experience, many years of service as one of our directors and our President and Chief Executive Officer and extensive scientific expertise and knowledge of the chemokine system.
Joseph M. Feczko, M.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2012. Until his retirement in May 2009,
Dr. Feczko was Senior Vice President and Chief Medical Officer of Pfizer Inc. and a member of its Executive Leadership Team with global responsibilities for all aspects of the companys medical, regulatory and safety activities.
Dr. Feczko served Pfizer in both New York and the United Kingdom since 1982, where he held positions of increasing responsibility in clinical research and regulatory affairs and safety, culminating in the role of Chief Medical Officer.
Dr. Feczko is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases. He has a B.S. degree from Loyola University Chicago, and an M.D. from the University of Illinois College of Medicine. Dr. Feczko presently serves on the board of
directors of Adenium Biotech. We believe Dr. Feczko is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his international leadership and management experience from his service as the Chief Medical Officer of a public pharmaceutical
company and as a director of several pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.
Board Independence
Our board of directors has determined that all of our directors are independent directors within the meaning of the applicable Nasdaq Stock
Market LLC, or Nasdaq, listing standards, except for Thomas J. Schall, Ph.D., our President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, Rita I. Jain, M.D., our Executive Vice President, Chief Medical Officer, and Susan M. Kanaya, our Executive Vice
President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer and Secretary.
Board Leadership Structure
Our board of directors currently has five independent directors and three employee directors. Our board of directors is currently chaired by
Dr. Schall, who is also our Chief Executive Officer. Our board of directors believes that Dr. Schalls service as both Chairman and Chief Executive Officer is in the best interests of our company and our stockholders. Dr. Schall
possesses detailed and in-depth knowledge of the issues, opportunities and challenges we face, and we believe he is the person best positioned to develop agendas that ensure that our board of directors
time and attention is focused on the most critical matters. Our board of directors believes that his combined role enables decisive leadership, ensures clear accountability and enhances our ability to communicate our message and strategy clearly and
consistently to stockholders, employees and strategic partners.
In November 2018, our board of directors appointed Mr. Edwards as
the lead independent director to help reinforce the independence of the board of directors as a whole. The position of lead independent director has been structured to serve as an effective balance to a combined Chief Executive Officer and Chairman
role. As the lead independent director, Mr. Edwards is empowered to, among other duties and responsibilities, review and provide input on the agendas for meetings of the board of directors, chair executive sessions in the absence of the
Chairman, serve as a liaison between the Chairman and the independent directors and serve as an independent point of contact for management and others wishing to communicate to the board of directors other than through the Chairman. As reinforcement
of the importance of an independent board of directors, the independent directors routinely meet outside the presence of our management, including Dr. Schall. For all of these reasons, the board of directors believes that the lead independent
director can help ensure the effective independent functioning of the board of directors in its oversight responsibilities.
The Boards Role in
Risk Oversight
Our board of directors has responsibility for the oversight of the companys risk management processes and, either
as a whole or through its committees, regularly discusses with management our major risk exposures, their potential impact on our business and the steps we take to manage them. The risk oversight process includes
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