and government actions relative to the economy, as
well as economic developments generally, may affect the Fund’s investments in those countries. In addition, there is a heightened possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, imposition of withholding taxes on interest payments, or other
similar developments that could affect investments in those countries. There can be no assurance that adverse political changes will not cause the Fund to suffer a loss of any or all of its investments. Dividends paid by issuers in emerging market
countries will generally not qualify for the reduced federal income tax rates applicable to qualified dividends under the Code.
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
Preferred Stocks: The Fund may invest in preferred stocks. Preferred stock, like common stock, represents an equity ownership in an issuer. Generally, preferred
stock has a priority of claim over common stock in dividend payments and upon liquidation of the issuer. Unlike common stock, preferred stock does not usually have voting rights. Preferred stock in some instances is convertible into common stock.
Although they are equity securities, preferred stocks have characteristics of both debt and common stock. Like debt, their promised income is contractually fixed. Like common stock, they do not have rights to precipitate bankruptcy proceedings or
collection activities in the event of missed payments. Other equity characteristics are their subordinated position in an issuer’s capital structure and that their quality and value are heavily dependent on the profitability of the issuer rather
than on any legal claims to specific assets or cash flows.
Investment in preferred stocks carries risks, including credit risk, deferral risk, redemption risk, limited voting rights, risk of subordination and lack of liquidity. Fully taxable or hybrid preferred securities
typically contain provisions that allow an issuer, at its discretion, to defer distributions for up to 20 consecutive quarters. Distributions on preferred stock must be declared by the board of directors and may be subject to deferral, and thus they
may not be automatically payable. Income payments on preferred stocks may be cumulative, causing dividends and distributions to accrue even if not declared by the company’s board or otherwise made payable, or they may be non-cumulative, so that
skipped dividends and distributions do not continue to accrue. There is no assurance that dividends on preferred stocks in which the Fund invests will be declared or otherwise made payable. The Fund may invest in non-cumulative preferred stock,
although the Fund’s investment adviser would consider, among other factors, their non-cumulative nature in making any decision to purchase or sell such securities.
Shares of preferred stock have a liquidation value that generally equals the original purchase price at the date of issuance. The market values of preferred stock may be affected by favorable and unfavorable changes
impacting the issuers’ industries or sectors, including companies in the utilities and financial services sectors, which are prominent issuers of preferred stock. They may also be affected by actual and anticipated changes or ambiguities in the tax
status of the security and by actual and anticipated changes or ambiguities in tax laws, such as changes in corporate and individual income tax rates, and in the dividends received deduction for corporate taxpayers or the lower rates applicable to
certain dividends.
Because the claim on an issuer’s earnings represented by preferred stock may become onerous when interest rates fall below the rate payable on the stock or for other reasons, the issuer may redeem preferred stock, generally
after an initial period of call protection in which the stock is not redeemable. Thus, in declining interest rate environments in particular, the Fund’s holdings of higher dividend
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
paying preferred stocks may be reduced and the Fund may be unable to acquire securities paying comparable rates with the redemption proceeds. In the event of a redemption, the Fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds
at comparable rates of return.
Convertible Securities. The Fund may invest in convertible securities. Convertible securities include fixed income securities that may be exchanged or converted
into a predetermined number of shares of the issuer’s underlying common stock at the option of the holder during a specified period. Convertible securities may take the form of convertible preferred stock, convertible bonds or debentures, units
consisting of “usable” bonds and warrants or a combination of the features of several of these securities. The investment characteristics of each convertible security vary widely, which allows convertible securities to be employed for a variety of
investment strategies. The Fund will exchange or convert convertible securities into shares of underlying common stock when, in the opinion of the Fund’s investment adviser, the investment characteristics of the underlying common shares will assist
the Fund in achieving its investment objective. The Fund may also elect to hold or trade convertible securities. In selecting convertible securities, the Fund’s investment adviser evaluates the investment characteristics of the convertible security
as a fixed income instrument, and the investment potential of the underlying equity security for capital appreciation. In evaluating these matters with respect to a particular convertible security, the Fund’s investment adviser considers numerous
factors, including the economic and political outlook, the value of the security relative to other investment alternatives, trends in the determinants of the issuer’s profits, and the issuer’s management capability and practices.
The value of a convertible security, including, for example, a warrant, is a function of its “investment value” (determined by its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality
that do not have a conversion privilege) and its “conversion value” (the security’s worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying common stock). The investment value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates,
with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors may also have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. The conversion value of
a convertible security is determined by the market price of the underlying common stock. If the conversion value is low relative to the investment value, the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value.
Generally, the conversion value decreases as the convertible security approaches maturity. To the extent the market price of the underlying common stock approaches or exceeds the conversion price, the price of the convertible security will be
increasingly influenced by its conversion value. A convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed income security. A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s
governing instrument. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption, the Fund will be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security, convert it into the underlying common stock or sell it to a third party. Any of these
actions could have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective.
Real Estate Investment Trusts. The Fund may invest in real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). REITs are financial vehicles that pool investors’ capital to
purchase or finance real estate. Investments in REITs will subject the Fund to various risks. REIT share prices may decline because of adverse developments affecting the real estate industry and real property values. In general, real estate values
can be affected by a variety of factors, including supply and demand for properties, the economic health of the country or of different regions, and the strength of specific industries that rent properties. REITs often invest in highly leveraged
properties. Returns from REITs, which typically are small or medium capitalization stocks, may trail returns from the overall stock market. In addition, changes in interest rates may hurt real estate values or make REIT shares less attractive than
other income-producing investments. REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency, defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation.
Qualification as a REIT under the Code in any particular year is a complex analysis that depends on a number of factors. There can be no assurance that the entities in which the Fund invests with the expectation that they
will be taxed as a REIT will qualify as a REIT. An entity that fails to qualify as a REIT would be subject to a corporate level tax, would not be entitled to a deduction for dividends paid to its stockholders and would not pass through to its
stockholders the character of income earned by the entity. If the Fund were to invest in an entity that failed to qualify as a REIT, such failure could significantly reduce the Fund’s yield on that investment.
REITs can be classified as equity REITs, mortgage REITs and hybrid REITs. Equity REITs invest primarily in real property and earn rental income from leasing those properties. They may also realize gains or losses from the
sale of properties. Equity REITs will be affected by conditions in the real estate rental market and by changes in the value of the properties they own. Mortgage REITs invest primarily in mortgages and similar real estate interests and receive
interest payments from the owners of the mortgaged properties. Mortgage REITs will be affected by changes in creditworthiness of borrowers and changes in interest rates. Hybrid REITs invest both in real property and in mortgages. Equity and
mortgage REITs are dependent upon management skills, may not be diversified and are subject to the risks of financing projects.
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
Dividends paid by REITs will not generally qualify for the reduced U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to qualified dividends under the Code.
The Fund’s investments in REITs may include an additional risk to stockholders. Some or all of a REIT’s annual distributions to its investors may constitute a non-taxable return of capital. Any such return of capital will
generally reduce the Fund’s basis in the REIT investment, but not below zero. To the extent the distributions from a particular REIT exceed the Fund’s basis in such REIT, the Fund will generally recognize gain. In part because REIT distributions
often include a nontaxable return of capital, trust distributions to stockholders may also include a nontaxable return of capital. Stockholders that receive such a distribution will also reduce their tax basis in their common shares of the Fund, but
not below zero. To the extent the distribution exceeds a stockholder’s basis in the Fund’s common shares such stockholder will generally recognize a capital gain.
The Fund does not have any investment restrictions with respect to investments in REITs other than its concentration policy which limits its investments in REITs to no more than 25% of its assets.
Issuer Risk: The value of an issuer’s securities that are held in the Fund’s portfolio may decline for a number of reasons which directly relate to the issuer,
such as management performance, financial leverage and reduced demand for the issuer’s goods and services.
Foreign Currency Risk: Although the Fund will report its NAV and pay expenses and distributions in U.S. dollars, the Fund may invest in foreign securities
denominated or quoted in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Therefore, changes in foreign currency exchange rates will affect the U.S. dollar value of the Fund’s investment securities and NAV. For example, even if the securities prices are
unchanged on their primary foreign stock exchange, the Fund’s NAV may change because of a change in the rate of exchange between the U.S. dollar and the trading currency of that primary foreign stock exchange. Certain currencies are more volatile
than those of other countries and Fund investments related to those countries may be more affected. Generally, if a foreign currency depreciates against the dollar (i.e., if the dollar strengthens), the value of the existing investment in the
securities denominated in that currency will decline. When a given currency appreciates against the dollar (i.e., if the dollar weakens), the value of the existing investment in the securities denominated in that currency will rise. Certain foreign
countries may impose restrictions on the ability of foreign securities issuers to make payments of principal and interest to investors located outside of the country, due to a blockage of foreign currency exchanges or otherwise.
Defensive Positions: During periods of adverse market or economic conditions, the Fund may temporarily invest all or a substantial portion of its net assets in
cash or cash equivalents. The Fund would not be pursuing its investment objective in these circumstances and could miss favorable market developments.
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
Risk Characteristics of Options and Futures: Options and futures transactions can be highly volatile investments. Successful hedging strategies require the
anticipation of future movements in securities prices, interest rates and other economic factors. When a fund uses futures contracts and options as hedging devices, the prices of the securities subject to the futures contracts and options may not
correlate with the prices of the securities in a portfolio. This may cause the futures and options to react to market changes differently than the portfolio securities. Even if expectations about the market and economic factors are correct, a hedge
could be unsuccessful if changes in the value of the portfolio securities do not correspond to changes in the value of the futures contracts. The ability to establish and close out futures contracts and options on futures contracts positions depends
on the availability of a secondary market. If these positions cannot be closed out due to disruptions in the market or lack of liquidity, losses may be sustained on the futures contract or option. In addition, the Fund’s use of options and futures
may have the effect of reducing gains made by virtue of increases in value of the Fund’s common stock holdings.
Securities Lending Risk: Securities lending is subject to the risk that loaned securities may not be available to the Fund on a timely basis and the Fund may,
therefore, lose the opportunity to sell the securities at a desirable price. Any loss in the market price of securities loaned by the Fund that occurs during the term of the loan would be borne by the Fund and would adversely affect the Fund’s
performance. Also, there may be delays in recovery, or no recovery, of securities loaned or even a loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower of the securities fail financially while the loan is outstanding. The Fund would not have the
right to vote any securities having voting rights during the existence of the loan.
Discount Risk: Historically, the shares of the Fund, as well as those of other closed-end investment companies, have frequently traded at a discount to their NAV.
Any premium or discount to NAV often fluctuates over time. See “Price Range of Common Stock.”
Other Risks: In addition to the risks detailed above, the Fund also has investments in auction rate preferred securities, business development companies, special
purpose acquisition vehicles, liquidation claims, warrants and rights. All of these other investments can subject the Fund to various risks. Any of these investments could have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment
objective.
Investment transactions and investment income—Investment transactions are recorded on the trade date. Realized gains and losses from investment transactions are calculated using the
identified cost method. Dividend income is recorded on the ex-dividend date. Interest income is recorded on an accrual basis.
Investment objectives and policies, principal risk factors
Discounts are accreted and premiums are amortized using the effective yield method as adjustments to interest income and the identified cost of investments.
Dividends and distributions—On March 4, 2019, the Fund received authorization from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) that permits the Fund to distribute
long-term capital gains to stockholders more than once per year. Accordingly, the Board approved the implementation of a Managed Distribution Plan (“MDP”) to make monthly cash distributions to stockholders. Under the MDP, distributions will be made
from current income, supplemented by realized capital gains and, to the extent necessary, paid in capital. In the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Fund made monthly distributions to common stockholders at an annual rate of 8%, based on the NAV of
the Fund’s common shares as of the close of business on the last business day of the previous year. Dividends and distributions to common shareholders are recorded on the ex-dividend date. The amount of dividends from net investment income and
distributions from net realized capital gains was determined in accordance with federal income tax regulations, which may differ from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. These “book/tax” differences are either considered temporary or
permanent in nature. To the extent these differences are permanent in nature, such amounts are reclassified within the capital accounts based on their federal tax-basis treatment; temporary differences do not require reclassification.
The Fund has made certain investments in Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”) which pay distributions to their shareholders based upon available funds from operations. Each REIT reports annually the tax character of its
distributions. It is quite common for these distributions to exceed the REIT’s taxable earnings and profits resulting in the excess portion of such distributions being designated as a return of capital or long-term capital gain. The Fund intends to
include the gross distributions from such REITs in its distributions to its shareholders; accordingly, a portion of the distributions paid to the Fund and subsequently distributed to shareholders may be re-characterized. The final determination of
the amount of the Fund’s return of capital distribution for the period will be made after the end of each calendar year.
Holders of Convertible Preferred Stock receive calendar quarterly dividends at the rate of 2.75% of the Subscription Price per year. Dividends on the Convertible Preferred Stock are fully cumulative, and accumulate without
interest from the date of original issuance of the Convertible Preferred Stock.
General information (unaudited)
The Fund
Special Opportunities Fund, Inc. (the “Fund”) is a diversified, closed-end management investment company whose common shares trade on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). The Fund’s NYSE trading symbol is “SPE.” On April
21, 2010 the Fund’s symbol changed from “PIF” to “SPE.” Comparative net asset value and market price information about the Fund is available weekly in various publications.
Tax information
The Fund designated 14.55% of its ordinary income distribution for the year ended December 31, 2023, as qualified dividend income under the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, 6.24% of dividends paid from net ordinary income qualified for the dividends received deduction available to corporate shareholders.
The Fund designated 0.00% of taxable ordinary income distributions designated as short-term capital gain distributions under Internal Revenue Section 871 (k)(2)(C).
Quarterly Form N-PORT portfolio schedule
The Fund files its complete schedule of portfolio holdings with the SEC for the first and third quarters of each fiscal year on Form N-PORT. The Fund’s Forms N-PORT are available on the SEC’s Web site at
http://www.sec.gov. Additionally, you may obtain copies of Forms N-PORT from the Fund upon request by calling 1-877-607-0414.
Proxy voting policies, procedures and record
You may obtain a description of the Fund’s (1) proxy voting policies, (2) proxy voting procedures and (3) information regarding how the Fund voted any proxies related to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month
period ended June 30 for which an SEC filing has been made, without charge, upon request by contacting the Fund directly at 1-877-607-0414, or on the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s Web site (http://www.sec.gov).
Supplemental information (unaudited)
The following table sets forth the directors and officers of the Fund, his name, address, age, position with the Fund, term of office and length of service with the Fund, principal occupation or employment during the past
five years and other directorships held at June 30, 2024.
Additional information about the Directors and Officers of the Fund is included in the Fund’s most recent Form N-2.
| |
|
Term of
|
|
Number of
|
Other
|
| |
|
Office
|
|
Portfolios
|
Directorships
|
| |
|
and
|
|
in Fund
|
held by
|
| |
Position(s)
|
Length
|
Principal Occupation
|
Complex
|
Director During
|
|
Name, Address
|
Held with
|
of Time
|
During the Past
|
Overseen
|
the Past
|
|
and Age*
|
the Fund
|
Served
|
Five Years
|
by Director**
|
Five Years
|
|
INTERESTED DIRECTORS
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Andrew Dakos***
|
President
|
1 year;
|
Partner of the Adviser since
|
1
|
Director, Brookfield
|
|
(58)
|
as of
|
Since
|
2009; Partner of Ryan
|
|
DTLA Fund Office
|
| |
October
|
2009
|
Heritage, LLP since 2019;
|
|
Trust Investor, Inc.
|
| |
2009.
|
|
Principal of the former
|
|
and BNY Mellon
|
| |
|
|
general partner of several
|
|
Municipal Income
|
| |
|
|
private investment partnerships
|
|
Inc.; Trustee,
|
| |
|
|
in the Bulldog Investors group
|
|
Crossroads
|
| |
|
|
of private funds.
|
|
Liquidating Trust
|
| |
|
|
|
|
(until 2020);
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Trustee, High
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Income Securities
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Fund; Chairman,
|
| |
|
|
|
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Swiss Helvetia
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Fund, Inc.
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phillip Goldstein***
|
Chairman
|
1 year;
|
Partner of the Adviser since
|
1
|
Chairman, Mexico
|
|
(79)
|
and
|
Since
|
2009; Partner of Ryan
|
|
Equity and Income
|
| |
Secretary
|
2009
|
Heritage, LLP since 2019;
|
|
Fund, Inc.; Director,
|
| |
as of
|
|
Principal of the former
|
|
MVC Capital, Inc.
|
| |
October
|
|
general partner of several
|
|
(until 2020);
|
| |
2009.
|
|
private investment partnerships
|
|
Director, Brookfield
|
| |
|
|
in the Bulldog Investors group
|
|
DTLA Fund Office
|
| |
|
|
of private funds.
|
|
Trust Investor, Inc.
|
| |
|
|
|
|
and BNY Mellon
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Municipal Income
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Inc.; Trustee,
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Crossroads
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Liquidating Trust
|
| |
|
|
|
|
(until 2020);
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Chairman, High
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Income Securities
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Fund; Director,
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Swiss Helvetia
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Fund, Inc.
|
Supplemental information (unaudited)
| |
|
Term of
|
|
Number of
|
Other
|
| |
|
Office
|
|
Portfolios
|
Directorships
|
| |
|
and
|
|
in Fund
|
held by
|
| |
Position(s)
|
Length
|
Principal Occupation
|
Complex
|
Director During
|
|
Name, Address
|
Held with
|
of Time
|
During the Past
|
Overseen
|
the Past
|
|
and Age*
|
the Fund
|
Served
|
Five Years
|
by Director**
|
Five Years
|
|
INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gerald Hellerman
|
—
|
1 year;
|
Managing Director of Hellerman
|
1
|
Director, Mexico
|
|
(86)
|
|
Since
|
Associates (a financial and
|
|
Equity and Income
|
| |
|
2009
|
corporate consulting firm) since
|
|
Fund, Inc.; Trustee,
|
|
|
|
|
1993 (which terminated activities
|
|
Fiera Capital Series
|
| |
|
|
as of December, 31, 2013).
|
|
Trust (until 2023);
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Trustee, High
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Income Securities
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Fund; Director,
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Swiss Helvetia
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Fund, Inc.; Director,
|
| |
|
|
|
|
MVC Capital, Inc.
|
| |
|
|
|
|
(until 2020);
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Trustee, Crossroads
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Liquidating Trust
|
| |
|
|
|
|
(until 2020).
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Marc Lunder
|
—
|
1 year;
|
Managing Member of Lunder
|
1
|
None
|
|
(60)
|
|
Effective
|
Capital LLC.
|
|
|
| |
|
January 1,
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2015
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ben Harris
|
—
|
1 year;
|
Executive Chairman of
|
1
|
Trustee,
|
|
(55)
|
|
Since
|
Hormel Harris Investments, LLC;
|
|
High Income
|
| |
|
2009
|
Principal of NBC Bancshares, LLC;
|
|
Securities Fund.
|
| |
|
|
Chief Executive Officer of Crossroads
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Capital, Inc.; Administrator of
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Crossroads Liquidating Trust.
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Charles C. Walden
|
—
|
1 year;
|
President and Owner of Sound
|
1
|
Independent
|
|
(80)
|
|
Since
|
Capital Associates, LLC
|
|
Chairman, Third
|
| |
|
2009
|
(consulting firm).
|
|
Avenue Funds
|
| |
|
|
|
|
(fund complex
|
| |
|
|
|
|
consisting of three
|
| |
|
|
|
|
funds and one
|
| |
|
|
|
|
variable series trust)
|
| |
|
|
|
|
(until 2019).
|
Supplemental information (unaudited)
| |
|
Term of
|
|
Number of
|
Other
|
| |
|
Office
|
|
Portfolios
|
Directorships
|
| |
|
and
|
|
in Fund
|
held by
|
| |
Position(s)
|
Length
|
Principal Occupation
|
Complex
|
Director During
|
|
Name, Address
|
Held with
|
of Time
|
During the Past
|
Overseen
|
the Past
|
|
and Age*
|
the Fund
|
Served
|
Five Years
|
by Director**
|
Five Years
|
|
OFFICERS
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Andrew Dakos***
|
President
|
1 year;
|
Partner of the Adviser since
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
|
(58)
|
as of
|
Since
|
2009; Partner of Ryan
|
|
|
| |
October
|
2009
|
Heritage, LLP since 2019;
|
|
|
| |
2009.
|
|
Principal of the former
|
|
|
| |
|
|
general partner of several
|
|
|
| |
|
|
private investment partnerships
|
|
|
| |
|
|
in the Bulldog Investors group
|
|
|
| |
|
|
of private funds.
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rajeev Das***
|
Vice-
|
1 year;
|
Principal of the Adviser and
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
|
(55)
|
President
|
Since
|
Ryan Heritage, LLP.
|
|
|
| |
as of
|
2009
|
|
|
|
| |
October
|
|
|
|
|
| |
2009.
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phillip Goldstein***
|
Chairman
|
1 year;
|
Partner of the Adviser
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
|
(79)
|
and
|
Since
|
since 2009; Partner of Ryan
|
|
|
| |
Secretary
|
2009
|
Heritage, LLP since 2019;
|
|
|
| |
as of
|
|
Principal of the
|
|
|
| |
October
|
|
former general partner of
|
|
|
| |
2009.
|
|
several private investment
|
|
|
| |
|
|
partnerships in the Bulldog
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Investors group of funds.
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stephanie Darling***
|
Chief
|
1 year;
|
General Counsel and Chief
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
|
(54)
|
Compliance
|
Since
|
Compliance Officer of
|
|
|
| |
Officer
|
2020
|
Bulldog Investors, LLP;
|
|
|
| |
as of
|
|
Chief Compliance Officer –
|
|
|
| |
April
|
|
Ryan Heritage, LLP, High
|
|
|
| |
2020.
|
|
Income Securities Fund,
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Swiss Helvetia Fund, and
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Mexico Equity and Income
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Fund; Principal, the Law
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Office of Stephanie Darling;
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Editor-In-Chief, The
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Investment Lawyer.
|
|
|
Supplemental information (unaudited)
| |
|
Term of
|
|
Number of
|
Other
|
| |
|
Office
|
|
Portfolios
|
Directorships
|
| |
|
and
|
|
in Fund
|
held by
|
| |
Position(s)
|
Length
|
Principal Occupation
|
Complex
|
Director During
|
|
Name, Address
|
Held with
|
of Time
|
During the Past
|
Overseen
|
the Past
|
|
and Age*
|
the Fund
|
Served
|
Five Years
|
by Director**
|
Five Years
|
|
Thomas Antonucci***
|
Chief
|
1 year;
|
Director of Operations
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
|
(55)
|
Financial
|
Since
|
of the Adviser and Ryan
|
|
|
| |
Officer
|
2014
|
Heritage, LLP.
|
|
|
| |
and
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Treasurer
|
|
|
|
|
| |
as of
|
|
|
|
|
| |
January
|
|
|
|
|
| |
2014.
|
|
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
The address for all directors and officers is c/o Special Opportunities Fund, Inc., 615 East Michigan Street, Milwaukee, WI 53202.
|
|
**
|
|
The Fund Complex is comprised of only the Fund.
|
|
***
|
|
Messrs. Dakos, Goldstein, Das, Antonucci and Ms. Darling are each considered an “interested person” of the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act because of their affiliation with Bulldog Investors, LLP, the
Adviser, and their positions as officers of the Fund.
|
New York Stock Exchange certifications (unaudited)
On December 21, 2023, the Fund submitted an annual certification to the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) in which the Fund’s president certified that he was not aware, as of the date of the certification, of any violation
by the Fund of the NYSE’s Corporate Governance listing standards.
Privacy policy notice
The following is a description of the Fund’s policies regarding disclosure of nonpublic personal information that you provide to the Fund or that the Fund collects from other sources. In the event that you hold shares of
the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary, the privacy policy of the financial intermediary would govern how your nonpublic personal information would be shared with unaffiliated third parties.
CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION THE FUND COLLECTS. The Fund collects the following nonpublic personal information about you:
| |
1.
|
Information from the Consumer: this category includes information the Fund receives from you on or in applications or other forms, correspondence, or conversations (such as your name, address, phone number, social
security number, assets, income and date of birth); and
|
| |
|
|
| |
2.
|
Information about the Consumer’s transactions: this category includes information about your transactions with the Fund, its affiliates, or others (such as your account number and balance, payment history, parties
to transactions, cost basis information, and other financial information).
|
CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION THE FUND DISCLOSES. The Fund does not disclose any nonpublic personal information about their current or former shareholders to unaffiliated third parties, except as required or permitted by law.
The Fund is permitted by law to disclose all of the information it collects, as described above, to its service providers (such as the Custodian, administrator and transfer agent) to process your transactions and otherwise provide services to you.
CONFIDENTIALITY AND SECURITY. The Fund restricts access to your nonpublic personal information to those persons who require such information to provide products or services to you. The Fund maintains physical, electronic
and procedural safeguards that comply with federal standards to guard your nonpublic personal information.
This privacy policy notice is not a part of the shareholder report.
(This Page Intentionally Left Blank.)
Investment Adviser
Bulldog Investors, LLP
Park 80 West
250 Pehle Avenue, Suite 708
Saddle Brook, NJ 07663
Administrator and Fund Accountant
U.S. Bank Global Fund Services
615 East Michigan Street
Milwaukee, WI 53202
Custodian
U.S. Bank, N.A.
Custody Operations
1555 North RiverCenter Drive, Suite 302
Milwaukee, WI 53212
Transfer Agent and Registrar
Equiniti Trust Company, LLC
48 Wall Street, Floor 23
New York, NY 10005
Fund Counsel
Blank Rome LLP
1271 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10020
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Tait, Weller & Baker LLP
Two Liberty Place
50 South 16th Street, Suite 2900
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Board of Directors
Andrew Dakos
Phillip Goldstein
Ben Harris
Gerald Hellerman
Marc Lunder
Charles Walden
Special Opportunities Fund, Inc.
1-877-607-0414
www.specialopportunitiesfundinc.com
Item 2. Code of Ethics.
Not applicable for semi-annual reports.
Item 3. Audit Committee Financial Expert.
Not applicable for semi-annual reports.
Item 4. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
Not applicable for semi-annual reports.
Item 5. Audit Committee of Listed Registrants.
Not applicable for semi-annual reports.
Item 6. Investments.
|
(a)
|
Schedule of Investments is included as part of the report to shareholders filed under Item 1 of this Form.
|
(b) Not applicable.
Item 7. Financial Statements and Financial Highlights for Open-End Investment Companies.
Not applicable to closed-end investment companies.
Item 8. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants for Open-End Investment Companies.
Not applicable to closed-end investment companies.
Item 9. Proxy Disclosure for Open-End Investment Companies.
Not applicable to closed-end investment companies.
Item 10. Remuneration Paid to Directors, Officers, and Others of Open-End Investment Companies.
Not applicable to closed-end investment companies.
Item 11. Statement Regarding Basis for Approval of Investment Advisory Contract.
See Item 1(a).
Item 12. Disclosure of Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures for Closed-End Management Investment Companies.
Not applicable for semi-annual reports.
Item 13. Portfolio Managers of Closed-End Management Investment Companies.
Not applicable for semi-annual reports.
Item 14. Purchases of Equity Securities by Closed‑End Management Investment Company and Affiliated Purchasers.
The following purchases were made by or on behalf of the registrant or any “affiliated purchaser,” as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, of shares of the registrant’s equity securities that are
registered by the Registrant pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act made in the period covered by this report.
|
Period
|
(a)
Total Number of
Shares (or Units)
Purchased
|
(b)
Average Price
Paid per Share
(or Unit)
|
(c)
Total Number of
Shares (or Units)
Purchased as Part
of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs
|
(d)
Maximum Number (or
Approximate Dollar
Value) of Shares (or
Units) that May Yet Be
Purchased Under the
Plans or Programs
|
|
Month #1
01/01/24-01/31/24
|
39,125
|
$11.99
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
|
Month #2
02/01/24-02/29/24
|
55,645
|
$12.17
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
|
Month #2
03/01/24-03/31/24
|
2,471
|
$12.28
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
|
Month #4
04/01/24-04/30/24
|
100,217
|
$12.54
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
|
Month #5
05/01/24-05/31/24
|
14,483
|
$12.85
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
|
Month #6
06/01/24-06/30/24
|
45,000
|
$13.10
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
|
Total
|
308,151
|
$12.49
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Item 15. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders.
There have been no material changes to the procedures by which shareholders may recommend nominees to the registrant’s board of directors.
The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will consider nominees recommended by shareholders if a vacancy occurs. In order to recommend a nominee, a shareholder should send a letter to the chairperson of the Nominating and Corporate
Governance Committee, care of the Administrator, 615 East Michigan Street, Milwaukee, WI 53202, and indicate on the envelope “Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.” The shareholder’s letter should state the nominee’s name and should
include the nominee’s résumé or curriculum vitae, and must be accompanied by a written consent of the individual to stand for election if nominated by the Board and to serve if elected by shareholders.
Item 16. Controls and Procedures.
|
(a)
|
The Registrant’s President and Chief Financial Officer have reviewed the Registrant's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “Act”)) as of a date within 90 days of
the filing of this report, as required by Rule 30a-3(b) under the Act and Rules 13a-15(b) or 15d‑15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Based on their review, such officers have concluded that the disclosure controls and
procedures are effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed in this report is appropriately recorded, processed, summarized and reported and made known to them by others within the Registrant and by the Registrant’s
service provider.
|
|
(b)
|
There were no changes in the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the Act) that occurred during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably
likely to materially affect, the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting.
|
Item 17. Disclosure of Securities Lending Activities for Closed-End Management Investment Companies
The registrant did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal period reported on this Form N-CSR.
Item 18. Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation.
Item 19. Exhibits.
|
(a)
|
(1) Any code of ethics or amendment thereto, that is the subject of the disclosure required by Item 2, to the extent that the registrant intends to satisfy Item 2 requirements through filing an
exhibit. Not applicable.
|
(2) Any policy required by the listing standards adopted pursuant to Rule 10D-1 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.10D-1) by the registered national securities exchange or registered national securities association
upon which the registrant’s securities are listed. Not applicable.
(4) Any written solicitation to purchase securities under Rule 23c‑1 under the Act sent or given during the period covered by the report by or on behalf of the registrant to 10 or
more persons. Not applicable.
(5) Change in the registrant’s independent public accountant. Provide the information called for by Item 4 of Form 8-K under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 249.308). Unless otherwise specified by Item 4 or related to and
necessary for a complete understanding of information not previously disclosed, the information should relate to events occurring during the reporting period. There was no change in the registrant’s independent public accountant for the period
covered by this report.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly
authorized.
(Registrant) Special Opportunities Fund, Inc.
By (Signature and Title)* /s/Andrew Dakos
Andrew Dakos, President
Date September 6, 2024
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities
and on the dates indicated.
By (Signature and Title)* /s/Andrew Dakos
Andrew Dakos, President
Date September 6, 2024
By (Signature and Title)* /s/Thomas Antonucci
Thomas Antonucci, Chief Financial Officer
Date September 6, 2024
* Print the name and title of each signing officer under his or her signature.
N-2 - USD ($)
$ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands |
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 Months Ended |
Jun. 30, 2024 |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Dec. 31, 2021 |
Dec. 31, 2020 |
Dec. 31, 2019 |
Jun. 30, 2024 |
| Prospectus [Line Items] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Document Period End Date |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jun. 30, 2024
|
| Cover [Abstract] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Entity Central Index Key |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0000897802
|
| Amendment Flag |
|
|
|
|
|
|
false
|
| Document Type |
|
|
|
|
|
|
N-CSRS
|
| Entity Registrant Name |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Special Opportunities Fund, Inc.
|
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Investment Objectives and Practices [Text Block] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fund Investment Objective and Policies
The Fund investment objective is total return. The investment objective is not fundamental and may be changed by the Board with 60 days’ notice to stockholders. To achieve the objective, the Fund invests primarily in
securities the Adviser believes have opportunities for appreciation. The Fund may employ strategies designed to capture price movements generated by anticipated corporate events such as investing in companies involved in special situations,
including, but not limited to, mergers, acquisitions, asset sales, spin-offs, balance sheet restructuring, bankruptcy, liquidations and tender offers. In addition, the Fund may employ strategies designed to invest in the debt, equity, or trade
claims of companies in financial distress when the Advisor perceives a mispricing. Furthermore, the Fund may invest both long and short in related securities or other instruments in an effort to take advantage of perceived discrepancies in the
market prices for such securities, including long and short positions in securities involved in an announced merger or acquisition. Securities which the Adviser identifies include closed-end investment companies with opportunities for appreciation,
including funds that trade at a market price discount from their NAV. In addition to the foregoing, the Adviser seeks out other opportunities in the market that have attractive risk reward characteristics for the Fund.
The Fund intends its investment portfolio, under normal market conditions, to consist principally of investments in other closed-end investment companies and the securities of large, mid and small-capitalization companies,
including potentially direct and indirect investments in the securities of foreign companies. Equity securities in which the Fund may invest include common and preferred stocks, convertible securities, warrants and other securities having the
characteristics of common stocks, such as ADRs and IDRs, other closed-end investment companies and exchange-traded funds. The Fund may, however, invest a portion of its assets in debt securities or other investment opportunities when the Adviser
believes that it is appropriate to do so to earn current income. For example, when interest rates are high in comparison to anticipated returns on equity investments, the Fund’s investment adviser may determine to invest in debt or preferred
securities including bank, corporate or government bonds, notes, and debentures that the Adviser determines are suitable investments for the Fund. Such determination may be made regardless of the maturity, duration or rating of any such debt
security.
The Fund may, from time to time, engage in short sales of securities for investment or for hedging purposes. Short sales are transactions in which the Fund sells a security it does not own. To complete the transaction,
the Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund is then obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing the security at the market price at the time of replacement. The Fund may sell short individual stocks,
baskets of
individual stocks and ETFs that the Fund expects to underperform other stocks which the Fund holds. For hedging purposes, the Fund may purchase or sell short future contracts on global equity indexes.
The Fund may invest, without limitation, in the securities of closed-end funds, provided that, in accordance with Section 12(d)(1)(F) of the 1940 Act, the Fund will limit any such investment to no more than 3% of the voting
stock of such fund and will vote such shares as provided in such Section as set forth below.
To comply with provisions of the 1940 Act, on any matter upon which stockholders of a closed-end investment company in which the Fund has invested may vote, the Adviser will direct such shares to be voted in the same
proportion as shares held by all other stockholders of such closed-end investment company (i.e., “mirror vote”) or seek instructions from the Fund’s stockholders with regard to the voting on such matter. If the Adviser deems it appropriate to seek
instructions from Fund stockholders, the Adviser will vote such proxies proportionally based upon the total number of shares owned by those shareholders that provide instructions. Fund stockholders are informed of such proxy votes on the Fund’s
website and by email, if so requested, and they may provide proxy voting instructions by email. In a letter dated August 11, 2020 discussing the results of its 2018 compliance examination, the staff of the New York regional office of the SEC’s
Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations opined that, in connection with its prior proxy voting policy, pursuant to which the Fund voted its shares of closed-end funds as determined by a majority of proxy voting instructions received, the
Fund “does not in certain cases meet the requirements of the exception set forth in Section 12(d)(1)(E)(iii) of the 1940 Act because in connection with seeking instructions from Fund shareholders with regard to voting certain proxies on behalf of the
Fund, the Fund votes such proxies as determined by a majority of the shares owned by those Fund shareholders who provide proxy voting instructions.” In response thereto, the Fund has amended its proxy voting policy to provide that the Fund will vote
such proxies proportionally based upon the total number of shares owned by those shareholders that provide instructions.
The ETFs and other closed-end investment companies in which the Fund invests may invest in common stocks and may invest in fixed income securities. As a stockholder in any investment company, the Fund will bear its ratable
share of the investment company’s expenses and would remain subject to payment of the Fund’s advisory and administrative fees with respect to the assets so invested.
The Fund’s management utilizes a balanced approach, including “value” and “growth” investing by seeking out companies at reasonable prices, without regard to sector or industry, which demonstrate favorable long-term growth
characteristics. Valuation and growth characteristics may be considered for purposes of selecting potential investment securities. In general, valuation analysis is used to determine the inherent value of the company by analyzing financial information such as a company’s price to book, price to sales, return on equity, and return on assets ratios; and growth analysis is used to determine a company’s potential for long-term dividends and earnings
growth due to market-oriented factors such as growing market share, the launch of new products or services, the strength of its management and market demand. Fluctuations in these characteristics may trigger trading decisions to be made by the
Fund’s investment adviser with respect to the Fund’s portfolio.
Generally, securities will be purchased or sold by the Fund on national securities exchanges and in the over-the-counter market. From time to time, securities may be purchased or sold in private transactions, including
securities that are not publicly traded or that are otherwise illiquid.
The Fund may, from time to time, take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with the Fund’s principal investment strategies in attempting to respond to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions.
During such times, the Fund may temporarily invest up to 100% of its assets in cash or cash equivalents, including money market instruments, prime commercial paper, repurchase agreements, Treasury bills and other short-term obligations of the U.S.
Government, its agencies or instrumentalities. In these and in other cases, the Fund may not achieve its investment objective.
The Fund’s investment adviser may invest the Fund’s cash balances in any investments it deems appropriate, subject to the restrictions set forth in below under “Fundamental Investment Restrictions” and as permitted under
the 1940 Act, including investments in repurchase agreements, money market funds, additional repurchase agreements, U.S. Treasury and U.S. agency securities, municipal bonds and bank accounts. Any income earned from such investments will ordinarily
be reinvested by the Fund in accordance with its investment program. Many of the considerations entering into the Fund’s investment adviser’s recommendations and the portfolio manager’s decisions are subjective.
Fundamental Investment Restrictions
The following fundamental investment limitations cannot be changed without the affirmative vote of the lesser of (a) more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund or (b) 67% or more of such shares present at a
stockholders’ meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding shares are represented at the meeting in person or by proxy. If a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment or transaction, a later increase or decrease in percentage
resulting from a change in values of portfolio securities or the amount of total assets will not be considered a violation of any of the following limitations or of any of the Fund’s investment policies. The Fund may not:
(1) issue senior securities (including borrowing money from banks and other entities and thorough reverse repurchase agreements), except (a) the Fund may borrow in an amount not in excess of 33 1/3% of total assets (including the amount of senior securities issued, but reduced by any liabilities and indebtedness not constituting senior securities), (b) the Fund may issue
preferred stock having a liquidation preference in an amount which, combined with the amount of any liabilities or indebtedness constituting senior securities, is not in excess of 50% of its total assets (computed as provided in clause (a) above) and
(c) the Fund may borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets (not including the amount borrowed) for temporary or emergency purposes.
The following interpretation applies to, but is not a part of, fundamental limitation:
(1) each state (including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico), territory and possession of the United States, each political subdivision, agency, instrumentality and authority thereof, and each multi-state agency of
which a state is a member is a separate “issuer.” When the assets and revenues of an agency authority, instrumentality or other political subdivision are separate from the government creating the subdivision and the security is backed only by the
assets and revenues of the subdivision, such subdivision would be deemed to be the sole issuer. Similarly, in the case of an Industrial Development Bond or Private Activity Bond, if that bond is backed only by the assets and revenues of the
non-governmental user, then that non-governmental user would be deemed to be the sole issuer. However, if the creating government or another entity guarantees a security, then to the extent that the value of all securities issued or guaranteed by
that government or entity and owned by the Fund exceeds 10% of the Fund’s total assets, the guarantee would be considered a separate security and would be treated as issued by that government or entity. This restriction does not limit the percentage
of the Fund’s assets that may be invested in Municipal Obligations insured by any given insurer.
(2) purchase any security if, as a result of that purchase, 25% or more of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in securities of issuers having their principal business activities in the same industry, except that
this limitation does not apply to securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities or to municipal securities.
(3) make loans, except through loans of portfolio securities or through repurchase agreements, provided that for purposes of this restriction, the acquisition of bonds, debentures, other debt securities or instruments, or
participations or other interests therein and investment in government obligations, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances or similar instruments will not be considered the making of a loan.
(4) engage in the business of underwriting securities of other issuers, except to the extent that the Fund might be considered an underwriter under the federal securities laws in connection with its disposition of
portfolio securities. (5) purchase or sell real estate, except that investments in securities of issuers that invest in real estate and investments in mortgage-backed securities, mortgage participations or other instruments supported by
interests in real estate are not subject to this limitation, and except that the Fund may exercise rights under agreements relating to such securities, including the right to enforce security interests and to hold real estate acquired by reason of
such enforcement until that real estate can be liquidated in an orderly manner.
(6) purchase or sell physical commodities unless acquired as a result of owning securities or other instruments, but the Fund may purchase, sell or enter into financial options and futures, forward and spot currency
contracts, swap transactions and other financial contracts or derivative instruments.
The Fund has no intention to file a voluntary application for relief under federal bankruptcy law or any similar application under state law for so long as the Fund is solvent and does not foresee becoming insolvent.
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Principal Risks Factors Related to The Fund’s Investments
Other Closed-End Investment Company Securities: The Fund invests in the securities of other closed-end investment companies. Investing in other closed-end
investment companies involves substantially the same risks as investing directly in the underlying instruments, but the total return on such investments at the investment company level may be reduced by the operating expenses and fees of such other
closed-end investment companies, including advisory fees. There can be no assurance that the investment objective of any investment company in which the Fund invests will be achieved. Closed-end investment companies are subject to the risks of
investing in the underlying securities. The Fund, as a holder of the securities of another closed-end investment company, will bear its pro rata portion of the closed-end investment company’s expenses, including advisory fees. These expenses are in
addition to the direct expenses of the Fund’s own operations. To the extent the Fund invests a portion of its assets in investment company securities, those assets will be subject to the risks of the purchased investment company’s portfolio
securities, and a stockholder in the Fund will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, the expenses of the purchased investment company. The market price of a closed-end investment company fluctuates
and may be either higher or lower than the NAV of such closed-end investment company.
In accordance with Section 12(d)(1)(F) of the 1940 Act, the Fund will be limited by provisions of the 1940 Act that limit the amount the Fund, together with its affiliated persons, can invest in other investment companies
to 3% of any other investment company’s total outstanding stock. As a result, the Fund may hold a smaller position in a closed-end investment company than if it were not subject to this restriction.
Special Purpose Acquisition Companies. The Fund may invest in units, stock, warrants, and other securities of special purpose acquisition companies or similar
special purpose entities that pool funds to seek potential acquisition opportunities (“SPACs”). Unless and until an acquisition meeting the SPAC’s requirements is completed, a SPAC generally deposits substantially all of the cash raised in its IPO
(less a specified amount to cover operating expenses) in a bank trust account which is generally invested in U.S. Government securities, money market securities and cash. If an acquisition that meets the requirements for the SPAC is not completed
within a pre-established period of time, the invested funds are returned to the entity’s shareholders. In addition, just prior to completion of an acquisition, shareholders of the SPAC can redeem their shares for a pro rata share of the value of the
trust account. Because SPACs have no operating history or ongoing business other than seeking acquisitions, the value of their securities can vary on the perceived likelihood of management to identify and complete a profitable acquisition. In
addition, such securities are subject to secondary market risk and may decline in value if sold prior to deal completion or trust liquidation. However, until a SPAC is liquidated or completes an acquisition, its common stock is unlikely to fall
substantially below the per share value of the trust account. If an acquisition is completed, the former SPAC’s shares and other securities will take on the same risks as an equivalent investment in the acquired company. Some SPACs may pursue
acquisitions only within certain industries or regions, which may increase the volatility of their prices.
Short sales. The Fund is authorized to make short sales. The Fund effects a short sale by borrowing and selling a security it does not own in anticipation of a
decline in the value of the security or to hedge against the decline of a security the Fund owns. Short sales carry risks of loss if the price of the security sold short increases after the short sale. As collateral for its short positions, the Fund
is required under the 1940 Act to maintain segregated assets consisting of cash, cash equivalents, or liquid securities. The amount of segregated assets is required to be adjusted daily to the extent additional collateral is required based on the
change in fair value of the securities sold short.
Common Stocks. The Fund invests in common stocks. Common stocks represent an ownership interest in a company. The Fund may also invest in securities that can be
exercised for or converted into common stocks (such as convertible preferred stock). Common stocks and similar equity securities are more volatile and riskier than some other forms of investment. Therefore, the value of your investment in the Fund
may sometimes decrease instead of increase. Common stock prices fluctuate for many reasons, including adverse events such as unfavorable earnings reports, changes in investors’ perceptions of the financial condition of an issuer, the general
condition of the relevant stock market or when political or economic events affecting the issuers occur. In addition, common stock prices may be sensitive to rising interest rates, as the costs of capital rise and borrowing costs increase for
issuers. Because convertible securities can be converted into equity securities, their values will normally increase or decrease as the values of the underlying equity securities increase or decrease. The common stocks in which the Fund invests are structurally
subordinated to preferred securities, bonds and other debt instruments in a company’s capital structure in terms of priority to corporate income and assets and, therefore, will be subject to greater risk than the preferred securities or debt
instruments of such issuers.
Exchange Traded Funds. The Fund may invest in exchange-traded funds, which are investment companies that, in general, aim to track or replicate a desired index,
such as a sector, market or global segment. ETFs are passively or, to a lesser extent, actively managed and their shares are traded on a national exchange. ETFs do not sell individual shares directly to investors and only issue their shares in
large blocks known as “creation units.” The investor purchasing a creation unit may sell the individual shares on a secondary market. Therefore, the liquidity of ETFs depends on the adequacy of the secondary market. There can be no assurance that
an ETF’s investment objective will be achieved, as ETFs based on an index may not replicate and maintain exactly the composition and relative weightings of securities in the index. ETFs are subject to the risks of investing in the underlying
securities. The Fund, as a holder of the securities of the ETF, will bear its pro rata portion of the ETF’s expenses, including advisory fees. These expenses are in addition to the direct expenses of the Fund’s own operations.
Fixed Income Securities, including Non-Investment Grade Securities. The Fund may invest in fixed income securities, also referred to as debt securities. Fixed
income securities are subject to credit risk and market risk. Credit risk is the risk of the issuer’s inability to meet its principal and interest payment obligations. Market risk is the risk of price volatility due to such factors as interest rate
sensitivity, market perception of the creditworthiness of the issuer and general market liquidity. There is no limitation on the maturities or duration of fixed income securities in which the Fund invests. Securities having longer maturities
generally involve greater risk of fluctuations in value resulting from changes in interest rates. The Fund’s credit quality policy with respect to investments in fixed income securities does not require the Fund to dispose of any debt securities
owned in the event that such security’s rating declines to below investment grade, commonly referred to as “junk bonds.” Although lower quality debt typically pays a higher yield, such investments involve substantial risk of loss. Junk bonds are
considered predominantly speculative with respect to the issuer’s ability to pay interest and principal and are susceptible to default or decline in market value due to adverse economic and business developments. The market values for junk bonds
tend to be very volatile and those securities are less liquid than investment grade debt securities. Moreover, junk bonds pose a greater risk that exercise of any of their redemption or call provisions in a declining market may result in their
replacement by lower-yielding bonds. In addition, bonds in the lowest two investment grade categories, despite being of higher credit rating than junk bonds, have speculative characteristics with respect to the issuer’s ability to pay interest and
principal and their susceptibility to default or decline in market value. Corporate Bonds, Government Debt Securities and Other Debt Securities: The Fund may invest in corporate bonds, debentures and other debt securities. Debt
securities in which the Fund may invest may pay fixed or variable rates of interest. Bonds and other debt securities generally are issued by corporations and other issuers to borrow money from investors. The issuer pays the investor a fixed or
variable rate of interest and normally must repay the amount borrowed on or before maturity. Certain debt securities are “perpetual” in that they have no maturity date.
The Fund may invest in government debt securities, including those of emerging market issuers or of other non-U.S. issuers. These securities may be U.S. dollar-denominated or non-U.S. dollar-denominated and include: (a)
debt obligations issued or guaranteed by foreign national, provincial, state, municipal or other governments with taxing authority or by their agencies or instrumentalities; and (b) debt obligations of supranational entities. Government debt
securities include: debt securities issued or guaranteed by governments, government agencies or instrumentalities and political subdivisions; debt securities issued by government owned, controlled or sponsored entities; interests in entities
organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics issued by the above noted issuers; or debt securities issued by supranational entities such as the World Bank or the European Union. The Fund may also invest in
securities denominated in currencies of emerging market countries. Emerging market debt securities generally are rated in the lower rating categories of recognized credit rating agencies or are unrated and considered to be of comparable quality to
lower rated debt securities. A non-U.S. issuer of debt or the non-U.S. governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or interest when due, and the Fund may have limited resources in the
event of a default. Some of these risks do not apply to issuers in large, more developed countries. These risks are more pronounced in investments in issuers in emerging markets or if the Fund invests significantly in one country.
Short Sale Risk: When a cash dividend is declared on a security in which the Fund holds a short position, the Fund incurs the obligation to pay an amount equal to
that dividend to the lender of the shorted security.
Depending on arrangements made with the broker-dealer from which it borrowed the security regarding payment over of any payments received by the Fund on such security, the Fund may not receive any payments (including
interest) on its collateral deposited with such broker-dealer.
Although the Fund’s gain is limited to the price at which it sold the security short, its potential loss is unlimited. Purchasing securities to close out the short position can itself cause the price of the securities to rise further, thereby exacerbating a possible loss. Short selling exposes the Fund to unlimited risk with respect to
that security due to the lack of an upper limit on the price to which an instrument can rise.
The requirements of the 1940 Act and Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) provide that the Fund not make a short sale if, after giving effect to such sale, the market value of all securities sold short by
the Fund exceeds 30% of the value of its managed assets.
Small and Medium Cap Company Risk: Compared to investment companies that focus only on large capitalization companies, the Fund’s share price may be more volatile
because it also invests in small and medium capitalization companies. Compared to large companies, small and medium capitalization companies are more likely to have (i) more limited product lines or markets and less mature businesses, (ii) fewer
capital resources, (iii) more limited management depth and (iv) shorter operating histories. Further, compared to large cap stocks, the securities of small and medium capitalization companies are more likely to experience sharper swings in market
values, be harder to sell at times and at prices that the Fund’s investment adviser believes appropriate, and offer greater potential for gains and losses.
Foreign Securities: The Fund may invest in foreign securities, including direct investments in securities of foreign issuers that are traded on a U.S. securities
exchange or over the counter and investments in depository receipts (such as American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”)), ETFs and other closed-end investment companies that represent indirect interests in securities of foreign issuers. The Fund is not
limited in the amount of assets it may invest in such foreign securities. These investments involve certain risks not generally associated with investments in the securities of U.S. issuers, including the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency
exchange rates, unreliable and untimely information about the issuers and political and economic instability. These risks could result in the Fund’s investment adviser misjudging the value of certain securities or in a significant loss in the value
of those securities.
The value of foreign securities is affected by changes in currency rates, foreign tax laws (including withholding and confiscatory taxes), government policies (in this country or abroad), relations between nations and
trading, settlement, custodial and other operational risks. In addition, the costs of investing abroad are generally higher than in the United States, and foreign securities markets may be less liquid, more volatile and less subject to governmental
supervision than markets in the U.S. As an alternative to holding foreign traded securities, the Fund may invest in dollar-denominated securities of foreign companies that trade on U.S. exchanges or in the U.S. over-the-counter market (including depositary receipts as described below, which evidence ownership in underlying foreign securities, and ETFs as described above).
Because foreign companies are not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies, there may be less publicly available
information about a foreign company than about a domestic company. Volume and liquidity in most foreign debt markets is less than in the United States and securities of some foreign companies are less liquid and more volatile than securities of
comparable U.S. companies. There is generally less government supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, broker dealers and listed companies than in the United States. Mail service between the United States and foreign countries may be
slower or less reliable than within the United States, thus increasing the risk of delayed settlements of portfolio transactions or loss of certificates for portfolio securities. Payment for securities before delivery may be required. In addition,
with respect to certain foreign countries, including those with emerging markets, there is the possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, political or social instability, or diplomatic developments which could affect investments in those
countries. For example, prior governmental approval for foreign investments may be required in some emerging market countries, and the extent of foreign investment may be subject to limitation in other emerging countries. Moreover, individual
foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. Foreign securities
markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as those in the United States, and securities of some foreign issuers (particularly those located in developing countries) may be less liquid and more volatile than
securities of comparable U.S. companies.
The Fund may purchase ADRs, international depositary receipts (“IDRs”) and global depository receipts (“GDRs”) which are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of foreign issuers and are alternatives to purchasing
directly the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. However, such depository receipts continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. These risks include foreign
exchange risk as well as the political and economic risks associated with the underlying issuer’s country. ADRs, EDRs and GDRs may be sponsored or unsponsored. Unsponsored receipts are established without the participation of the issuer.
Unsponsored receipts may involve higher expenses, they may not pass-through voting or other stockholder rights, and they may be less liquid. Less information is normally available on unsponsored receipts. Dividends paid on foreign securities may not qualify for the reduced federal income tax rates applicable to qualified dividends under the Code. As a result, there can be no assurance as to what portion of the Fund’s
distributions attributable to foreign securities will be designated as qualified dividend income.
Emerging Market Securities: The Fund may invest up to 5% of its net assets in emerging market securities, although through its investments in ETFs, other
investment companies or depository receipts that invest in emerging market securities, up to 20% of the Fund’s assets may be invested indirectly in issuers located in emerging markets. The risks of foreign investments described above apply to an
even greater extent to investments in emerging markets. The securities markets of emerging countries are generally smaller, less developed, less liquid, and more volatile than the securities markets of the United States and developed foreign
markets. Disclosure and regulatory standards in many respects are less stringent than in the United States and developed foreign markets. There also may be a lower level of monitoring and regulation of securities markets in emerging market
countries and the activities of investors in such markets and enforcement of existing regulations has been extremely limited. Many emerging countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many
years. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had and may continue to have very negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging countries. Economies in emerging markets generally are heavily dependent
upon international trade and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be affected adversely by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values, and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the
countries with which they trade. The economies of these countries also have been and may continue to be adversely affected by economic conditions in the countries in which they trade. The economies of countries with emerging markets may also be
predominantly based on only a few industries or dependent on revenues from particular commodities. In addition, custodial services and other costs relating to investment in foreign markets may be more expensive in emerging markets than in many
developed foreign markets, which could reduce the Fund’s income from such securities. In many cases, governments of emerging countries continue to exercise significant control over their economies, and government actions relative to the economy, as
well as economic developments generally, may affect the Fund’s investments in those countries. In addition, there is a heightened possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, imposition of withholding taxes on interest payments, or other
similar developments that could affect investments in those countries. There can be no assurance that adverse political changes will not cause the Fund to suffer a loss of any or all of its investments. Dividends paid by issuers in emerging market
countries will generally not qualify for the reduced federal income tax rates applicable to qualified dividends under the Code. Preferred Stocks: The Fund may invest in preferred stocks. Preferred stock, like common stock, represents an equity ownership in an issuer. Generally, preferred
stock has a priority of claim over common stock in dividend payments and upon liquidation of the issuer. Unlike common stock, preferred stock does not usually have voting rights. Preferred stock in some instances is convertible into common stock.
Although they are equity securities, preferred stocks have characteristics of both debt and common stock. Like debt, their promised income is contractually fixed. Like common stock, they do not have rights to precipitate bankruptcy proceedings or
collection activities in the event of missed payments. Other equity characteristics are their subordinated position in an issuer’s capital structure and that their quality and value are heavily dependent on the profitability of the issuer rather
than on any legal claims to specific assets or cash flows.
Investment in preferred stocks carries risks, including credit risk, deferral risk, redemption risk, limited voting rights, risk of subordination and lack of liquidity. Fully taxable or hybrid preferred securities
typically contain provisions that allow an issuer, at its discretion, to defer distributions for up to 20 consecutive quarters. Distributions on preferred stock must be declared by the board of directors and may be subject to deferral, and thus they
may not be automatically payable. Income payments on preferred stocks may be cumulative, causing dividends and distributions to accrue even if not declared by the company’s board or otherwise made payable, or they may be non-cumulative, so that
skipped dividends and distributions do not continue to accrue. There is no assurance that dividends on preferred stocks in which the Fund invests will be declared or otherwise made payable. The Fund may invest in non-cumulative preferred stock,
although the Fund’s investment adviser would consider, among other factors, their non-cumulative nature in making any decision to purchase or sell such securities.
Shares of preferred stock have a liquidation value that generally equals the original purchase price at the date of issuance. The market values of preferred stock may be affected by favorable and unfavorable changes
impacting the issuers’ industries or sectors, including companies in the utilities and financial services sectors, which are prominent issuers of preferred stock. They may also be affected by actual and anticipated changes or ambiguities in the tax
status of the security and by actual and anticipated changes or ambiguities in tax laws, such as changes in corporate and individual income tax rates, and in the dividends received deduction for corporate taxpayers or the lower rates applicable to
certain dividends.
Because the claim on an issuer’s earnings represented by preferred stock may become onerous when interest rates fall below the rate payable on the stock or for other reasons, the issuer may redeem preferred stock, generally
after an initial period of call protection in which the stock is not redeemable. Thus, in declining interest rate environments in particular, the Fund’s holdings of higher dividend paying preferred stocks may be reduced and the Fund may be unable to acquire securities paying comparable rates with the redemption proceeds. In the event of a redemption, the Fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds
at comparable rates of return.
Convertible Securities. The Fund may invest in convertible securities. Convertible securities include fixed income securities that may be exchanged or converted
into a predetermined number of shares of the issuer’s underlying common stock at the option of the holder during a specified period. Convertible securities may take the form of convertible preferred stock, convertible bonds or debentures, units
consisting of “usable” bonds and warrants or a combination of the features of several of these securities. The investment characteristics of each convertible security vary widely, which allows convertible securities to be employed for a variety of
investment strategies. The Fund will exchange or convert convertible securities into shares of underlying common stock when, in the opinion of the Fund’s investment adviser, the investment characteristics of the underlying common shares will assist
the Fund in achieving its investment objective. The Fund may also elect to hold or trade convertible securities. In selecting convertible securities, the Fund’s investment adviser evaluates the investment characteristics of the convertible security
as a fixed income instrument, and the investment potential of the underlying equity security for capital appreciation. In evaluating these matters with respect to a particular convertible security, the Fund’s investment adviser considers numerous
factors, including the economic and political outlook, the value of the security relative to other investment alternatives, trends in the determinants of the issuer’s profits, and the issuer’s management capability and practices.
The value of a convertible security, including, for example, a warrant, is a function of its “investment value” (determined by its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality
that do not have a conversion privilege) and its “conversion value” (the security’s worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying common stock). The investment value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates,
with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors may also have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. The conversion value of
a convertible security is determined by the market price of the underlying common stock. If the conversion value is low relative to the investment value, the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value.
Generally, the conversion value decreases as the convertible security approaches maturity. To the extent the market price of the underlying common stock approaches or exceeds the conversion price, the price of the convertible security will be
increasingly influenced by its conversion value. A convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed income security. A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s
governing instrument. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption, the Fund will be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security, convert it into the underlying common stock or sell it to a third party. Any of these
actions could have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective.
Real Estate Investment Trusts. The Fund may invest in real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). REITs are financial vehicles that pool investors’ capital to
purchase or finance real estate. Investments in REITs will subject the Fund to various risks. REIT share prices may decline because of adverse developments affecting the real estate industry and real property values. In general, real estate values
can be affected by a variety of factors, including supply and demand for properties, the economic health of the country or of different regions, and the strength of specific industries that rent properties. REITs often invest in highly leveraged
properties. Returns from REITs, which typically are small or medium capitalization stocks, may trail returns from the overall stock market. In addition, changes in interest rates may hurt real estate values or make REIT shares less attractive than
other income-producing investments. REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency, defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation.
Qualification as a REIT under the Code in any particular year is a complex analysis that depends on a number of factors. There can be no assurance that the entities in which the Fund invests with the expectation that they
will be taxed as a REIT will qualify as a REIT. An entity that fails to qualify as a REIT would be subject to a corporate level tax, would not be entitled to a deduction for dividends paid to its stockholders and would not pass through to its
stockholders the character of income earned by the entity. If the Fund were to invest in an entity that failed to qualify as a REIT, such failure could significantly reduce the Fund’s yield on that investment.
REITs can be classified as equity REITs, mortgage REITs and hybrid REITs. Equity REITs invest primarily in real property and earn rental income from leasing those properties. They may also realize gains or losses from the
sale of properties. Equity REITs will be affected by conditions in the real estate rental market and by changes in the value of the properties they own. Mortgage REITs invest primarily in mortgages and similar real estate interests and receive
interest payments from the owners of the mortgaged properties. Mortgage REITs will be affected by changes in creditworthiness of borrowers and changes in interest rates. Hybrid REITs invest both in real property and in mortgages. Equity and
mortgage REITs are dependent upon management skills, may not be diversified and are subject to the risks of financing projects. Dividends paid by REITs will not generally qualify for the reduced U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to qualified dividends under the Code.
The Fund’s investments in REITs may include an additional risk to stockholders. Some or all of a REIT’s annual distributions to its investors may constitute a non-taxable return of capital. Any such return of capital will
generally reduce the Fund’s basis in the REIT investment, but not below zero. To the extent the distributions from a particular REIT exceed the Fund’s basis in such REIT, the Fund will generally recognize gain. In part because REIT distributions
often include a nontaxable return of capital, trust distributions to stockholders may also include a nontaxable return of capital. Stockholders that receive such a distribution will also reduce their tax basis in their common shares of the Fund, but
not below zero. To the extent the distribution exceeds a stockholder’s basis in the Fund’s common shares such stockholder will generally recognize a capital gain.
The Fund does not have any investment restrictions with respect to investments in REITs other than its concentration policy which limits its investments in REITs to no more than 25% of its assets.
Issuer Risk: The value of an issuer’s securities that are held in the Fund’s portfolio may decline for a number of reasons which directly relate to the issuer,
such as management performance, financial leverage and reduced demand for the issuer’s goods and services.
Foreign Currency Risk: Although the Fund will report its NAV and pay expenses and distributions in U.S. dollars, the Fund may invest in foreign securities
denominated or quoted in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Therefore, changes in foreign currency exchange rates will affect the U.S. dollar value of the Fund’s investment securities and NAV. For example, even if the securities prices are
unchanged on their primary foreign stock exchange, the Fund’s NAV may change because of a change in the rate of exchange between the U.S. dollar and the trading currency of that primary foreign stock exchange. Certain currencies are more volatile
than those of other countries and Fund investments related to those countries may be more affected. Generally, if a foreign currency depreciates against the dollar (i.e., if the dollar strengthens), the value of the existing investment in the
securities denominated in that currency will decline. When a given currency appreciates against the dollar (i.e., if the dollar weakens), the value of the existing investment in the securities denominated in that currency will rise. Certain foreign
countries may impose restrictions on the ability of foreign securities issuers to make payments of principal and interest to investors located outside of the country, due to a blockage of foreign currency exchanges or otherwise.
Defensive Positions: During periods of adverse market or economic conditions, the Fund may temporarily invest all or a substantial portion of its net assets in
cash or cash equivalents. The Fund would not be pursuing its investment objective in these circumstances and could miss favorable market developments. Risk Characteristics of Options and Futures: Options and futures transactions can be highly volatile investments. Successful hedging strategies require the
anticipation of future movements in securities prices, interest rates and other economic factors. When a fund uses futures contracts and options as hedging devices, the prices of the securities subject to the futures contracts and options may not
correlate with the prices of the securities in a portfolio. This may cause the futures and options to react to market changes differently than the portfolio securities. Even if expectations about the market and economic factors are correct, a hedge
could be unsuccessful if changes in the value of the portfolio securities do not correspond to changes in the value of the futures contracts. The ability to establish and close out futures contracts and options on futures contracts positions depends
on the availability of a secondary market. If these positions cannot be closed out due to disruptions in the market or lack of liquidity, losses may be sustained on the futures contract or option. In addition, the Fund’s use of options and futures
may have the effect of reducing gains made by virtue of increases in value of the Fund’s common stock holdings.
Securities Lending Risk: Securities lending is subject to the risk that loaned securities may not be available to the Fund on a timely basis and the Fund may,
therefore, lose the opportunity to sell the securities at a desirable price. Any loss in the market price of securities loaned by the Fund that occurs during the term of the loan would be borne by the Fund and would adversely affect the Fund’s
performance. Also, there may be delays in recovery, or no recovery, of securities loaned or even a loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower of the securities fail financially while the loan is outstanding. The Fund would not have the
right to vote any securities having voting rights during the existence of the loan.
Discount Risk: Historically, the shares of the Fund, as well as those of other closed-end investment companies, have frequently traded at a discount to their NAV.
Any premium or discount to NAV often fluctuates over time. See “Price Range of Common Stock.”
Other Risks: In addition to the risks detailed above, the Fund also has investments in auction rate preferred securities, business development companies, special
purpose acquisition vehicles, liquidation claims, warrants and rights. All of these other investments can subject the Fund to various risks. Any of these investments could have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment
objective.
Investment transactions and investment income—Investment transactions are recorded on the trade date. Realized gains and losses from investment transactions are calculated using the
identified cost method. Dividend income is recorded on the ex-dividend date. Interest income is recorded on an accrual basis. Discounts are accreted and premiums are amortized using the effective yield method as adjustments to interest income and the identified cost of investments.
Dividends and distributions—On March 4, 2019, the Fund received authorization from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) that permits the Fund to distribute
long-term capital gains to stockholders more than once per year. Accordingly, the Board approved the implementation of a Managed Distribution Plan (“MDP”) to make monthly cash distributions to stockholders. Under the MDP, distributions will be made
from current income, supplemented by realized capital gains and, to the extent necessary, paid in capital. In the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Fund made monthly distributions to common stockholders at an annual rate of 8%, based on the NAV of
the Fund’s common shares as of the close of business on the last business day of the previous year. Dividends and distributions to common shareholders are recorded on the ex-dividend date. The amount of dividends from net investment income and
distributions from net realized capital gains was determined in accordance with federal income tax regulations, which may differ from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. These “book/tax” differences are either considered temporary or
permanent in nature. To the extent these differences are permanent in nature, such amounts are reclassified within the capital accounts based on their federal tax-basis treatment; temporary differences do not require reclassification.
The Fund has made certain investments in Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”) which pay distributions to their shareholders based upon available funds from operations. Each REIT reports annually the tax character of its
distributions. It is quite common for these distributions to exceed the REIT’s taxable earnings and profits resulting in the excess portion of such distributions being designated as a return of capital or long-term capital gain. The Fund intends to
include the gross distributions from such REITs in its distributions to its shareholders; accordingly, a portion of the distributions paid to the Fund and subsequently distributed to shareholders may be re-characterized. The final determination of
the amount of the Fund’s return of capital distribution for the period will be made after the end of each calendar year.
Holders of Convertible Preferred Stock receive calendar quarterly dividends at the rate of 2.75% of the Subscription Price per year. Dividends on the Convertible Preferred Stock are fully cumulative, and accumulate without
interest from the date of original issuance of the Convertible Preferred Stock.
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| Capital Stock, Long-Term Debt, and Other Securities [Abstract] |
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| Capital Stock [Table Text Block] |
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Convertible Preferred Stock
During the year ended December 31, 2021 the Fund converted 2,163,053 shares or $54,076,325 of the Fund’s Convertible Preferred Stock, Series B into 4,211,996 shares of the Fund’s common stock. The remaining 60,923 of
Convertible Preferred Shares were redeemed at $25 per share for a total of $1,523,075.
On January 21, 2022 the Fund completed its Convertible Preferred Rights offering at $25 per share. As a result of this offering the Fund raised $58,373,850 and
issued 2,334,954 shares of 2.75% Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C. The holders of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C may convert their shares to common stock on a quarterly basis at a conversion rate equivalent to
the current conversion price of $17.677 per share of common stock (which is a current ratio of 1.4143 shares of common stock for each share of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C held). The conversion price (and resulting conversion ratio) will be
adjusted for any distributions made to or on behalf of common stockholders. Following any such conversion, shares of common stock shall be issued as soon as reasonably practicable following the next quarterly dividend payment date. Until the
mandatory redemption date of the Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C, January 21, 2027, at any time following the second anniversary of the expiration date of the Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C rights offering, the Board may, in its sole
discretion, redeem all or any part of the then outstanding shares of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C at $25.00 per share. Under such circumstances, the Fund shall provide no less than 30 days’ notice to the holders of Convertible Preferred
Stock, Series C that, unless such shares have been converted by a certain date, the shares will be redeemed. If, at any time from and after the date of issuance of the Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C, the market price of the common stock is
equal to or greater than $20.93 per share (as adjusted for dividends or other distributions made to or on behalf of holders of the common stock), the Board may, in its sole discretion, require the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C
to convert all or any part of their shares into shares of common stock at a conversion rate equivalent to the current conversion price of $17.677 per share of common stock (which is a current ratio of 1.4143 shares of common stock for each share of
Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C held), subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events.
During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Fund purchased 14,061 shares of preferred stock in the open market at a cost of $324,710. The weighted average discount of these purchases comparing the average purchase price
to liquidation value at the close of the New York Stock Exchange was 7.99%.
The conversion price (and resulting conversion ratio) will be adjusted for any dividends or other distributions made to or on behalf of common stockholders. Notice of such mandatory conversion shall be provided by the Fund
in accordance with its Articles of Incorporation. In connection with all conversions shareholders of Convertible Preferred Stock would receive payment for all declared and unpaid dividends on the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock held to the date
of conversion, but after conversion would no longer be entitled to the dividends, liquidation preference or other rights attributable to holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock. The Convertible Preferred Stock is classified outside of the
permanent equity (net assets applicable to Common Stockholders) in the accompanying financial statements in accordance with accounting for redeemable equity instruments, which requires preferred securities that are redeemable for cash or other assets to be classified outside of permanent equity to the extent that the redemption is at a fixed or determinable price and at
the option of the holder or upon occurrence of an event that is not solely within the control of the issuer. The Fund is required to meet certain asset coverage tests with respect to the Convertible Preferred Stock as required by the 1940 Act. In
addition, pursuant to the Rating Agency Guidelines established by Moody’s, the Fund is required to maintain a certain discounted asset coverage. If the Fund fails to meet these requirements and does not correct such failure, the Fund may be required
to redeem, in part or in full, the Convertible Preferred Stock at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus an amount equal to the accumulated and unpaid dividends, whether or not declared on such shares, in order to meet these requirements.
Additionally, failure to meet the foregoing asset coverage requirements could restrict the Fund’s ability to pay dividends to Common Stockholders and could lead to sales of portfolio securities at inopportune times. The Fund has met these
requirements since issuing the Convertible Preferred Stock. |
| Preferred Stock Restrictions, Other [Text Block] |
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On January 21, 2022 the Fund completed its Convertible Preferred Rights offering at $25 per share. As a result of this offering the Fund raised $58,373,850 and
issued 2,334,954 shares of 2.75% Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C. The holders of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C may convert their shares to common stock on a quarterly basis at a conversion rate equivalent to
the current conversion price of $17.677 per share of common stock (which is a current ratio of 1.4143 shares of common stock for each share of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C held). The conversion price (and resulting conversion ratio) will be
adjusted for any distributions made to or on behalf of common stockholders. Following any such conversion, shares of common stock shall be issued as soon as reasonably practicable following the next quarterly dividend payment date. Until the
mandatory redemption date of the Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C, January 21, 2027, at any time following the second anniversary of the expiration date of the Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C rights offering, the Board may, in its sole
discretion, redeem all or any part of the then outstanding shares of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C at $25.00 per share. Under such circumstances, the Fund shall provide no less than 30 days’ notice to the holders of Convertible Preferred
Stock, Series C that, unless such shares have been converted by a certain date, the shares will be redeemed. If, at any time from and after the date of issuance of the Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C, the market price of the common stock is
equal to or greater than $20.93 per share (as adjusted for dividends or other distributions made to or on behalf of holders of the common stock), the Board may, in its sole discretion, require the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C
to convert all or any part of their shares into shares of common stock at a conversion rate equivalent to the current conversion price of $17.677 per share of common stock (which is a current ratio of 1.4143 shares of common stock for each share of
Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C held), subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events.
During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Fund purchased 14,061 shares of preferred stock in the open market at a cost of $324,710. The weighted average discount of these purchases comparing the average purchase price
to liquidation value at the close of the New York Stock Exchange was 7.99%.
The conversion price (and resulting conversion ratio) will be adjusted for any dividends or other distributions made to or on behalf of common stockholders. Notice of such mandatory conversion shall be provided by the Fund
in accordance with its Articles of Incorporation. In connection with all conversions shareholders of Convertible Preferred Stock would receive payment for all declared and unpaid dividends on the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock held to the date
of conversion, but after conversion would no longer be entitled to the dividends, liquidation preference or other rights attributable to holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock. The Convertible Preferred Stock is classified outside of the
permanent equity (net assets applicable to Common Stockholders) in the accompanying financial statements in accordance with accounting for redeemable equity instruments, which requires preferred securities that are redeemable for cash or other assets to be classified outside of permanent equity to the extent that the redemption is at a fixed or determinable price and at
the option of the holder or upon occurrence of an event that is not solely within the control of the issuer. The Fund is required to meet certain asset coverage tests with respect to the Convertible Preferred Stock as required by the 1940 Act. In
addition, pursuant to the Rating Agency Guidelines established by Moody’s, the Fund is required to maintain a certain discounted asset coverage. If the Fund fails to meet these requirements and does not correct such failure, the Fund may be required
to redeem, in part or in full, the Convertible Preferred Stock at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus an amount equal to the accumulated and unpaid dividends, whether or not declared on such shares, in order to meet these requirements.
Additionally, failure to meet the foregoing asset coverage requirements could restrict the Fund’s ability to pay dividends to Common Stockholders and could lead to sales of portfolio securities at inopportune times. The Fund has met these
requirements since issuing the Convertible Preferred Stock.
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| Other Closed-End Investment Company Securities [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Risk [Text Block] |
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Other Closed-End Investment Company Securities: The Fund invests in the securities of other closed-end investment companies. Investing in other closed-end
investment companies involves substantially the same risks as investing directly in the underlying instruments, but the total return on such investments at the investment company level may be reduced by the operating expenses and fees of such other
closed-end investment companies, including advisory fees. There can be no assurance that the investment objective of any investment company in which the Fund invests will be achieved. Closed-end investment companies are subject to the risks of
investing in the underlying securities. The Fund, as a holder of the securities of another closed-end investment company, will bear its pro rata portion of the closed-end investment company’s expenses, including advisory fees. These expenses are in
addition to the direct expenses of the Fund’s own operations. To the extent the Fund invests a portion of its assets in investment company securities, those assets will be subject to the risks of the purchased investment company’s portfolio
securities, and a stockholder in the Fund will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, the expenses of the purchased investment company. The market price of a closed-end investment company fluctuates
and may be either higher or lower than the NAV of such closed-end investment company.
In accordance with Section 12(d)(1)(F) of the 1940 Act, the Fund will be limited by provisions of the 1940 Act that limit the amount the Fund, together with its affiliated persons, can invest in other investment companies
to 3% of any other investment company’s total outstanding stock. As a result, the Fund may hold a smaller position in a closed-end investment company than if it were not subject to this restriction.
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| Special Purpose Acquisition Companies [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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Special Purpose Acquisition Companies. The Fund may invest in units, stock, warrants, and other securities of special purpose acquisition companies or similar
special purpose entities that pool funds to seek potential acquisition opportunities (“SPACs”). Unless and until an acquisition meeting the SPAC’s requirements is completed, a SPAC generally deposits substantially all of the cash raised in its IPO
(less a specified amount to cover operating expenses) in a bank trust account which is generally invested in U.S. Government securities, money market securities and cash. If an acquisition that meets the requirements for the SPAC is not completed
within a pre-established period of time, the invested funds are returned to the entity’s shareholders. In addition, just prior to completion of an acquisition, shareholders of the SPAC can redeem their shares for a pro rata share of the value of the
trust account. Because SPACs have no operating history or ongoing business other than seeking acquisitions, the value of their securities can vary on the perceived likelihood of management to identify and complete a profitable acquisition. In
addition, such securities are subject to secondary market risk and may decline in value if sold prior to deal completion or trust liquidation. However, until a SPAC is liquidated or completes an acquisition, its common stock is unlikely to fall
substantially below the per share value of the trust account. If an acquisition is completed, the former SPAC’s shares and other securities will take on the same risks as an equivalent investment in the acquired company. Some SPACs may pursue
acquisitions only within certain industries or regions, which may increase the volatility of their prices.
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| Short sales [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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Short sales. The Fund is authorized to make short sales. The Fund effects a short sale by borrowing and selling a security it does not own in anticipation of a
decline in the value of the security or to hedge against the decline of a security the Fund owns. Short sales carry risks of loss if the price of the security sold short increases after the short sale. As collateral for its short positions, the Fund
is required under the 1940 Act to maintain segregated assets consisting of cash, cash equivalents, or liquid securities. The amount of segregated assets is required to be adjusted daily to the extent additional collateral is required based on the
change in fair value of the securities sold short.
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| Common Stocks [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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Common Stocks. The Fund invests in common stocks. Common stocks represent an ownership interest in a company. The Fund may also invest in securities that can be
exercised for or converted into common stocks (such as convertible preferred stock). Common stocks and similar equity securities are more volatile and riskier than some other forms of investment. Therefore, the value of your investment in the Fund
may sometimes decrease instead of increase. Common stock prices fluctuate for many reasons, including adverse events such as unfavorable earnings reports, changes in investors’ perceptions of the financial condition of an issuer, the general
condition of the relevant stock market or when political or economic events affecting the issuers occur. In addition, common stock prices may be sensitive to rising interest rates, as the costs of capital rise and borrowing costs increase for
issuers. Because convertible securities can be converted into equity securities, their values will normally increase or decrease as the values of the underlying equity securities increase or decrease. The common stocks in which the Fund invests are structurally
subordinated to preferred securities, bonds and other debt instruments in a company’s capital structure in terms of priority to corporate income and assets and, therefore, will be subject to greater risk than the preferred securities or debt
instruments of such issuers.
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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Exchange Traded Funds. The Fund may invest in exchange-traded funds, which are investment companies that, in general, aim to track or replicate a desired index,
such as a sector, market or global segment. ETFs are passively or, to a lesser extent, actively managed and their shares are traded on a national exchange. ETFs do not sell individual shares directly to investors and only issue their shares in
large blocks known as “creation units.” The investor purchasing a creation unit may sell the individual shares on a secondary market. Therefore, the liquidity of ETFs depends on the adequacy of the secondary market. There can be no assurance that
an ETF’s investment objective will be achieved, as ETFs based on an index may not replicate and maintain exactly the composition and relative weightings of securities in the index. ETFs are subject to the risks of investing in the underlying
securities. The Fund, as a holder of the securities of the ETF, will bear its pro rata portion of the ETF’s expenses, including advisory fees. These expenses are in addition to the direct expenses of the Fund’s own operations.
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| Fixed Income Securities, including Non-Investment Grade Securities [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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Fixed Income Securities, including Non-Investment Grade Securities. The Fund may invest in fixed income securities, also referred to as debt securities. Fixed
income securities are subject to credit risk and market risk. Credit risk is the risk of the issuer’s inability to meet its principal and interest payment obligations. Market risk is the risk of price volatility due to such factors as interest rate
sensitivity, market perception of the creditworthiness of the issuer and general market liquidity. There is no limitation on the maturities or duration of fixed income securities in which the Fund invests. Securities having longer maturities
generally involve greater risk of fluctuations in value resulting from changes in interest rates. The Fund’s credit quality policy with respect to investments in fixed income securities does not require the Fund to dispose of any debt securities
owned in the event that such security’s rating declines to below investment grade, commonly referred to as “junk bonds.” Although lower quality debt typically pays a higher yield, such investments involve substantial risk of loss. Junk bonds are
considered predominantly speculative with respect to the issuer’s ability to pay interest and principal and are susceptible to default or decline in market value due to adverse economic and business developments. The market values for junk bonds
tend to be very volatile and those securities are less liquid than investment grade debt securities. Moreover, junk bonds pose a greater risk that exercise of any of their redemption or call provisions in a declining market may result in their
replacement by lower-yielding bonds. In addition, bonds in the lowest two investment grade categories, despite being of higher credit rating than junk bonds, have speculative characteristics with respect to the issuer’s ability to pay interest and
principal and their susceptibility to default or decline in market value.
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| Corporate Bonds, Government Debt Securities and Other Debt Securities [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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Corporate Bonds, Government Debt Securities and Other Debt Securities: The Fund may invest in corporate bonds, debentures and other debt securities. Debt
securities in which the Fund may invest may pay fixed or variable rates of interest. Bonds and other debt securities generally are issued by corporations and other issuers to borrow money from investors. The issuer pays the investor a fixed or
variable rate of interest and normally must repay the amount borrowed on or before maturity. Certain debt securities are “perpetual” in that they have no maturity date.
The Fund may invest in government debt securities, including those of emerging market issuers or of other non-U.S. issuers. These securities may be U.S. dollar-denominated or non-U.S. dollar-denominated and include: (a)
debt obligations issued or guaranteed by foreign national, provincial, state, municipal or other governments with taxing authority or by their agencies or instrumentalities; and (b) debt obligations of supranational entities. Government debt
securities include: debt securities issued or guaranteed by governments, government agencies or instrumentalities and political subdivisions; debt securities issued by government owned, controlled or sponsored entities; interests in entities
organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics issued by the above noted issuers; or debt securities issued by supranational entities such as the World Bank or the European Union. The Fund may also invest in
securities denominated in currencies of emerging market countries. Emerging market debt securities generally are rated in the lower rating categories of recognized credit rating agencies or are unrated and considered to be of comparable quality to
lower rated debt securities. A non-U.S. issuer of debt or the non-U.S. governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or interest when due, and the Fund may have limited resources in the
event of a default. Some of these risks do not apply to issuers in large, more developed countries. These risks are more pronounced in investments in issuers in emerging markets or if the Fund invests significantly in one country.
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| Short Sale Risk [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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Short Sale Risk: When a cash dividend is declared on a security in which the Fund holds a short position, the Fund incurs the obligation to pay an amount equal to
that dividend to the lender of the shorted security.
Depending on arrangements made with the broker-dealer from which it borrowed the security regarding payment over of any payments received by the Fund on such security, the Fund may not receive any payments (including
interest) on its collateral deposited with such broker-dealer.
Although the Fund’s gain is limited to the price at which it sold the security short, its potential loss is unlimited. Purchasing securities to close out the short position can itself cause the price of the securities to rise further, thereby exacerbating a possible loss. Short selling exposes the Fund to unlimited risk with respect to
that security due to the lack of an upper limit on the price to which an instrument can rise.
The requirements of the 1940 Act and Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) provide that the Fund not make a short sale if, after giving effect to such sale, the market value of all securities sold short by
the Fund exceeds 30% of the value of its managed assets.
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| Small and Medium Cap Company Risk [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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Small and Medium Cap Company Risk: Compared to investment companies that focus only on large capitalization companies, the Fund’s share price may be more volatile
because it also invests in small and medium capitalization companies. Compared to large companies, small and medium capitalization companies are more likely to have (i) more limited product lines or markets and less mature businesses, (ii) fewer
capital resources, (iii) more limited management depth and (iv) shorter operating histories. Further, compared to large cap stocks, the securities of small and medium capitalization companies are more likely to experience sharper swings in market
values, be harder to sell at times and at prices that the Fund’s investment adviser believes appropriate, and offer greater potential for gains and losses.
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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Foreign Securities: The Fund may invest in foreign securities, including direct investments in securities of foreign issuers that are traded on a U.S. securities
exchange or over the counter and investments in depository receipts (such as American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”)), ETFs and other closed-end investment companies that represent indirect interests in securities of foreign issuers. The Fund is not
limited in the amount of assets it may invest in such foreign securities. These investments involve certain risks not generally associated with investments in the securities of U.S. issuers, including the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency
exchange rates, unreliable and untimely information about the issuers and political and economic instability. These risks could result in the Fund’s investment adviser misjudging the value of certain securities or in a significant loss in the value
of those securities.
The value of foreign securities is affected by changes in currency rates, foreign tax laws (including withholding and confiscatory taxes), government policies (in this country or abroad), relations between nations and
trading, settlement, custodial and other operational risks. In addition, the costs of investing abroad are generally higher than in the United States, and foreign securities markets may be less liquid, more volatile and less subject to governmental
supervision than markets in the U.S. As an alternative to holding foreign traded securities, the Fund may invest in dollar-denominated securities of foreign companies that trade on U.S. exchanges or in the U.S. over-the-counter market (including depositary receipts as described below, which evidence ownership in underlying foreign securities, and ETFs as described above).
Because foreign companies are not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies, there may be less publicly available
information about a foreign company than about a domestic company. Volume and liquidity in most foreign debt markets is less than in the United States and securities of some foreign companies are less liquid and more volatile than securities of
comparable U.S. companies. There is generally less government supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, broker dealers and listed companies than in the United States. Mail service between the United States and foreign countries may be
slower or less reliable than within the United States, thus increasing the risk of delayed settlements of portfolio transactions or loss of certificates for portfolio securities. Payment for securities before delivery may be required. In addition,
with respect to certain foreign countries, including those with emerging markets, there is the possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, political or social instability, or diplomatic developments which could affect investments in those
countries. For example, prior governmental approval for foreign investments may be required in some emerging market countries, and the extent of foreign investment may be subject to limitation in other emerging countries. Moreover, individual
foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. Foreign securities
markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as those in the United States, and securities of some foreign issuers (particularly those located in developing countries) may be less liquid and more volatile than
securities of comparable U.S. companies.
The Fund may purchase ADRs, international depositary receipts (“IDRs”) and global depository receipts (“GDRs”) which are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of foreign issuers and are alternatives to purchasing
directly the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. However, such depository receipts continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. These risks include foreign
exchange risk as well as the political and economic risks associated with the underlying issuer’s country. ADRs, EDRs and GDRs may be sponsored or unsponsored. Unsponsored receipts are established without the participation of the issuer.
Unsponsored receipts may involve higher expenses, they may not pass-through voting or other stockholder rights, and they may be less liquid. Less information is normally available on unsponsored receipts. Dividends paid on foreign securities may not qualify for the reduced federal income tax rates applicable to qualified dividends under the Code. As a result, there can be no assurance as to what portion of the Fund’s
distributions attributable to foreign securities will be designated as qualified dividend income.
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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Emerging Market Securities: The Fund may invest up to 5% of its net assets in emerging market securities, although through its investments in ETFs, other
investment companies or depository receipts that invest in emerging market securities, up to 20% of the Fund’s assets may be invested indirectly in issuers located in emerging markets. The risks of foreign investments described above apply to an
even greater extent to investments in emerging markets. The securities markets of emerging countries are generally smaller, less developed, less liquid, and more volatile than the securities markets of the United States and developed foreign
markets. Disclosure and regulatory standards in many respects are less stringent than in the United States and developed foreign markets. There also may be a lower level of monitoring and regulation of securities markets in emerging market
countries and the activities of investors in such markets and enforcement of existing regulations has been extremely limited. Many emerging countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many
years. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had and may continue to have very negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging countries. Economies in emerging markets generally are heavily dependent
upon international trade and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be affected adversely by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values, and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the
countries with which they trade. The economies of these countries also have been and may continue to be adversely affected by economic conditions in the countries in which they trade. The economies of countries with emerging markets may also be
predominantly based on only a few industries or dependent on revenues from particular commodities. In addition, custodial services and other costs relating to investment in foreign markets may be more expensive in emerging markets than in many
developed foreign markets, which could reduce the Fund’s income from such securities. In many cases, governments of emerging countries continue to exercise significant control over their economies, and government actions relative to the economy, as
well as economic developments generally, may affect the Fund’s investments in those countries. In addition, there is a heightened possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, imposition of withholding taxes on interest payments, or other
similar developments that could affect investments in those countries. There can be no assurance that adverse political changes will not cause the Fund to suffer a loss of any or all of its investments. Dividends paid by issuers in emerging market
countries will generally not qualify for the reduced federal income tax rates applicable to qualified dividends under the Code.
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| Preferred Stocks [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Risk [Text Block] |
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Preferred Stocks: The Fund may invest in preferred stocks. Preferred stock, like common stock, represents an equity ownership in an issuer. Generally, preferred
stock has a priority of claim over common stock in dividend payments and upon liquidation of the issuer. Unlike common stock, preferred stock does not usually have voting rights. Preferred stock in some instances is convertible into common stock.
Although they are equity securities, preferred stocks have characteristics of both debt and common stock. Like debt, their promised income is contractually fixed. Like common stock, they do not have rights to precipitate bankruptcy proceedings or
collection activities in the event of missed payments. Other equity characteristics are their subordinated position in an issuer’s capital structure and that their quality and value are heavily dependent on the profitability of the issuer rather
than on any legal claims to specific assets or cash flows.
Investment in preferred stocks carries risks, including credit risk, deferral risk, redemption risk, limited voting rights, risk of subordination and lack of liquidity. Fully taxable or hybrid preferred securities
typically contain provisions that allow an issuer, at its discretion, to defer distributions for up to 20 consecutive quarters. Distributions on preferred stock must be declared by the board of directors and may be subject to deferral, and thus they
may not be automatically payable. Income payments on preferred stocks may be cumulative, causing dividends and distributions to accrue even if not declared by the company’s board or otherwise made payable, or they may be non-cumulative, so that
skipped dividends and distributions do not continue to accrue. There is no assurance that dividends on preferred stocks in which the Fund invests will be declared or otherwise made payable. The Fund may invest in non-cumulative preferred stock,
although the Fund’s investment adviser would consider, among other factors, their non-cumulative nature in making any decision to purchase or sell such securities.
Shares of preferred stock have a liquidation value that generally equals the original purchase price at the date of issuance. The market values of preferred stock may be affected by favorable and unfavorable changes
impacting the issuers’ industries or sectors, including companies in the utilities and financial services sectors, which are prominent issuers of preferred stock. They may also be affected by actual and anticipated changes or ambiguities in the tax
status of the security and by actual and anticipated changes or ambiguities in tax laws, such as changes in corporate and individual income tax rates, and in the dividends received deduction for corporate taxpayers or the lower rates applicable to
certain dividends.
Because the claim on an issuer’s earnings represented by preferred stock may become onerous when interest rates fall below the rate payable on the stock or for other reasons, the issuer may redeem preferred stock, generally
after an initial period of call protection in which the stock is not redeemable. Thus, in declining interest rate environments in particular, the Fund’s holdings of higher dividend paying preferred stocks may be reduced and the Fund may be unable to acquire securities paying comparable rates with the redemption proceeds. In the event of a redemption, the Fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds
at comparable rates of return.
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| Convertible Securities [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Risk [Text Block] |
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Convertible Securities. The Fund may invest in convertible securities. Convertible securities include fixed income securities that may be exchanged or converted
into a predetermined number of shares of the issuer’s underlying common stock at the option of the holder during a specified period. Convertible securities may take the form of convertible preferred stock, convertible bonds or debentures, units
consisting of “usable” bonds and warrants or a combination of the features of several of these securities. The investment characteristics of each convertible security vary widely, which allows convertible securities to be employed for a variety of
investment strategies. The Fund will exchange or convert convertible securities into shares of underlying common stock when, in the opinion of the Fund’s investment adviser, the investment characteristics of the underlying common shares will assist
the Fund in achieving its investment objective. The Fund may also elect to hold or trade convertible securities. In selecting convertible securities, the Fund’s investment adviser evaluates the investment characteristics of the convertible security
as a fixed income instrument, and the investment potential of the underlying equity security for capital appreciation. In evaluating these matters with respect to a particular convertible security, the Fund’s investment adviser considers numerous
factors, including the economic and political outlook, the value of the security relative to other investment alternatives, trends in the determinants of the issuer’s profits, and the issuer’s management capability and practices.
The value of a convertible security, including, for example, a warrant, is a function of its “investment value” (determined by its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality
that do not have a conversion privilege) and its “conversion value” (the security’s worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying common stock). The investment value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates,
with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors may also have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. The conversion value of
a convertible security is determined by the market price of the underlying common stock. If the conversion value is low relative to the investment value, the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value.
Generally, the conversion value decreases as the convertible security approaches maturity. To the extent the market price of the underlying common stock approaches or exceeds the conversion price, the price of the convertible security will be
increasingly influenced by its conversion value. A convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed income security. A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s
governing instrument. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption, the Fund will be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security, convert it into the underlying common stock or sell it to a third party. Any of these
actions could have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective.
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| Real Estate Investment Trusts [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Risk [Text Block] |
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Real Estate Investment Trusts. The Fund may invest in real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). REITs are financial vehicles that pool investors’ capital to
purchase or finance real estate. Investments in REITs will subject the Fund to various risks. REIT share prices may decline because of adverse developments affecting the real estate industry and real property values. In general, real estate values
can be affected by a variety of factors, including supply and demand for properties, the economic health of the country or of different regions, and the strength of specific industries that rent properties. REITs often invest in highly leveraged
properties. Returns from REITs, which typically are small or medium capitalization stocks, may trail returns from the overall stock market. In addition, changes in interest rates may hurt real estate values or make REIT shares less attractive than
other income-producing investments. REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency, defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation.
Qualification as a REIT under the Code in any particular year is a complex analysis that depends on a number of factors. There can be no assurance that the entities in which the Fund invests with the expectation that they
will be taxed as a REIT will qualify as a REIT. An entity that fails to qualify as a REIT would be subject to a corporate level tax, would not be entitled to a deduction for dividends paid to its stockholders and would not pass through to its
stockholders the character of income earned by the entity. If the Fund were to invest in an entity that failed to qualify as a REIT, such failure could significantly reduce the Fund’s yield on that investment.
REITs can be classified as equity REITs, mortgage REITs and hybrid REITs. Equity REITs invest primarily in real property and earn rental income from leasing those properties. They may also realize gains or losses from the
sale of properties. Equity REITs will be affected by conditions in the real estate rental market and by changes in the value of the properties they own. Mortgage REITs invest primarily in mortgages and similar real estate interests and receive
interest payments from the owners of the mortgaged properties. Mortgage REITs will be affected by changes in creditworthiness of borrowers and changes in interest rates. Hybrid REITs invest both in real property and in mortgages. Equity and
mortgage REITs are dependent upon management skills, may not be diversified and are subject to the risks of financing projects. Dividends paid by REITs will not generally qualify for the reduced U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to qualified dividends under the Code.
The Fund’s investments in REITs may include an additional risk to stockholders. Some or all of a REIT’s annual distributions to its investors may constitute a non-taxable return of capital. Any such return of capital will
generally reduce the Fund’s basis in the REIT investment, but not below zero. To the extent the distributions from a particular REIT exceed the Fund’s basis in such REIT, the Fund will generally recognize gain. In part because REIT distributions
often include a nontaxable return of capital, trust distributions to stockholders may also include a nontaxable return of capital. Stockholders that receive such a distribution will also reduce their tax basis in their common shares of the Fund, but
not below zero. To the extent the distribution exceeds a stockholder’s basis in the Fund’s common shares such stockholder will generally recognize a capital gain.
The Fund does not have any investment restrictions with respect to investments in REITs other than its concentration policy which limits its investments in REITs to no more than 25% of its assets.
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| Issuer Risk [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Risk [Text Block] |
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Issuer Risk: The value of an issuer’s securities that are held in the Fund’s portfolio may decline for a number of reasons which directly relate to the issuer,
such as management performance, financial leverage and reduced demand for the issuer’s goods and services.
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| Foreign Currency Risk [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Risk [Text Block] |
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Foreign Currency Risk: Although the Fund will report its NAV and pay expenses and distributions in U.S. dollars, the Fund may invest in foreign securities
denominated or quoted in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Therefore, changes in foreign currency exchange rates will affect the U.S. dollar value of the Fund’s investment securities and NAV. For example, even if the securities prices are
unchanged on their primary foreign stock exchange, the Fund’s NAV may change because of a change in the rate of exchange between the U.S. dollar and the trading currency of that primary foreign stock exchange. Certain currencies are more volatile
than those of other countries and Fund investments related to those countries may be more affected. Generally, if a foreign currency depreciates against the dollar (i.e., if the dollar strengthens), the value of the existing investment in the
securities denominated in that currency will decline. When a given currency appreciates against the dollar (i.e., if the dollar weakens), the value of the existing investment in the securities denominated in that currency will rise. Certain foreign
countries may impose restrictions on the ability of foreign securities issuers to make payments of principal and interest to investors located outside of the country, due to a blockage of foreign currency exchanges or otherwise.
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| Defensive Positions [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Risk [Text Block] |
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Defensive Positions: During periods of adverse market or economic conditions, the Fund may temporarily invest all or a substantial portion of its net assets in
cash or cash equivalents. The Fund would not be pursuing its investment objective in these circumstances and could miss favorable market developments.
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| Risk Characteristics of Options and Futures [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Risk [Text Block] |
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Risk Characteristics of Options and Futures: Options and futures transactions can be highly volatile investments. Successful hedging strategies require the
anticipation of future movements in securities prices, interest rates and other economic factors. When a fund uses futures contracts and options as hedging devices, the prices of the securities subject to the futures contracts and options may not
correlate with the prices of the securities in a portfolio. This may cause the futures and options to react to market changes differently than the portfolio securities. Even if expectations about the market and economic factors are correct, a hedge
could be unsuccessful if changes in the value of the portfolio securities do not correspond to changes in the value of the futures contracts. The ability to establish and close out futures contracts and options on futures contracts positions depends
on the availability of a secondary market. If these positions cannot be closed out due to disruptions in the market or lack of liquidity, losses may be sustained on the futures contract or option. In addition, the Fund’s use of options and futures
may have the effect of reducing gains made by virtue of increases in value of the Fund’s common stock holdings.
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| Securities Lending Risk [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Risk [Text Block] |
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Securities Lending Risk: Securities lending is subject to the risk that loaned securities may not be available to the Fund on a timely basis and the Fund may,
therefore, lose the opportunity to sell the securities at a desirable price. Any loss in the market price of securities loaned by the Fund that occurs during the term of the loan would be borne by the Fund and would adversely affect the Fund’s
performance. Also, there may be delays in recovery, or no recovery, of securities loaned or even a loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower of the securities fail financially while the loan is outstanding. The Fund would not have the
right to vote any securities having voting rights during the existence of the loan.
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| Discount Risk [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Risk [Text Block] |
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Discount Risk: Historically, the shares of the Fund, as well as those of other closed-end investment companies, have frequently traded at a discount to their NAV.
Any premium or discount to NAV often fluctuates over time. See “Price Range of Common Stock.”
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| Other Risks [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Risk [Text Block] |
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Other Risks: In addition to the risks detailed above, the Fund also has investments in auction rate preferred securities, business development companies, special
purpose acquisition vehicles, liquidation claims, warrants and rights. All of these other investments can subject the Fund to various risks. Any of these investments could have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment
objective.
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| Investment transactions and investment income [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Risk [Text Block] |
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Investment transactions and investment income—Investment transactions are recorded on the trade date. Realized gains and losses from investment transactions are calculated using the
identified cost method. Dividend income is recorded on the ex-dividend date. Interest income is recorded on an accrual basis. Discounts are accreted and premiums are amortized using the effective yield method as adjustments to interest income and the identified cost of investments.
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| Dividends and distributions [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Risk [Text Block] |
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Dividends and distributions—On March 4, 2019, the Fund received authorization from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) that permits the Fund to distribute
long-term capital gains to stockholders more than once per year. Accordingly, the Board approved the implementation of a Managed Distribution Plan (“MDP”) to make monthly cash distributions to stockholders. Under the MDP, distributions will be made
from current income, supplemented by realized capital gains and, to the extent necessary, paid in capital. In the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Fund made monthly distributions to common stockholders at an annual rate of 8%, based on the NAV of
the Fund’s common shares as of the close of business on the last business day of the previous year. Dividends and distributions to common shareholders are recorded on the ex-dividend date. The amount of dividends from net investment income and
distributions from net realized capital gains was determined in accordance with federal income tax regulations, which may differ from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. These “book/tax” differences are either considered temporary or
permanent in nature. To the extent these differences are permanent in nature, such amounts are reclassified within the capital accounts based on their federal tax-basis treatment; temporary differences do not require reclassification.
The Fund has made certain investments in Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”) which pay distributions to their shareholders based upon available funds from operations. Each REIT reports annually the tax character of its
distributions. It is quite common for these distributions to exceed the REIT’s taxable earnings and profits resulting in the excess portion of such distributions being designated as a return of capital or long-term capital gain. The Fund intends to
include the gross distributions from such REITs in its distributions to its shareholders; accordingly, a portion of the distributions paid to the Fund and subsequently distributed to shareholders may be re-characterized. The final determination of
the amount of the Fund’s return of capital distribution for the period will be made after the end of each calendar year.
Holders of Convertible Preferred Stock receive calendar quarterly dividends at the rate of 2.75% of the Subscription Price per year. Dividends on the Convertible Preferred Stock are fully cumulative, and accumulate without
interest from the date of original issuance of the Convertible Preferred Stock.
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| Preferred Shares [Member] |
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| Financial Highlights [Abstract] |
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| Senior Securities Amount |
$ 56,086
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$ 56,364
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$ 58,374
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$ 55,599
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$ 55,599
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$ 56,086
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| Senior Securities Coverage per Unit |
$ 95
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$ 95
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$ 89
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$ 87
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$ 86
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$ 95
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| Preferred Stock Liquidating Preference |
$ 25
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25
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| Capital Stock, Long-Term Debt, and Other Securities [Abstract] |
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| Outstanding Security, Title [Text Block] |
2.75
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| Outstanding Security, Not Held [Shares] |
2,243,456
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2,254,557
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2,334,954
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2,223,976
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2,223,976
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| Common Shares [Member] |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] |
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| Share Price |
$ 13.08
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$ 11.86
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$ 11.40
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$ 15.45
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$ 14.08
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$ 14.73
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13.08
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| NAV Per Share |
$ 15.51
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$ 14.30
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$ 13.01
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$ 16.55
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$ 16.13
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$ 16.06
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$ 15.51
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| Capital Stock, Long-Term Debt, and Other Securities [Abstract] |
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| Outstanding Security, Title [Text Block] |
Common stock
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| Outstanding Security, Authorized [Shares] |
199,995,800
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| Outstanding Security, Held [Shares] |
15,008,591
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| Outstanding Security, Not Held [Shares] |
10,778,236
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