0001636050false3/312022Q2.50.5033.3300016360502021-04-012021-09-30xbrli:shares00016360502021-11-10iso4217:USD00016360502021-09-3000016360502021-03-31iso4217:USDxbrli:shares0001636050us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember2021-07-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember2020-07-012020-09-300001636050us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember2020-04-012020-09-3000016360502021-07-012021-09-3000016360502020-07-012020-09-3000016360502020-04-012020-09-300001636050us-gaap:GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember2021-07-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember2020-07-012020-09-300001636050us-gaap:GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember2020-04-012020-09-300001636050us-gaap:CommonStockMember2020-03-310001636050us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2020-03-310001636050us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2020-03-310001636050us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2020-03-3100016360502020-03-310001636050us-gaap:CommonStockMember2020-04-012020-06-3000016360502020-04-012020-06-300001636050us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2020-04-012020-06-300001636050us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2020-04-012020-06-300001636050us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2020-04-012020-06-300001636050us-gaap:CommonStockMember2020-06-300001636050us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2020-06-300001636050us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2020-06-300001636050us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2020-06-3000016360502020-06-300001636050us-gaap:CommonStockMember2020-07-012020-09-300001636050us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2020-07-012020-09-300001636050us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2020-07-012020-09-300001636050us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2020-07-012020-09-300001636050us-gaap:CommonStockMember2020-09-300001636050us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2020-09-300001636050us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2020-09-300001636050us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2020-09-3000016360502020-09-300001636050us-gaap:CommonStockMember2021-03-310001636050us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2021-03-310001636050us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2021-03-310001636050us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2021-03-310001636050us-gaap:CommonStockMember2021-04-012021-06-3000016360502021-04-012021-06-300001636050us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2021-04-012021-06-300001636050us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2021-04-012021-06-300001636050us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2021-04-012021-06-300001636050us-gaap:CommonStockMember2021-06-300001636050us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2021-06-300001636050us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2021-06-300001636050us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2021-06-3000016360502021-06-300001636050us-gaap:CommonStockMember2021-07-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2021-07-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2021-07-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:CommonStockMember2021-09-300001636050us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2021-09-300001636050us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2021-09-300001636050us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2021-09-30siox:segment00016360502020-04-012021-03-310001636050siox:PublicStockOfferingMember2021-07-310001636050siox:EmployeeStockOptionAndWarrantMember2021-07-012021-09-300001636050siox:EmployeeStockOptionAndWarrantMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050siox:StockOptionsAndRSUsMember2020-07-012020-09-300001636050siox:StockOptionsAndRSUsMember2020-04-012020-09-300001636050us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMember2021-09-300001636050us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMember2021-03-310001636050us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMemberus-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member2021-09-300001636050us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Memberus-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMember2021-09-300001636050us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMemberus-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member2021-09-300001636050us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMemberus-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member2021-03-310001636050us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Memberus-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMember2021-03-310001636050us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMemberus-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member2021-03-310001636050siox:TheUniversityOfMassachusettsMedicalSchoolMemberus-gaap:CollaborativeArrangementTransactionWithPartyToCollaborativeArrangementMember2021-07-012021-09-300001636050siox:TheUniversityOfMassachusettsMedicalSchoolMemberus-gaap:CollaborativeArrangementTransactionWithPartyToCollaborativeArrangementMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050siox:TheUniversityOfMassachusettsMedicalSchoolMemberus-gaap:CollaborativeArrangementTransactionWithPartyToCollaborativeArrangementMember2020-07-012020-09-300001636050siox:TheUniversityOfMassachusettsMedicalSchoolMemberus-gaap:CollaborativeArrangementTransactionWithPartyToCollaborativeArrangementMember2020-04-012020-09-300001636050us-gaap:CollaborativeArrangementTransactionWithPartyToCollaborativeArrangementMembersiox:OxfordBioMedicaUKLtd.Member2021-07-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:CollaborativeArrangementTransactionWithPartyToCollaborativeArrangementMembersiox:OxfordBioMedicaUKLtd.Member2021-04-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:CollaborativeArrangementTransactionWithPartyToCollaborativeArrangementMembersiox:OxfordBioMedicaUKLtd.Member2020-07-012020-09-300001636050us-gaap:CollaborativeArrangementTransactionWithPartyToCollaborativeArrangementMembersiox:OxfordBioMedicaUKLtd.Member2020-04-012020-09-300001636050siox:ArvelleTherapeuticsMember2021-02-280001636050siox:ArvelleTherapeuticsMember2021-02-012021-02-28iso4217:EURxbrli:shares0001636050siox:ArvelleTherapeuticsMember2020-05-300001636050siox:ArvelleTherapeuticsMember2019-02-280001636050siox:ArvelleTherapeuticsMember2021-03-012021-03-310001636050siox:LoanAndSecurityAgreementWithHerculesCapitalIncMemberus-gaap:SecuredDebtMember2020-04-012020-04-300001636050siox:LoanAndSecurityAgreementWithHerculesCapitalIncMemberus-gaap:SecuredDebtMember2020-04-3000016360502020-11-120001636050siox:PublicStockOfferingMember2020-02-29xbrli:pure0001636050siox:SVBLeerinkLLCMemberus-gaap:PrivatePlacementMember2020-02-290001636050siox:SVBLeerinkLLCMemberus-gaap:PrivatePlacementMember2020-04-012020-09-300001636050siox:SVBLeerinkLLCMemberus-gaap:PrivatePlacementMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050siox:SVBLeerinkLLCMemberus-gaap:PrivatePlacementMember2020-02-012021-09-300001636050siox:SVBLeerinkLLCMemberus-gaap:PrivatePlacementMemberus-gaap:SubsequentEventMember2021-10-012021-11-120001636050siox:Plan2015Member2021-04-300001636050siox:Plan2015Member2020-04-300001636050siox:Plan2015Member2021-08-012021-09-300001636050siox:Plan2015Member2021-09-300001636050siox:TimeBasedEmployeeStockOptionsMemberus-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationAwardTrancheOneMember2021-04-012021-09-30siox:installment0001636050us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationAwardTrancheTwoMembersiox:TimeBasedEmployeeStockOptionsMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050siox:Plan2015Memberus-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050siox:Plan2015Memberus-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember2020-04-012020-09-300001636050siox:MarketBasedPerformanceEmployeeStockOptionMember2020-04-012020-09-300001636050siox:MarketBasedPerformanceEmployeeStockOptionMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050siox:Plan2015Memberus-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember2021-09-300001636050siox:MarketBasedPerformanceEmployeeStockOptionMember2021-09-300001636050siox:TimeBasedEmployeeStockOptionsMember2021-09-300001636050us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember2020-04-012020-09-300001636050us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember2021-04-012021-09-3000016360502019-09-012019-09-300001636050us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember2021-09-300001636050siox:GrantsToDirectorsAndEmployeesMemberus-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember2021-07-012021-09-300001636050siox:GrantsToDirectorsAndEmployeesMemberus-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050siox:GrantsToDirectorsAndEmployeesMemberus-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember2020-07-012020-09-300001636050siox:GrantsToDirectorsAndEmployeesMemberus-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember2020-04-012020-09-300001636050us-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember2021-09-300001636050us-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:MajorityShareholderMembersiox:EmployeesMember2021-07-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:MajorityShareholderMembersiox:EmployeesMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050srt:ChiefExecutiveOfficerMemberus-gaap:MajorityShareholderMember2021-09-300001636050us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMemberus-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationAwardTrancheOneMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationAwardTrancheTwoMemberus-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:CollaborativeArrangementTransactionWithPartyToCollaborativeArrangementMembersrt:MinimumMembersiox:ThirdPartiesForPharmaceuticalManufacturingAndResearchActivitiesMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:CollaborativeArrangementTransactionWithPartyToCollaborativeArrangementMembersrt:MaximumMembersiox:ThirdPartiesForPharmaceuticalManufacturingAndResearchActivitiesMember2021-04-012021-09-300001636050us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember2021-11-12
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
☒ QUARTERLY
REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For
the quarterly period ended
September 30, 2021
or
☐ TRANSITION
REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from
to
Commission file number 001-37418
Sio Gene Therapies Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Delaware |
|
85-3863315 |
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization) |
|
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.) |
|
|
|
130 West 42nd St., 26th Floor, New York, NY
|
|
10036 |
(Address of principal executive offices) |
|
(Zip Code) |
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:
(877) 746-4891
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed
since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the
Act:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Title of each Class |
|
Trading Symbol |
|
Name of each exchange on which registered |
Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share |
|
SIOX |
|
The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed
all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or
15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the
preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has
been subject to such filing requirements for the past
90 days. Yes ☒ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted
electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted
pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this
chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period
that the registrant was required to submit such
files). Yes ☒ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large
accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a
smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the
definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer",
"smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in
Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Large accelerated filer |
☐ |
Accelerated filer |
☐ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-accelerated filer |
☒ |
Smaller reporting company |
☒ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Emerging growth company |
☐ |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the
registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period
for complying with any new or revised financial accounting
standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company
(as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange
Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s common stock,
$0.00001 par value per share, on November 10, 2021, was
73,488,721.
SIO GENE THERAPIES INC.
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary of the Material Risks Associated with Our
Business
Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that
you should be aware of in evaluating our business. These risks
include, but are not limited to, the following:
•Our
business, operations and clinical development plans and timelines
could continue to be adversely impacted by the effects of health
epidemics, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic, on the
manufacturing, clinical trial and other business activities
performed by us or by third parties with whom we conduct business,
including our contract manufacturers, contract research
organizations, or CROs, shippers and others.
•We
have a limited operating history and have never generated any
product revenues.
•We
are heavily dependent on the success of our gene therapy product
candidates, which are still in early stages of clinical
development. If we are unable to successfully develop and
commercialize any of our product candidates, our business will be
harmed.
•We
may be required to continue to make significant payments to third
parties under the agreements pursuant to which we acquired our gene
therapy product candidates.
•Gene
therapies are novel, complex, difficult and expensive to
manufacture. We do not have our own manufacturing capabilities and
will rely on third parties to produce clinical and commercial
supplies of our product candidates. Delays in manufacturing
processes, including recently at Oxford, may result in delays in
our planned clinical trials that would otherwise harm our business
and prospects.
•Our
business plan may lead to the initiation of one or more gene
therapy development programs, the discontinuation of one or more
development programs, or the execution of one or more transactions
that you do not agree with or that you do not perceive as favorable
to your investment.
•Clinical
trials are expensive, time-consuming, difficult to design and
implement and involve an uncertain outcome.
•If
we are not able to obtain required regulatory approvals, we will
not be able to commercialize our gene therapy product candidates,
and our ability to generate revenue will be materially
impaired.
•The
intended tax effects of our corporate structure prior to and
following the Domestication (as defined below) and our corporate
reorganization to align our corporate structure with current and
future business activity (the "Reorganization"), and intercompany
arrangements prior to the Domestication and Reorganization, depend
on the application of the tax laws of various jurisdictions and on
how we operate our business.
•We
expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future and
may never achieve or maintain profitability.
•We
will require additional capital to fund our operations, and if we
fail to obtain necessary financing, we may not be able to complete
the development and commercialization of our product
candidates.
•Interim
"top-line" and preliminary data from our clinical trials that we
announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient
data become available and are subject to audit and verification
procedures that could result in material changes in the final
data.
•Our
gene therapy product candidates may cause adverse effects or have
other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory
approval or limit the scope of any approved label or market
acceptance.
•Enrollment
and retention of patients in clinical trials is an expensive and
time-consuming process and could be made more difficult or rendered
impossible by multiple factors outside our control.
•If
we are unable to establish sales, marketing and distribution
capabilities either on our own or in collaboration with third
parties, we may not be successful in commercializing our product
candidates, even if approved.
•If
the market opportunities for any product candidates we may develop
are smaller than we believe they are, our revenues, if any, may be
adversely affected, and our business may suffer. Because the target
patient populations for many of the product candidates we may
develop are small, we must be able to successfully identify
patients and achieve a significant market share to achieve and
maintain profitability and growth.
•We
face significant competition from other biotechnology and
pharmaceutical companies, and there is a possibility that our
competitors may achieve regulatory approval before us or develop
therapies that are safer or more advanced or effective than ours
and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete
effectively.
•We
may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights
throughout the world, which could impair our business.
•Third-party
claims or litigation alleging infringement of patents or other
proprietary rights or seeking to invalidate patents or other
proprietary rights may delay or prevent the development and
commercialization of our product candidates.
•The
market price of our common stock has been and is likely to continue
to be highly volatile, and you may lose some or all of your
investment.
The summary risk factors described above should be read together
with the text of the full risk factors below, in the section titled
“Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A. and the other information set
forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our
unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the
related notes, as well as in other documents that we file with the
Securities and Exchange Commission. The risks summarized above or
described in full below are not the only risks that we face.
Additional risks and uncertainties not precisely known to us, or
that we currently deem to be immaterial, may also harm our
business, financial condition, results of operations and future
growth prospects.
PART I.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.
Financial Statements (Unaudited)
SIO GENE THERAPIES INC.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Unaudited, in thousands, except share and per share
amounts)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
September 30, 2021 |
|
March 31, 2021 |
Assets |
|
|
|
Current assets: |
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ |
101,695 |
|
|
$ |
118,986 |
|
Restricted cash |
1,184 |
|
|
— |
|
Receivable from sale of long-term investment |
— |
|
|
4,343 |
|
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |
4,321 |
|
|
7,348 |
|
Income tax receivable |
1,733 |
|
|
1,656 |
|
Total current assets |
108,933 |
|
|
132,333 |
|
Long-term restricted cash |
— |
|
|
1,184 |
|
Operating lease right-of-use assets |
1,052 |
|
|
1,152 |
|
Property and equipment, net |
548 |
|
|
478 |
|
Total assets |
$ |
110,533 |
|
|
$ |
135,147 |
|
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |
|
|
|
Current liabilities: |
|
|
|
Accounts payable |
$ |
2,673 |
|
|
$ |
1,341 |
|
Accrued expenses |
7,366 |
|
|
9,196 |
|
Current portion of operating lease liabilities |
269 |
|
|
311 |
|
Total current liabilities |
10,308 |
|
|
10,848 |
|
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion |
865 |
|
|
932 |
|
Total liabilities |
11,173 |
|
|
11,780 |
|
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) |
|
|
|
Stockholders’ equity: |
|
|
|
Common stock, par value $0.00001 per share, 1,000,000,000 shares
authorized, 72,941,507 and 69,377,567 issued and outstanding at
September 30, 2021 and March 31, 2021,
respectively
|
1 |
|
|
1 |
|
Additional paid-in capital |
923,198 |
|
|
914,100 |
|
Accumulated deficit |
(824,176) |
|
|
(791,069) |
|
Accumulated other comprehensive income |
337 |
|
|
335 |
|
Total stockholders’ equity |
99,360 |
|
|
123,367 |
|
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |
$ |
110,533 |
|
|
$ |
135,147 |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited
condensed consolidated financial statements.
SIO GENE THERAPIES INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Unaudited, in thousands, except share and per share
amounts)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Three Months Ended September 30, |
|
Six Months Ended September 30, |
|
2021 |
|
2020 |
|
2021 |
|
2020 |
Operating expenses: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development expenses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(includes stock-based compensation expense of $489 and $458 for the
three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 and $921 and $1,021
for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020,
respectively)
|
$ |
11,448 |
|
|
$ |
5,058 |
|
|
$ |
19,506 |
|
|
$ |
10,252 |
|
General and administrative expenses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(includes stock-based compensation expense of $6,809 and $650 for
the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 and $7,698 and
$1,677 for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020,
respectively)
|
9,748 |
|
|
4,491 |
|
|
13,607 |
|
|
9,131 |
|
Total operating expenses |
21,196 |
|
|
9,549 |
|
|
33,113 |
|
|
19,383 |
|
Other (income) expenses: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest expense |
11 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
12 |
|
|
797 |
|
Other expense (income) |
30 |
|
|
580 |
|
|
10 |
|
|
(1,486) |
|
Loss before income tax benefit |
(21,237) |
|
|
(10,130) |
|
|
(33,135) |
|
|
(18,694) |
|
Income tax benefit |
— |
|
|
(146) |
|
|
(28) |
|
|
(116) |
|
Net loss |
$ |
(21,237) |
|
|
$ |
(9,984) |
|
|
$ |
(33,107) |
|
|
$ |
(18,578) |
|
Net loss per share of common stock — basic and diluted |
$ |
(0.29) |
|
|
$ |
(0.21) |
|
|
$ |
(0.45) |
|
|
$ |
(0.41) |
|
Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding — basic and
diluted |
72,941,507 |
|
|
46,731,666 |
|
|
72,901,906 |
|
|
45,018,855 |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited
condensed consolidated financial statements.
SIO GENE THERAPIES INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive
Loss
(Unaudited, in thousands)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Three Months Ended September 30, |
|
Six Months Ended September 30, |
|
2021 |
|
2020 |
|
2021 |
|
2020 |
Net loss |
$ |
(21,237) |
|
|
(9,984) |
|
|
$ |
(33,107) |
|
|
(18,578) |
|
Other comprehensive income: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Foreign currency translation adjustment |
— |
|
|
348 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
392 |
|
Total other comprehensive income |
— |
|
|
348 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
392 |
|
Comprehensive loss |
$ |
(21,237) |
|
|
$ |
(9,636) |
|
|
$ |
(33,105) |
|
|
$ |
(18,186) |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited
condensed consolidated financial statements.
SIO GENE THERAPIES INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’
Equity
(Unaudited, in thousands, except share amounts)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common Stock |
|
Additional Paid-in Capital |
|
Accumulated
Deficit |
|
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
|
Total
Stockholders’
Equity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares |
|
Amount |
|
Balance at March 31, 2020
|
39,526,299 |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
820,257 |
|
|
$ |
(758,644) |
|
|
$ |
(55) |
|
|
$ |
61,558 |
|
Shares issued upon settlement of restricted stock units |
53,653 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
Shares sold in connection with at-the-market offering, net of
brokerage fees and offering expenses of $0.5 million
|
1,393,428 |
|
|
— |
|
|
3,930 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
3,930 |
|
Stock-based compensation expense |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
1,590 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
1,590 |
|
Capital contribution received from affiliate |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
53 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
53 |
|
Foreign currency translation adjustment
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
44 |
|
|
44 |
|
Net loss
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(8,594) |
|
|
— |
|
|
(8,594) |
|
Balance at June 30, 2020 |
40,973,380 |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
825,830 |
|
|
$ |
(767,238) |
|
|
$ |
(11) |
|
|
$ |
58,581 |
|
Shares issued for restricted stock units |
60,676 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
Shares sold in connection with at-the-market offering, net of
brokerage fees and offering expenses of $0.7 million
|
6,215,673 |
|
|
— |
|
|
19,598 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
19,598 |
|
Stock-based compensation expense |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
1,108 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
1,108 |
|
Capital contribution received from affiliate |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
22 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
22 |
|
Foreign currency translation adjustment |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
348 |
|
|
348 |
|
Net loss |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(9,984) |
|
|
— |
|
|
(9,984) |
|
Balance at September 30, 2020 |
47,249,729 |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
846,558 |
|
|
$ |
(777,222) |
|
|
$ |
337 |
|
|
$ |
69,673 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common Stock |
|
Additional Paid-in Capital |
|
Accumulated
Deficit |
|
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
|
Total
Stockholders’
Equity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares |
|
Amount |
|
|
|
|
Balance at March 31, 2021 |
69,377,567 |
|
|
$ |
1 |
|
|
$ |
914,100 |
|
|
$ |
(791,069) |
|
|
$ |
335 |
|
|
$ |
123,367 |
|
Shares issued upon settlement of restricted stock units |
82,542 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
Shares sold in connection with at-the-market offering, net of
brokerage fees and offering expenses of $0.0 million
|
179,400 |
|
|
— |
|
|
479 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
479 |
|
Stock-based compensation expense |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
1,321 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
1,321 |
|
Foreign currency translation adjustment |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
2 |
|
|
2 |
|
Net loss |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(11,870) |
|
|
— |
|
|
(11,870) |
|
Balance at June 30, 2021 |
69,639,509 |
|
|
$ |
1 |
|
|
$ |
915,900 |
|
|
$ |
(802,939) |
|
|
$ |
337 |
|
|
$ |
113,299 |
|
Shares issued upon exercise of pre-funded warrants |
3,301,998 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
Stock-based compensation expense |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
7,298 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
7,298 |
|
Net loss |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(21,237) |
|
|
— |
|
|
(21,237) |
|
Balance at September 30, 2021 |
72,941,507 |
|
|
$ |
1 |
|
|
$ |
923,198 |
|
|
$ |
(824,176) |
|
|
$ |
337 |
|
|
$ |
99,360 |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited
condensed consolidated financial statements.
SIO GENE THERAPIES INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited, in thousands)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Six Months Ended September 30, |
|
2021 |
|
2020 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |
|
|
|
Net loss |
$ |
(33,107) |
|
|
$ |
(18,578) |
|
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating
activities: |
|
|
|
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets |
100 |
|
|
869 |
|
Stock-based compensation expense |
8,619 |
|
|
2,698 |
|
Depreciation and non-cash amortization |
122 |
|
|
672 |
|
Gain on long-term investment |
— |
|
|
(2,184) |
|
Change in operating lease liabilities |
(109) |
|
|
(879) |
|
Other |
4 |
|
|
399 |
|
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |
|
|
|
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |
3,027 |
|
|
(2,435) |
|
Income tax receivable |
(77) |
|
|
(40) |
|
Other non-current assets |
— |
|
|
(123) |
|
Accounts payable |
1,332 |
|
|
(2,240) |
|
Accrued expenses |
(1,830) |
|
|
(3,482) |
|
Net cash used in operating activities |
(21,919) |
|
|
(25,323) |
|
Cash flows from investing activities: |
|
|
|
Cash proceeds from sale of long-term investment |
4,343 |
|
|
— |
|
Purchases of property and equipment |
(194) |
|
|
(130) |
|
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |
4,149 |
|
|
(130) |
|
Cash flows from financing activities: |
|
|
|
Payments on long-term debt |
— |
|
|
(15,731) |
|
Capital contributions received from affiliate |
— |
|
|
75 |
|
Cash proceeds from issuance of shares of common stock, net of
issuance costs |
479 |
|
|
23,528 |
|
Net cash provided by financing activities |
479 |
|
|
7,872 |
|
Net change in cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and
long-term restricted cash |
(17,291) |
|
|
(17,581) |
|
Total cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and long-term
restricted cash—beginning of period |
120,170 |
|
|
80,752 |
|
Total cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and long-term
restricted cash—end of period |
$ |
102,879 |
|
|
$ |
63,171 |
|
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of period |
118,986 |
|
|
80,752 |
|
Restricted cash included in long-term assets—beginning of
period |
1,184 |
|
|
— |
|
Total cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and long-term
restricted cash—beginning of period |
$ |
120,170 |
|
|
$ |
80,752 |
|
Cash and cash equivalents—end of period |
101,695 |
|
|
63,171 |
|
Restricted cash included in current assets—end of
period |
1,184 |
|
|
— |
|
Total cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and long-term
restricted cash—end of period |
$ |
102,879 |
|
|
$ |
63,171 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited
condensed consolidated financial statements.
SIO GENE THERAPIES INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
Note 1—Description of Business
Sio Gene Therapies Inc. ("Sio"), together with its wholly owned
subsidiaries (the "Company"), is a clinical-stage company focused
on developing gene therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. The
Company is developing a pipeline of innovative product candidates
for the treatment of these debilitating diseases, including GM1
gangliosidosis, GM2 gangliosidosis (including Tay-Sachs and
Sandhoff diseases) and Parkinson's disease. The Company is
dedicated to realizing the potential of gene therapies to offer
transformative patient outcomes in areas of high unmet medical
need.
Sio is a Delaware corporation, which was originally an exempted
limited company incorporated under the laws of Bermuda in October
2014 and was named Axovant Gene Therapies Ltd. ("AGT") from March
2019 until November 2020. During November 2020, the Company
completed a corporate transformation, changing its jurisdiction of
incorporation from Bermuda to the State of Delaware, changing its
name to Sio Gene Therapies Inc., and changing its ticker symbol on
The Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”) to “SIOX” (collectively,
these events comprise the “Domestication”). The Company continues
to be subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and applicable rules of
Nasdaq.
Since its initial public offering in 2015, the Company has devoted
substantially all of its efforts to raising capital, acquiring
product candidates and advancing its product candidates into
clinical development. The Company has determined that it has one
operating and reporting segment as it allocates resources and
assesses financial performance on a consolidated basis. The Company
does not expect to generate revenue unless and until it
successfully completes development and obtains regulatory approval
for one of its product candidates.
Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(A) Basis of Presentation:
The Company’s fiscal year ends on March 31, and its fiscal quarters
end on June 30, September 30 and
December 31.
These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and
accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting
principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP")
for interim financial information and with the instructions to
Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly,
they do not include all of the information and disclosures required
by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These
unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and
accompanying notes should be read in conjunction with the Company’s
audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto
included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal
year ended March 31, 2021 (the "Annual Report"), filed with
the SEC on June 9, 2021. In the opinion of management,
all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments)
considered necessary to present fairly the financial position of
the Company and its results of operations and cash flows for the
periods presented have been included. Operating results for the
three and six-months ended September 30, 2021 are not
necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the
year ending March 31, 2022, for any other interim period, or
for any other future year.
Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to
refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting
Standards Codification ("ASC"), and as amended by Accounting
Standards Updates ("ASU"), issued by the Financial Accounting
Standards Board ("FASB"). These unaudited condensed
consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes include
the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned
subsidiaries. The Company has no unconsolidated subsidiaries.
All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in
consolidation. Certain prior period balances have been reclassified
to conform to the current period presentation.
During November 2020, the historical financial statements and
subsidiaries of AGT became the historical financial statements and
subsidiaries of Sio upon consummation of the Domestication. As a
result, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
and accompanying notes reflect (i) the historical operating results
of AGT and its subsidiaries prior to the Domestication; (ii) the
operating results of the Company following the Domestication; and
(iii) the Company’s equity structure for all periods
presented.
There have been no significant changes in the Company’s accounting
policies from those disclosed in its Annual Report.
B) Going Concern and Management's Plans:
The Company assesses and determines its ability to continue as a
going concern in accordance with the provisions of ASC Subtopic
205-40, "Presentation
of Financial Statements—Going Concern"
("ASC Subtopic 205-40"), which requires the Company to evaluate
whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt
about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year
after the date that its annual and interim consolidated financial
statements and accompanying notes are issued. Certain additional
financial statement disclosures are required if such conditions or
events are identified. If and when an entity’s liquidation becomes
imminent, financial statements should be prepared under the
liquidation basis of accounting. Determining the extent, if any, to
which conditions or events raise substantial doubt about the
Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, or the extent to
which mitigating plans sufficiently alleviate any such substantial
doubt, as well as whether or not liquidation is imminent, requires
judgment by management. The Company has evaluated whether there are
conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise
substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a
going concern within one year after the date the consolidated
financial statements and accompanying notes are
issued.
The Company is currently a development stage company, and thus, has
not yet achieved profitability. The Company expects to continue to
incur significant operating and net losses, as well as negative
cash flows from operations, for the foreseeable future as it
continues to develop its gene therapy product candidates and
prepares for potential future regulatory approvals and
commercialization of its products. The Company has not generated
any revenue to date and does not expect to generate product revenue
unless and until it successfully completes development and obtains
regulatory approval for at least one of its gene therapy product
candidates. The Company's current cash and cash equivalents balance
will also not be sufficient to complete all necessary development
activities and commercially launch its products.
For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and the fiscal
year ended March 31, 2021, the Company incurred net losses of
$33.1 million and $32.4 million, respectively. As of
September 30, 2021, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents
totaled $101.7 million and its accumulated deficit was $824.2
million. The Company estimates that its current cash and cash
equivalents balance is sufficient to support operations into the
fourth calendar quarter of 2022, including beyond the expected
dates of major upcoming milestones for the Company's AXO-AAV-GM1
gene therapy program for the treatment of GM1
gangliosidosis.
In order to continue as a going concern and to meet the Company's
long-term operating requirements, the Company will need, among
other things, additional capital resources. The Company continually
assesses multiple options to obtain additional funding to support
its operations, including proceeds from offerings of its equity
securities or debt, or transactions involving product development,
technology licensing or collaboration arrangements, or other
sources of capital to complete its currently planned development
programs. Management can provide no assurances that it can raise a
sufficient amount of financing for the Company on favorable terms,
if at all. Although the Company has successfully obtained financing
in the past, future financing activities that are not probable of
being implemented and probable of alleviating the conditions that
raise substantial doubt are not permitted to be included in the
Company's assessment of its liquidity.
Due to these uncertainties, there is substantial doubt about the
Company’s ability to continue as going concern beyond the
twelve-month period following the date that these unaudited
condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes
were issued. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial
statements and accompanying notes have been prepared on the basis
that the Company will continue as a going concern, and do not
include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on
the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and
classification of liabilities that may result from the possible
inability of the Company to continue as a going
concern.
(C) Use of Estimates:
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S.
GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that
affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and
accompanying notes. The Company regularly evaluates estimates and
assumptions related to certain assets and liabilities, including
its research and development accruals, as well as assumptions used
to estimate the fair value of its stock option awards, estimate its
income tax expense and estimate its ability to continue as a going
concern. Specifically, the Company’s assessment of the completeness
of the information for research and development accruals is subject
to variability and uncertainty. In addition, in certain
circumstances, the determination of the nature and amount of
research and development services that have been received during
the reporting period requires judgment as the timing and pattern of
vendor invoicing does not correspond to the level of services
provided. The Company estimates the grant date fair value of stock
option awards with only time-based vesting requirements using a
Black-Scholes valuation model and uses a Monte Carlo Simulation
method under the income approach to estimate the grant date fair
value of stock option awards with market-based performance
conditions. The Company bases its estimates and assumptions on
historical experience and on various other factors that it believes
to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form
the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets
and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.
Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Additionally, the Company assessed the impact that the COVID-19
pandemic has had on its operations and financial results as of
September 30, 2021 and through the date of issuance of these
unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and
accompanying notes. The Company’s analysis was informed by the
facts and circumstances as they were known to the Company. This
assessment considered the impact COVID-19 may have on financial
estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of
assets and liabilities and expenses.
(D) Net Loss per Share of Common Stock:
Basic net loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing
the net loss applicable to holders of common stock by the
weighted-average number of shares of common stock and 3,301,998
pre-funded warrants (see Note 7(B)) outstanding during the period,
without further consideration for potentially dilutive securities.
The pre-funded warrants were fully exercised in July 2021 (see Note
7(B)). In accordance with ASC Topic 260,
Earnings Per Share,
the pre-funded warrants were included in the computation of basic
net loss per share because the exercise price was negligible and
they were fully vested and exercisable at any time after the
original issuance date. Diluted net loss per share of common stock
is computed by dividing the net loss applicable to holders of
common stock by the diluted weighted-average number of shares of
common stock outstanding during the period calculated in accordance
with the treasury stock method. In periods in which the Company
reports a net loss, all common stock equivalents are deemed
anti-dilutive such that basic net loss per share of common stock
and diluted net loss per share of common stock are equivalent.
Potentially dilutive shares of common stock have been excluded from
the diluted net loss per share of common stock computations in all
periods presented because such securities have an anti-dilutive
effect on net loss per share of common stock due to the Company’s
net loss. Restricted Stock Units ("RSUs") and stock options
outstanding for totals of 5.5 million and 3.1 million shares of
common stock were not included in the calculation of diluted
weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for the three
and six- months ended September 30, 2021 and
September 30, 2020, respectively, because they were
anti-dilutive given the net loss of the Company.
(E) Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurement:
The Company utilizes fair value measurement guidance prescribed by
accounting standards to value its financial
instruments.
The guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy for instruments
measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based
on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own
assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs
that market participants would use in pricing the asset or
liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of
the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the
Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants
would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based
on the best information available in the
circumstances.
Fair value is defined as the exchange price, or exit price,
representing the amount that would be received from the sale of an
asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction
between market participants. As a basis for considering market
participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the guidance
establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy that distinguishes
among the following:
•Level
1-Valuations are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active
markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has
the ability to access.
•Level
2-Valuations are based on quoted prices for similar assets or
liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or
similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active and
models for which all significant inputs are observable, either
directly or indirectly.
•Level
3-Valuations are based on inputs that are unobservable (supported
by little or no market activity) and significant to the overall
fair value measurement.
To the extent the valuation is based on models or inputs that are
less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of
fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of
judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is
greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial
instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the
lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value
measurement.
The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash
equivalents and restricted cash. Cash consists of
non-interest-bearing deposits denominated in the U.S. dollar, Swiss
franc and Euro, while cash equivalents consists of interest-bearing
money market fund deposits denominated in the U.S. dollar, which
are invested in debt securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S.
government and repurchase agreements fully collateralized by U.S.
Treasury and U.S. government securities, and restricted cash
consists of non-interest-bearing deposits denominated in the U.S.
dollar. Cash and restricted cash are stated at their historical
carrying amounts, which approximate fair value due to their
short-term nature. The carrying values of the Company's money
market fund included in cash and cash equivalents of $100.0 million
and $114.0 million at September 30, 2021 and
March 31, 2021, respectively, approximated their fair values,
which are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical
securities.
The following table summarizes the fair value of the Company's
money market fund included in cash equivalents based on the inputs
used at September 30, 2021 and March 31, 2021 in
determining such values (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of September 30, 2021 |
|
As of March 31, 2021 |
|
|
Fair Value |
|
Price Quotations (Level 1) |
|
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |
|
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
|
Fair Value |
|
Price Quotations (Level 1) |
|
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |
|
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Money market fund |
|
$ |
100,000 |
|
|
$ |
100,000 |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
114,000 |
|
|
$ |
114,000 |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
(F) Recent Accounting Pronouncements:
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial
Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit
Losses on Financial Instruments"
("ASU No. 2016-13"). ASU 2016-13 requires that financial assets
measured at amortized cost, such as loans, accounts and trade
receivables and investments, be represented net of expected credit
losses, which may be estimated based on relevant information such
as historical experience, current conditions, and future
expectation for each pool of similar financial asset. ASU No.
2016-13 requires enhanced disclosures related to trade receivables
and associated credit losses. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU No.
2019-05,
“Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted
Transition Relief",
which allows for a transition election on certain instruments and
is effective for Small Reporting Companies for fiscal years
beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods in those
fiscal years. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-11,
"Codification
Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments — Credit
Losses",
which amends certain aspects of ASU NO. 2016-13, including
transition relief for trouble debt restructuring, among other
topics. While the Company does not expect the adoption of this
guidance to materially impact the Company's consolidated financial
statements and accompanying notes because it does not currently
have any investments or trade receivables outstanding, the impact
on the Company's consolidated financial statements and accompanying
notes will depend on the facts and circumstances of any specific
future transactions.
Other recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB
(including its Emerging Issues Task Force), the American Institute
of Certified Public Accountants, and the SEC did not, or are not,
believed by management to have a material impact on the Company’s
present or future consolidated financial position, results of
operations or cash flows.
Note 3—License and Collaboration Agreements
(A)
The University of Massachusetts Medical School Exclusive License
Agreement:
In December 2018, the Company entered into an exclusive license
agreement (the "UMMS Agreement") with the University of
Massachusetts Medical School ("UMMS"), pursuant to which the
Company received a worldwide, royalty-bearing, sub-licensable
license under certain patent applications and any patents issuing
therefrom, biological materials and know-how controlled by UMMS to
develop and commercialize gene therapy product candidates,
including AXO-AAV-GM1 and AXO-AAV-GM2, for the treatment of
GM1 gangliosidosis and GM2 gangliosidosis (including
Tay-Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease), respectively. During the
three and six-months ended September 30, 2021, the Company
incurred a total of $6.9 million and $10.3 million, respectively,
of program-specific costs related to its AXO-AAV-GM1 and
AXO-AAV-GM2 programs within research and development expenses in
its unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and
$0.4 million and $0.8 million during the three and six-months ended
September 30, 2020, respectively. The Company paid UMMS a
total of $0.3 million and $1.9 million during the three and
six-months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, and $12
thousand during the three and six-months ended September 30,
2020.
(B)
Oxford Biomedica License Agreement:
In June 2018, the Company entered into an exclusive license
agreement ("the Oxford Agreement") with Oxford Biomedica (UK) Ltd.
("Oxford"), pursuant to which the Company received a worldwide,
exclusive, royalty-bearing, sub-licensable license under certain
patents and other intellectual property controlled by Oxford to
develop and commercialize AXO-Lenti-PD and related gene therapy
products for all diseases and conditions. The Company incurred $0.5
million and $1.0 million of AXO-Lenti-PD program-specific costs
within research and development expenses in its unaudited condensed
consolidated statement of operations during the three and
six-months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, and $1.7
million and $3.4 million during the three and six-months ended
September 30, 2020, respectively. The Company paid Oxford a
total of $0 and $22 thousand during the three and six-months ended
September 30, 2021, respectively, and $0.6 million and $1.1
million during the three and six-months ended September 30,
2020, respectively.
Note 4—Investment in Arvelle Therapeutics B.V.
In February 2021, the Company sold its investment of 8.1 million
shares of nonredeemable preferred stock (the "Arvelle Shares") of
Arvelle Therapeutics B.V. ("Arvelle") to a third party as part of
that third party's cash acquisition of all of the outstanding
equity of Arvelle. In exchange, the Company received an upfront
payment of approximately $11.6 million, in addition to a
future payment to be received of approximately $1.2 million
that is being held in escrow until August 2022 and that is recorded
as restricted cash in the Company's unaudited condensed
consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2021, as well as
the right to receive up to an additional total of $7.0 million
in potential future regulatory and sales milestone payments
(collectively, the "Arvelle Sale"). The Company originally
purchased its Arvelle Shares in February 2019 and May 2020 in
exchange for €0.00001 per share paid in cash, as well as certain
goods and services provided by the Company to Arvelle. The Company
recorded a net gain of approximately $4.7 million to other
non-operating income in the Company's consolidated statement of
operations upon the closing of the Arvelle Sale in February 2021,
as well as a gain of approximately $4.3 million recorded to
other non-operating income in the Company's consolidated statement
of operations and to receivable from sale of long-term investment
in its consolidated balance sheet upon the achievement of a
regulatory milestone in March 2021 that was collected during the
three months ended June 30, 2021.
Note 5—Accrued Expenses
As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, accrued
expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
September 30, 2021 |
|
March 31, 2021 |
Research and development expenses |
|
$ |
4,625 |
|
|
$ |
6,091 |
|
Bonuses and other compensation expenses |
|
1,893 |
|
|
2,331 |
|
Other expenses |
|
848 |
|
|
774 |
|
Total accrued expenses |
|
$ |
7,366 |
|
|
$ |
9,196 |
|
Note 6—Long-term Debt
In April 2020, the Company fully prepaid $15.7 million of
outstanding principal, together with $0.3 million of accrued
interest, fees and other amounts, due under its loan and security
agreement (the "Loan Agreement") with Hercules Capital, Inc.
("Hercules"), which was accounted for as an extinguishment of debt
with a corresponding loss of approximately $0.5 million
recorded to interest expense during the three months ended June 30,
2020. In connection with the prepayment, the credit facility and
the Loan Agreement with Hercules were terminated, and all
obligations, liens and security interests under the Loan Agreement
were released, discharged and satisfied.
Note 7—Stockholders' Equity
(A) Overview:
Sio's Certificate of Incorporation filed with the State of Delaware
on November 12, 2020 authorizes the issuance of up to a total of
1,010,000,000 shares, of which 1,000,000,000 shares are common
stock with a par value of $0.00001 per share and 10,000,000 shares
are preferred stock with a par value of $0.00001 per share (see
Note 1).
(B) Transactions:
In February 2020, as part of a follow-on public offering, the
Company issued and sold pre-funded warrants to purchase up to
3,301,998 shares of common stock at an offering price of $3.74999
and an exercise price of $0.00001 per pre-funded warrant, which
were fully exercised in July 2021. The pre-funded warrants were
classified as equity and the fair value of the pre-funded warrants
was recorded as a credit to additional paid-in capital and was not
subject to remeasurement.
The Company has engaged SVB Leerink LLC as its agent to sell shares
of the Company's common stock from time to time through an
at-the-market equity offering program. SVB Leerink LLC receives
compensation for its services in an amount equal to 3% of the gross
proceeds of any of the Company's common stock sold. During the six
months ended September 30, 2020, which was the inception of
this program, the Company sold approximately 7.6 million
shares of its common stock for total proceeds of approximately
$24.0 million, net of brokerage fees. During the six months
ended September 30, 2021, the Company sold approximately
0.2 million shares of its common stock for total proceeds of
approximately $0.5 million, net of brokerage fees, under this
program. As of September 30, 2021, the Company sold a total of
approximately 29.8 million shares of its common stock for
aggregate proceeds of approximately $90.9 million, net of brokerage
fees, under and since the inception of this program. Subsequent to
September 30, 2021, the Company sold approximately
0.5 million shares of its common stock for total proceeds of
approximately $1.1 million, net of brokerage fees, through SVB
Leerink LLC as placement agent (see Note 10).
Note 8—Stock-Based Compensation
(A) Amended and Restated 2015 Equity Incentive Plan:
In March 2015, the Company adopted its 2015 Equity Incentive Plan,
which was (i) amended and restated in June 2017 by its Board of
Directors and became effective upon stockholder approval in August
2017, (ii) further amended and restated in October 2020 by its
Board of Directors, and (iii) further amended and restated in
August 2021 by its Board of Directors and became effective upon
stockholder approval in September 2021 (the "2015 Plan"). In April
2021 and April 2020, the number of shares of common stock
authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan increased automatically
by 2.8 million and 1.6 million, respectively, in accordance with
the terms of the 2015 Plan. Upon amendment and restatement by the
Company's board of directors and stockholder approval of the 2015
Plan in August 2021 and September 2021, respectively, the number of
shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan
increased by 5.0 million. At September 30, 2021, totals of
13.4 million shares of common stock were authorized for issuance
and 7.4 million shares of common stock were available for future
issuance under the 2015 Plan.
(B) Stock Options:
Time-based stock options granted to the Company's employees vest
over a period of either (i) four years with 25% of the shares of
common stock underlying the option vesting on the first anniversary
of the vesting commencement date and the remainder vesting in 12
equal quarterly installments thereafter for such stock options
granted prior to April 2021, or (ii) three years with one-third of
the shares of common stock underlying the stock option vesting on
the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date and the
remainder vesting in 8 equal quarterly installments thereafter for
such stock options granted since April 2021, each subject to
continuing service. Initial stock options granted to the Company's
non-employee directors vest in equal installments on the first,
second and third anniversaries of the vesting commencement date,
and stock options subsequently granted annually to the Company's
non-employee directors vest fully on the first anniversary of the
vesting commencement date, each subject to continuous service.
Options with market-based performance conditions vest based on the
trading price for the Company's shares of common stock exceeding
certain closing price thresholds.
Stock options granted under the 2015 Plan provide option holders,
if provided for by the terms of the option agreement or if approved
by the Board of Directors, the right to exercise their options
prior to vesting. In the event that an option holder exercises the
unvested portion of any option, such unvested portion will be
subject to a repurchase option held by the Company at the lower of
(i) the fair market value of its common stock on the date of
repurchase and (ii) the exercise price of the options. Any shares
of common stock underlying such unvested portion will continue to
vest in accordance with the original vesting schedule of the
option.
During the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the
Company granted options to purchase totals of 1.6 million shares
and 0.4 million shares, respectively, of its common stock under the
2015 Plan, with weighted-average exercise prices of $2.47 and
$3.45, respectively, and estimated aggregate grant date fair values
of $3.3 million and $1.1 million, respectively. There were no
options with market-based performance conditions granted under the
2015 Plan during the six months ended September 30, 2021 and
2020. At September 30, 2021, options to purchase a total of
3.5 million shares of common stock were outstanding under the 2015
Plan with a weighted-average exercise price of $7.71 per share,
including options with market-based performance conditions to
purchase 0.4 million shares of common stock at a weighted average
exercise price of $8.87 per share. At September 30, 2021,
vested options to purchase a total of 1.0 million shares of common
stock were outstanding under the 2015 Plan, with no options with
market-based performance conditions vested and outstanding. During
the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the
aggregate grant date fair values of stock options that vested under
the 2015 Plan were $1.5 million and $2.5 million,
respectively.
(C) Restricted Stock Units:
RSUs granted during the six months ended September 30, 2021
and September 30, 2020 vest in three equal annual installments
commencing on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement
date, subject to continuing service. Of the total number of RSUs
granted in September 2019 representing approximately
0.3 million shares of the Company's common stock, one-half
vested on January 31, 2020 and the remaining one-half vested on
July 31, 2020, subject to continuing service. During the six months
ended September 30, 2021 and September 30, 2020, the
Company granted RSUs for totals of 1.2 million and 1.0 million
shares, respectively, of its common stock to its employees under
the 2015 Plan, with aggregate grant date fair values of $3.1
million and $3.4 million, respectively. At September 30, 2021,
RSUs for approximately 1.9 million shares of common stock were
outstanding, of which approximately 0.2 million were vested.
During the six months ended September 30, 2021 and
September 30, 2020, the total grant date fair values of RSUs
that vested under the 2015 Plan were $0.9 million and
$1.0 million, respectively.
(D) Stock-based Compensation Expense:
The Company recorded total stock-based compensation expense of $1.4
million and $2.7 million for the three and six-months ended
September 30, 2021, respectively, and $1.1 million and $2.7
million for the three and six-months ended September 30, 2020,
respectively, related to options and RSUs granted to its employees
and directors, excluding stock-based compensation expense allocated
to the Company from its affiliate, Roivant Sciences Ltd. ("RSL")
(see Note 8(E)). This stock-based compensation expense was
included in research and development and general and administrative
expenses in the Company's unaudited condensed consolidated
statements of operations. At September 30, 2021, total
unrecognized compensation expense for unvested outstanding option
and RSU equity awards of the Company's common stock granted to its
employees and directors under the 2015 Plan was $9.4 million, which
is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average
service period of 2.16 years.
(E) RSL Equity Instruments:
Certain employees of the Company have been granted RSL equity
instruments for which the Company recognized stock-based
compensation expense of $5.9 million and $5.9 million
during the three and six-months ended September 30, 2021,
respectively, and which is recorded to general and administrative
expenses in the Company's unaudited condensed consolidated
statements of operations. Certain of these RSL equity instruments
were granted to the Company's Chief Executive Officer, which will
vest upon the achievement of both time-based service requirements
and liquidity requirements on or before the grant expiration date
of March 31, 2026. The liquidity vesting event requirement was
determined to be met upon the closing of RSL's business combination
with Montes Archimedes Acquisition Corp., a special purpose
acquisition company, on September 30, 2021. Accordingly, the
Company commenced recognition of stock-based compensation expense
for the RSL equity instruments held by the Company's Chief
Executive Officer on September 30, 2021. At September 30,
2021, total unrecognized compensation expense for such unvested
outstanding RSL equity instruments granted to the Company's Chief
Executive Officer was $1.7 million.
Note 9—Commitments and Contingencies
As of September 30, 2021, the Company had entered into
commitments under the UMMS Agreement (see Note 3(A)), the Oxford
Agreement (see Note 3(B)), services agreements with certain of
RSL's wholly owned subsidiaries and agreements to rent office
space. In addition, the Company has entered into services
agreements with third parties for pharmaceutical manufacturing and
research activities in the normal course of business, which can
generally be terminated by the Company with 30- to 60-days' written
notice, unless otherwise indicated. Further, certain of the
Company's manufacturing agreements could require early termination
and wind-down payments due from the Company upon either the
termination of its clinical trials or if the Company terminates
such agreements for convenience.
The Company has the right to terminate the UMMS Agreement at any
time upon 90 days' advance written notice to UMMS. Either party may
terminate the UMMS Agreement for the other party's uncured material
breach upon 60 days' advance written notice, including in the event
that UMMS reasonably determines the Company has not fulfilled its
diligence obligations.
The Company has the right to terminate the Oxford Agreement at any
time upon two months' advance written notice prior to the first
commercial sale of a product, or for a specified period of advance
written notice after the first commercial sale of a product. Either
party may terminate the Oxford Agreement for the other party's
uncured material breach or with respect to a failure to make a
required payment.
Note 10—Subsequent Events
Subsequent to September 30, 2021, the Company sold
approximately 0.5 million shares of its common stock for total
proceeds of approximately $1.1 million, net of brokerage fees,
through SVB Leerink LLC as placement agent.
In November 2021, the Company entered into a lease agreement that
commenced for a research and development facility and related
office space in Durham, North Carolina, with an initial term
expiring in December 2024. The total amount of undiscounted
contractual rent obligations due under this lease agreement is
approximately $1.9 million. This lease is classified as an
operating lease in accordance with the provisions of ASU No.
2016-02, "Topic
842 — Leases".
Item 2. Management’s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition,
results of operations and cash flows should be read in conjunction
with (i) the interim unaudited condensed consolidated
financial statements and the related notes thereto included
elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and
(ii) the audited consolidated financial statements and notes
thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial
condition and results of operations for the fiscal year ended
March 31, 2021, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K,
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on
June 9, 2021.
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains "forward-looking
statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and
Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
(the "Exchange Act"). These statements are often identified by
the use of words such as "anticipate," "believe," "continue,"
"could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "plan," "project,"
"will," "would" or the negative or plural of these words or similar
expressions or variations, although not all forward-looking
statements contain these identifying words. We cannot assure
you that the events and circumstances reflected in the
forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur and actual
results could differ materially from those projected in the
forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements
appearing in a number of places throughout this Quarterly Report on
Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our
intentions, beliefs, projections, outlook, analyses or current
expectations concerning, among other things:
•the
success and timing of our ongoing development and potential
commercialization of our product candidates;
•our
relationships under our license agreements;
•the
success of our interactions with the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration ("FDA") and international regulatory
authorities;
•the
anticipated start dates, durations and completion dates of our
ongoing and future nonclinical studies and clinical trials, as well
as subsequent portions or cohorts of our ongoing clinical
trials;
•the
receipt of approvals or endorsements by data monitoring or other
committees necessary for commencement or continuation of clinical
trials;
•the
anticipated designs of our future clinical studies;
•anticipated
future regulatory submissions and the timing of and our ability to
obtain and maintain regulatory approval for our product
candidates;
•the
rate and degree of market acceptance and clinical utility of any
approved product candidate;
•our
ability to identify and in-license or acquire additional product
candidates;
•our
commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and
strategy;
•continued
service of our executive officers or other key scientific or
management personnel;
•our
ability to obtain, maintain and enforce intellectual property
rights for our product candidates;
•our
anticipated future cash position;
•our
estimates regarding our results of operations, financial condition,
liquidity, capital requirements, prospects, growth and
strategies;
•our
ability to maintain and operate our business in light of the
COVID-19 pandemic;
•the
success of competing therapies that are or may become
available; and
•our
stated objective of building the world's leading gene therapy
company for the treatment of neurological diseases.
We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our
current expectations and projections about future events, including
the responses we expect from the FDA and other regulatory
authorities and financial trends that we believe may affect our
financial condition, results of operations, business strategy,
nonclinical studies and clinical trials and financial needs. Such
forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks,
uncertainties, assumptions and other factors known and unknown that
could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to
differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the
forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute
to such differences include, but are not limited to, those
identified herein, and those discussed in the section titled "Risk
Factors" set forth in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly
Report on Form 10-Q and in our other filings with the SEC.
These risks are not exhaustive. You should not rely upon
forward-looking statements as predictions of future events.
Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the
date of this report. New risk factors emerge from time to time and
it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors,
nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the
extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause
actual results to differ materially from those contained in any
forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we undertake
no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect
events or circumstances after the date of such
statements.
In addition, statements that "we believe" and similar statements
reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These
statements are based upon information available to us as of the
date of this report, and while we believe such information
forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information
may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read
to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or
review of, all potentially available relevant information. These
statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned
not to unduly rely upon these statements as predictions of future
events.
Overview
We are a clinical-stage company focused on developing gene
therapies to radically transform the lives of patients with
neurodegenerative diseases. We currently have three clinical-stage
programs: (i) the AXO-AAV-GM1 program for the treatment of GM1
gangliosidosis in which we have completed the targeted enrollment
and dosing of five patients in the late-infantile/juvenile (Type
II) low-dose cohort of Stage 1 and three late-infantile/juvenile
(Type II) patients in the higher-dose cohort of the study, and we
continue to collect information from additional Type II patients
for potential enrollment in Stage 2 of the trial. Screening of Type
I (infantile-onset) patients for the low- and high-dose cohorts has
been initiated and we have dosed two early infantile (Type I)
patients - one in August 2021 and the other in September 2021; (ii)
the AXO-AAV-GM2 program for the treatment of GM2 gangliosidosis
(including Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases) for which we received
clearance for the investigational new drug ("IND") from the FDA in
November 2020, and in which we dosed the first three infantile
patients in January 2021, May 2021 and September 2021 and we expect
continued patient identification, screening, and enrollment in
Stage 1 of the dose-ranging trial throughout 2021; and (iii) the
AXO-Lenti-PD program for the treatment of Parkinson's disease,
comprised of the ProSavin Phase 1/2 study in which 15 patients were
previously dosed and the AXO-Lenti-PD SUNRISE-PD study in which we
have dosed two patients in Cohort 1 of the dose-escalation study
and four patients in Cohort 2.
We are dedicated to realizing the potential of gene therapies to
offer transformative patient outcomes in areas of high unmet
medical need and extending the reach of gene therapies to highly
prevalent neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease. We
have assembled a portfolio of gene therapies in partnership with
leading scientific institutions and have built a team with
extensive experience in the gene therapy space. Our team pursues
new innovations in vector design and delivery to optimize our
investigational gene therapy products for safety, potency,
durability, and immunologic response. We will continue to build
integrated internal development capabilities from product
development through commercialization and focus on accelerating the
pace of product development in the clinic. As part of our ongoing
business strategy, we continue to explore potential opportunities
to acquire or license new product candidates as well as
opportunities for partnership or collaboration on our existing
products in development. Our vision is to build the world's leading
gene therapy company for the treatment of neurodegenerative
diseases by progressing our current programs and identifying,
developing and commercializing other novel gene therapy treatments
for neurodegenerative diseases.
COVID-19 Business Update
We are continuing to closely monitor the impact of the global
COVID-19 pandemic on our business and are taking proactive efforts
to minimize the risks to the health and safety of our patients,
study investigators and employees, as well as to maintain business
continuity. We believe that the measures we are implementing are
appropriate, reflecting both regulatory and public health guidance,
to maintain business continuity. We will continue to closely
monitor and seek to comply with guidance from governmental
authorities and adjust our activities as appropriate.
In the conduct of our business activities, we are also taking
actions designed to protect the safety and well-being of patients,
healthcare workers and employees. For patients already enrolled in
our clinical trials, we are working closely with clinical trial
investigators and site staff to continue treatment in compliance
with trial protocols and to uphold trial integrity, while working
to observe government and institutional guidelines designed to
safeguard the health and safety of patients, clinical trial
investigators and site staff. We are continuing to evaluate
clinical trial site initiations and patient enrollment on a
case-by-case and patient-by-patient basis in coordination with
clinical trial investigators and site staff. Some clinical trial
sites, both within the United States and the United Kingdom,
continue to screen patients in our clinical trials, and new
patients are being enrolled when appropriate. Our clinical trial
progression, dosing, patient enrollment and related activities may
be delayed, and reporting of some clinical data may be incomplete
or delayed if patients enrolled in our clinical trials are unable
to fully participate in all necessary measurement protocols, due to
concerns among patients about participating in clinical trials
during a pandemic, or remaining restrictions imposed by
institutions or local, state or national governments, among other
factors. Some patients may have difficulty following certain
aspects of clinical trial protocols if quarantines impede patient
movement or interrupt healthcare services. For example, patients in
our clinical trials for AXO-AAV-GM1 and AXO-AAV-GM2 are infants,
often with advanced disease, who may not be able to safely
participate in clinical trials for these product candidates during
the COVID-19 pandemic or if they have not received or are not
eligible to receive COVID-19 vaccinations. Additionally, our
clinical trial for AXO-Lenti-PD can involve elderly patients with
advanced disease who may be unable to participate in clinical
assessments at our research sites in the United Kingdom. For
example, because of the COVID-19 pandemic and a patient refusal,
two out of four patients in the second cohort of our Phase 1/2
clinical trial of AXO-Lenti-PD at our United Kingdom clinical trial
sites were unable to participate in Unified Parkinson’s Disease
Rating Scale ("UPDRS") assessments and the mandatory washout of
background levodopa therapy at the six-month time point, and two
out of four patients were unable to complete the UPDRS Part II and
III evaluations at month 12. However, all four of these subjects
were able to complete all other efficacy assessments at the six-
and 12-month timepoints, including the patient-recorded Hauser
diaries. We are working with sites and investigators to ensure safe
and ethical data collection at future time points through the
pandemic in accordance with regulatory guidance. While the COVID-19
pandemic has not resulted in a significant delay to our clinical
development timelines to-date, the global pandemic of COVID-19
continues to evolve, including as variant strains of the virus
emerge, and could materially impact our clinical development and
any future commercialization timelines.
Our business, including patient enrollment and CMC manufacturing
efforts for our clinical trials, could continue to be adversely
impacted by health epidemics wherever we have clinical trial sites
or other business operations. In addition, health epidemics could
cause significant disruption in the operations of third-party
manufacturers, CROs and other third parties upon whom we rely. We
are also dependent on an international supply chain for products to
be used in our clinical trials and, if approved by the regulatory
authorities, for commercialization. While the COVID-19 pandemic has
not significantly adversely impacted our business operations,
international supply chain, productivity or clinical development
timelines to-date, the reintroduction of health directives and
recommendations to reduce the spread of the disease, including new
outbreaks or emerging variant strains of the virus, may continue to
negatively impact productivity, disrupt our business or
international supply chain and delay our clinical programs and
timelines in the future, the magnitude of which will depend, in
part, on the length and severity of the restrictions and other
limitations on our ability to conduct our business in the ordinary
course.
The ultimate impact and evolving effects of the COVID-19 pandemic
or a similar health epidemic are highly uncertain and subject to
change. While vaccines have become available in certain countries
and some economies have reopened, we do not yet know the full
extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our clinical
trials, healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole. Future
waves of outbreak or new variant strains of the virus may require
re-closures or other preventative measures. These effects could
harm our operations, and we will continue to monitor the COVID-19
situation closely. For additional information about risks and
uncertainties related to the COVID-19 pandemic that may impact our
business, financial condition and results of operations, see the
section titled “Risk Factors” under Part II, Item 1A in this
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Key Business Updates
AXO-AAV-GM1 and AXO-AAV-GM2 Programs (Including Tay-Sachs and
Sandhoff diseases)
AXO-AAV-GM1
In October 2021, we announced that the FDA granted Fast Track
Designation to AXO-AAV-GM1.
We believe the favorable tolerability in the low-dose cohort
supports continued enrollment of patients in the high-dose cohort
(4.5×1013
vg/kg), in which three Type II patients have now been dosed without
complications.
In October 2021, we presented new biomarker and clinical follow-up
data from five Type II (late-infantile to juvenile) patients in the
low-dose cohort and the initial two Type II patients in the
high-dose cohort of our ongoing Phase 1/2 study of AXO-AAV-GM1 at
the European Society of Gene & Cell Therapy ("ESGCT") Virtual
Congress (the "October 2021 ESGCT Virtual Congress"). AXO-AAV-GM1
was generally well-tolerated at both low- and high-doses with the
majority of adverse events considered mild to moderate. To date,
there have been no reported serious adverse events ("SAE" or
"SAEs") attributed to AXO-AAV-GM1 in any patients and no adverse
events leading to study withdrawal in any patients. One SAE, in
which a patient experienced focal seizures due to disease
progression and was considered to be unrelated to the
investigational drug product, was reported. No liver-related
adverse events required clinical intervention or had associated
clinical sequelae and no clinically relevant changes were observed
in complement factors, platelet count or other liver function
tests. Data demonstrate a dose-dependent improvement in key
biomarkers of disease activity, including β-galactosidase enzyme
activity in the serum and GM1 ganglioside activity in the
cerebrospinal fluid ("CSF"). Serum β-galactosidase activity
achieved a normal range, increasing by 12× and 17× pre-treatment
levels, respectively, in both patients in the high-dose cohort at
six months. All five patients in the low-dose cohort saw a 1.3-2.3×
increase in the same timeframe. Levels of CSF GM1 ganglioside, the
toxic substrate that accumulates in patients with GM1
gangliosidosis and that is associated with disease activity, were
normalized in both patients in the high-dose cohort with 42% and
72% reductions, respectively, at six months. GM1 ganglioside levels
were below baseline in all five low-dose patients at 12 months.
Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of total brain volume and
ventricular volume, which decrease and increase, respectively, in
the natural history of the disease, showed the following in the
low-dose cohort at 12 months: Total brain volume (excluding
ventricles) was maintained within ± 5% in all five patients and
ventricular volume remained within ± 15% in four patients and
increased by 104% in one patient. There was no clinical evidence of
overt disease progression in four of five low-dose patients at 12
months and both high-dose patients at six months as assessed by
measures of development including the Vineland Adaptive Behavior
Scales 3rd Edition and Upright and Floor Mobility
scales.
The completion of the enrollment and dosing of five patients in the
late-infantile/juvenile (Type II) low-dose cohort of stage 1 and
three late-infantile/juvenile (Type II) patients in the higher-dose
cohort of the study achieved the targeted enrollment of Type II
patients in Stage 1 (dose-escalation) of the trial. We continue to
collect information from additional Type II patients for potential
enrollment in Stage 2 of the trial, the screening of Type I
(infantile-onset) patients for the low- and high-dose cohorts has
been initiated and to date we have dosed two Type I patients at the
low dose. In the first half of calendar 2022, we intend to present
a data update from Stage 1 of the trial, including both Type I
(early-infantile) and Type II patients, at scientific conferences,
and we also intend to engage with the FDA to review Stage 1 data
and discuss next steps for clinical development.
AXO-AAV-GM2
The current Phase 1/2 study (NCT04669535) is an open-label,
two-stage clinical trial designed to evaluate safety and dose
escalation (Stage 1) and safety and efficacy (Stage 2) of surgical
delivery of AXO-AAV-GM2 directly to the brain and spinal cord of
pediatric participants with both infantile and juvenile GM2
gangliosidosis (also known as Tay-Sachs or Sandhoff diseases). In
November 2021, we announced that the FDA granted Fast Track
Designation to AXO-AAV-GM2. We have dosed the first three patients
in the clinical trial under this IND in January 2021, May 2021 and
September 2021, and we expect continued patient identification,
screening, and enrollment in Stage 1 of the dose-ranging trial
throughout 2021. The vector dose administration is divided into an
intra-thecal and bilateral intra-thalamic administrations. The
first patient received a total dose of 1.42×1014
vg and the subsequent two patients received a total dose of
1.95×1014
vg.
AXO-Lenti-PD Program
SUNRISE-PD Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial of AXO-Lenti-PD
We reported 12-month data from the four patients dosed in Cohort 2
of the SUNRISE-PD study at the October 2021 ESGCT Virtual Congress.
We successfully completed a scientific advice meeting with the MHRA
in the U.K. regarding the AXO-Lenti-PD clinical development
program, and the MHRA provided guidance on the appropriate
development pathway for completion of the Phase 1 dose-ranging
study. Topics that were discussed at this meeting included the
acceptability of a comparability protocol between the prior
adherent and new suspension-based manufacturing process, and a new
device administration system to support bilateral simultaneous
infusions. Three GMP batches have successfully completed fill and
finish, achieving target titers using an updated suspension-based
manufacturing process. We are awaiting final testing of these
batches to support certification by a Qualified Person of at least
one batch for use as clinical trial material in the fourth calendar
quarter of 2021. We expect to provide a program update in the first
calendar quarter of 2022.
We reported 24-month data from Cohort 1 in the open-label,
dose-escalation SUNRISE-PD Phase 1/2 study at the October 2021
ESGCT Virtual Congress. AXO-Lenti-PD was observed to be generally
well tolerated, with no serious adverse events attributable to the
gene therapy. At month 24, the patients experienced an average
improvement from baseline in UPDRS III (motor) score, in the state
"OFF" levodopa therapy, of 20.5 points, representing an average
improvement of 35% from baseline. Individual patient improvements
from baseline at 24 months of 27 points and 14 points were observed
(from 60 to 33 and from 58 to 44, respectively). Previously, at
six- and 12-months post-dosing, these patients demonstrated average
17-point and 22-point changes from baseline, respectively, or 29%
and 37% improvements, respectively, on the same scale. Only one of
two patients in Cohort 1 was able to record a Hauser diary.
Improvements were observed across various diary measures from
baseline to 24 months for the single patient. The Parkinson's
Disease Questionnaire-39 score index, a well-validated quality of
life measure in Parkinson’s disease, demonstrated an average
15-point change from baseline for the patients in Cohort 1, or 30%
improvement from baseline to 12 months. In addition, the patients
experienced an average improvement of 13.5 points from baseline on
the UPDRS Part II (activities of daily living) "OFF" score at 24
months post-dosing, representing an average improvement of 44% from
baseline, and an average improvement of 2.5 points from baseline on
the UPDRS Part IV (complications of therapy) "OFF" score at 24
months post-dosing. The 12- and 24-month timepoints are both
considered important timeframes for assessment of therapeutic
response, differentiation from sham/placebo effect, and durability
of gene therapy in Parkinson’s disease.
The target dose being tested in Cohort 2 is
9.0×106
transducing units, which is three times higher than the dose used
in Cohort 1. AXO-Lenti-PD was observed to be generally
well-tolerated in this cohort also, with no SAEs attributable to
the gene therapy. In October 2020, we reported that all four
patients in the cohort were able to complete the six-month
evaluations that do not require an inpatient visit (Hauser diary,
Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dose), and only two of the four were able
to complete the UPDRS Part II and III evaluations – one patient
refused this evaluation and the other was not able to be seen in
the clinic since it was closed due to COVID-19 response measures.
For the same reasons, only two of the four patients were able to
complete the UPDRS Part II and III evaluations at month 12. At both
the six- and 12-month evaluations, UPDRS Part II (activities of
daily living) and UPDRS Part III (motor) scores, in the state "OFF"
levodopa therapy, were stable or improved compared to baseline in
all patients with available data. At month 12, the patients
experienced an average improvement from baseline in UPDRS Part III
(motor) OFF score of 14 points, representing an average improvement
of 29% from baseline. Individual patient improvements from baseline
at 12 months of 23 and 5 points were observed. Similarly, at 12
months, the patients experienced an improvement in the UPDRS Part
II (quality of life) OFF score of 4 points, which represents a 27%
improvement. Individual patients’ improvement from baseline were 8
and 0 points. The Hauser diary was completed by all four patients
and demonstrated an improvement from baseline of 2.1 hours in OFF
time and 1.8 hours in good ON time.
Financial Operations Overview
Revenue
We have not generated any revenue from the sale of any products,
and we do not expect to generate any revenue unless and until we
obtain regulatory approval of and begin to commercialize one of our
gene therapy product candidates in development.
Research and Development Expenses
Since our inception, our operations have primarily been focused on
organizing and staffing our company, raising capital, and
acquiring, preparing for and advancing our product candidates into
clinical development. Our research and development expenses
include program-specific costs, as well as unallocated internal
costs.
Program-specific costs include:
•direct
third-party costs, which include expenses incurred under agreements
with CROs and contract manufacturing organizations, the cost of
consultants who assist with the development of our product
candidates on a program-specific basis, investigator grants,
sponsored research, manufacturing costs in connection with
producing materials for use in conducting nonclinical and clinical
studies, and any other third-party expenses directly attributable
to the development of our product candidates; and
•upfront
payments for the purchase of in-process research and development
and milestone payments, which include costs incurred under our
agreements with the University of Massachusetts Medical School
("UMMS") and Oxford Biomedica (UK) Ltd. ("Oxford").
Unallocated internal costs include:
•stock-based
compensation expense for research and development
personnel;
•personnel-related
expenses, which include employee-related expenses, such as
salaries, benefits and travel expenses, for research and
development personnel; and
•other
expenses, which include laboratory facility rental costs and
research and development equipment depreciation expenses, as well
as the cost of consultants who assist with our research and
development but are not allocated to a specific
program.
Research and development activities will continue to be central to
our business model and will vary significantly based upon the
success of our programs and the achievement of milestones requiring
payments to our partners, UMMS and Oxford. We plan to substantially
increase our research and development expenses in the fiscal year
ending March 31, 2022, as we continue the enrollment of patients in
our GM1 and GM2 clinical trials, and commission the manufacturing
of clinical supplies for these trials. As well, we anticipate that
Oxford will complete the development of a suspension-based
manufacturing process for AXO-Lenti-PD this fiscal year, and, as a
result, we will be responsible for one or more batches of clinical
supplies for this program.
Product candidates in later stages of clinical development
generally have higher development costs than those in earlier
stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size
and duration of later-stage clinical trials.
The duration, costs and timing of clinical trials of our products
in development and any other product candidates will depend on a
variety of factors that include, but are not limited to, the
following:
•the
number of trials required for approval;
•the
per patient trial costs;
•the
number of patients who participate in the trials;
•the
number of sites included in the trials;
•the
countries in which the trials are conducted;
•the
length of time required to enroll eligible patients;
•the
dose that patients receive;
•the
drop-out or discontinuation rates of patients;
•the
potential additional safety monitoring or other studies requested
by regulatory agencies;
•the
duration of patient follow-up;
•any
delays in key trial activities and patient enrollment or diversion
of healthcare resources as a result of the COVID-19
pandemic;
•production
shortages or other supply interruptions in clinical trial materials
resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic;
•the
timing and receipt of regulatory approvals; and
•the
efficacy and safety profile of the product candidates.
In addition, the probability of success of our gene therapy
products in development and any other product candidate will depend
on numerous factors, including competition, manufacturing
capability and commercial viability. We may never succeed in
achieving regulatory approval of our gene therapy product
candidates for any indication in any country. As a result of the
uncertainties discussed above, we are unable to determine in
advance the duration and completion costs of any clinical trial we
conduct, or when and to what extent we will generate revenue from
the commercialization and sale of our products in development or
other product candidates, if at all.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of
stock-based compensation, including stock-based compensation
allocated to us from our affiliate, Roivant Sciences Ltd. ("RSL"),
for RSL equity instruments granted to certain of our employees
(primarily our Chief Executive Officer); other employee-related
expenses such as salaries, benefits and travel expenses for our
general and administrative personnel; non-employee benefit
insurance premiums; third-party legal and accounting fees;
information technology costs; office rent, fixed asset depreciation
and other overhead costs; and consulting services. In the near
term, we anticipate that:
•excluding
stock-based compensation expense, our general and administrative
expenses will at least approximate those incurred during the six
months ended September 30, 2021; and
•our
quarterly general and administrative stock-based compensation
expense will decline significantly on a quarterly basis relative to
that incurred during the three months ended September 30,
2021, which included $5.9 million of stock-based compensation
expense associated with certain RSL equity instruments held by our
Chief Executive Officer for which expensing commenced upon the
liquidity event vesting condition being met upon the closing of
RSL's business combination with Montes Archimedes Acquisition Corp.
("MAAC") on September 30, 2021.
Results of Operations for the Three and Six-Months Ended
September 30, 2021 and 2020
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the
three and six-months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 (in
thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Three Months Ended September 30, |
|
|
|
Six Months Ended September 30, |
|
|
|
2021 |
|
2020 |
|
Change |
|
2021 |
|
2020 |
|
Change |
Operating expenses: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development expenses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(includes stock-based compensation expense of $489 and $458 for the
three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 and $921 and $1,021
for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020,
respectively)
|
$ |
11,448 |
|
|
$ |
5,058 |
|
|
$ |
6,390 |
|
|
$ |
19,506 |
|
|
$ |
10,252 |
|
|
$ |
9,254 |
|
General and administrative expenses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(includes stock-based compensation expense of $6,809 and $650 for
the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 and $7,698 and
$1,677 for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020,
respectively)
|
9,748 |
|
|
4,491 |
|
|
5,257 |
|
|
13,607 |
|
|
9,131 |
|
|
4,476 |
|
Total operating expenses |
21,196 |
|
|
9,549 |
|
|
11,647 |
|
|
33,113 |
|
|
19,383 |
|
|
13,730 |
|
Interest expense
|
11 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
10 |
|
|
12 |
|
|
797 |
|
|
(785) |
|
Other expense (income) |
30 |
|
|
580 |
|
|
(550) |
|
|
10 |
|
|
(1,486) |
|
|
1,496 |
|
Loss before income tax benefit |
(21,237) |
|
|
(10,130) |
|
|
(11,107) |
|
|
(33,135) |
|
|
(18,694) |
|
|
(14,441) |
|
Income tax benefit |
— |
|
|
(146) |
|
|
146 |
|
|
(28) |
|
|
(116) |
|
|
88 |
|
Net loss |
$ |
(21,237) |
|
|
$ |
(9,984) |
|
|
$ |
(11,253) |
|
|
$ |
(33,107) |
|
|
$ |
(18,578) |
|
|
$ |
(14,529) |
|
Research and Development Expenses
Our research and development expenses during the three and
six-months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 consisted of the
following (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Three Months Ended September 30, |
|
|
|
Six Months Ended September 30, |
|
|
|
2021 |
|
2020 |
|
Change |
|
2021 |
|
2020 |
|
Change |
Program-specific costs: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AXO-AAV-GM1 and AXO-AAV-GM2 |
$ |
6,906 |
|
|
$ |
415 |
|
|
$ |
6,491 |
|
|
$ |
10,324 |
|
|
$ |
800 |
|
|
$ |
9,524 |
|
AXO-Lenti-PD |
475 |
|
|
1,729 |
|
|
(1,254) |
|
|
1,033 |
|
|
3,387 |
|
|
(2,354) |
|
Unallocated internal costs: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Personnel-related |
2,163 |
|
|
1,680 |
|
|
483 |
|
|
4,663 |
|
|
3,640 |
|
|
1,023 |
|
Stock-based compensation expense |
489 |
|
|
458 |
|
|
31 |
|
|
921 |
|
|
1,021 |
|
|
(100) |
|
Other |
1,415 |
|
|
776 |
|
|
639 |
|
|
2,565 |
|
|
1,404 |
|
|
1,161 |
|
Total research and development expenses |
$ |
11,448 |
|
|
$ |
5,058 |
|
|
$ |
6,390 |
|
|
$ |
19,506 |
|
|
$ |
10,252 |
|
|
$ |
9,254 |
|
Research and development expenses were $11.4 million for the three
months ended September 30, 2021 and $5.1 million for the three
months ended September 30, 2020, increasing by $6.3 million.
Research and development expenses were $19.5 million for the six
months ended September 30, 2021 and $10.3 million for the six
months ended September 30, 2020, increasing by $9.2 million.
The three and six-month increases were primarily related to
increases in:
(i) AXO-AAV-GM1 clinical trial material manufacturing expenses for
the planned enrollment of infantile patients in the high-dose
cohort, as well as clinical trial expenses due to the enrollment of
the juvenile patients in the high-dose cohort and for the
enrollment of infantile patients in the low-dose
cohort;
(ii) AXO-AAV-GM2 clinical trial material manufacturing expenses for
the planned enrollment of patients in the mid-to-high-dose cohorts
(versus the prior year period, when this program was on clinical
hold), as well as clinical trial expenses associated with the
ongoing enrollment of juvenile patients in the low-dose cohort and
for the planned enrollment of patients in the low-to-mid dose
cohorts; and
(iii) personnel-related costs primarily due to increased
headcount.
These increases were partially offset by decreases in AXO-Lenti-PD
costs compared to the prior year periods of $1.3 million and $2.4
million for the three and six-months ended September 30, 2021,
respectively, related to: (i) the delays at Oxford, which have not
only resulted in lower than expected manufacturing expenses, but
have also delayed further clinical studies of AXO-Lenti-PD, and
(ii) early development programs that were completed during the
quarter ended December 31, 2020 and as a result, development
expenses have also decreased in the current year
period.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses were $9.7 million for the three
months ended September 30, 2021 and $4.5 million for the three
months ended September 30, 2020. The increase of $5.2 million
was primarily related to $5.9 million of stock-based compensation
expense associated with certain RSL equity instruments that are
held by our Chief Executive Officer (the "RSL Equity Instruments"),
for which expensing commenced upon the liquidity event vesting
condition being met upon the closing of RSL's business combination
with MAAC on September 30, 2021. Going forward, these charges are
expected to decline significantly on a quarterly basis. Excluding
the $5.9 million of stock-based compensation expense recorded for
the RSL Equity Instruments during the three months ended
September 30, 2021, general and administrative expenses
decreased by $0.7 million primarily related to: (i) reductions in
tax and legal fees resulting primarily from the simplification of
our corporate structure and the domestication of Sio Gene Therapies
Inc. from Bermuda to Delaware that was completed in November 2020,
and (ii) decreased rent expense due to the downsizing of our New
York office footprint.
General and administrative expenses were $13.6 million for the six
months ended September 30, 2021 and $9.1 million for the six
months ended September 30, 2020. The increase of $4.5 million
was primarily related to $5.9 million of stock-based compensation
expense recorded for the RSL Equity Instruments during the six
months ended September 30, 2021. Going forward, these charges
are expected to decline significantly on a quarterly basis.
Excluding the $5.9 million of stock-based compensation expense
recorded for the RSL Equity Instruments during the six months ended
September 30, 2021, general and administrative expenses
decreased by $1.4 million primarily related to: (i) decreased rent
expense due to the downsizing of our New York office footprint, and
(ii) reductions in tax, legal, auditing and accounting fees
resulting primarily from the simplification of our corporate
structure and the domestication of Sio Gene Therapies Inc. from
Bermuda to Delaware that was completed in November
2020.
Interest Expense
Interest expense was $11 thousand and $12 thousand for the three
and six- months ended September 30, 2021, and $1 thousand and
$0.8 million for the three and six-months ended September 30,
2020. The decrease in interest expense during the six months ended
September 30, 2021 compared to the prior year period was due
to the April 2020 prepayment in full of the $15.7 million
outstanding principal balance on our loan and security agreement
with Hercules Capital, Inc. ("Hercules").
Other Expense (Income)
Other expense was $30 thousand and $0.6 million for the three
months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Other
expense for the three months ended September 30, 2021
consisted primarily of foreign exchange losses, partially offset by
interest income. Other expense for the three months ended
September 30, 2020 consisted primarily of foreign exchange
losses, partially offset by interest income.
Other expense (income) was $10 thousand and $(1.5) million for the
six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Other expense for the six months ended September 30, 2021
consisted primarily of foreign exchange losses, partially offset by
interest income. Other income for the six months ended
September 30, 2020 included income of approximately $2.2
million associated with the exercise of a right to purchase
convertible preferred stock in Arvelle Therapeutics B.V.
("Arvelle") that was sold in February 2021, partially offset by
foreign exchange losses.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources of Liquidity
Since our initial public offering in June 2015, our operations have
been financed primarily through sales of common stock and
pre-funded warrants, as well as borrowings under our credit
facilities. As of September 30, 2021, we had $101.7 million of
cash and cash equivalents available to us, and in April 2020, we
prepaid the remaining outstanding principal balance, equal to $15.7
million, together with $0.3 million of accrued interest, fees and
other amounts due under our loan and security agreement with
Hercules.
Capital Requirements
We are currently in the clinical stage of operations and have not
yet achieved profitability. We expect to continue to incur
significant operating and net losses, as well as negative cash
flows from operations, for the foreseeable future as we continue to
develop our gene therapy product candidates and prepare for
potential future regulatory approvals and commercialization of our
products. We have not generated any revenue to date and do not
expect to generate product revenue unless and until we successfully
complete development and obtain regulatory approval for at least
one of our gene therapy product candidates. Our current cash and
cash equivalents balance will also not be sufficient to complete
all necessary development activities and commercially launch our
products.
We expect to spend substantial amounts to complete the development
of, seek regulatory approvals for and commercialize our product
candidates. In addition, as part of our business development
strategy, we generally structure our license agreements and
collaboration agreements so that a significant portion of the total
license cost is contingent upon the successful achievement of
specified development, regulatory or commercial milestones. As a
result, we will require cash to make payments upon achievement of
these milestones under these agreements. Based on our anticipated
timeline for the achievement of development, regulatory and
commercial milestones, we do not expect significant milestone
payments under our license and collaboration agreements to come due
prior to March 31, 2022.
Because the length of time and activities associated with
successful development of our product candidates are highly
uncertain, we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will
require for development and any approved marketing and
commercialization activities. However, we anticipate that our
current cash and cash equivalents balance is sufficient to fund our
clinical milestones beyond the expected dates of major upcoming
milestones for our AXO-AAV-GM1 gene therapy program for the
treatment of GM1 gangliosidosis. Our future funding requirements,
both near and long-term, will depend on many factors, including,
but not limited to:
•the
progress, timing, costs and results of our clinical trials of our
product candidates;
•the
outcome, timing and cost of meeting regulatory requirements
established by the FDA, the European Medicines Agency, or Japan’s
Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency, and other comparable
foreign regulatory authorities;
•the
achievement of certain development, regulatory and
commercialization milestones that give rise to milestone and
royalty payments to licensors;
•the
cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our patent
claims and other intellectual property rights;
•the
cost of obtaining necessary intellectual property and defending
potential intellectual property disputes, including patent
infringement actions brought by third parties against us or our
product candidates or any future product candidates;
•the
effect of competing technological and market
developments;
•the
cost and timing of completion of clinical-stage and
commercial-scale manufacturing activities, including costs that may
result from delays in the development of a suspension-based
manufacturing process by our partner, Oxford;
•the
cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities
for our product candidates in regions where we choose to
commercialize our products on our own; and
•the
initiation, progress, timing and results of our commercialization
of our product candidates, if approved for commercial
sale.
For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and the fiscal
year ended March 31, 2021, we incurred net losses of $33.1
million and $32.4 million, respectively. As of September 30,
2021, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $101.7 million and our
accumulated deficit was $824.2 million. We estimate that our
current cash and cash equivalents balance is sufficient to support
operations into the fourth calendar quarter of 2022, including
beyond the expected dates of major upcoming milestones for our
AXO-AAV-GM1 gene therapy program for the treatment of GM1
gangliosidosis.
Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenue
from sales of our products in development, we expect to finance our
cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt
financings and potential collaboration, license or development
agreements. We do not currently have any committed external
source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional
capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities,
our stockholders’ ownership interests will be diluted, and the
terms of these securities may include liquidation or other
preferences that adversely affect our stockholders’ rights. Debt
financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve
agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our
ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional
debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. In
addition, if we raise additional funds through collaborations,
strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing
arrangements with third parties, we may be required to relinquish
valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams,
research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on
terms that may not be favorable to us.
In order to continue as a going concern and to meet our long-term
operating requirements, we will need, among other things,
additional capital resources. Although we have successfully
obtained financing in the past, future financing activities that
are not probable of being implemented and probable of alleviating
the conditions that raise substantial doubt are not permitted to be
included in our assessment of our liquidity. Due to these
uncertainties, there is substantial doubt about our ability to
continue as going concern. We continually assess multiple options
to obtain additional funding to support our operations, including
proceeds from offerings of our equity securities or debt, or
transactions involving product development, technology licensing or
collaboration arrangements, or other sources of capital to complete
our currently planned development programs. Sources of a sufficient
amount of financing may not be available to us on favorable terms,
if at all, and our ability to raise additional capital may be
adversely impacted by potentially worsening global economic
conditions and the recent disruptions to and volatility in the
credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide
resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, extreme
price and volume fluctuations in the stock market in general, and
the Nasdaq Global Select Market, in particular, have resulted in
volatile and sometimes decreased stock prices for many companies,
including us. Broad market and industry factors, including
worsening economic conditions and other adverse effects or
developments relating to the evolving effects of the COVID-19
pandemic, may negatively affect the market price of our common
stock, regardless of our actual operating performance, and impact
our ability to raise sufficient additional capital on acceptable
terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional funds when
needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our
product development or future commercialization efforts or grant
rights to develop and market product candidates that we would
otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.
At-the-Market Equity Offering Program
We have engaged SVB Leerink LLC as our agent to sell shares of our
common stock from time to time through an at-the-market equity
offering program. SVB Leerink LLC is entitled to compensation for
its services in an amount equal to 3% of the gross proceeds of any
of our shares of common stock sold. During the six months ended
September 30, 2020, which was the inception of this program,
we sold approximately 7.6 million shares of our common stock
for total proceeds of approximately $24.0 million, net of
brokerage fees, under this program. During the six months ended
September 30, 2021, we sold approximately 0.2 million
shares of our common stock for total proceeds of approximately
$0.5 million, net of brokerage fees, under this program. As of
September 30, 2021, we sold a total of approximately
29.8 million shares of our common stock for aggregate proceeds
of approximately $90.9 million, net of brokerage fees, under and
since the inception of this program. Subsequent to
September 30, 2021, we sold approximately 0.5 million
shares of our common stock for total proceeds of approximately
$1.1 million under this program, net of brokerage
fees.
Cash Flows
The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for each
of the periods shown (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Six Months Ended September 30, |
|
2021 |
|
2020 |
Net cash used in operating activities |
$ |
(21,919) |
|
|
$ |
(25,323) |
|
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |
4,149 |
|
|
(130) |
|
Net cash provided by financing activities |
479 |
|
|
7,872 |
|
Operating Activities
Cash flows from operating activities consist of net loss adjusted
for non-cash items, including depreciation and stock-based
compensation expenses, as well as the effect of changes in working
capital and other activities.
For the six months ended September 30, 2021, net cash used in
operating activities was $21.9 million and was primarily
attributable to a net loss of $33.1 million, which includes costs
incurred for research and development activities, including CRO
fees, manufacturing, regulatory and other clinical trial costs, as
well as our general and administrative expenses, in addition to a
decrease of $1.8 million in accrued expenses, which were partially
offset by $8.6 million of non-cash stock-based compensation
expense, a decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets of
$3.0 million and an increase in accounts payable of $1.3
million.
For the six months ended September 30, 2020, net cash used in
operating activities was $25.3 million and was primarily
attributable to a net loss of $18.6 million, which includes costs
incurred for research and development activities, including CRO
fees, manufacturing, regulatory and other clinical trial costs, as
well as our general and administrative expenses, a decrease in
accrued expenses of $3.5 million, an increase in prepaid expenses
and other current assets of $2.4 million, a decrease in accounts
payable of $2.2 million, and a gain of $2.2 million associated with
the exercise of a right to purchase convertible preferred stock in
Arvelle that was sold in February 2021, which were partially offset
by $2.7 million of non-cash stock-based compensation
expense.
Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities was $4.1 million for the
six months ended September 30, 2021 and consisted primarily of
$4.3 million of cash proceeds from the sale of our long-term
investment in Arvelle, partially offset by purchases of fixed
assets. Net cash used in investing activities was $0.1 million for
the six months ended September 30, 2020 and related to
purchases of fixed assets.
Financing Activities
For the six months ended September 30, 2021, net cash provided
by financing activities was approximately $0.5 million and
consisted of net proceeds from the issuance and sale of our shares
of common stock under our share sales agreement with SVB Leerink
LLC. For the six months ended September 30, 2020, net cash
provided by financing activities was approximately $7.9 million and
consisted primarily of $23.5 million of net proceeds from the
issuance and sale of our shares of common stock under our share
sales agreement with SVB Leerink LLC, partially offset by $15.7
million of principal payments made on long-term debt.
Contractual Obligations
Our contractual obligations did not materially change during
the six months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to
those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year
ended March 31, 2021.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not
currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined
under the SEC’s rules.
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and
Estimates
Our management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition
and results of operations is based on our unaudited condensed
consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, which
have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted
accounting principles ("GAAP"). The preparation of these unaudited
condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes
requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that
affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure
of contingent assets and liabilities as of the dates of the balance
sheets and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting
periods. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we evaluate our
estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. Significant
estimates include research and development accruals. We base
our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors
that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results
of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying
value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from
other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates
under different assumptions or conditions.
We define our critical accounting policies as those under U.S. GAAP
that require us to make subjective estimates and judgments about
matters that are uncertain and are likely to have a material impact
on our financial condition and results of operations, as well as
the specific manner in which we apply those
principles.
Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in
Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," to our
unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in this
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in Note 2, "Summary of
Significant Accounting Policies," to our audited consolidated
financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. Not all of
these significant accounting policies, however, require that we
make estimates and assumptions that we believe are "critical
accounting estimates." We believe that our estimates relating to
research and development accruals have the greatest potential
impact on our consolidated financial statements and accompanying
notes and consider these to be our critical accounting policies and
estimates and are "critical accounting estimates." There have been
no material changes to our critical accounting policies and
significant judgments and estimates as compared to the critical
accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates
described in our Annual Report.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see "Note
2(F)—Recent Accounting Pronouncements" in the accompanying notes to
the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included
in "Item 1—Financial Statements" of this Quarterly Report on Form
10-Q for additional information.
Item 3. Quantitative
and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in
market rates and market prices such as interest rates, foreign
currency exchange rates, and changes in the market value of equity
instruments. As of September 30, 2021, we had total cash
and cash equivalents and restricted cash of $102.9 million,
with cash consisting of non-interest-bearing deposits denominated
in the U.S. dollar, Swiss franc and Euro, cash equivalents
consisting of interest-bearing money market fund deposits
denominated in the U.S. dollar, which are invested in debt
securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government and
repurchase agreements fully collateralized by U.S. Treasury and
U.S. government securities, and restricted cash consisting of
non-interest-bearing deposits denominated in the U.S. dollar. We
have policies requiring us to invest in high-quality issuers, limit
our exposure to any individual issuer, and ensure adequate
liquidity. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate
sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of
U.S. interest rates, particularly because our cash equivalent
investments are in the form of money market funds and marketable
securities and are invested in U.S. Treasury obligations. Due to
the short-term duration of our investment portfolio and the low
risk profile of our investments, an immediate 100 basis point
change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the
fair market value of our portfolio.
Item 4. Controls and
Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision of our principal executive officer and
principal financial officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our
disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2021,
the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on
Form 10-Q. The term "disclosure controls and procedures" (as
defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), means
controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to
provide reasonable assurance that information required to be
disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the
Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within
the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and
forms.
Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation,
controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance
that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that
we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and
communicated to our management, including our principal executive
officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow
for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this
evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial
officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were
effective as of September 30, 2021, at the reasonable
assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial
reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) under the
Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is
reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over
financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including our principal executive officer and
principal financial officer, does not expect that our disclosure
controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all
error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived
and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance
that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the
design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are
resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be
considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent
limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can
provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of
fraud, if any, within Sio Gene Therapies Inc. have been
detected.
PART II: OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings
relating to claims arising from the ordinary course of
business. We are not currently a party to any material legal
proceedings, and we are not aware of any pending or threatened
legal proceeding against us that we believe could have an adverse
effect on our business, operating results or financial
condition.
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
You should carefully consider the following risk factors, in
addition to the other information contained in this
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the section of
this report titled "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our unaudited
condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes. The
risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we
face. Additional risks and uncertainties of which we are unaware,
or that we currently believe are not material, may also become
important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the
events described in the following risk factors and the risks
described elsewhere in this report occurs, our business, operating
results and financial condition could be seriously harmed, and the
trading price of our common stock could decline. This Quarterly
Report on Form 10-Q also contains forward-looking statements
that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could
differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking
statements as a result of factors that are described below and
elsewhere in this report. You should not interpret our disclosure
of any of the following risks to imply that such risks have not
already materialized.
Risks Related to Our Business, Financial Position and Capital
Requirements
We have a limited operating history and have never generated any
product revenues.
We are a clinical-stage gene-therapy company with a limited
operating history. Our operations to date have been limited to
organizing and staffing our company, raising capital, acquiring
product candidates and advancing our product candidates into
clinical development. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to
successfully complete a registration-enabling pivotal clinical
trial, obtain marketing approval, manufacture a clinical-stage or
commercial-scale product, or arrange for a third party to do so on
our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for
successful product commercialization. Our gene therapy-focused
strategy and business plan have not yet been proven and we may
never be successful in developing or commercializing any of our
gene therapy product candidates, including our gene therapy product
candidates, which remain in early stages of clinical development.
Consequently, we have no meaningful operations upon which to
evaluate our business and predictions about our future success or
viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a
longer operating history or a history of successfully developing
and commercializing pharmaceutical products.
Our ability to generate revenue and become profitable depends upon
our ability to successfully complete the development of our product
candidates and to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals for
their commercialization. We have never been profitable, have not
generated any revenue from product sales, and have no products
approved for commercial sale.
Even if we receive regulatory approval for our product candidates,
we do not know when those candidates will generate revenue, if at
all. Our ability to generate product revenue depends on a number of
factors, including our ability to:
•successfully
commence and complete clinical trials and obtain regulatory
approval for the marketing of our gene therapy product
candidates;
•establish
effective sales, marketing and distribution systems for our gene
therapy product candidates;
•add
operational, financial and management information systems and
personnel, including personnel to support our clinical,
manufacturing and planned future commercialization efforts and
operations as a public company;
•initiate
and continue relationships with third-party suppliers and
manufacturers, including Oxford Biomedica (UK) Ltd. ("Oxford"),
Viralgen Vector Core, S.L. and other third-party cGMP
manufacturers, and have clinical and commercial quantities of our
gene therapy product candidates manufactured at acceptable cost and
quality levels;
•attract
and retain an experienced management and advisory
team;
•raise
additional funds when needed and on terms acceptable to
us;
•achieve
broad market acceptance of our products in the medical community
and with third-party payors and consumers;
•launch
commercial sales of our products, whether alone or in collaboration
with others;
•compete
effectively with other biotechnology and gene therapy companies
targeting neurological diseases; and
•obtain,
maintain, expand and protect necessary intellectual property
rights.
Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with
product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount
of increased expenses, or when, or if, we will be able to achieve
or maintain profitability. Our expenses could increase beyond
expectations if we are required by the United States Food and Drug
Administration ("FDA"), European Medicines Agency ("EMA"), Japan's
Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency ("PMDA") or comparable
regulatory authorities in other countries, to perform studies or
clinical trials in addition to those that we currently anticipate.
Even if our product candidates are approved for commercial sale, we
anticipate incurring significant costs associated with their
commercial launch. If we cannot successfully execute any one of the
foregoing, our business may not succeed, and your investment will
be adversely affected.
Our business, operations and clinical development plans and
timelines could continue to be adversely impacted by the effects of
health epidemics, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic, on the
manufacturing, clinical trial and other business activities
performed by us or by third parties with whom we conduct business,
including our contract manufacturers, contract research
organizations, or CROs, shippers and others.
Our business and operations, including patient enrollment and
Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls ("CMC") manufacturing efforts
for our clinical trials, could continue to be adversely impacted by
health epidemics wherever we have clinical trial sites or other
business operations. In addition, health epidemics could cause
significant disruption in the operations of third-party
manufacturers, CROs and other third parties upon whom we rely. For
example, the global COVID-19 pandemic and measures introduced by
local, state and federal governments to contain the virus and
mitigate its public health effects have significantly impacted and
may continue to significantly impact our industry and the global
economy. These and similar, and perhaps more severe, disruptions in
our operations, our industry and the global economy could
negatively impact our business, operating results and financial
condition.
We are dependent on an international supply chain for products to
be used in our clinical trials and, if approved by the regulatory
authorities, for commercialization. Quarantines, shelter-in-place
and similar government orders, whether related to COVID-19 or other
infectious diseases, could impact personnel at third-party
manufacturing facilities or the availability or cost of materials,
which could disrupt our supply chain. Any manufacturing supply
interruption of our product candidates could harm our ability to
conduct ongoing and future clinical trials of our product
candidates. In addition, closures of transportation carriers and
modal hubs could materially impact our clinical development and any
future commercialization timelines.
If our relationships with our suppliers or other vendors are
terminated or scaled back as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or
other health epidemics, we may not be able to enter into
arrangements with alternative suppliers or vendors or do so on
commercially reasonable terms or in a timely manner. Switching or
adding additional suppliers or vendors involves substantial cost
and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a
natural transition period when a new supplier or vendor commences
work. As a result, delays occur, which could adversely impact our
ability to meet our desired clinical development and any future
commercialization timelines. Although we carefully manage our
relationships with our suppliers and vendors, there can be no
assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the
future or that these delays or challenges will not have an adverse
impact on our business, financial condition and
prospects.
In addition, our clinical trials have been affected by the COVID-19
pandemic, including emerging variant strains of the virus. Clinical
trial progression, dosing, patient enrollment and related
activities have been delayed due to concerns among patients about
participating in clinical trials during a pandemic, and reporting
of some clinical data may be incomplete or delayed if patients
enrolled in our clinical trials are unable to fully participate in
all necessary measurement protocols as a result of any such
hospital resource prioritization, patient participation concerns or
other factors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Federal,
state, and local guidelines for reopening in the United States and
United Kingdom, where our clinical trials are being run, may
negatively impact our ability to enroll additional patients in any
of our clinical programs. Some patients may have difficulty
following certain aspects of clinical trial protocols if
quarantines impede patient movement or interrupt healthcare
services. For example, patients in our clinical trials for
AXO-AAV-GM1 and AXO-AAV-GM2 are infants, often with advanced
disease, who may not be able to safely participate in clinical
trials for these product candidates during the COVID-19 pandemic or
if they have not or are not eligible to receive COVID-19
vaccinations. Additionally, our clinical trial for AXO-Lenti-PD can
involve elderly patients with advanced disease who may be unable to
participate in clinical assessments at our research sites in the
United Kingdom. For example, because of the COVID-19 pandemic and a
patient refusal, two out of four patients in the second cohort of
our Phase 1/2 clinical trial of AXO-Lenti-PD at our United Kingdom
clinical trial sites were unable to participate in Unified
Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale ("UPDRS") assessments and the
mandatory washout of background levodopa therapy at the six-month
time point, and two of four patients were unable to complete the
UPDRS Part II and III evaluations at month 12. However, all four of
these subjects were able to complete all other efficacy assessments
at the six- and 12-month timepoints, including the patient-recorded
Hauser diaries. We are working with sites and investigators to
ensure safe and ethical data collection at future time points
through the pandemic in accordance with regulatory guidance.
Similarly, our inability to successfully recruit and retain
patients and principal investigators and site staff who, as
healthcare providers, may have heightened exposure to COVID-19 or
experience additional restrictions by their institutions or local,
state or national governments, could adversely impact our clinical
trial operations.
The ultimate impact and evolving effects of the COVID-19 pandemic
or a similar health epidemic are highly uncertain and subject to
change. While vaccines have become available in certain countries
and some economies have reopened, we do not yet know the full
extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our clinical
trials, healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole. Future
waves of outbreak or new variant strains of the virus may require
re-closures or other preventative measures. These effects could
harm our operations, and we will continue to monitor the COVID-19
situation closely.
We expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future
and may never achieve or maintain profitability.
Investment in pharmaceutical and biological product development is
highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital
expenditures and significant risk that a product candidate will
fail to gain regulatory approval or become commercially viable. We
have never generated any revenues, and we cannot estimate with
precision the extent of our future losses. We do not currently have
any products that are available for commercial sale and we may
never generate revenue from selling products or achieve
profitability. We expect to continue to incur substantial and
increasing losses through the projected commercialization of our
product candidates. Our product candidates have not been approved
for marketing in the United States or any other jurisdiction, and
we may never receive any such approvals. We are uncertain when or
if we will achieve profitability and, if so, whether we will be
able to sustain it. Our ability to produce revenue and achieve
profitability is dependent on our ability to complete the
development of our product candidates, obtain necessary regulatory
approvals, and have our product candidates manufactured and
successfully marketed and commercialized. We cannot assure you that
we will be profitable even if we successfully commercialize our
product candidates. If we do successfully obtain regulatory
approval to market our product candidates, our revenues will be
dependent, in part, upon the size of the markets in the territories
for which we gain regulatory approval, the number of competitors in
such markets, the accepted price for our product candidates and
whether we own the commercial rights for that territory. If the
indication approved by regulatory authorities is narrower than we
expect, or the treatment population is narrowed by competition,
physician choice or treatment guidelines, we may not generate
significant revenue from sales of our product candidates, even if
approved. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able
to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual
basis. Failure to become and remain profitable may adversely affect
the market price of our common stock and our ability to raise
capital and continue operations.
We expect our research and development expenses to be significant
as we develop our gene therapy product candidates. In addition, if
we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we
expect to incur increased sales and marketing expenses. As a
result, we expect to continue to incur significant operating losses
and negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future.
These losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect
on our financial position and working capital.
We estimate that our current cash and cash equivalents balance is
sufficient to support operations into the fourth calendar quarter
of 2022, including beyond the expected dates of major upcoming
milestones for our AXO-AAV-GM1 gene therapy program for the
treatment of GM1 gangliosidosis. Although we have successfully
obtained financing in the past, future financing activities that
are not probable of being implemented and probable of alleviating
the conditions that raise substantial doubt are not permitted to be
included in our assessment of our liquidity. Due to these
uncertainties, there is substantial doubt about our ability to
continue as going concern. In order to continue as a going concern
and to meet our long-term operating requirements, we will need,
among other things, additional capital resources. We continually
assess multiple options to obtain additional funding to support our
operations, including proceeds from offerings of our equity
securities or debt, or transactions involving product development,
technology licensing or collaboration arrangements, or other
sources of capital to complete our currently planned development
programs. Sources of a sufficient amount of financing may not be
available to us on favorable terms, if at all, and our ability to
raise additional capital may be adversely impacted by potentially
worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to
and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United
States and worldwide resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts
or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay,
scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of
our product candidates. Any significant delays in our programs may
also require us to reevaluate our corporate strategy, resulting in
the expenditure of significant resources and time, or potentially
resulting in us discontinuing our operations.
We are heavily dependent on the success of our gene therapy product
candidates, which are still in early stages of clinical
development. If we are unable to successfully develop and
commercialize any of our product candidates, our business will be
harmed.
We currently have no products that are approved for commercial sale
and may never be able to develop marketable products. We expect
that a substantial portion of our efforts and expenditures over the
next few years will be devoted to the development of our gene
therapy product candidates, all of which are in the early stages of
clinical development. Accordingly, our business currently depends
heavily on the successful development, regulatory approval and
commercialization of these product candidates. We cannot be certain
that any of our product candidates will receive regulatory approval
or be successfully commercialized even if we receive regulatory
approval. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval,
sale, marketing and distribution of our product candidates are and
will remain subject to extensive regulation by the FDA, the EMA,
the PMDA and other comparable regulatory authorities that each have
differing regulations. We are not permitted to market our product
candidates in the United States or in any foreign countries until
they receive the requisite approvals from the FDA or comparable
regulatory authorities in other countries. We have not submitted
marketing applications to the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities
and do not expect to be in a position to do so for the foreseeable
future. Obtaining marketing approval is a lengthy, expensive and
inherently uncertain process, and regulatory authorities may delay,
limit or deny approval of our product candidates for many reasons,
including:
•we
may not be able to demonstrate that a product candidate is safe and
effective as a treatment for our targeted indications to the
satisfaction of the applicable regulatory authorities;
•our
BLA or other key regulatory filings may be delayed or rejected due
to issues, including those related to product quality and
manufacturing, timing of results from supporting studies, database
lock and data transfer;
•the
regulatory authorities may require additional nonclinical studies
or clinical studies of the product candidate in Parkinson’s disease
or other indications, which would increase our costs and prolong
our development;
•the
results of our clinical trials may not meet the level of
statistical or clinical significance required for marketing
approval;
•the
regulatory authorities may disagree with the number, design, size,
conduct or implementation of our clinical trials;
•the
contract research organizations ("CROs") that we retain to conduct
clinical trials may take actions outside of our control, or
otherwise commit errors or breaches of protocols, that adversely
impact our clinical trials;
•the
regulatory authorities may not find the data from nonclinical
studies and clinical trials sufficient to demonstrate that the
clinical and other benefits of the product candidate outweigh its
safety risks;
•the
regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data
from our nonclinical studies and clinical trials or may require
that we conduct additional studies;
•the
regulatory authorities may not accept data generated at our
clinical trial sites;
•the
regulatory authorities may require, as a condition of approval,
limitations on approved labeling or distribution and use
restrictions;
•the
FDA may require development of a risk evaluation and mitigation
strategy ("REMS") as a condition of approval;
•the
regulatory authorities may identify deficiencies in the
manufacturing processes or facilities of our third-party
manufacturers; or
•the
regulatory authorities may change their approval policies or adopt
new regulations.
In addition, in October 2020, our manufacturing partner for
AXO-Lenti-PD, Oxford, informed us of delays in CMC data and
third-party fill/finish issues. As a result, the development of a
suspension-based manufacturing process for AXO-Lenti-PD has taken
longer than expected, which will likely result in delays in
starting our planned randomized, sham-controlled trial of
AXO-Lenti-PD. There can be no assurance as to the timeline for our
planned trial or that we will not experience future delays, which
would adversely affect our business, financial condition and
results of operations.
We will require additional capital to fund our operations, and if
we fail to obtain necessary financing, we may not be able to
complete the development and commercialization of our product
candidates.
We are currently in the clinical stage of operations and have not
yet achieved profitability. We expect to continue to incur
significant operating and net losses, as well as negative cash
flows from operations, for the foreseeable future as we continue to
develop our gene therapy product candidates and prepare for
potential future regulatory approvals and commercialization of our
products. We have not generated any revenue to date and do not
expect to generate product revenue unless and until we successfully
complete development and obtain regulatory approval for at least
one of our gene therapy product candidates. Our current cash and
cash equivalents balance will also not be sufficient to complete
all necessary development activities and commercially launch our
products.
We expect to spend substantial amounts to complete the development
of, seek regulatory approvals for and commercialize our product
candidates. Because the length of time and activities associated
with successful development of our product candidates is highly
uncertain, we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will
require for development and any approved marketing and
commercialization activities. However, we anticipate that our
current cash and cash equivalents balance is sufficient to fund our
clinical milestones beyond the expected dates of major upcoming
milestones for our AXO-AAV-GM1 gene therapy program for the
treatment of GM1 gangliosidosis. Our future funding requirements,
both near and long-term, will depend on many factors, including,
but not limited to:
•the
progress, timing, costs and results of our clinical trials of our
product candidates;
•the
outcome, timing and cost of meeting regulatory requirements
established by the FDA, the EMA, or the PMDA, and other comparable
foreign regulatory authorities;
•the
achievement of certain development, regulatory and
commercialization milestones that give rise to milestone and
royalty payments to licensors;
•the
cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our patent
claims and other intellectual property rights;
•the
cost of obtaining necessary intellectual property and defending
potential intellectual property disputes, including patent
infringement actions brought by third parties against us or our
product candidates or any future product candidates;
•the
effect of competing technological and market
developments;
•the
cost and timing of completion of clinical-stage and
commercial-scale manufacturing activities, including costs that may
result from delays in the development of a suspension-based
manufacturing process by our partner, Oxford;
•the
cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities
for our product candidates in regions where we choose to
commercialize our products on our own; and
•the
initiation, progress, timing and results of our commercialization
of our product candidates, if approved for commercial
sale.
For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and the fiscal
year ended March 31, 2021, we incurred net losses of $33.1
million and $32.4 million, respectively. As of September 30,
2021, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $101.7 million and our
accumulated deficit was $824.2 million. We estimate that our
current cash and cash equivalents balance is sufficient to support
operations into the fourth calendar quarter of 2022, including
beyond the expected dates of major upcoming milestones for our
AXO-AAV-GM1 gene therapy program for the treatment of GM1
gangliosidosis.
In order to continue as a going concern and to meet our long-term
operating requirements, we will need, among other things,
additional capital resources. Although we have successfully
obtained financing in the past, future financing activities that
are not probable of being implemented and probable of alleviating
the conditions that raise substantial doubt are not permitted to be
included in our assessment of our liquidity. Due to these
uncertainties, there is substantial doubt about our ability to
continue as going concern. We continually assess multiple options
to obtain additional funding to support our operations, including
proceeds from offerings of our equity securities or debt, or
transactions involving product development, technology licensing or
collaboration arrangements, or other sources of capital to complete
our currently planned development programs. Sources of a sufficient
amount of financing may not be available to us on favorable terms,
if at all, and our ability to raise additional capital may be
adversely impacted by potentially worsening global economic
conditions and the recent disruptions to and volatility in the
credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide
resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. If we are unable to
raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms
acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or
discontinue the development or commercialization of our product
candidates. Any significant delays in our programs may also require
us to reevaluate our corporate strategy, resulting in the
expenditure of significant resources and time, or potentially
resulting in us discontinuing our operations.
Raising additional funds by issuing securities may cause dilution
to existing stockholders, raising additional funds through debt
financings may involve restrictive covenants, and raising funds
through lending and licensing arrangements may restrict our
operations or require us to relinquish proprietary
rights.
We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the
future to continue our planned operations. Until such time, if
ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to
finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings,
debt financings, strategic alliances and license and development
agreements in connection with any collaborations. We do not have
any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise
additional capital by issuing equity securities, including pursuant
to our "shelf" registration statement filed with the U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") and our
"at-the-market" offering of common stock, our existing
stockholders’ ownership may experience substantial dilution, and
the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other
preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common
stockholder. Debt financing or preferred equity financing, if
available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting
or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as
incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring
dividends.
If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic
alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with
third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our
technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product
candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to
us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or
debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit,
reduce or terminate our product development or future
commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market
product candidates that we would otherwise develop and market
ourselves.
We may be required to continue to make significant payments to
third parties under the agreements pursuant to which we acquired
our gene therapy product candidates.
Under our agreements with the University of Massachusetts Medical
School ("UMMS") and Oxford, we are subject to significant
obligations, including payment obligations upon achievement of
specified milestones and payments based on product sales, as well
as other material obligations. Some of these milestones require us
to make payments prior to generating any product sales. We may not
have sufficient funds available to meet our obligations at such
time as any of these payments become due, in which case our
development efforts would be harmed. Further, failure to make these
payments or to meet our other material obligations may result in
our counterparties pursuing various remedies under those agreements
that could harm our operations.
Our business plan may lead to the initiation of one or more gene
therapy development programs, the discontinuation of one or more
development programs, or the execution of one or more transactions
that you do not agree with or that you do not perceive as favorable
to your investment.
In June 2018, we announced that we received from Oxford a worldwide
exclusive license to develop and commercialize AXO-Lenti-PD and its
predecessor product candidate ProSavin and related gene therapy
products (the "Oxford Agreement"). In July 2018, we announced that
we received from Benitec Biopharma Limited ("Benitec") a worldwide
exclusive license to develop and commercialize investigational gene
therapy AXO-AAV-OPMD and related gene therapy products (the
"Benitec Agreement"). In December 2018, we announced that we had
received from UMMS a worldwide exclusive license to develop and
commercialize gene therapy product candidates AXO-AAV-GM1 and
AXO-AAV-GM2 (the "UMMS Agreement"). We are pursuing a strategy to
leverage our clinical experience and expertise for the clinical
development and regulatory approval of our gene therapy product
candidates. As part of our ongoing business strategy, we continue
to explore potential opportunities to acquire or license new
product candidates and to collaborate on our existing products in
development.
We cannot be certain that our product candidates will be
successfully developed, or that the early clinical trial results of
these product candidates will be predictive of future clinical
trial results. We may determine at any time that one or more of our
in-licensed product candidates is not suitable for continued
development due to cost, feasibility of obtaining regulatory
approvals or any other reason, and may terminate the related
license. For example, in June 2019, we decided to terminate the
Benitec Agreement following our decision to no longer pursue
development of AXO-AAV-OPMD and related gene therapy product
candidates. In addition, we have limited data from small,
uncontrolled clinical trials, performed by or on behalf of Oxford,
regarding the safety and tolerability of ProSavin, as the
predecessor product candidate to AXO-Lenti-PD, in patients with
advanced Parkinson’s disease, as well as nonclinical in vitro
experiments with AXO-Lenti-PD. Prior ProSavin trials were not
powered to demonstrate the efficacy of the therapy with statistical
significance. Given the information above, these trials could be
underpowered to demonstrate a potential clinical benefit for
AXO-Lenti-PD in these indications.
This business plan requires us to be successful in a number of
challenging, uncertain and risky activities, including pursuing
development of our gene therapy product candidates in indications
for which we have limited or no human clinical data, designing and
executing a nonclinical and/or clinical development program for our
product candidates, building internal or outsourced gene therapy
capabilities, converting early stage gene therapy research efforts
into clinical development opportunities, identifying additional
promising new assets for development that are available for
acquisition or in-license and that fit our strategic focus and
identifying potential partners to collaborate on our products. We
may not be successful at one or more of the activities required for
us to execute this business plan. In addition, we are also
continuing to consider other strategic alternatives, such as
mergers, acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures, partnerships
and collaborations. We cannot be sure when or if any type of
transaction will result. Even if we pursue a transaction, such
transaction may not be consistent with our stockholders’
expectations or may not ultimately be favorable for our
stockholders, either in the shorter or longer term.
Our growth prospects and the future value of our company are
primarily dependent on the progress of our ongoing and planned
clinical development programs for our product candidates as well as
the outcome of our ongoing business development efforts and
pipeline expansion activities, together with the amount of our
remaining available cash. The development of our product candidates
and the outcome of our ongoing business development efforts and
pipeline expansion activities are highly uncertain.
We expect to continue to reassess and make changes to our existing
development programs and pipeline expansion strategy. Our plans for
our development programs may be affected by the results of
competitors’ clinical trials of product candidates addressing our
current target indications, and our business development efforts
and pipeline expansion activities may also be affected by the
results of competitors' ongoing research and development efforts.
We may modify, expand or terminate some or all of our development
programs, clinical trials or collaborative research programs at any
time as a result of new competitive information or as the result of
changes to our product pipeline or business development
strategy.
We may not be able to manage our business effectively if we are
unable to attract and retain key personnel. In addition, if we are
unable to effectively transition and integrate our new executive
officers, our business and financial performance could be adversely
affected.
We may not be able to attract or retain qualified management and
commercial, scientific and clinical personnel due to the intense
competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology,
pharmaceutical and other businesses. If we are not able to attract
and retain necessary personnel to accomplish our business
objectives, we may experience constraints that will impede the
achievement of our development objectives, our ability to raise
additional capital and our ability to implement our business
strategy.
Our financial performance will depend in significant part on our
senior management team and key employees with expertise in the gene
therapy development field. We are highly dependent on the skills
and leadership of our management team. Our senior management and
key employees may terminate their position with us at any time. For
example, our Chief Research and Development Officer recently
resigned from his position. If we lose one or more members of our
senior management team or key employees, our ability to
successfully implement our business strategy could be seriously
harmed. Replacing these individuals may be difficult, cause
disruption, and may take an extended period of time because of the
limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of
skills and experience required to develop, gain regulatory approval
of and commercialize products successfully. Competition to hire
from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire,
train, retain or motivate additional key personnel. We do not
maintain "key person" insurance for any of our executives or other
employees.
Many of the other biopharmaceutical companies that we compete
against for qualified personnel and consultants have greater
financial and other resources, different risk profiles and a longer
history in the industry than we do. They also may provide more
diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement.
Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high-quality
candidates and consultants than what we have to offer. If we are
unable to continue to attract and retain high-quality personnel and
consultants, the rate and success at which we can discover and
develop product candidates, our ability to effectively manage any
future growth and our business will be limited.
Our employees, independent contractors, principal investigators,
consultants, commercial collaborators, manufacturers, service
providers and other vendors, or those of our affiliates, may engage
in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance
with regulatory standards and requirements, which could have an
adverse effect on our results of operations.
Our employees and contractors, including principal investigators,
consultants, commercial collaborators, manufacturers, service
providers and other vendors, or those of our affiliates, may engage
in fraudulent or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these
parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent
conduct or other unauthorized activities that violate the laws and
regulations, including those of the FDA and other similar
regulatory bodies that require the reporting of true, complete and
accurate information; manufacturing standards; federal, state and
foreign healthcare fraud and abuse laws and data privacy; or laws
that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial
information or data. In particular, sales, marketing and other
business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to
extensive laws intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing,
bribery, corruption, antitrust violations, and other abusive
practices. These laws may restrict or prohibit a wide range of
business activities, including research, manufacturing,
distribution, pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales
commission, customer incentive programs and other business
arrangements. Activities subject to these laws also involve the
improper use or misrepresentation of information obtained in the
course of clinical trials, the creation of fraudulent data in
nonclinical studies or clinical trials or illegal misappropriation
of drug product, which could result in regulatory sanctions and
serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to
identify and deter employee or third-party misconduct, and the
precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be
effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in
protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or
lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws
or regulations. Additionally, we are subject to the risk that a
person or government agency could allege such fraud or other
misconduct, even if none occurred. If our employees, independent
contractors, principal investigators, consultants, commercial
collaborators, manufacturers, service providers or other vendors,
or those of our affiliates, are alleged or found to be in violation
of any such regulatory standards or requirements, or become subject
to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement and
curtailment of our operations, it could have a significant impact
on our business and financial results, including the imposition of
significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages,
monetary fines, suspension or delay in clinical trials, possible
exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other
federal healthcare programs, FDA debarment, contractual damages,
reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings,
additional reporting requirements and oversight, any of which could
adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our
results of operations.
Operation of our business internationally exposes us to business,
regulatory, political, operational, financial and economic risks
associated with doing business in various jurisdictions
globally.
Our business strategy includes establishing and maintaining
operations and certain key third-party arrangements in various
jurisdictions around the world. Doing business internationally
involves a number of risks, including:
•multiple,
conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as tax laws,
export and import restrictions, employment laws, anti-bribery and
anti-corruption laws, regulatory requirements and other
governmental approvals, permits and licenses;
•failure
by us or our distributors to obtain appropriate licenses or
regulatory approvals for the sale or use of our product candidates,
if approved, in various countries;
•difficulties
in managing foreign operations;
•unexpected
changes in tariffs or trade barriers;
•complexities
associated with managing multiple payor-reimbursement regimes or
self-pay systems;
•financial
risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty enforcing
contracts and collecting accounts receivable and exposure to
foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;
•reduced
protection for intellectual property rights;
•reduced
protection of contractual rights in the event of bankruptcy or
insolvency of the other contracting party;
•natural
disasters, political and economic instability, including wars,
terrorism and political unrest, outbreak of disease, including the
recent COVID-19 pandemic and related shelter-in-place orders,
travel, social distancing and quarantine policies, boycotts,
curtailment of trade and other business restrictions;
•failure
to comply with foreign laws, regulations, standards and regulatory
guidance governing the collection, use, disclosure, retention,
security and transfer of personal data, including the European
Union General Data Privacy Regulation (EU) 2016 /679 ("GDPR");
and
•failure
to comply with the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010 ("U.K. Bribery
Act") and similar anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws in other
jurisdictions, and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, including its
books and records provisions and its anti-bribery provisions,
including by failing to maintain accurate information and control
over sales and distributors’ activities.
Any of these risks, if encountered, could significantly harm our
current or future international operations and, consequently,
negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations
and cash flows.
The withdrawal of the United Kingdom, or the U.K., from the
European Union, or the E.U., commonly referred to as “Brexit”, may
adversely impact our ability to obtain regulatory approvals of our
product candidates in the U.K. or the EU and may require us to
incur additional expenses to develop and commercialize our product
candidates in the U.K. or the EU or receive clinical supply of our
product candidates from manufacturing partners in the
U.K.
Following the result of a referendum in 2016, the U.K. left the
E.U. on January 31, 2020, commonly referred to as Brexit. Pursuant
to the formal withdrawal arrangements agreed between the U.K. and
the E.U., the U.K. was subject to a transition period until
December 31, 2020 (the "Transition Period"), during which E.U.
rules continued to apply. A trade and cooperation agreement (the
"Trade and Cooperation Agreement") that outlines the future trading
relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union was
agreed in December 2020.
Since a significant proportion of the regulatory framework in the
U.K. applicable to our business and our product candidates is
derived from EU directives and regulations, Brexit has had, and may
continue to have, a material impact upon the regulatory regime with
respect to the development, approval and commercialization of our
product candidates in the U.K. or the EU. For example, Great
Britain is no longer be covered by the centralized procedures for
obtaining EU-wide marketing authorization from the EMA, and a
separate marketing authorization will be required to market our
product candidates in Great Britain. It is currently unclear
whether the Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
in the U.K. is sufficiently prepared to handle the increased volume
of marketing authorization applications that it is likely to
receive. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, any
marketing approvals, would delay or prevent us from commercializing
our product candidates in the U.K. or the E.U. and restrict our
ability to generate revenue and achieve and sustain profitability.
We anticipate that Oxford, which is based in the U.K., will
continue to provide clinical and commercial supply for our
AXO-Lenti-PD program. Brexit could affect the clearance or timing
of the release of our clinical trial materials out of the U.K. Any
such delays could result in our clinical study sites outside of the
U.K. not having sufficient clinical trial materials and could
adversely affect the timing and completion of our clinical
trials.
While the Trade and Cooperation Agreement provides for the
tariff-free trade of medicinal products between the U.K. and the
E.U. there may be additional non-tariff costs to such trade which
did not exist prior to the end of the Transition Period. Further,
should the U.K. diverge from the E.U. from a regulatory perspective
in relation to medicinal products, tariffs could be put into place
in the future. We could therefore, both now and in the future, face
significant additional expenses (when compared to the position
prior to the end of the Transition Period) to operate our business,
which could significantly and materially harm or delay our ability
to generate revenues or achieve profitability of our business. Any
further changes in international trade, tariff and import/export
regulations as a result of Brexit or otherwise may impose
unexpected duty costs or other non-tariff barriers on us. These
developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may
significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between
the impacted nations and the U.K. It is also possible that Brexit
may negatively affect our ability to attract and retain employees,
particularly those from the E.U.
Use of social media platforms presents new risks.
We believe that our potential patient population is active on
social media. Social media practices in the pharmaceutical and
biotechnology industries are evolving, which creates uncertainty
and risk of noncompliance with regulations applicable to our
business. For example, patients may use social media platforms to
comment on the effectiveness of, or adverse experiences with, a
product candidate, which could result in reporting obligations. In
addition, there is a risk of inappropriate disclosure of sensitive
information or negative or inaccurate posts or comments about us or
our product candidates on any social networking website. If any of
these events were to occur or we otherwise fail to comply with
applicable regulations, we could incur liability, face restrictive
regulatory actions or incur other harm to our
business.
The failure to maintain our current enterprise resource planning
system ("ERP") could adversely impact our business and results of
operations.
If our ERP system does not continue to operate as intended, the
effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting
could be adversely affected or our ability to assess those controls
adequately could be delayed. Significant delays in documenting,
reviewing and testing our internal control could cause us to fail
to comply with our SEC reporting obligations related to our
management's assessment of our internal control over financial
reporting.
Potential product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to
incur liabilities and limit commercialization of any products that
we may develop.
The use of our product candidates in clinical trials and the sale
of any products for which we obtain marketing approval exposes us
to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims
might be brought against us by consumers, health care providers,
pharmaceutical companies or others selling or otherwise coming into
contact with our products. On occasion, large monetary judgments
have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had
unanticipated adverse effects. If we are not successful in
defending ourselves against product liability claims, we could
incur liability and costs. In addition, regardless of merit or
eventual outcome, product liability claims may result
in:
•impairment
of our business reputation and significant negative media
attention;
•withdrawal
of participants from our clinical trials;
•significant
costs to defend related litigation;
•distraction
of management’s attention from our primary business;
•substantial
monetary awards to patients or other claimants;
•inability
to commercialize our product candidates or any future product
candidate;
•product
recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional
restrictions;
•decreased
demand for our product candidates or any future product candidate,
if approved for commercial sale; and
•loss
of revenue.
The product liability insurance we currently carry, and any
additional product liability insurance coverage we acquire in the
future, may not be sufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or
losses we may suffer. Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming
increasingly expensive, and in the future, we may not be able to
maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient
amounts to protect us against losses due to liability. A successful
product liability claim or series of claims brought against us
could cause our stock price to decline and, if judgments exceed our
insurance coverage, could adversely affect our results of
operations and business, including preventing or limiting the
commercialization of any product candidates we
develop.
Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by
funding shortages or global health concerns could hinder their
ability to hire, retain or deploy key leadership and other
personnel, or otherwise prevent new or modified products from being
developed, approved or commercialized in a timely manner or at all,
which could negatively impact our business.
The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be
affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and
funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept
the payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory, and policy
changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in
recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of other
government agencies that fund research and development activities
is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and
unpredictable.
Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time
necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary
government agencies, which would harm our business. For example,
over the last several years, including for 35 days beginning on
December 22, 2018, the U.S. government has shut down several times
and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to
furlough critical FDA employees and stop critical activities. If a
prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact
the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory
submissions, which could harm our business.
The COVID-19 pandemic has also resulted in the FDA imposing
preventive measures, including postponements of non-U.S.
manufacturing and product inspections. If global health concerns
continue to prevent the FDA or other regulatory authorities from
conducting their regular inspections, reviews, or other regulatory
activities, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA or
other regulatory authorities to timely review and process our
regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect
on our business.
We are subject to stringent U.S. and foreign privacy laws,
regulations and standards related to data privacy and security. If
we fail to comply with such requirements, we may be subject to
liabilities that adversely affect our business, operations and
financial performance, disruption to our clinical trials or the
commercialization of our products, and/or harm to our
reputation.
We are subject to laws and regulations requiring that we take
measures to protect the privacy and security of certain information
we gather and use in our business. For example, in the U.S., the
federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
("HIPAA") and its implementing regulations impose, among other
requirements, certain regulatory and contractual requirements
regarding the privacy and security of personal health information.
In addition to HIPAA, numerous other federal and state laws,
including, without limitation, state security breach notification
laws, state health information privacy laws and federal and state
consumer protection laws, govern the collection, use, and storage
of personal information. In addition, in June 2018, California
enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA") which took
effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents
expanded rights to access and require deletion of their personal
information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and
receive detailed information about how their personal information
is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as
well as a private right of action for data breaches that may
increase data breach litigation. Although the CCPA includes
exemptions for certain clinical trials data, and HIPAA protected
health information, the law may increase our compliance costs and
potential liability with respect to other personal information we
collect about California residents. The CCPA has prompted a number
of proposals for new federal and state privacy legislation that, if
passed, could increase our potential liability, increase our
compliance costs and adversely affect our business.
We may also be subject to or affected by laws and regulations
globally, including regulatory guidance, governing the collection,
use, disclosure, security, transfer and storage of personal data,
such as information that we collect about patients and healthcare
providers in connection with clinical trials and our other
operations in the U.S. and abroad. The global legislative and
regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to
evolve, and implementation standards and enforcement practices are
likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. This
evolution may create uncertainty in our business, result in
liability or impose additional costs on us. The cost of compliance
with these laws, regulations and standards is high and is likely to
increase in the future.
For example, the EU has adopted the GDPR, which introduces strict
requirements for processing personal data (including health-related
personal data) across the European Economic Area (“EEA”). Also,
notwithstanding the U.K.’s withdrawal from the EU, the data
protection obligations of the GDPR continue to apply to
U.K.-related processing of personal data in substantially unvaried
form under the so-called “UK GDPR” (the GDPR as it continues to
form part of law in the UK). Accordingly, references in this
section to the GDPR are also deemed to be references to the UK GDPR
in the context of the U.K., unless the context requires
otherwise.
The GDPR has “extra-territorial” reach in that it applies to any
processing of personal data that concerns the offering of goods or
services to individuals in the EEA or U.K. (as applicable) and the
monitoring of their behavior, regardless of the existence of an
establishment in the EEA or U.K. (as applicable). As such, the GDPR
applies to our clinical trials and other operations taking in place
in the EEA and U.K.
The GDPR sets out a number of requirements that must be complied
with when handling personal data, including: the obligation to
appoint a data protection officer in certain circumstances;
increased accountability and record-keeping obligations; increased
transparency obligations for data controllers; onerous obligations
on service providers who process personal data on our behalf; the
obligation to carry out so-called data protection impact
assessments in certain circumstances; obligations to comply with
data subjects’ exercise of an increased set of rights in certain
circumstances; a heightened and more codified standard of data
subject consent; and the obligation to notify certain significant
personal data breaches to the relevant supervisory authorities and
affected individuals. In addition, the GDPR materially expands the
definition of what is expressly provided to constitute personal
data (including, for example, by clarifying that the GDPR applies
to “pseudonymized” (key-coded) data, which is often processed by
sponsors in the context of clinical trials where identification of
underlying subjects is not required). As such, the GDPR is likely
to increase the compliance burden on us, including by mandating
potentially burdensome documentation requirements and granting
certain rights to individuals to control how we collect, use,
disclose, retain and leverage information about them. The
processing of sensitive personal data, such as physical health
conditions, may impose heightened compliance burdens under the GDPR
and is a topic of active interest among foreign regulators. In
addition, the GDPR provides for breach reporting requirements, more
robust regulatory enforcement and fines of up to 20 million euros
(and/or in respect of the UK GDPR, 17.5 million pounds sterling) or
up to 4% of annual global revenue (whichever is higher). While the
GDPR affords some flexibility in determining how to comply with the
various requirements, significant effort and expense has been, and
will continue to be, invested to ensure continuing
compliance.
Moreover, the requirements under the GDPR may change periodically.
The GDPR also provides that member states may make their own
national laws and regulations to introduce specific requirements
related to the processing of “special categories of personal data”,
which includes health-related personal data. In the U.K., the Data
Protection Act 2018 complements the UK GDPR in this regard. This
may lead to greater divergence in the application, interpretation
and enforcement of the law that applies to the processing of
personal data across the EEA and/or U.K., compliance with which, as
and where applicable, may increase our costs and could increase our
overall compliance risk. Such country-specific regulations could
also limit our ability to collect, use and share data in the
context of our EEA and/or U.K. operations, and/or could cause our
compliance costs to increase, ultimately having an adverse impact
on our business and harming our business and financial
condition.
In addition, the GDPR prohibits the transfer of personal data from
the EEA, U.K. and Switzerland to the U.S. and other countries in
respect of which the European Commission or other relevant
regulatory body has not issued a so-called “adequacy decision”
(known as “third countries”), unless the parties to the transfer
have implemented specific safeguards to protect the transferred
personal data. One of the primary safeguards used for transfers of
personal data to the U.S. was the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield framework
administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce. However, certain
recent EU court decisions cast doubt on the ability to use one of
the primary alternatives to the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield and
Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield, namely the European Commission’s
Standard Contractual Clauses, to lawfully transfer personal data to
the U.S. and other third countries. In addition, the European
Commission has recently published new versions of the Standard
Contractual Clauses, which must be used for all new transfers of
personal data from the EEA to third countries (including the United
States) starting in September 2021, and all existing transfers of
personal data from the EEA to third countries relying on the
existing versions of the Standard Contractual Clauses must be
replaced by December 2022. The implementation of the new Standard
Contractual Clauses will necessitate significant contractual
overhaul of our data transfer arrangements with customers,
sub-processors and vendors. Use of both the existing and the new
Standard Contractual Clauses must now be assessed on a case-by-case
basis taking into account the legal regime applicable in the
destination country, in particular applicable surveillance laws and
rights of individuals, and additional supplementary technical,
organizational and/or contractual measures and/or contractual
provisions may need to be put in place.
At present, there are few if any viable alternatives to the
Standard Contractual Clauses, and there remains some uncertainty
with respect to the nature and efficacy of such supplementary
measures in ensuring an adequate level of protection of personal
data. As such, transfers of personal data from the EEA and the U.K.
to the U.S. and other third countries may not fully comply with the
cross-border data transfer restrictions set out in the GDPR. As
supervisory authorities issue further guidance on personal data
export mechanisms (including circumstances where the Standard
Contractual Clauses can and cannot be used) and/or start taking
enforcement action, we could suffer additional costs, complaints
and/or regulatory investigations or fines. In addition, if we are
unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and
regions in which we operate and/or engage providers and/or
otherwise transfer personal data, this could affect the manner in
which we receive and/or provide our services, the geographical
location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations, and
could adversely affect our financial results and generally increase
compliance risk as a result. Additionally, other countries outside
of Europe have enacted or are considering enacting similar
cross-border data transfer restrictions and laws requiring local
data residency, which could increase the cost and complexity of
operating our business.
Furthermore, following Brexit, the relationship between the U.K.
and the EEA in relation to certain aspects of data protection law
remains somewhat uncertain. In June 2021, the European Commission
issued an adequacy decision under the GDPR which allows transfers
(other than those carried out for the purposes of U.K. immigration
control) of personal data from the EEA to the U.K. to continue
without restriction for a period of four years. After that period,
the adequacy decision may be renewed only if the U.K. continues to
ensure an adequate level of data protection. During these four
years, the European Commission will continue to monitor the legal
situation in the U.K. and could intervene at any point if the U.K.
deviates from the level of data protection in place at the time of
issuance of the adequacy decision. If the adequacy decision is
withdrawn or not renewed, transfers of personal data from the EEA
to the U.K. will require a valid “transfer mechanism” and we may be
required to implement new processes and put new agreements in
place, such as Standard Contractual Clauses, to enable transfers of
personal data from the EEA to the U.K. to continue, which could
disrupt our operations.
In addition, while the U.K. data protection regime currently
permits data transfers from the U.K. to the EEA and other third
countries covered by a European Commission adequacy decision, and
currently includes a framework to permit the continued use of the
existing version of the Standard Contractual Clauses for personal
data transfers from the U.K. to third countries, this is subject to
change in the future, and any such changes could have implications
for our transfers of personal data from the U.K. to the EEA and
other third countries. In particular, the U.K. Information
Commissioner’s Office has stated that it is working on its own
bespoke version of the Standard Contractual Clauses and it is not
clear whether the new Standard Contractual Clauses published by the
European Commission will be accepted as a valid mechanism to permit
the transfer of personal data from the U.K. to third countries
and/or whether any U.K. version of the Standard Contractual Clauses
will supersede the existing and/or new EU version of the Standard
Contractual Clauses. This could necessitate the implementation of
both U.K. and EU versions of Standard Contractual Clauses, which
would require significant resources and result in significant cost
to implement and manage.
Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with federal,
state, or foreign laws or self-regulatory standards could result in
negative publicity, diversion of management time and effort and
proceedings against us by governmental entities or others. In many
jurisdictions, enforcement actions and consequences for
noncompliance are rising. As we continue to expand into other
foreign countries and jurisdictions, we may be subject to
additional laws and regulations that may affect how we conduct
business.
We may not be successful in our efforts to identify and acquire
additional gene therapy product candidates, or to enter into
collaborations or strategic alliances for the development and
commercialization of any such future product
candidates.
Part of our strategy involves the business development activities
of identifying and acquiring novel product candidates. The process
by which we identify product candidates may fail to yield product
candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons,
including those discussed in these risk factors and
also:
•pre-clinical
and early clinical results of any product candidates we acquire may
not be predictive of future clinical results;
•potential
product candidates may, on further study, be shown to have harmful
side effects or other characteristics that indicate that they are
unlikely to be products that will receive marketing approval and
achieve market acceptance; or
•potential
product candidates may not be effective in treating their targeted
diseases.
In addition, the process of identifying and acquiring product
candidates is highly competitive, and our ability to compete
successfully is impacted by the fact that many of the companies
with which we compete for these candidates have significantly
greater experience, development and commercialization capabilities,
name recognition and financial and human resources than we do.
Further, our business development efforts are led by our senior
executive officers and other management team members and would be
significantly impaired if we were to lose the services of any of
these executives. The time and resources spent on business
development activities may also distract management's attention
from our other development and business activities. Even if we are
successful in identifying and acquiring additional product
candidates, we may choose to focus our efforts and resources on a
potential product candidate that ultimately proves to be
unsuccessful. If we are unable to identify and acquire suitable
product candidates for clinical development, this could adversely
impact our business strategy, our financial position and stock
price.
We may also decide to collaborate with other pharmaceutical
companies for the development and potential commercialization of
our product candidates in the United States or other countries or
territories of the world. We will face significant competition in
seeking appropriate collaborators. We may not be successful in our
efforts to establish a strategic partnership or other alternative
arrangements for our product candidates because they may be deemed
to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative
effort and third parties may not view our product candidates as
having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety and efficacy.
If and when we collaborate with a third party for development and
commercialization of a product candidate, we can expect to
relinquish some or all of the control over the future success of
that product candidate to the third party. Our ability to reach a
definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other
things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and
expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration
and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of
factors.
Risks Related to Clinical Development, Regulatory Approval and
Commercialization
Clinical trials are expensive, time-consuming, difficult to design
and implement and involve an uncertain outcome.
Our gene therapy product candidates are still in development and
will require extensive clinical testing before we are prepared to
submit an application for marketing approval to regulatory
authorities. We cannot predict with any certainty if or when we
might submit any such application for regulatory approval for our
product candidates or whether any such application will be approved
by the applicable regulatory authority in our target markets. Human
clinical trials are expensive and difficult to design and
implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory
requirements. For instance, regulatory authorities may not agree
with our proposed endpoints for any clinical trials of our gene
therapy product candidates, which may delay the commencement of our
clinical trials. The clinical trial process is also time-consuming.
We estimate that clinical trials of our product candidates will
take at least several years to complete.
Failure can occur at any stage of our clinical trials, and we could
encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical
trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may
fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having
progressed through nonclinical studies and initial clinical trials,
and the results of smaller nonclinical or early clinical trials
therefore may not be predictive of the results of large scale or
later-stage clinical programs. For example, we have discontinued
further clinical development of product candidates that did not
meet their primary efficacy endpoints in Phase 2, Phase 2b and
Phase 3 clinical studies. Likewise, there can be no assurance that
the results of studies conducted by collaborators or other third
parties will be viewed favorably or are indicative of our own
future study results. A number of companies in the
biopharmaceutical industry, and especially in the neurology field,
have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due
to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding
promising results in earlier trials, and in the regulatory approval
process.
Data obtained from preclinical and clinical activities are subject
to varying interpretations, which may delay, limit or prevent
regulatory approval. In addition, we may experience regulatory
delays or rejections as a result of many factors, including due to
changes in regulatory policy during the period of our product
candidate development. Any such failures or delays could negatively
impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and
prospects.
All of our gene therapy product candidates are in early stages of
development. The outcome of early clinical trials may not be
predictive of the success of later stage clinical trials, interim
results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final
results and results from one completed clinical trial may not be
replicated in a subsequent clinical trial with a similar study
design. The clinical trials conducted to date for our gene therapy
product candidates have involved a small number of patients, making
it difficult to predict whether the favorable results that we
observed in such trials will be repeated in larger and more
advanced clinical trials. In addition, the design of a clinical
trial, such as endpoints, inclusion and exclusion criteria,
statistical analysis plans, data access protocols and trial sizing,
can determine whether its results will support approval of a
product and flaws in the design of a clinical trial may not become
apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced. Furthermore, as
we are exploring new disease areas without any approved treatments,
we may need to qualify new and unproven endpoints as we are
continuing the development of our product candidates, which may
increase uncertainty.
The commencement and completion of clinical trials may be delayed
by several factors, including:
•failure
to obtain regulatory approval to commence a trial;
•unforeseen
safety issues;
•determination
of dosing issues;
•lack
of effectiveness during clinical trials;
•inability
to reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs and
clinical trial sites;
•slower
than expected rates of patient recruitment or failure to recruit
suitable patients to participate in a trial;
•changes
in or modifications to clinical trial design;
•failure
to manufacture or obtain supply of sufficient quantities of a gene
therapy product candidate or placebo or failure to obtain
sufficient quantities of concomitant medication for use in clinical
trials;
•inability
to monitor patients adequately during or after
treatment;
•inability
or unwillingness of medical investigators to follow our clinical
and other applicable protocols;
•failure
to establish sufficient number of clinical trial sites;
or
•clinical
sites or others deviating from trial protocol, inappropriately
unblinding results, or dropping out of a trial.
Further, by way of example, we, a regulatory agency or an
institutional review board ("IRB") at a clinical trial site may
suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we or
our collaborators are failing to conduct a trial in accordance with
regulatory requirements, including the FDA’s current Good Clinical
Practice ("cGCP") regulations, that we are exposing participants to
unacceptable health risks, or if the FDA finds deficiencies in our
IND submissions or the conduct of these trials. Therefore, we
cannot predict with any certainty the schedule for commencement and
completion of clinical trials. If we experience delays in the
commencement or completion of our clinical trials, or if we
terminate a clinical trial prior to completion, the commercial
prospects of our gene therapy product candidates could be harmed,
and our ability to generate revenues may be delayed. In addition,
any delays in our clinical trials could increase our costs, cause a
drop in our stock price, slow down the approval process and
jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate
revenues. In addition, disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic
may increase the likelihood that we encounter such difficulties or
delays in commencing or completing clinical trials. Any of these
occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and results
of operations.
Moreover, principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve
as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and
receive compensation in connection with such services. Under
certain circumstances, we may be required to report some of these
relationships to the applicable regulatory agency, which may
conclude that a financial relationship between us and a principal
investigator has created a conflict of interest or otherwise
affected interpretation of the study. The applicable regulatory
agency may therefore question the integrity of the data generated
at the applicable clinical trial site and the utility of the
clinical trial itself may be jeopardized. This could result in a
delay in approval, or rejection, of our marketing applications by
the applicable regulatory agency and may ultimately lead to the
denial of marketing approval of one or more of our gene therapy
product candidates.
In addition, we acquired worldwide rights to our gene therapy
product candidates and were not involved in their development prior
to such acquisitions. More particularly, we have had no involvement
with or control over the nonclinical and clinical development of
our gene therapy product candidates prior to acquiring the rights
to them. We are dependent on our predecessors, including UMMS and
Oxford, having conducted such research and development in
accordance with the applicable protocols, legal, regulatory and
scientific standards, having accurately reported the results of all
clinical trials and other research conducted prior to our
acquisition of the gene therapy product candidates, having
correctly collected and interpreted the data from these trials and
other research and having supplied us with complete information,
data sets and reports required to adequately demonstrate the
results reported through the date of our acquisition of these
assets. In addition, we have limited data regarding the safety,
tolerability and efficacy of our gene therapy product candidates
and their potential indications, and we have not previously
conducted development activities for a biological product
candidate. Problems related to our predecessors, including UMMS and
Oxford, and our limited available data for our gene therapy product
candidates could result in increased costs and delays in the
development of our gene therapy product candidates, which could
adversely affect our ability to generate future
revenues.
Interim "top-line" and preliminary data from our clinical trials
that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more
patient data become available and are subject to audit and
verification procedures that could result in material changes in
the final data.
From time to time, we may publish interim "top-line" or preliminary
data from our clinical trials. Interim data from clinical trials
that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of
the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment
continues and more patient data over a longer follow-up period
become available. Preliminary or "top-line" data also remain
subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the
final data being materially different from the preliminary data we
previously published. In addition, our clinical trials have
involved small patient populations; the interim results of these
clinical trials may be subject to substantial variability and may
not be indicative of final results. As a result, interim and
preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data
are available. Adverse differences between preliminary or interim
data and final data could significantly harm our business
prospects.
Enrollment and retention of patients in clinical trials is an
expensive and time-consuming process and could be made more
difficult or rendered impossible by multiple factors outside our
control.
We may encounter delays in enrolling, or be unable to enroll, a
sufficient number of patients to complete any of our clinical
trials, and even once enrolled we may be unable to retain a
sufficient number of patients to complete any of our trials.
Patient enrollment and retention in clinical trials depends on many
factors, including the size of the patient population, the nature
of the trial protocol, the effectiveness of our patient recruitment
efforts, delays in enrollment due to travel or quarantine policies,
or other factors, related to COVID-19, the existing body of safety
and efficacy data with respect to the study candidate, the
perceived risks and benefits of gene therapy approaches for the
treatment of neurological diseases, the number and nature of
competing existing treatments for our target indications, the
number and nature of ongoing trials for other product candidates in
development for our target indications, perceived risk of the
delivery procedure, patients with pre-existing conditions that
preclude their participation in any trial, the proximity of
patients to clinical sites and the eligibility criteria for the
study. Furthermore, any negative results we may report in clinical
trials of any of our gene therapy product candidates in the future
may make it difficult or impossible to recruit and retain patients
in other clinical trials of those gene therapy product candidates.
Similarly, negative results reported by our competitors about their
product candidates may negatively affect patient recruitment in our
clinical trials. Delays or failures in planned patient enrollment
or retention may result in increased costs, program delays or both,
which could have a harmful effect on our ability to develop our
gene therapy product candidates or could render further development
impossible. In addition, we expect to rely on CROs and clinical
trial sites to ensure proper and timely conduct of our future
clinical trials and, while we intend to enter into agreements
governing their services, we will be limited in our ability to
control their actual performance.
We face significant competition from other biotechnology and
pharmaceutical companies, and there is a possibility that our
competitors may achieve regulatory approval before us or develop
therapies that are safer or more advanced or effective than ours
and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete
effectively.
Drug development, particularly in the gene therapy field, is highly
competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological
advancements. As a significant unmet medical need exists in the
neurology field, including for the treatments of Parkinson's
disease, GM1 gangliosidosis and GM2 gangliosidosis (including
Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases), there are several large and small
pharmaceutical companies focused on delivering therapeutics for the
treatment of these diseases. Further, it is likely that additional
therapies will become available in the future for the treatment of
our target indications.
We consider our direct competitors for AXO-AAV-GM1 or AXO-AAV-GM2
to be LYS-GM101, a gene therapy product candidate being developed
by Lysogene S.A., as well as PBGM01, a gene therapy program being
developed by Passage Bio which recently received IND clearance,
each for the treatment of GM1 gangliosidosis, and TSHA-101, a gene
therapy product candidate being developed by Taysha Gene Therapies
for the treatment of GM2 gangliosidosis.
Agilis Biotherapeutics, which was acquired by PTC Therapeutics, is
developing AGIL-AADC, another AAV virus-based vector gene therapy
that delivers the Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase ("AADC")
gene, for the treatment of AADC deficiency, a rare disorder that
involves loss of AADC gene function. In addition, Deep-Brain
Stimulation ("DBS") is approved for treating Parkinson’s disease
and is marketed by multiple device manufacturers, including
Medtronic, Abbott and Boston Scientific. DBS treatment involves
permanent placement of hardware in the brain via stereotactic
neurosurgery and may require follow-up adjustments or even invasive
device replacements. Another surgical approach is Abbvie’s Duopa
which is delivered via a port implanted in the abdominal wall.
Further efforts are also underway to develop and commercialize new
improved formulations of levodopa ("L-dopa"), including Acorda’s
Inbrija, for which an NDA was approved by the FDA in December 2018,
and Mitsubishi Tanabe’s ND0612. Adjunct therapies are also being
developed or have recently been approved to supplement L-dopa
therapy, including Sunovion’s sublingual apomorphine and Adamas
Pharmaceuticals’ GoCovri. Several companies are also trying to
develop other disease modifying therapies that could prevent the
progression of Parkinson’s disease. MeiraGTx is developing AAV-GAD,
a gene therapy product designed to deliver the GAD gene to increase
production of the neurotransmitter GABA to normalize motor
circuits. Examples of early stage efforts include Denali
Therapeutics’ LRRK2 inhibitors and anti-alpha synuclein antibodies
from Prothena/Roche and Biogen, as well as Prevail Therapeutics’
(acquired by Eli Lilly in 2020) pipeline of AAV-based therapeutics
targeting lysosomal dysfunction. BlueRock Therapeutics (acquired by
Bayer in 2019) is developing an induced pluripotent stem
cell-derived (iPSC) dopaminergic neuron therapy for patients with
Parkinson’s and will enter a Phase 1 clinical trial in 2021 to
evaluate the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy in
patients with Parkinson's disease.
Many of our existing or potential competitors have substantially
greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and
significantly greater experience in the discovery and development
of product candidates, as well as in obtaining regulatory approvals
of those product candidates in the United States and in foreign
countries. Our current and potential future competitors also have
significantly more experience commercializing drugs, particularly
gene therapy and other biological products, that have been approved
for marketing. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and
biotechnology industries could result in even more resources being
concentrated among a small number of our competitors. These
competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining
qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing
clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials,
as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary
for, our programs. Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or
eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products
that are safer or more effective, have fewer or less severe side
effects, are more convenient, or are less expensive than any
products that we may develop or that would render any products that
we may develop obsolete or non-competitive. Our competitors also
may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more
rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in
our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are
able to enter the market. Additionally, technologies developed by
our competitors may render our potential product candidates
uneconomic or obsolete, and we may not be successful in marketing
any product candidates we may develop against
competitors.
We will face competition from other drugs or from other non-drug
products currently approved or that will be approved in the future
in the neurology field, including for the treatment of Parkinson’s
disease, GM1 gangliosidosis and GM2 gangliosidosis (including
Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases). Therefore, our ability to compete
successfully will depend largely on our ability to:
•develop
and commercialize products that are superior to other products in
the market;
•demonstrate
through our clinical trials that our gene therapy product
candidates are differentiated from existing and future
therapies;
•attract
qualified scientific, product development and commercial
personnel;
•obtain
patent or other proprietary protection for our
medicines;
•obtain
required regulatory approvals;
•obtain
coverage and adequate reimbursement from, and negotiate competitive
pricing with, third-party payors; and
•successfully
collaborate with pharmaceutical companies in the discovery,
development and commercialization of new medicines.
The availability of our competitors’ products could limit the
demand, and the price we are able to charge, for any gene therapy
product candidate we develop. The inability to compete with
existing or subsequently introduced products would have an adverse
impact on our business, financial condition and
prospects.
Established pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to
accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to
in-license novel compounds that could make our gene therapy product
candidates less competitive. In addition, any new product that
competes with an approved product must demonstrate compelling
advantages in efficacy, convenience, tolerability and safety in
order to overcome price competition and to be commercially
successful. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining
patent protection, discovering, developing, receiving regulatory
and marketing approval for or commercializing therapies before we
do, which would have an adverse impact on our business and results
of operations.
If we are not able to obtain required regulatory approvals, we will
not be able to commercialize our gene therapy product candidates,
and our ability to generate revenue will be materially
impaired.
The activities associated with the development and
commercialization of our gene therapy product candidates, including
their design, research, testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy,
recordkeeping, labeling, packaging, storage, approval, advertising,
promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to comprehensive
regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United
States and by the EMA, the PMDA and similar regulatory authorities
outside the United States. Failure to obtain marketing approval for
our gene therapy product candidates will prevent us from
commercializing them.
We have not received approval from regulatory authorities to market
any gene therapy product candidate in any jurisdiction, and we will
need to complete pivotal clinical trials successfully for our gene
therapy product candidates before we can submit any application for
regulatory approval. It is possible that our gene therapy product
candidates in the future will never obtain the appropriate
regulatory approvals necessary for us to commence product
sales.
We expect to rely on third-party CROs and consultants to assist us
in filing and supporting the applications necessary to gain
marketing approvals. Securing marketing approval requires the
submission of extensive nonclinical and clinical data and
supporting information for our gene therapy product candidates to
regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish
safety and efficacy of the gene therapy product candidate for that
indication. Securing marketing approval also requires the
submission of information about the product manufacturing process
to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the regulatory
authorities. Delays or errors in the submission of applications for
marketing approval or issues, including those related to gathering
the appropriate data and the inspection process, may ultimately
delay or affect our ability to obtain regulatory approval,
commercialize our gene therapy product candidates and generate
product revenues.
Our gene therapy product candidates may cause adverse effects or
have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory
approval or limit the scope of any approved label or market
acceptance.
Adverse events caused by our gene therapy product candidates or
that of adjuncts could cause us, other reviewing entities, clinical
trial sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt
clinical trials and could result in the denial of regulatory
approval. If an unacceptable frequency or severity of adverse
events are reported in our clinical trials for our gene therapy
product candidates or any future product candidates, our ability to
obtain regulatory approval for such product candidates may be
negatively impacted. The laws and regulations governing controlled
substances could limit commercialization of our gene therapy
product candidates, and failure to comply with those laws and
regulations could also result in adverse regulatory, legal, and
operational consequences.
In particular, there have been several significant adverse side
effects in gene therapy treatments in the past, including reported
cases of leukemia in trials using earlier generation viral vectors.
Gene therapy is still a relatively new approach to disease
treatment and additional adverse side effects could develop.
Possible adverse side effects that could occur with treatment with
gene therapy products include an immunologic reaction early after
administration which could substantially limit the effectiveness of
the treatment or represent safety risks for patients. Another
traditional safety concern for gene therapies using viral vectors
has been the possibility of insertional mutagenesis by the vectors,
leading to malignant transformation of transduced cells.
Additionally, in previous clinical trials involving AAV vectors for
gene therapy, some subjects experienced the development of a
positive ELISPOT test associated with T-cell responses, which is of
unclear clinical translatability.
There is also the potential risk of delayed adverse events
following exposure to gene therapy products due to persistent
biologic activity of the genetic material or other components of
products used to carry the genetic material. Possible adverse side
effects that may occur with treatment with gene therapy products
include an immunologic reaction early after administration that
could substantially limit the effectiveness of the treatment or
represent safety risks for patients. Many times, side effects are
only detectable after investigational products are tested in larger
scale, pivotal clinical trials or, in some cases, after they are
made available to patients on a commercial scale after
approval.
In addition to side effects that may be caused by gene therapy
product candidates, the administration process or related
procedures also can cause adverse side effects. For example,
integration of AAV DNA into the host cell's genome has been
reported to occur. Further, our AAV delivery systems for
AXO-AAV-GM1 and AXO-AAV-GM2 have not been validated in human
clinical trials previously, and if such delivery systems do not
meet the safety criteria or cannot provide the desired efficacy
results, then we may be forced to suspend or terminate our
development of AXO-AAV-GM1 or AXO-AAV-GM2. For example, we
submitted an IND in late 2019 to support the initiation of a
company-sponsored clinical trial of AXO-AAV-GM2 for the treatment
of patients with GM2 gangliosidosis. Following its review of the
IND, while the FDA had no concerns over animal toxicology or
clinical safety in the AXO-AAV-GM2 program, the FDA placed the IND
on clinical hold, for which the IND was subsequently cleared in
November 2020 following our responses to CMC and device-related
questions. However, there can no assurance that our programs will
not be subject to future clinical holds or similar
delays.
If additional clinical experience indicates that any of our gene
therapy product candidates has side effects or causes serious or
life-threatening side effects, the development of the gene therapy
product candidate may fail or be delayed, or, if the gene therapy
product candidate has received regulatory approval, such approval
may be revoked or limited.
Furthermore, if any of our products are approved and then cause
serious or unexpected side effects, a number of potentially
significant negative consequences could result,
including:
•regulatory
authorities may withdraw their approval of the product or require a
REMS to impose restrictions on its distribution or other risk
management measures;
•regulatory
authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such
as warnings or contraindications;
•we
may be required to change the way the product is administered or to
conduct additional clinical trials;
•we
could be sued and held liable for harm caused to
patients;
•we
could elect to discontinue the sale of our product;
and
•our
reputation may suffer.
Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining
market acceptance of the affected gene therapy product candidate
and could increase the costs of commercializing our gene therapy
product candidates.
Our AAV-based gene therapy product candidates and our
lentiviral-based gene therapy product candidate are based on new
gene transfer technology, which makes it difficult to predict the
time and cost of product candidate development and of subsequently
obtaining regulatory approval.
The use of gene therapy in the treatment of GM1 gangliosidosis, GM2
gangliosidosis (including Tay-Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease)
and Parkinson’s disease is new. We may experience problems or
delays in developing new gene therapy product candidates and such
problems or delays may cause unanticipated costs, and such
development problems may not be solvable. We may also experience
delays in developing a sustainable, reproducible and scalable
manufacturing process or transferring that process for our gene
therapy product candidates from their current manufacturers, which
may prevent us from completing our clinical studies or
commercializing our products on a timely or profitable basis, if at
all.
In addition, the clinical trial requirements of the FDA and other
foreign regulatory authorities and the criteria these regulators
use to determine the safety and efficacy of a product candidate
vary according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use
and market of such product candidates. The regulatory approval
process for novel product candidates such as ours can be more
expensive and take longer than for other, better known or more
extensively studied product candidates. To date, only a limited
number of gene therapies have received marketing authorization from
the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities. Until August 2017, the
FDA had never approved a cell or gene therapy product. Since that
time, it has only approved a small number of product candidates,
including Kymriah by Novartis International AG, for pediatric and
young adult patients with a form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia,
Yescarta and Tecartus by Kite Pharma, Inc., Luxturna by Spark
Therapeutics, Inc. for patients with an inherited form of vision
loss, Zolgensma by Novartis International AG, for children less
than 2 years old with spinal muscular atrophy, and Abecma by
Bristol-Myers Squibb and bluebird bio, Inc. Additional cell and
gene therapies are undergoing regulatory review in the United
States and Europe. It is difficult to determine how long it will
take or how much it will cost to obtain regulatory approvals for
our gene therapy product candidates in either the United States, or
other major markets or how long it will take to commercialize our
gene therapy product candidates, if any are approved. Approvals by
foreign regulatory authorities may not be indicative of what the
FDA may require for approval, and vice versa.
Regulatory requirements governing gene therapy products have
changed frequently and may continue to change in the future. The
FDA has established the Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies
within its Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research ("CBER") to
consolidate the review of gene therapy and related products, and
has established the Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies Advisory
Committee to advise the CBER in its review. If we were to engage a
National Institutes of Health ("NIH")-funded institution, to
conduct a clinical trial, that institution’s institutional
biosafety committee as well as its IRB would need to review the
proposed clinical trial to assess the safety of the trial. In
addition, adverse developments in clinical trials of gene therapy
products conducted by others may cause the FDA or other oversight
bodies to change the requirements for approval of any of our gene
therapy product candidates. Similarly, foreign regulatory
authorities may issue new guidelines concerning the development and
marketing authorization for gene therapy medicinal products and
require that we comply with these new guidelines.
The FDA, NIH and the EMA have each expressed interest in further
regulating biotechnology, including gene therapy and genetic
testing. For example, the EMA advocates a risk-based approach to
the development of a gene therapy product. Agencies at both the
federal and state level in the United States, as well as the U.S.
Congressional committees and other governments or governing
agencies, have also expressed interest in further regulating the
biotechnology industry. Such action may delay or prevent
commercialization of some or all of our gene therapy product
candidates.
These regulatory review committees and advisory groups and any new
guidelines they promulgate may lengthen the regulatory review
process, require us to perform additional studies, increase our
development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and
interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of
these product candidates or lead to significant post-approval
limitations or restrictions. As we advance our gene therapy product
candidates, we will be required to consult with these regulatory
and advisory groups and comply with applicable guidelines. If we
fail to do so, we may be required to delay or discontinue
development of certain of our gene therapy product candidates.
These additional processes may result in a review and approval
process that is longer than we otherwise would have expected. Delay
or failure to obtain, or unexpected costs in obtaining, the
regulatory approval necessary to bring a potential product to
market could decrease our ability to generate sufficient product
revenue, and our business, financial condition, results of
operations and prospects would be materially and adversely
affected.
Even if we obtain FDA approval for our gene therapy product
candidates in the United States, we may never obtain approval for
or commercialize them in any other jurisdiction, which would limit
our ability to realize their full market potential.
In order to market any products in any particular jurisdiction, we
must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory
requirements on a country-by-country basis regarding safety and
efficacy. Approval by the FDA in the United States does not ensure
approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or
jurisdictions. In addition, clinical trials conducted in one
country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other
countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not
guarantee regulatory approval in any other country. Approval
processes vary among countries and can involve additional product
testing and validation and additional administrative review
periods. Seeking foreign regulatory approval could result in
difficulties and costs for us and require additional nonclinical
studies or clinical trials which could be costly and time
consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to
country and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products
in those countries. We do not have any product candidates approved
for sale in any jurisdiction, including in international markets,
and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval in
international markets. If we fail to comply with regulatory
requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain
required approvals, or if regulatory approvals in international
markets are delayed, our target market will be reduced and our
ability to realize the full market potential of any product we
develop will be unrealized.
Even if we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates,
we will still face extensive regulatory requirements and our
products may face future development and regulatory
difficulties.
Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval, along
with the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data,
labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting,
storage, recordkeeping, export, import, advertising and promotional
activities for such product, among other things, will be subject to
extensive and ongoing requirements of and review by the FDA, the
EMA, the PMDA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities.
These requirements include submissions of safety and other
post-marketing information and reports, establishment registration
and drug listing requirements, continued compliance with cGMP
requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality
assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents,
requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians
and recordkeeping and cGCP requirements for any clinical trials
that we conduct post-approval. Even if marketing approval of a
product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to
limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be
marketed or to the conditions of approval, including any
requirement to implement a REMS. If any of our product candidates
receives marketing approval, the accompanying labels for such
products may limit the approved use of the product, which could
limit sales.
Regulatory authorities may also impose requirements for costly
post-marketing studies or clinical trials and surveillance to
monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. For example, the
holder of an approved BLA is obligated to monitor and report
adverse events and any failure of a product to meet the
specifications in the BLA. The FDA typically advises that patients
treated with gene therapy undergo follow-up observations for
potential adverse events for a 15-year period. The holder of an
approved BLA also must submit new or supplemental applications and
obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product,
product labeling or manufacturing process. These authorities
closely regulate the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs
to ensure drugs are marketed only for the approved indications and
in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. We will
be subject to stringent restrictions on manufacturers’
communications regarding off-label use and if we do not market our
products for their approved indications, we may be subject to
enforcement action for off-label marketing. Prescription drugs may
be promoted only for the approved indications in accordance with
the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the
laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses,
and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label
may be subject to significant liability. However, physicians may,
in their independent medical judgment, prescribe legally available
products for off-label uses. The FDA does not regulate the behavior
of physicians in their choice of treatments but the FDA does
restrict manufacturer’s communications on the subject of off-label
use of their products. Violations of the FDCA or PHSA in the United
States, and other comparable regulations in foreign jurisdictions,
relating to the promotion of prescription drugs may lead to
enforcement actions and investigations alleging violations of U.S.
federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws, as well as
state consumer protection laws and comparable laws in foreign
jurisdictions.
In addition, later discovery of previously unknown adverse events
or other problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing
processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may
yield various results, including:
•restrictions
on manufacturing such products;
•restrictions
on the labeling or marketing of such products;
•restrictions
on product marketing, distribution or use;
•requirements
to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials;
•warning
or untitled letters;
•withdrawal
of the products from the market;
•recall
of products;
•fines,
restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues;
•suspension
or withdrawal of marketing approvals;
•refusal
to permit the import or export of such products;
•product
seizure; or
•injunctions
or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.
Government regulations may change, and additional government
regulations may be enacted, either of which could prevent, limit or
delay regulatory approval of our product candidates or any future
product candidate. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or
extent of government regulation that may arise from future
legislation or administrative action. If we are slow or unable to
adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new
requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain
regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we
may have obtained.
Even if our product candidates receive marketing approval, they may
fail to achieve market acceptance by physicians, patients,
third-party payors or others in the medical community necessary for
commercial success.
Even if our product candidates receive marketing approval, they may
nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by
physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical
community, including due to the novelty of gene therapy products in
general. If they do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we
may not generate significant product revenues and become
profitable. The degree of market acceptance for our product
candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a
number of factors, including but not limited to:
•the
efficacy and potential advantages compared to alternative
treatments;
•the
effectiveness of sales and marketing efforts;
•the
cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments, including
any similar generic treatments;
•our
ability to offer our products for sale at competitive
prices;
•the
convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative
treatments;
•the
willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies
and of physicians to prescribe these therapies;
•the
ethical, social and legal concerns about gene therapy;
•the
strength of marketing and distribution support;
•the
availability of third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement and
patients’ willingness to pay for our products in the absence of
such coverage and adequate reimbursement;
•the
prevalence and severity of any side effects; and
•any
restrictions on the use of our product together with other
medications.
We expect sales of our product candidates, if approved, to generate
substantially all of our product revenues for the foreseeable
future. The failure of any of our product candidates, if approved,
to find market acceptance would harm our business and could require
us to seek additional financing.
Negative public opinion and increased regulatory scrutiny of gene
therapy and genetic research may damage public perception of our
product candidates or adversely affect our ability to conduct our
business or obtain regulatory approvals for our product
candidates.
Gene therapy remains a novel technology, with only a limited number
of gene therapy products approved to date. Public perception may be
influenced by claims that gene therapy is unsafe, unethical or
immoral, and gene therapy may not gain the acceptance of the public
or the medical community. In particular, our success will depend
upon the comfort level of physicians to prescribe our product
candidates, in lieu of, or in addition to, existing or standard
treatments they are already familiar with and for which greater
clinical data may be available.
More restrictive government regulations or negative public opinion
would have a negative effect on our business or financial condition
and may delay or impair the development and commercialization of
our gene therapy product candidates. Earlier gene therapy trials
led to several well-publicized adverse events, including cases of
leukemia and death seen in such trials using earlier generation
vectors. In addition, there is the potential risk of delayed
adverse events following exposure to gene therapy products due to
persistent biological activity of the genetic material or other
components of products used to carry the genetic material. Among
the risks in any gene therapy product based on viral vectors are
the risks of immunogenicity, elevated liver enzymes, and
insertional oncogenesis, which is the process whereby the insertion
of a functional gene near a gene that is important in cell growth
or division results in uncontrolled cell division, which could
potentially enhance the risk of malignant transformation. If our
vectors demonstrate a similar effect we may decide or be required
to halt or delay further clinical development of our AAV-based
product candidates. Adverse events in our clinical studies, even if
not ultimately attributable to our product candidates (such as the
many adverse events that typically arise from the conditioning
process), or adverse events in other lentiviral gene therapy
trials, and the resulting publicity, could result in increased
governmental regulation, unfavorable public perception, potential
regulatory delays in the testing or approval of our product
candidates, stricter labeling requirements for those product
candidates that are approved and a decrease in demand for any such
product candidates.
Increasing demand for compassionate use or expanded access of our
unapproved therapies could negatively affect our reputation and
harm our business.
We are developing our product candidates for life-threatening
illnesses for which there are currently limited to no available
therapeutic options. It is possible for individuals or groups to
target companies with disruptive social media campaigns related to
a request for access to unapproved drugs for patients with
significant unmet medical need. If we experience a similar social
media campaign regarding our decision to provide or not provide our
product candidates under an expanded access corporate policy, our
reputation may be negatively affected and our business may be
harmed.
Recent media attention to individual patients’ expanded access
requests has resulted in the introduction of legislation at the
local and national level referred to as "Right to Try" laws, such
as the Right to Try Act, which are intended to give patients access
to unapproved therapies. New and emerging legislation regarding
expanded access to unapproved drugs for life-threatening illnesses
could negatively impact our business in the future.
A possible consequence of both activism and legislation in this
area is the need for us to initiate an unanticipated expanded
access program or to make our product candidates more widely
available sooner than anticipated. We are a small company with
limited resources and unanticipated trials or access programs could
result in diversion of resources from our primary
goals.
In addition, some patients who receive access to unapproved drugs
through compassionate use or expanded access programs have
life-threatening illnesses and have exhausted all other available
therapies. The risk for serious adverse events in this patient
population is high which could have a negative impact on the safety
profile of our product candidates if we were to provide them to
these patients in accordance with our expanded access corporate
policy, which could cause significant delays or an inability to
successfully commercialize our product candidates, which could
materially harm our business. If we were to provide patients with
our product candidates under an expanded access program, we may in
the future need to restructure or pause ongoing compassionate use
and/or expanded access programs in order to perform the controlled
clinical trials required for regulatory approval and successful
commercialization of our product candidates, which could prompt
adverse publicity or other disruptions related to current or
potential participants in such programs.
If we are unable to establish sales, marketing and distribution
capabilities either on our own or in collaboration with third
parties, we may not be successful in commercializing our product
candidates, even if approved.
We do not have an infrastructure for the sales, marketing or
distribution of our product candidates should they be approved, and
the cost of establishing and maintaining such an organization may
exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. In order to market any
product that may be approved, we must build our sales,
distribution, marketing, managerial and other non-technical
capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform
these services and obtain requisite licenses. To achieve commercial
success for any product for which we have obtained marketing
approval, we will need a sales and marketing
organization.
We plan to commercialize our product candidates in the United
States, the EU, Japan and other major markets. If our product
candidates are approved for marketing, we may build a focused
sales, distribution and marketing infrastructure to market them.
There are significant expenses and risks involved with establishing
our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, including
our ability to hire, retain and appropriately incentivize qualified
individuals, generate sufficient sales leads, provide adequate
training to sales and marketing personnel, and effectively manage a
geographically dispersed sales and marketing team. Any failure or
delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and
distribution capabilities, and any failure to obtain and maintain
the requisite licenses, could delay any product launch, which would
adversely impact the commercialization of our product
candidates.
Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize our products
on our own include:
•our
inability to recruit, train and retain adequate numbers of
effective sales and marketing personnel;
•the
inability of sales personnel to obtain access to physicians or
attain adequate numbers of physicians to prescribe any
drugs;
•the
inability to negotiate with payors regarding reimbursement for our
products; and
•unforeseen
costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales
and marketing organization.
If we are unable to build our own sales force or negotiate a
collaborative relationship for the commercialization of our product
candidates, we may be forced to delay the potential
commercialization of such products or reduce the scope of our sales
or marketing activities for our product candidates. If we elect to
increase our expenditures to fund commercialization activities
ourselves, we will need to obtain additional capital, which may not
be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we do not
have sufficient funds, we will not be able to bring our product
candidates to market or generate product revenue. We could enter
into arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an
earlier stage than otherwise would be ideal and we may be required
to relinquish rights to one or more of our product candidates or
otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have
an adverse effect on our business, operating results and
prospects.
If the market opportunities for any product candidates we may
develop are smaller than we believe they are, our revenues, if any,
may be adversely affected, and our business may suffer. Because the
target patient populations for many of the product candidates we
may develop are small, we must be able to successfully identify
patients and achieve a significant market share to achieve and
maintain profitability and growth.
We focus our research and product development on treatments for
diseases with limited or no therapeutic options. Our projections of
both the number of people who have these diseases, as well as the
subset of people with these diseases who have the potential to
benefit from treatment with product candidates we may develop, are
based on estimates. These estimates may prove to be incorrect and
new studies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of
these diseases. The number of patients in the United States, Europe
and elsewhere may turn out to be lower than expected, and patients
may not be amenable to treatment with our products, or may become
increasingly difficult to identify or gain access to, all of which
could harm our business, financial condition, results of
operations, and prospects.
If we obtain approval to commercialize any products outside of the
United States, a variety of risks associated with international
operations could materially adversely affect our
business.
•If
our product candidates are approved for commercialization, we may
enter into agreements with third parties to market them in certain
jurisdictions outside the United States. We expect that we will be
subject to additional risks related to international operations or
entering into international business relationships,
including:
•different
regulatory requirements for drug approvals and rules governing drug
commercialization in foreign countries;
•reduced
protection for intellectual property rights;
•unexpected
changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory
requirements;
•economic
weakness, including inflation, or political instability in
particular foreign economies and markets;
•compliance
with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees
living or traveling abroad;
•foreign
reimbursement, pricing and insurance regimes;
•foreign
taxes;
•foreign
currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating
expenses and reduced revenues, and other obligations incident to
doing business in another country;
•workforce
uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in
the United States;
•potential
noncompliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K.
Bribery Act and similar anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws in
other jurisdictions;
•production
shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply
or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and
•business
interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war
and terrorism, or natural disasters including earthquakes,
typhoons, floods and fires.
Our current and future relationships with investigators, health
care professionals, consultants, third-party payors, and customers
will be subject to applicable healthcare regulatory laws, which
could expose us to penalties.
Our business operations and current and future arrangements with
investigators, healthcare professionals, consultants, third-party
payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and
abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations.
These laws may regulate the business or financial arrangements and
relationships through which we conduct our operations, including
how we research, market, sell and distribute our products for which
we obtain marketing approval. Such laws include:
•the
federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things,
persons and entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting,
offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or
indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return
for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase,
lease, order or recommendation of, any good, facility, item or
service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under
a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid. A
person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the
federal Anti-Kickback Statute or specific intent to violate it to
have committed a violation; in addition, the government may assert
that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation
of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or
fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims
Act;
•the
federal false claims laws including the civil False Claims Act,
which can be enforced through civil whistleblower or qui tam
actions, and civil monetary penalties laws, which impose criminal
and civil penalties against individuals or entities for knowingly
presenting, or causing to be presented to the federal government,
claims for payment that are false or fraudulent, knowingly making,
using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement
material to a false or fraudulent claim, or knowingly making, or
causing to be made, a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal
an obligation to pay money to the federal government; in addition,
the government may assert that a claim including items and services
resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute
constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil
False Claims Act;
•HIPAA
imposes criminal and civil liability for, among other things,
knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a
scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false or
fraudulent statements relating to healthcare matters. Similar to
the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need
to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to
violate it to have committed a violation;
•HIPAA,
as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and
Clinical Health Act and its implementing regulations, also imposes
obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to
safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually
identifiable health information on health plans, health care
clearing houses, and certain health care providers, known as
covered entities, and their business associates, defined as
independent contractors or agents of covered entities that create,
receive or obtain protected health information in connection with
providing a service for or on behalf of a covered entity as well as
their covered subcontractors;
•a
number of federal, state and foreign laws, regulations, guidance
and standards that impose requirements regarding the protection of
health data that are applicable to or affect our
operations;
•the
federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which requires certain
manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for
which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the
Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to
report annually to the government information related to payments
or other "transfers of value" made to physicians (defined to
include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and
chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, and requires applicable
manufacturers and group purchasing organizations to report annually
to the government ownership and investment interests held by the
physicians described above and their immediate family members.
Beginning in 2022, applicable manufacturers also will be required
to report such information regarding their relationships with
physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse
specialists, certified registered nurse anesthetists and certified
nurse midwives during the previous year; and
•analogous
state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback
and false claims laws, may apply to our business practices,
including but not limited to, research, distribution, sales, and
marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or
services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors,
including private insurers, or otherwise restrict payments that may
be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral
sources; and state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to
comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance
guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the
federal government; state laws that require drug manufacturers to
report information related to payments and other transfers of value
to physicians and other healthcare providers, marketing
expenditures or drug pricing, as well as state and local laws that
require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives;
and state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of
health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from
each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by
HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.
Efforts to ensure that our current and future business arrangements
with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and
regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that
governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices
do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, agency
guidance or case law involving applicable healthcare laws. If our
operations are found to be in violation of any of these or any
other health regulatory laws that may apply to us, we may be
subject to significant penalties, including the imposition of
significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages,
monetary fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, possible exclusion from
participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare
programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished
profits and future earnings, additional reporting requirements and
oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement
or similar agreement, and curtailment or restructuring of our
operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to
operate our business and our results of operations. Even the mere
issuance of a subpoena or the fact of an investigation alone,
regardless of the merit, may result in negative publicity, a drop
in our stock price, and other harm to our business, financial
condition and results of operations.
Defending against any such actions can be costly, time-consuming
and may require significant financial and personnel resources.
Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such
actions that may be brought against us, our business may be
impaired.
Recently enacted and future legislation may increase the difficulty
and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize
our product candidates and affect the prices we may
obtain.
In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have
been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed
changes regarding the healthcare system that could, among other
things, prevent or delay marketing approval of our product
candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and
affect our ability to profitably sell any products for which we
obtain marketing approval.
For example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable
Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education
Reconciliation Act (collectively, the "Affordable Care Act") was
enacted to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain
the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud
and abuse, add new transparency requirements for health care and
health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the
health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. The
law has continued the downward pressure on pharmaceutical pricing,
especially under the Medicare program, and increased the industry’s
regulatory burdens and operating costs. Among the provisions of the
Affordable Care Act of importance to our product candidates are the
following:
•an
annual, nondeductible fee payable by any entity that manufactures
or imports specified branded prescription drugs and biologic
agents;
•an
increase in the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay
under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program;
•a
new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the
Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are
inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected;
•a
new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which
manufacturers must now agree to offer point-of-sale discounts of
70% off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible
beneficiaries under their coverage gap period, as a condition for
the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare
Part D;
•extension
of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability to individuals enrolled
in Medicaid managed care organizations;
•expansion
of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs in certain
states;
•expansion
of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health
Service pharmaceutical pricing program;
•a
licensure framework for follow on biologic products;
•a
new requirement to annually report drug samples that manufacturers
and distributors provide to physicians; and
•a
new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee,
identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical
effectiveness research, along with funding for such
research.
There remain judicial and Congressional challenges to certain
aspects of the Affordable Care Act, as well as efforts by the
current administration to repeal or replace certain aspects of the
Affordable Care Act. Since January 2017, the President of the
United States has signed Executive Orders and other directives
designed to delay the implementation of certain provisions of the
Affordable Care Act or otherwise circumvent some of the
requirements for health insurance mandated by the Affordable Care
Act. Legislation enacted in 2017, informally titled the Tax Cuts
and Jobs Act of 2017, includes a provision repealing, effective
January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment
imposed by the Affordable Care Act on certain individuals who fail
to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year
that is commonly referred to as the "individual mandate."
Additionally, the 2020 federal spending package permanently
eliminated, effective January 1, 2020, the Affordable Care Act’s
"Cadillac" tax on high-cost employer-sponsored health coverage and
medical device tax and, effective January 1, 2021, also eliminated
the health insurer tax.
Further, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, among other things,
amended the Affordable Care Act, effective January 1, 2019, to
increase from 50% to 70% the point-of-sale discount that is owed by
pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D and
to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly
referred to as the "donut hole." In addition, the federal
government eliminated federal cost-sharing reduction ("CSR")
payments to insurance companies. The loss of such federal CSR
payments has resulted in increased premiums on certain policies
issued by qualified health plans under the Affordable Care Act.
Moreover, in December 2018, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services ("CMS") published a new final rule permitting further
collections and payments to and from certain Affordable Care Act
qualified health plans and health insurance issuers under the
Affordable Care Act risk adjustment program in response to the
outcome of federal district court litigation regarding the method
CMS uses to determine this risk adjustment. On April 27, 2020, the
United States Supreme Court reversed a Federal Circuit decision
that previously upheld Congress' denial of $12 billion in "risk
corridor" funding. On December 14, 2018, a U.S. District Court
Judge in the Northern District of Texas ruled that the individual
mandate is a critical and inseverable feature of the Affordable
Care Act, and therefore, because it was repealed as part of the Tax
Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, the remaining provisions of the
Affordable Care Act are invalid as well. In December 2019, the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit upheld the District Court
ruling that the individual mandate was unconstitutional and
remanded the case back to the District Court to determine whether
the remaining provisions of the Affordable Care Act are invalid as
well. On March 2, 2020, the United States Supreme Court granted the
petitions for writs of certiorari to review this case. It is
unclear how such litigation and other efforts to repeal and replace
the Affordable Care Act will impact the Affordable Care Act and our
business. The Affordable Care Act is likely to continue the
downward pressure on pharmaceutical pricing and may also increase
our regulatory burdens and operating costs. We continue to evaluate
the effect that the Affordable Care Act and its possible repeal and
replacement has on our business.
Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the
Affordable Care Act was enacted. For example, in August 2011,
President Obama signed into law the Budget Control Act of 2011,
which, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on
Deficit Reduction to recommend to Congress proposals in spending
reductions. The Joint Select Committee did not achieve a targeted
deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013
through 2021, triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to
several government programs. This included further reductions to
Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year, which went
into effect in April 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative
amendments to the statute, will stay in effect through 2030 unless
additional Congressional action is taken. The Coronavirus Aid,
Relief and Economic Security Act, or CARES Act, which was signed
into law in March 2020 and is designed to provide financial support
and resources to individuals and businesses affected by the
COVID-19 pandemic, suspended the 2% Medicare sequester from May 1,
2020 through December 31, 2020, and extended the sequester by one
year, through 2030. Additionally, in January 2013, the American
Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other
things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers and
increased the statute of limitations period in which the government
may recover overpayments to providers from three to five
years.
Further, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional
inquiries and proposed federal and state legislation designed to,
among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review
the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs,
reduce the out-of-pocket cost of prescription drugs and reform
government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. Such
scrutiny has resulted in several recent Congressional inquiries and
proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to,
among other things, bring more transparency to pharmaceutical
product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and
manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program
reimbursement methodologies for products. At the federal level, the
current administration’s budget proposal for fiscal year 2021
includes a $135 billion allowance to support legislative proposals
seeking to reduce drug prices, increase competition, lower
out-of-pocket drug costs for patients, and increase patient access
to lower-cost generic and biosimilar drugs. On March 10, 2020, the
U.S. presidential administration sent "principles" for drug pricing
to Congress, calling for legislation that would, among other
things, cap Medicare Part D beneficiary out-of-pocket pharmacy
expenses, provide an option to cap Medicare Part D beneficiary
monthly out-of-pocket expenses, and place limits on pharmaceutical
price increases.
Additionally, on May 11, 2018, the President of the United States
previously laid out his administration’s "Blueprint to Lower Drug
Prices and Reduce Out-of-Pocket Costs" to reduce the cost of
prescription drugs while preserving innovation and cures. The
Department of Health and Human Services has solicited feedback on
some of these measures and has implemented others under its
existing authority. For example, in May 2019, CMS issued a final
rule to allow Medicare Advantage Plans the option of using step
therapy for Part B drugs beginning January 1, 2020. This final rule
codified CMS’s policy change that was effective January 1, 2019.
Congress and the U.S. presidential administration have each
indicated that they will continue to seek new legislative and/or
administrative measures to control drug costs. At the state level,
legislatures have become increasingly aggressive in passing
legislation and implementing regulations designed to control
pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or
patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on
certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and
transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage
importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.
Additionally, on July 24, 2020, President Trump announced four
executive orders related to prescription drug pricing that attempt
to implement several of the Trump administration proposals,
including (i) a policy that would tie certain Medicare Part B drug
prices to international drug prices, or the “most favored nation
price,” the details of which were released on September 13, 2020
and also expanded the policy to cover certain Part D drugs; (ii) an
order that directs HHS to finalize the Canadian drug importation
proposed rule previously issued by HHS and makes other changes
allowing for personal importation of drugs from Canada; (iii) an
order that directs HHS to finalize the rulemaking process on
modifying the Anti-Kickback Statute safe harbors for discounts for
plans, pharmacies, and pharmaceutical benefit managers; (iv) a
policy that reduces costs of insulin and epipens to patients of
federally qualified health centers. The FDA also recently released
a final rule, effective November 30, 2020, implementing a portion
of the importation executive order providing guidance for states to
build and submit importation plans for drugs from
Canada.
Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand
post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional
activities for pharmaceutical products. We are not sure whether
additional legislative changes will be enacted, whether the current
regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what
the impact of such changes on our business, if any, may be. In
addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s
approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing
approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling
and post-marketing testing and other requirements.
We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform
measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit
the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for
healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced
demand for our product candidates or additional pricing pressures.
In addition, it is possible that additional governmental action is
taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Coverage and adequate reimbursement may not be available for our
product candidates, which could make it difficult for us to sell
our products profitably, if approved.
Market acceptance and sales of any approved product candidates that
we develop will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and
adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments
will be available from third-party payors, including government
health administration authorities and private health insurers. In
the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement
for products exists among third-party payors. Third-party payors
decide which drugs or therapies they will pay for and establish
reimbursement levels. One payor’s determination to provide coverage
for a product does not assure that other payors will also provide
coverage, and adequate reimbursement, for the product.
Additionally, a third-party payor’s decision to provide coverage
for a drug or therapy does not imply that an adequate reimbursement
rate will be approved. Each plan determines whether or not it will
provide coverage for a drug or therapy, what amount it will pay the
manufacturer for the drug or therapy, on what tier of its formulary
the drug or therapy will be placed, and whether to require step
therapy. The position of a drug on a formulary generally determines
the co-payment that a patient will need to make to obtain the drug
and can strongly influence the adoption of a drug by patients and
physicians. Patients who are prescribed treatments for their
conditions and providers prescribing such services generally rely
on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated
healthcare costs. Patients are unlikely to use our products unless
coverage is provided, and reimbursement is adequate to cover a
significant portion of the cost of our products.
The process for determining whether a third-party payor will
provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for
setting the price of a product or for establishing the
reimbursement rate that such a payor will pay for the product. Even
if we do obtain adequate levels of reimbursement, third-party
payors, such as government or private healthcare insurers,
carefully review and increasingly question the coverage of, and
challenge the prices charged for, products. A primary trend in the
U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment.
Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that pharmaceutical
companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list
prices and are challenging the prices charged for products. We may
also be required to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies to
justify the coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular
medications. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will
be available for any product that we commercialize and, if
reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will
be. Inadequate coverage or reimbursement may impact the demand for,
or the price of, any product for which we obtain marketing
approval. If coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available,
or are available only to limited levels, we may not be able to
successfully commercialize any product candidates that we
develop.
Additionally, there have been a number of legislative and
regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in the United
States and in some foreign jurisdictions that could affect our
ability to sell any future drugs profitably. There can be no
assurance that our product candidates, if approved, will be
considered medically reasonable and necessary, that it will be
considered cost-effective by third-party payors, that coverage or
an adequate level of reimbursement will be available, or that
reimbursement policies and practices in the United States and in
foreign countries where our products are sold will not adversely
affect our ability to sell our product candidate profitably, if
approved for sale.
Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties
Gene therapies are novel, complex, difficult and expensive to
manufacture. We do not have our own manufacturing capabilities and
will rely on third parties to produce clinical and commercial
supplies of our product candidates.
We are building teams with drug formulation and manufacturing
expertise but do not own or operate, nor do we expect to own or
operate in the foreseeable future, facilities for product
manufacturing, storage and distribution, or testing. In
addition to the technical challenges of drug product formulation
and scale-up and environmental compliance aspects of chemical and
biologics manufacturing, our vendors of manufacturing services will
need to comply with U.S. and foreign regulatory authority licensure
and cGMP quality requirements. These obligations are enforced by
periodic inspection and audit by regulatory authorities, and any
adverse findings or violations discovered on such inspections could
distract our vendors and be costly and time consuming to remediate,
potentially impacting their supply of clinical and future
commercial products to us.
Under the Oxford Agreement, Oxford will manufacture and supply the
AXO-Lenti-PD in accordance with separate clinical and commercial
supply agreements, which will be negotiated between us and Oxford.
The Oxford Agreement contains certain key provisions of the
clinical and commercial supply agreements, including pricing
structure and our ability to transfer the technology to another
manufacturer at any time following the completion of formal process
characterization, process validation or BLA submission. In July
2020, we entered into an agreement with Viralgen Vector Core, S.L.
for the manufacture of all additional clinical trial material for
our AXO-AAV-GM1 and AXO-AAV-GM2 development programs and subsequent
commercial supply.
Our reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we
would not be subject if we manufactured product candidates
ourselves, including:
•failure
to satisfy their contractual duties or obligations;
•inability
to meet our product specifications and quality requirements
consistently;
•delay
or inability to develop, procure or expand sufficient manufacturing
capacity;
•manufacturing
and/or product quality issues related to manufacturing development
and scale-up;
•costs
and validation of new equipment and facilities required for
scale-up;
•failure
to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and standards,
including cGMP and similar foreign standards;
•deficient
or improper record-keeping;
•contractual
restrictions on our ability to engage additional or alternative
manufacturers;
•inability
to negotiate manufacturing agreements with third parties under
commercially reasonable terms;
•termination
or nonrenewal of manufacturing agreements with third parties in a
manner or at a time that is costly or damaging to us;
•reliance
on a limited number of sources, and in some cases, single sources
for product components, such that if we are unable to secure a
sufficient supply of these product components, we will be unable to
manufacture and sell our product candidates or any future product
candidate in a timely fashion, in sufficient quantities or under
acceptable terms;
•lack
of qualified backup suppliers for those components that are
currently purchased from a sole or single source
supplier;
•lack
of access or licenses to proprietary manufacturing methods used by
third-party manufacturers to make our product
candidates;
•operations
of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers could be disrupted by
conditions unrelated to our business or operations, including the
bankruptcy of the manufacturer or supplier or regulatory sanctions
related to the manufacture of our or other company’s
products;
•carrier
disruptions or increased costs that are beyond our control;
and
•failure
to deliver our products under specified storage conditions and in a
timely manner.
The process for manufacturing gene therapy products, including our
product candidates, is more complex than those required for most
chemical pharmaceuticals, requiring substantial expertise,
specialized facilities, highly specific raw materials and
significant capital investment and involving other production
constraints. Moreover, unlike chemical pharmaceuticals, the
physical and chemical properties of a gene therapy product such as
ours generally cannot be fully characterized. As a result, assays
of the finished product may not be sufficient to ensure that the
product will perform in the intended manner or that the dosing will
be uniform in our products. Accordingly, we and our manufacturers
employ multiple steps to control our manufacturing process to
assure that the process works and that our product candidates are
made strictly and consistently in compliance with the process.
Problems with the manufacturing process, including even minor
deviations from the normal process, could result in product defects
or manufacturing failures that result in lot failures, product
recalls, product liability claims or insufficient inventory. We may
encounter problems achieving adequate quantities and quality of
clinical-grade or commercial-grade materials that meet FDA, EMA or
other applicable standards or specifications with consistent and
acceptable production yields and costs. In addition, the FDA, EMA
and other regulatory authorities may require us to submit samples
of any lot of any approved product together with the protocols
showing the results of applicable tests at any time. Under some
circumstances, the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities may
require that we not distribute a lot until the agency authorizes
its release. Slight deviations in the manufacturing process,
including those affecting quality attributes and stability, may
result in unacceptable changes in the product that could result in
lot failures or product recalls. Delays in manufacturing processes
at our third-party manufacturers, including recently at Oxford,
which may be outside of our control, have resulted in, and may in
the future result in, delays in our planned clinical trials. Lot
failures or product recalls could cause us to delay product
launches or clinical trials, which could be costly to us and
otherwise harm our business, financial condition, results of
operations and prospects.
Due to the complexity and constraints associated with manufacturing
gene therapy products, there is a limited number of suppliers that
can adequately and timely provide the raw materials, including
vectors, for our product candidates, particularly if we commence
larger clinical trials and studies for our product candidates. If
supply from a manufacturing facility is interrupted, including due
to equipment malfunctions, facility contamination, material
shortages or contamination, natural disasters, disruption in
utility services, human error or disruptions in the operations of
suppliers, there could be a significant disruption in supply
of our product candidates. We have also terminated supply
and manufacturing agreements in the past, and may terminate such
agreements in the future, which could also result in supply
disruptions. If we are unable to engage other manufacturers or
suppliers, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with them
on favorable terms or at all. Use of new third-party manufacturers
could increase the risk of delays in production or insufficient
supplies of our product candidates as we transfer our manufacturing
technology to these manufacturers and as they gain experience
manufacturing our product candidates. Further, due to intense
competition among companies developing gene therapy product
candidates, we may encounter difficulties in sourcing adequate
supply for our gene therapy products on a timely or cost-efficient
basis.
We have no experience manufacturing any of our product candidates.
Building our own manufacturing facility, if we decide to do so in
the future, would require substantial additional investment, would
be time-consuming and may be subject to delays, including those
resulting from compliance with regulatory requirements. We also may
encounter problems hiring and retaining the experienced specialist
scientific, quality control and manufacturing personnel needed to
operate our manufacturing process, which could result in delays in
our production or difficulties in maintaining compliance with
applicable regulatory requirements. Although we may establish
our own manufacturing facility or use that of a third-party
contract manufacturer to support a commercial launch of our gene
therapy product candidates, if approved, the timeframe for us to
obtain approval for such facility or qualify such third-party
contract manufacturer and ensure that all processes, methods and
equipment are compliant with cGMP requirements is uncertain. We
must supply all necessary documentation in support of a BLA or
other MAA on a timely basis and must adhere to the FDA’s and EMA’s
cGMP requirements before any of our product candidates can obtain
marketing approval. To date, to our knowledge, a limited number of
cGMP gene therapy manufacturing facilities have received approval
from the FDA for the manufacture of an approved gene therapy
product and, therefore, the timeframe required for us to obtain
such approval is uncertain. We are subject to audits from FDA, EMA
and other authorities that may result in observations of
non-compliance from cGMP requirements. In addition, our ability to
receive damages from our CROs in connection with such failures is
generally contractually limited.
Any of these events affecting our product candidates or those of
adjuncts could lead to clinical trial delays, cost overruns, delay
or failure to obtain regulatory approval or impact our ability to
successfully commercialize our products, as well as potential
product liability litigation, product recalls or product
withdrawals. Some of these events could be the basis for FDA
action, including injunction, recall, seizure, or total or partial
suspension of production.
Any contamination in our manufacturing process, shortages of raw
materials or failure of any of our key suppliers to deliver
necessary components could result in delays in our clinical
development or marketing schedules.
Given the nature of biologics manufacturing, there is a risk of
contamination. Any contamination could harm our ability to produce
product candidates on schedule and could, therefore, harm our
results of operations and cause reputational damage. Some of the
raw materials required in our manufacturing process are derived
from biologic sources. Such raw materials are difficult to procure
and may be subject to contamination or recall. A material shortage,
contamination, recall or restriction on the use of biologically
derived substances in the manufacture of our product candidates
could harm or disrupt the commercial manufacturing or the
production of clinical material, which could harm our development
timelines and our business, financial condition, results of
operations and prospects.
We intend to rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and
monitor our nonclinical studies and our clinical trials, and if
those third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner, it may
harm our business.
We intend to rely on CROs and nonclinical and clinical trial sites
to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our nonclinical studies
and our clinical trials, and we expect to have limited influence
over their actual performance. In addition, pursuant to our
agreements with UMMS and Oxford, we may rely on their respective
employees for certain services in connection with the transition of
the respective gene therapy product candidates to us. We do not
have complete control over those employees or their execution of
services provided to us, and those employees may not perform such
services in a timely or satisfactory manner, which could harm our
business and development programs.
We intend to rely upon CROs to monitor and manage data for our
clinical programs, as well as the execution of future nonclinical
studies. We expect to control only certain aspects of our
CROs’ activities. Nevertheless, we will be responsible for
ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with
the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards
and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory
responsibilities.
We and our CROs will be required to comply with Good Laboratory
Practices ("GLPs") and cGCPs, which are regulations and guidelines
enforced by the FDA and are also required by the competent
authorities of the member states of the European Economic Area and
comparable foreign regulatory authorities in the form of
International Council for Harmonization guidelines for any of our
product candidates that are in nonclinical and clinical
development. The regulatory authorities enforce cGCPs through
periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and
clinical trial sites. Although we may rely on CROs to conduct
our GLP-compliant preclinical studies and GCP-compliant clinical
trials, we will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our
GLP preclinical studies and GCP clinical trials is conducted in
accordance with its investigational plan and protocol and
applicable laws and regulations, and our reliance on the CROs does
not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. If we or our
CROs fail to comply with cGCPs, the clinical data generated in our
clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable
foreign regulatory authorities may reject our marketing
applications or require us to perform additional clinical trials
before approving our marketing applications. Accordingly, if
we or our CROs fail to comply with these regulations or other
applicable laws, regulations or standards, or fail to recruit a
sufficient number of subjects, we may be required to repeat
clinical trials, which would delay the relevant regulatory approval
process. Failure by our CROs to properly execute study protocols in
accordance with applicable law could also create product liability
and healthcare regulatory risks for us as sponsors of those
studies.
Our CROs will not be our employees, and we will not control whether
or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical
and nonclinical programs. These CROs may also have
relationships with other commercial entities, including our
competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials,
or other drug development activities which could harm our
competitive position. We face the risk of potential
unauthorized disclosure or misappropriation of our intellectual
property by CROs, which may reduce our trade secret and
intellectual property protection and allow our potential
competitors to access and exploit our proprietary
technology. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their
contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines,
or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is
compromised due to the failure to adhere to our (or their own)
clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for any other
reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or
terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval
for, or successfully commercialize, any product candidate that we
develop. As a result, our financial results and the commercial
prospects for any product candidate that we develop could be
harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate
revenues could be delayed.
If our relationships with these CROs terminate, we may not be able
to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or do so on
commercially reasonable terms or in a timely manner. Switching
or adding additional CROs involves substantial cost and requires
management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural
transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result,
delays occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our
desired clinical development timelines. Though we intend to
carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no
assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the
future or that these delays or challenges will not have an adverse
impact on our business, financial condition and
prospects.
We may seek to enter into collaborations in the future with other
third parties. If we are unable to enter into such collaborations,
or if these collaborations are not successful, our business could
be adversely affected.
We will seek to enter into additional collaborations in the future,
including sales, marketing, distribution, development, licensing,
and/or broader collaboration agreements. Our likely collaborators
include large and mid-size pharmaceutical companies, regional and
national pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, and
medical device manufacturers. However, we may not be able to enter
into additional collaborations on favorable terms or at all. Our
ability to generate revenues from our collaborations will depend on
our and our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the
functions assigned to each of us in these arrangements. In
addition, our collaborators have the ability to abandon research or
development projects and terminate applicable agreements. Moreover,
an unsuccessful outcome in any clinical trial for which our
collaborator is responsible could be harmful to the public
perception and prospects of our existing product candidate
pipeline.
Our relationship with any future collaborations may pose several
risks, including the following:
•collaborators
have significant discretion in determining the amount and timing of
the efforts and resources that they will apply to these
collaborations;
•collaborators
may not perform their obligations as expected;
•the
nonclinical studies and clinical trials conducted as part of these
collaborations may not be successful;
•collaborators
may not pursue development and commercialization of any product
candidates that achieve regulatory approval or may elect not to
continue or renew development or commercialization programs based
on nonclinical study or clinical trial results, changes in the
collaborators’ strategic focus or available funding or external
factors, such as an acquisition, that divert resources or create
competing priorities;
•collaborators
may delay nonclinical studies and clinical trials, provide
insufficient funding for nonclinical studies and clinical trials,
stop a nonclinical study or clinical trial or abandon a product
candidate, repeat or conduct new nonclinical studies or clinical
trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for
nonclinical studies or clinical trials;
•we
may not have access to, or may be restricted from disclosing,
certain information regarding product candidates being developed or
commercialized under a collaboration and, consequently, may have
limited ability to inform our stockholders about the status of such
product candidates;
•collaborators
could independently develop, or develop with third parties,
products that compete directly or indirectly with our product
candidates if the collaborators believe that competitive products
are more likely to be successfully developed or can be
commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive
than ours;
•product
candidates developed in collaboration with us may be viewed by our
collaborators as competitive with their own product candidates or
products, which may cause collaborators to cease to devote
resources to the commercialization of our product
candidates;
•a
collaborator with marketing and distribution rights to one or more
of our product candidates that achieve regulatory approval may not
commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of
any such product candidate;
•disagreements
with collaborators, including disagreements over proprietary
rights, contract interpretation or the preferred course of
development of any product candidates, may cause delays or
termination of the research, development or commercialization of
such product candidates, may lead to additional responsibilities
for us with respect to such product candidates or may result in
litigation or arbitration, any of which would be time consuming and
expensive;
•collaborators
may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property
rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to
invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our
intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to
potential litigation;
•disputes
may arise with respect to the ownership or inventorship of
intellectual property developed pursuant to our
collaborations;
•collaborators
may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties,
which may expose us to litigation and potential
liability;
•the
terms of our collaboration agreement may restrict us from entering
into certain relationships with other third parties, thereby
limiting our options; and
•collaborations
may be terminated for the convenience of the collaborator and, if
terminated, we could be required to raise additional capital to
pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable
product candidates.
We will face significant competition in seeking appropriate
collaborators, and the negotiation process is time-consuming and
complex. Our ability to reach a definitive collaboration agreement
with any future collaborators will depend, among other things, upon
our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the
terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed
collaborator’s evaluation of several factors. Those factors may
include the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of
approval by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the
United States, the potential market for the subject product
candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and
delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of
competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to
our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a
challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the
challenge, and industry and market conditions generally. We may
also be restricted under future license agreements from entering
into agreements on certain terms with potential
collaborators.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our
technology and products or if the scope of the patent protection
obtained is not sufficiently broad, we may not be able to compete
effectively in our markets.
We rely, and will continue to rely, upon a combination of patents,
trademarks, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements
with employees, consultants, collaborators, advisors and other
third parties to protect the intellectual property related to our
current and future development programs and product candidates. Our
success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain
patent protection in the United States and other countries for our
current gene therapy product candidates and any future product
candidates. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing
patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our
current and future product development programs and product
candidates. The patent prosecution process is expensive and
time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all
necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or
in a timely manner.
The patent applications we have in-licensed or own cannot be
enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in
such applications unless and until a patent issues from such
application(s). Our in-licensed and/or owned patent applications
may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our
current product candidates or other gene therapy product candidates
in the United States or in foreign countries. Our in-licensed and
owned patent portfolio alone may not provide us with sufficient
rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or
identical to ours.
It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable
aspects of our research and development output before it is too
late to obtain patent protection. The patent applications that we
own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims
that cover our current product candidates or any future product
candidates in the United States or in other foreign countries. We
may also inadvertently make statements to regulatory agencies
during the regulatory approval process that may be inconsistent
with positions that have been taken during prosecution of our
in-licensed or owned patents which may result in such patents being
narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable.
The patent rights that we own or have licensed relating to our
product candidates may be limited in ways that may affect our
ability to exclude third parties from competing against us if we
obtain regulatory approval to market these product candidates. For
our current product candidates or future product candidates for
which we do not hold or do not obtain composition of matter
patents, competitors who obtain the requisite regulatory approval
can offer products with the same composition as our products so
long as the competitors do not infringe any other patents, such as
method patents, that we may hold or obtain rights to. Method
patents only protect the product when used or sold for the
specified method. However, this type of patent protection does not
limit a competitor from making and marketing a product that is
identical to our product that is labeled for an indication that is
outside of the patented method, or for which there is a substantial
use in commerce outside the patented method.
There is no assurance that all of the potentially relevant prior
art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found,
which can prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent
application or be used to invalidate a patent. The patent
examination process may require us to narrow our claims, which may
limit the scope of patent protection that we may obtain. Even if
patents do successfully issue based on our owned or in-licensed
applications and even if such patents cover our current or future
product candidates, third parties may challenge their validity,
enforceability or scope, which may result in such patents being
narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable. Any successful
opposition to these patents or any other patents owned by or
licensed to us in the future could deprive us of rights necessary
for the successful commercialization of any current or future
product candidates, if approved. Further, if we encounter delays in
regulatory approvals, the period of time during which we could
market a product candidate under patent protection could be
reduced.
Our owned or in-licensed pending applications cannot be enforced
against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such
applications unless and until a patent issues from such
applications. If the patent applications we hold or have
in-licensed with respect to our development programs and product
candidates fail to issue as patents, if their breadth or strength
of protection is threatened, or if they fail to provide meaningful
exclusivity for our current or future product candidates, it could
dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop product
candidates and threaten our ability to commercialize future
products. Any such outcome could have an adverse effect on our
business.
The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies
generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual
questions and has in recent years been the subject of much
litigation. In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not
protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United
States. For example, European patent law restricts the
patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than
United States law does. Publications of discoveries in scientific
literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent
applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are
typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some
cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether
we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or
licensed patents or pending patent applications, or whether we were
the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. As a
result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and
commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our
pending and future patent applications may not result in patents
being issued which protect our technology or products, in whole or
in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing
competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patent
laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and
other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the
scope of our patent protection.
Patent reform legislation could increase uncertainties and costs
surrounding the prosecution of our owned and in-licensed patent
applications and the enforcement or defense of our owned or
in-licensed issued patents. On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith
America Invents Act (the “Leahy-Smith Act”) was signed into law.
The Leahy-Smith Act made a number of significant changes to United
States patent laws. These include provisions that affect the way
patent applications are prosecuted and challenged at the U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) and may also affect patent
litigation. The USPTO has developed and continues to develop new
regulations and procedures to govern administration of the
Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law
associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, the first
to file provisions, only became effective on March 16, 2013.
Accordingly, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith
Act, subsequent rulemaking, and judicial interpretation of the
Leahy-Smith Act and regulations will have on the operation of our
business. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could
increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of
our patent applications and the enforcement and/or defense of our
issued patents, all of which could have an adverse effect on our
business and financial condition.
Moreover, we may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance
submission of prior art to the USPTO, or become involved in
opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review,
post-grant review or interference proceedings challenging our
patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse
determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation
could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow
third parties to commercialize our technology or products and
compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our
inability to manufacture or commercialize products without
infringing third-party patent rights.
Even if our patent applications that we own or license issue as
patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any
meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us
or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our
competitors may be able to circumvent our patents by developing
similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing
manner. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection
provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it
could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license,
develop or commercialize current or future product
candidates.
The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship,
scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed
patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the
United States and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of
exclusivity or freedom to operate or in patent claims being
narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part,
which could limit our ability to stop others from using or
commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or
limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and
products.
The inventorship and/or ownership rights for patents or patent
applications we own or in-license may be challenged by third
parties. Such challenges could result in loss of exclusive rights
to such patents, which could limit our ability to stop others from
using or commercializing similar or identical technology and
products or require us to obtain a license from such third parties
on commercially reasonable terms to secure exclusive rights, or our
business could be harmed. If any such challenges to inventorship
and/or ownership were asserted, there is no assurance that a court
would find in our favor or that, if we choose to seek a license,
such license would be available to us on acceptable terms or at
all.
Moreover, patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States,
the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after the
first non-provisional filing date. Certain extensions may be
available; however, the life of a patent, and the protection it
affords, is limited. Without patent protection for our current or
future product candidates, we may be open to competition from
biosimilar or generic versions of such products. Given the amount
of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review
of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might
expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized.
As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not
provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from
commercializing products similar or identical to ours.
If we do not obtain protection under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments by
extending the patent term and obtain data exclusivity for our
product candidates, our business may be materially
harmed.
Our commercial success will largely depend on our ability to obtain
and maintain patents and other intellectual property in the United
States and other countries with respect to our proprietary
technology, product candidates and our target indications. Given
the amount of time required for the development, testing and
regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting our
product candidates might expire before or shortly after such
candidates begin to be commercialized. We expect to seek extensions
of patent terms in the United States and, if available, in other
countries where we are prosecuting patents.
Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA marketing
approval of our product candidates, one or more of our owned or
in-licensed U.S. patents or patent applications, once issued, may
be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price
Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, referred to as
the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a
patent term extension of up to five years beyond the normal
expiration of the patent as compensation for patent term lost
during development and the FDA regulatory review process, which is
limited to the approved indication (or any additional indications
approved during the period of extension). However, the total patent
term including the period of extension cannot exceed 14 years from
the product’s approval date. Furthermore, this extension is limited
to only one patent that covers the approved product, the approved
use of the product, or a method of manufacturing the product.
However, the applicable authorities, including the FDA and the
USPTO in the United States, and any equivalent regulatory authority
in other countries, may not agree with our assessment of whether
such extensions are available, and may refuse to grant extensions
to our patents, or may grant more limited extensions than we
request. We may not be granted an extension because of, for
example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to
apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing
to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time
period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less
than we request.
If we are unable to extend the expiration date of our existing
patents or obtain new patents with longer expiry dates, our
competitors may be able to take advantage of our investment in
development and clinical trials by referencing our clinical and
nonclinical data to obtain approval of competing products following
our patent expiration and launch their product earlier than might
otherwise be the case.
The validity, scope and enforceability of any patents that cover
our biologic product candidates can be challenged by third
parties.
For biologics, such as AXO-AAV-GM1, AXO-AAV-GM2 and AXO-Lenti-PD,
the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (“BPCIA”)
provides a mechanism for one or more third parties to seek FDA
approval to manufacture or sell biosimilar or interchangeable
versions of brand name biological products. Due to the large size
and complexity of biological products, as compared to small
molecules, a biosimilar must be “highly similar” to the reference
product with “no clinically meaningful differences between the
biological product and the reference product in terms of the
safety, purity and potency of the product.” The BPCIA provides,
among other things, for a formal pre-litigation process which
includes the exchange of information between a biosimilar applicant
and a reference product sponsor that can include the identification
of relevant patents and each parties’ basis for infringement and
invalidity. After the exchange of this information (if the exchange
is elected), we must then initiate an infringement lawsuit within
30 days for the patents identified in the exchange. If the
biosimilar applicant successfully challenges the asserted patent
claims it could result in the invalidation of, or render
unenforceable, some or all of the relevant patent claims or result
in a finding of non-infringement.
Litigation or other proceedings to enforce or defend intellectual
property rights are often complex in nature, may be expensive and
time-consuming, may divert our management’s attention from our core
business, and may result in unfavorable results that could limit
our ability to prevent third parties from competing with our
product candidates.
Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on
compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee
payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent
agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated
for non-compliance with these requirements.
Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid
to the USPTO and other foreign patent agencies in several stages
over the lifetime of the patent. The USPTO and various foreign
national or international patent agencies require compliance with a
number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar
provisions during the patent application process. While an
inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late
fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules,
there are situations in which noncompliance can result in
abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting
in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant
jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in
abandonment or lapse of patent rights include, but are not limited
to, failure to timely file national and regional stage patent
applications based on our international patent application, failure
to respond to office actions within prescribed time limits,
non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit
formal documents. If we or our licensors fail to maintain the
patents and patent applications covering our current or future
product candidates, our competitors might be able to enter the
market sooner, which would have an adverse effect on our
business.
We may need to license intellectual property from third parties,
and such licenses may not be available or may not be available on
commercially reasonable terms.
A third party may hold intellectual property, including patent
rights and trade secrets that are important or necessary to the
development of our current or future product candidates. It may be
necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of
one or more third parties to manufacture or commercialize our
product candidates, in which case we would be required to obtain a
license from these third parties on commercially reasonable terms,
or our business could be harmed, possibly materially. If any such
patents were to be asserted against us, there is no assurance that
a court would find in our favor or that, if we choose or are
required to seek a license, a license to any of these patents would
be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.
It may be necessary to use a patented or proprietary AAV-related
technology of one or more third parties to manufacture and
commercialize AXO-AAV-GM1 or AXO-AAV-GM2. If we are unable to
obtain licenses from such third parties when needed or on
commercially reasonable terms, our ability to commercialize
AXO-AAV-GM1 (if approved) or AXO-AAV-GM2 (if approved), would
likely be delayed or impaired.
Third-party claims or litigation alleging infringement of patents
or other proprietary rights or seeking to invalidate patents or
other proprietary rights may delay or prevent the development and
commercialization of our product candidates.
Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement
and other violations of the patents and proprietary rights of third
parties. There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within
and outside the United States, involving patent and other
intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and
pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits,
interferences, derivation and administrative law proceedings, inter
partes review, and post-grant review before the USPTO, as well as
oppositions and similar proceedings in foreign jurisdictions.
Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent
applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields
in which we and our collaborators are developing product
candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries
expand and more patents are issued, and as we gain greater
visibility and market exposure as a public company, the risk
increases that our product candidates or other business activities
may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent and other
proprietary rights of third parties. Third parties may assert that
we are infringing their patents or employing their proprietary
technology without authorization.
There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims
to compositions, materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or
methods for treatment related to our current or future product
candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to
issue, there may be currently pending patent applications that may
later result in issued patents that our current or future product
candidates may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain
patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies
infringes upon these patents. If any third-party patents were held
by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing
process of any of our product candidates; any molecules, plasmids,
vectors, cell lines, etc. formed during the manufacturing process;
any final product itself or the intended method of treatment using
the product, including combination therapy, the holders of any such
patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize such
product candidate unless we obtained a license under the applicable
patents, or until such patents expire.
A license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or
at all. In addition, we may be subject to claims that we are
infringing other intellectual property rights, such as trademarks
or copyrights, or misappropriating the trade secrets of others, and
to the extent that our employees, consultants or contractors use
intellectual property or proprietary information owned by others in
their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related
or resulting know-how and inventions.
Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other
equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to
further develop and commercialize one or more of our product
candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit,
would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a
substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In
the event of a successful infringement or other intellectual
property claim against us, we may have to pay substantial damages,
including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful
infringement, obtain one or more licenses from third parties, pay
royalties or redesign our affected products, which may be
impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. We
cannot predict whether any such license would be available at all
or whether it would be available on commercially reasonable terms.
Furthermore, even in the absence of litigation, we may need to
obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow
commercialization of our product candidates, and we have done so
from time to time. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a
reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event,
we would be unable to further develop and commercialize one or more
of our product candidates, which could harm our business
significantly. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential
information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar
negative impact on our business.
We cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not
exist which might be enforced against our product candidates,
resulting in either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with
respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties or
other forms of compensation to third parties.
Third-party patent applications directed to methods for producing
recombinant lentiviral vectors or recombinant AAV vectors could
adversely affect the potential commercialization of our current
gene therapy product candidates, if patents issue from such
applications that include claims that would cover the methods of
making our current gene therapy product candidates. While we do not
believe that such pending third-party claims that would cover the
methods of making our current gene therapy product candidates are
likely to be patentable, we may be incorrect in this
belief.
We may not identify relevant third-party patents or may incorrectly
interpret the relevance, scope or expiration of a third-party
patent, which might adversely affect our ability to develop and
market our products.
We cannot guarantee that any of our or our licensors’ patent
searches or analyses, including the identification of relevant
patents, the scope of patent claims or the expiration of relevant
patents, are complete or thorough, nor can we be certain that we
have identified each and every third-party patent and pending
application in the United States and abroad that is or may be
relevant to or necessary for the commercialization of our product
candidates in any jurisdiction. Patent applications in the United
States and elsewhere are not published until approximately 18
months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed,
with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the
priority date. In addition, U.S. patent applications filed before
November 29, 2000 and certain U.S. patent applications filed after
that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain
confidential until patents issue. Therefore, patent applications
covering our products could have been filed by others without our
knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications or patents
that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be
later amended in a manner that could cover our product candidates
or the use of our products.
The scope of a patent claim is determined by multiple factors
including an interpretation of the law, the written disclosure in a
patent and the patent’s prosecution history. Our interpretation of
the relevance or the scope of a patent or a pending application may
be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to market our
products. We may incorrectly determine that our products are not
covered by a third-party patent or may incorrectly predict whether
a third party’s pending application will issue with claims of
relevant scope. Our determination of the expiration date of any
patent in the United States or abroad that we consider relevant may
be incorrect, and our failure to identify and correctly interpret
relevant patents may negatively impact our ability to develop and
market our products.
If we fail to identify and correctly interpret relevant patents, we
may be subject to infringement claims. We cannot guarantee that we
will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such
infringement claims. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to
being forced to pay damages, we may be temporarily or permanently
prohibited from commercializing any of our products that are held
to be infringing. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign
products, processes, or services so that we no longer infringe the
third-party intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even
if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert
substantial financial and management resources that we would
otherwise be able to devote to our business.
If we breach any of our license or collaboration agreements, it
could compromise our development and commercialization efforts for
our product candidates.
We have licensed rights to intellectual property from UMMS and
Oxford in order to commercialize our product candidates, and we
have or intend to enter into one or more commercial supply and
manufacturing agreements for our current product
candidates.
Disputes may arise between us and any of these counterparties
regarding intellectual property rights that are subject to such
agreements, including, but not limited to:
•the
scope of rights granted under the agreement and other
interpretation-related issues;
•whether
and the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on
intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the
agreement;
•our
right to sublicense patent and other rights to third
parties;
•our
diligence obligations with respect to the use of the licensed
technology in relation to our development and commercialization of
our product candidates, and what activities satisfy those diligence
obligations;
•the
ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint
creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us
and our partners;
•our
right to transfer or assign our license; and
•the
effects of termination.
These or other disputes over intellectual property that we have
licensed (or will license or acquire in the future) may prevent or
impair our ability to maintain our current arrangements on
acceptable terms or may impair the value of the arrangement to us.
Any such dispute could have an adverse effect on our
business.
If we materially breach or fail to perform any provision under
these license and collaboration agreements, including failure to
make payments to a licensor or collaborator when due for royalties
and failure to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and
commercialize our product candidates, such licensors and
collaborators have the right to terminate our agreement, and upon
the effective date of such termination, our right to practice the
licensed patent rights and other intellectual property would end.
Any uncured, material breach under the agreements could result in
our loss of rights to practice the patent rights and other
intellectual property licensed to us under the agreements and to
liability for potential damages.
Our intellectual property agreements with third parties may be
subject to disagreements over contract interpretation, which could
narrow the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual
property or technology.
Certain provisions in our intellectual property agreements may be
susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any
contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could affect
the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or
technology or affect financial or other obligations under the
relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse
effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations
and prospects.
We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our
patents, the patents of our licensors or our other intellectual
property rights, which could be expensive, time consuming and
unsuccessful.
Competitors may infringe or otherwise violate our patents, the
patents of our licensors or our other intellectual property rights.
To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to
file legal claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In
addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a
patent of ours or our licensors is not valid or is unenforceable or
may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at
issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology
in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense
proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being
invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent
applications at risk of not issuing. The initiation of a claim
against a third party may also cause the third party to bring
counter claims against us such as claims asserting that our patents
are invalid or unenforceable.
In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims
alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds
for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of
several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty,
obviousness, non-enablement, or lack of statutory subject matter.
Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation
that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld
relevant material information from the USPTO, or made a materially
misleading statement, during prosecution. Third parties may also
raise similar validity claims before the USPTO in post-grant
proceedings such as ex parte reexaminations, inter partes review,
or post-grant review, or oppositions or similar proceedings outside
the United States, in parallel with litigation or even outside the
context of litigation. The outcome following legal assertions of
invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. We cannot be
certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we and
the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. For the
patents and patent applications that we have licensed, we may have
limited or no right to participate in the defense of any licensed
patents against challenge by a third party. If a defendant were to
prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we
would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of any future patent
protection on our current or future product candidates. Such a loss
of patent protection could harm our business.
We may not be able to detect or prevent, alone or with our
licensors, misappropriation of our intellectual property rights,
particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those
rights as fully as in the United States. Any litigation or other
proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights may fail,
and even if successful, may result in substantial costs and
distract our management and other employees.
Even if we establish infringement, the court may decide not to
grant an injunction against further infringing activity and instead
award only monetary damages, which may or may not be an adequate
remedy. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery
required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there
is a risk that some of our confidential information could be
compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There
could also be public announcements of the results of hearings,
motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities
analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it
could have an adverse effect on the price of our common
stock.
Because of the expense and uncertainty of litigation, we may not be
in a position to enforce our intellectual property rights against
third parties.
Because of the expense and uncertainty of litigation, we may
conclude that even if a third party is infringing our issued
patent, any patents that may be issued as a result of our pending
or future patent applications or other intellectual property
rights, the risk-adjusted cost of bringing and enforcing such a
claim or action may be too high or not in the best interest of our
company or our stockholders. In such cases, we may decide that the
more prudent course of action is to simply monitor the situation or
initiate or seek some other non-litigious action or
solution.
Changes in U.S. patent law or the patent law of other countries or
jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general,
thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.
The United States has recently enacted and implemented wide-ranging
patent reform legislation. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on
several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of
patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening
the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to
increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents
in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty
with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on
actions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO,
the laws and regulations governing patents could change in
unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new
patents or to enforce patents that we have licensed or that we
might obtain in the future. Similarly, changes in patent law and
regulations in other countries or jurisdictions or changes in the
governmental bodies that enforce them or changes in how the
relevant governmental authority enforces patent laws or regulations
may weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents
that we have licensed or that we may obtain in the
future.
The United States government may have certain rights in patent
applications and patents issuing therefrom that we in-license or
own. The United States federal government retains certain rights in
inventions produced with its financial assistance under the
Bayh-Dole Act. The federal government retains a “nonexclusive,
nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license” for its own benefit.
The Bayh-Dole Act also provides federal agencies with “march-in
rights.” March-in rights allow the government, in specified
circumstances, to require the contractor or successors in title to
the patent to grant a “nonexclusive, partially exclusive, or
exclusive license” to a “responsible applicant or applicants.” If
the patent owner refuses to do so, the government may grant the
license itself. Furthermore, if the U.S. Government has rights
related to a product candidate under the Bayh-Dole Act, we may be
obligated to substantially manufacture in the U.S. such product if
it was invented using government funding. Under certain
circumstances, we may be able to obtain a waiver to manufacture
outside the U.S., however, such waivers are not
guaranteed.
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights
throughout the world, which could impair our business.
Filing, prosecuting and defending patents covering our current and
future product candidates throughout the world would be
prohibitively expensive. Competitors may use our technologies in
jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to
develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise
infringing products to territories where we may obtain patent
protection, but where patent enforcement is not as strong as that
in the United States. These products may compete with our products
in jurisdictions where we do not have any issued or licensed
patents and any future patent claims, or other intellectual
property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them
from so competing.
Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting
and defending intellectual property rights in foreign
jurisdictions. The legal systems of some countries do not favor the
enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection,
which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of
our patents generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in
foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert
our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could
put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted
narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and
could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not
prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other
remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially
meaningful.
Many countries, including EU countries, India, Japan and China,
have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be
compelled under specified circumstances to grant licenses to third
parties. In those countries, we may have limited remedies if
patents are infringed or if we are compelled to grant a license to
a third party, which could materially diminish the value of those
patents. This could limit our potential revenue opportunities.
Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property
rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant
commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop
or license.
Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade
secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will
discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or
disclosed.
Because we expect to rely on third parties to manufacture our
product candidates, and we expect to continue to collaborate with
third parties on the development of our current and future product
candidates, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. We
also conduct joint research and development programs that may
require us to share trade secrets under the terms of our
collaboration or similar agreements. We seek to protect our
proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality
agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements,
consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our
advisors, employees, third-party contractors and consultants prior
to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These
agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use
or disclose our confidential information, including our trade
secrets. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working
with third parties, the need to share trade secrets and other
confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets
become known by our competitors, are inadvertently incorporated
into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in
violation of these agreements. Any disclosure, either intentional
or unintentional, by our employees, the employees of third parties
with whom we share our facilities or third-party consultants and
vendors that we engage to perform research, clinical trials or
manufacturing activities, or misappropriation by third parties
(such as through a cybersecurity breach) of our trade secrets or
proprietary information could enable competitors to duplicate or
surpass our technological achievements, thus eroding our
competitive position in our market. Further, adequate remedies may
not exist in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure. Given
that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how
and trade secrets, a competitor’s discovery of our trade secrets or
other unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our competitive
position and may have an adverse effect on our business and results
of operations.
In addition, these agreements typically restrict the ability of our
advisors, employees, third-party contractors and consultants to
publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets, although
our agreements may contain certain limited publication rights.
Policing unauthorized use of our or our licensors’ intellectual
property is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and we may be
unable to determine the extent of any unauthorized use. Moreover,
enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or
misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and
time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some
courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or
unwilling to protect trade secrets. Despite our efforts to protect
our trade secrets, our competitors may discover our trade secrets,
either through breach of our agreements with third parties,
independent development or publication of information by any of our
third-party collaborators. A competitor’s discovery of our trade
secrets would impair our competitive position and have an adverse
impact on our business.
We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or
independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed
confidential information of their former employers or other third
parties.
We employ individuals who were previously employed at other
biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. Although we seek to
protect our ownership of intellectual property rights by ensuring
that our agreements with our employees, collaborators, and other
third parties with whom we do business include provisions requiring
such parties to assign rights in inventions to us, we may be
subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or
independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or
disclosed confidential information of our employees’ former
employers or other third parties. We may also be subject to claims
that former employers or other third parties have an ownership
interest in our patents. Litigation may be necessary to defend
against these claims. There is no guarantee of success in defending
these claims, and if we fail in defending any such claims, in
addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable
intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or
right to use, valuable intellectual property. Even if we are
successful, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a
distraction to our management and other employees. Moreover, any
such litigation or the threat thereof may adversely affect our
reputation, our ability to form strategic alliances or sublicense
our rights to collaborators, engage with scientific advisors or
hire employees or consultants, each of which would have an adverse
effect on our business, results of operations and financial
condition.
In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and
contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual
property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property
to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with
each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we
regard as our own. Our and their assignment agreements may not be
self-executing or may be breached, and we may be forced to bring
claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bring
against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our
intellectual property.
If we or our licensors fail in prosecuting or defending any such
claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose
valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we and
our licensors are successful in prosecuting or defending against
such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a
distraction to management.
Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend
substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal
responsibilities.
Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal
proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us
to incur significant expenses and could distract our technical and
management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In
addition, there could be public announcements of the results of
hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and
if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be
negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price
of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could
substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the
resources available for development activities or any future sales,
marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient
financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or
proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to
sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more
effectively than we can because of their greater financial
resources. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to
prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our
intellectual property. In addition, the uncertainties associated
with litigation could compromise our ability to raise the funds
necessary to initiate or continue our clinical trials and internal
research programs, or in-license needed technology or other product
candidates. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and
continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could
compromise our ability to compete in the marketplace, including
compromising our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue
our clinical trials, continue our research programs, license
necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development
collaborations that would help us commercialize our product
candidates, if approved.
If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade
secrets, our business and competitive position would be
harmed.
In addition to seeking patents for our current and future product
candidates, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented
know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain
our competitive position. We seek to protect our trade secrets, in
part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality
agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our
employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific
collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and
other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and
invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and
consultants. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach
the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including
our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate
remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party
illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult,
expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In
addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less
willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets.
If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or
independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to
prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that
technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade
secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a
competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.
Any trademarks we have obtained or may obtain may be infringed or
successfully challenged, resulting in harm to our
business.
We expect to rely on trademarks as one means to distinguish any of
our product candidates that are approved for marketing from the
products of our competitors. Once we select new trademarks and
apply to register them, our trademark applications may not be
approved. Third parties may oppose or attempt to cancel our
trademark applications or trademarks, or otherwise challenge our
use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are
successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our
products, which could result in loss of brand recognition and could
require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new
brands. Our competitors may infringe our trademarks and we may not
have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.
If we attempt to enforce our trademarks and assert trademark
infringement claims, a court may determine that the marks we have
asserted are invalid or unenforceable, or that the party against
whom we have asserted trademark infringement has superior rights to
the marks in question. In this case, we could ultimately be forced
to cease use of such trademarks.
Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all
potential threats to our competitive advantage.
The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual
property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights
have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or
permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following
examples are illustrative:
•others
may be able to make products that are the same as or similar to our
product candidates, but that are not covered by the claims of the
patents or other intellectual property rights that we own or that
we have exclusively licensed and have the right to
enforce;
•we,
our licensor or any collaborators might not have been the first to
make the inventions covered by the issued patents or pending patent
applications that we own or license;
•we
or our licensor might not have been the first to file patent
applications covering certain of our inventions;
•others
may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or
duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our
intellectual property rights;
•it
is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to
issued patents;
•issued
patents that we own or license may not provide us with any
competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable as
a result of legal challenges;
•our
competitors might conduct research and development activities in
the United States and other countries that provide a safe harbor
from patent infringement claims for certain research and
development activities, as well as in countries where we do not
have patent rights, and then use the information learned from such
activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major
commercial markets; and
•we
may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are
patentable.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
An active trading market for our common stock may not be
sustained.
Although our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select
Market ("Nasdaq"), we cannot assure you that an active trading
market for our common stock will be sustained. In addition, as a
result of Roivant Sciences Ltd. ("RSL") owning approximately 25.3%
of our shares of common stock outstanding as of November 10,
2021, trading in our common stock may be less liquid than the stock
of companies with broader public ownership. If an active market for
our common stock is not sustained, you may not be able to sell your
stock quickly or at the market price. An inactive market may also
impair our ability to raise capital to continue to fund operations
by selling shares of our common stock and may impair our ability to
acquire other companies or technologies by using our common stock
as consideration.
The market price of our common stock has been and is likely to
continue to be highly volatile, and you may lose some or all of
your investment.
The market price of our common stock has been and is likely to
continue to be highly volatile and may be subject to wide
fluctuations in response to a variety of factors, including the
following:
•any
additional delays in the commencement, enrollment and ultimate
completion of our clinical trials, including as a result of the
clinical hold placed on our AXO-AAV-GM2 program that was lifted in
November 2020, and manufacturing delays for our AXO-Lenti-PD
program;
•results
of clinical trials of our product candidates or those of our
competitors;
•any
delay in filing applications for marketing approval of our product
candidates, and any adverse development or perceived adverse
development with respect to applicable regulatory authorities’
review of those applications;
•failure
to successfully develop and commercialize our product
candidates;
•failure
to maintain our relationship with UMMS or Oxford or comply with the
terms of the UMMS Agreement or the Oxford Agreement;
•inability
to obtain additional funding;
•inability
to obtain, protect or maintain necessary intellectual
property;
•regulatory
or legal developments in the United States and other countries
applicable to our product candidates, including gene
therapies;
•adverse
regulatory decisions or statements;
•changes
in the structure of healthcare payment systems;
•inability
to obtain adequate product supply for our current product
candidates or any future product candidate, or the inability to do
so at acceptable prices;
•introduction
of new products, services or technologies by our
competitors;
•failure
to meet or exceed financial projections we provide to the
public;
•failure
to meet or exceed the estimates and projections of the investment
community;
•changes
in the market valuations of similar companies;
•market
conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors, and the
issuance of new or changed securities analysts’ reports or
recommendations;
•announcements
of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures
or capital commitments by us or our competitors;
•significant
lawsuits, including patent or stockholder litigation, and disputes
or other developments relating to our proprietary rights, including
patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent
protection for our technologies;
•additions
or departures of key scientific or management
personnel;
•short
sales of our common stock;
•sales
of shares of our common stock by us or our stockholders in the
future;
•negative
coverage in the media or analyst reports, whether accurate or
not;
•issuance
of subpoenas or investigative demands, or the public fact of an
investigation by a government agency, whether meritorious or
not;
•trading
volume of our common stock;
•general
economic, industry and market conditions; and
•the
other factors described in this "Risk Factors"
section.
In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and
volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the
market prices of equity securities of many companies, including in
connection with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted
in decreased stock prices for many companies notwithstanding the
lack of a fundamental change in their underlying business models or
prospects. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or
disproportionate to the operating performance of those
companies. Broad market and industry factors, including
potentially worsening economic conditions and other adverse effects
or developments relating to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, as well
as general economic, political, regulatory and market conditions,
may negatively affect the market price of our common stock,
regardless of our actual operating performance.
Volatility in our stock price could subject us to securities class
action litigation.
In the past, securities class action litigation has often been
brought against a company following a decline in the market price
of its securities and/or the discontinuation of development of a
product candidate due to adverse clinical circumstances or
results. This risk is especially relevant for us because
pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price
volatility in recent years. If we face such litigation, it
could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s
attention and resources, which could harm our
business.
RSL owns a significant percentage of our shares of common stock and
is able to exert significant control over matters subject to
stockholder approval.
Based on shares of our common stock outstanding as of
November 10, 2021, RSL beneficially owns approximately 25.3%
of the voting power of our outstanding shares of common stock and
has the ability to substantially influence us through this
ownership position. RSL’s interests may not always coincide with
our corporate interests or the interests of other stockholders, and
RSL may act in a manner with which you may not agree or that may
not be in the best interests of our other stockholders. In
2020, RSL closed a transaction with Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co.,
Ltd. ("Sumitomo") that includes a grant to Sumitomo of a right of
first refusal with respect to our shares of common stock held by
RSL, which could result in RSL taking actions that may not coincide
with our corporate interests or the interests of other
stockholders, and could impact our ability to undertake certain
corporate transactions. RSL recently entered into a business
combination agreement with Montes Archimedes Acquisition Corp., a
special purpose acquisition corporation, pursuant to which RSL has
become a publicly-traded corporation. There may be changes to the
management or ownership of RSL that could impact RSL’s interests in
a way that may not coincide with our corporate interests or the
interests of other stockholders. So long as RSL continues to own a
significant amount of our equity, RSL will continue to be able to
strongly influence our decisions.
Our organizational and ownership structure may create significant
conflicts of interests.
Our organizational and ownership structure involves a number of
relationships that may give rise to certain conflicts of interest
between us and minority holders of our common stock, on the one
hand, and RSL and its shareholders, on the other hand. Certain of
our directors and employees have equity interests in RSL and,
accordingly, their interests may be aligned with RSL’s interests,
which may not always coincide with our corporate interests or the
interests of our other stockholders. Further, our other
stockholders may not have visibility into the RSL ownership of any
of our directors or officers, which may change at any time through
acquisition, disposition, dilution, or otherwise. Any change in our
directors’ or officers’ RSL ownership could impact the interests of
those holders.
In addition, we are party to certain related party agreements with
RSL and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Roivant Sciences, Inc.
("RSI") and Roivant Sciences GmbH ("RSG"). These entities and their
shareholders, including certain of our directors and employees, may
have interests which differ from our interests or those of the
minority holders of our common stock. For example, we are party to
an information sharing and cooperation agreement with RSL pursuant
to which RSL has granted us a right of first review on any
potential dementia-related product or investment opportunity that
RSL may consider pursuing. It is possible that we could fail to
pursue a product candidate under this agreement and that product
candidate is then successfully developed and commercialized by RSL
or one of its other subsidiaries or affiliates. Any material
transaction between us and RSL, RSI or RSG is subject to our
related party transaction policy, which requires prior approval of
such transaction by our Audit Committee. To the extent we fail to
appropriately deal with any such conflicts of interests, it could
negatively impact our reputation and ability to raise additional
funds and the willingness of counterparties to do business with us,
all of which could have an adverse effect on our business,
financial condition, results of operations and cash
flows.
Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on shares of
our common stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation,
if any, would be your sole source of gain.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on shares of our
common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain
future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our
business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash
dividends for the foreseeable future. As a result, capital
appreciation, if any, of our common stock would be your sole source
of gain on an investment in our common stock for the foreseeable
future.
Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware
law may prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to change
our management and hinder efforts to acquire a controlling interest
in us, and the market price of our common stock may be lower as a
result.
There are provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws
that may make it difficult for a third party to acquire, or attempt
to acquire, control of our company, even if a change of control was
considered favorable by you and other stockholders. For example,
our board of directors will have the authority to issue up to
10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The board of directors can
fix the price, rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions of
the preferred stock without any further vote or action by our
stockholders. The issuance of shares of preferred stock may delay
or prevent a change of control transaction. As a result, the market
price of our common stock and the voting and other rights of our
stockholders may be adversely affected. An issuance of shares of
preferred stock may result in the loss of voting control to other
stockholders.
Our charter documents will also contain other provisions that could
have an anti-takeover effect, including:
•stockholders
will not be entitled to remove directors other than by a 66 2/3%
vote and only for cause;
•stockholders
cannot call a special meeting of stockholders;
•stockholders
cannot act by written consent in lieu of a meeting;
and
•stockholders
must give advance notice to nominate directors or submit proposals
for consideration at stockholder meetings.
In addition, we are subject to the anti-takeover provisions of
Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which
regulates corporate acquisitions by prohibiting Delaware
corporations from engaging in specified business combinations with
particular stockholders of those companies. These provisions could
discourage potential acquisition proposals and could delay or
prevent a change of control transaction. They could also have the
effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our
common stock, including transactions that may be in your best
interests. These provisions may also prevent changes in our
management or limit the price that investors are willing to pay for
our stock.
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that the Court
of Chancery of the State of Delaware or, under certain
circumstances, the federal district courts of the United States of
America are the exclusive forums for certain types of actions and
proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could
limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial
forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or
agents.
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that the Court
of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery
of the State of Delaware lacks subject matter jurisdiction, any
state court located within the State of Delaware or, if all such
state courts lack subject matter jurisdiction, the federal district
court for the District of Delaware) is the sole and exclusive forum
for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware
statutory or common law for:
•any
derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;
•any
action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty;
•any
action arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law,
our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our
amended and restated bylaws; and
•any
action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the
internal-affairs doctrine.
These provisions would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty
or liability created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended (the "Exchange Act") or any claim for which the federal
district courts of the United States of America have exclusive
jurisdiction. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates
concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such
Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts
have jurisdiction to entertain such claims.
Our stockholders cannot waive compliance with the federal
securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Any
person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in
shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of, and
consented to, the provisions of our amended and restated
certificate of incorporation described in the preceding
sentences.
To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and
the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts,
among other considerations, our certificate of incorporation and
bylaws further provide that the federal district courts of the
United States are the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint
asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. While
the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum
provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek
to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the
exclusive forum provisions. In such instance, we would expect to
vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive
forum provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws.
This may require significant additional costs associated with
resolving such action in other jurisdictions and there can be no
assurance that the provisions will be enforced by a court in those
other jurisdictions.
These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability
to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for
disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees,
which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors,
officers and other employees. If a court were to find the
exclusive-forum provisions in our amended and restated certificate
of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable, we may incur
additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other
jurisdictions.
Your rights as a stockholder arise under Delaware law as well as
our Delaware certificate of incorporation and bylaws.
The rights of our stockholders arise under our certificate of
incorporation and bylaws as well as Delaware law. These
organizational documents and Delaware law contain provisions for
class actions and derivative actions, which may result in becoming
involved in costly litigation, which could harm our business. In
addition, our bylaws may generally be amended by our board of
directors, as permitted under the provisions of Section 203 of the
Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”). Additionally, while the
provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL regarding business
combination provisions currently apply, there can be no assurance
that the rights afforded by Section 203 of the DGCL will not be
changed or rescinded by the Delaware legislature or courts in the
future.
Future sales of shares of our common stock, or the perception that
such sales may occur, could depress our stock price, even if our
business is doing well.
As of November 10, 2021, 18,577,380 of our outstanding shares
of common stock, representing 25.3% of our shares of common stock,
were held by RSL. If RSL, or any of our executive officers or
directors, were to sell our common stock, or if the market
perceived that RSL or any of our executive officers or directors
intend to sell our common stock, it could negatively affect our
stock price. Such a decrease in our stock price could also in
turn impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of
additional equity securities.
Further, we have filed registration statements on Form S-8 under
the Securities Act to register the common stock that may be issued
under our equity incentive plans from time to time. Stock
registered under these registration statements is available for
sale in the public market subject to vesting arrangements and
exercise of options, as well as Rule 144 in the case of our
affiliates. Sales of these shares of common stock may negatively
impact our stock price.
In addition, we have filed a "shelf" registration statement on Form
S-3 under the Securities Act, allowing us, from time to time, to
offer up to $750 million of any combination of registered shares of
common stock or preferred stock, debt securities and warrants. We
have also entered into a sales agreement with SVB Leerink LLC to
sell shares of common stock from time to time through an
at-the-market equity offering program with an aggregate offering
price of up to approximately $35.2 million remaining available to
be sold as of the issuance of the accompanying unaudited condensed
consolidated financial statements and notes. To the extent we issue
new shares of common stock as a result of needing additional
capital, such stock could constitute a material portion of our then
outstanding shares of common stock and cause dilution to our
existing stockholders.
If we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls
over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures,
investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of
our common stock, may be adversely affected.
Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary
for us to provide reliable financial reports and to protect from
fraudulent, illegal or unauthorized transactions. Effective
disclosure controls and procedures enable us to make timely and
accurate disclosure of financial and non-financial information that
we are required to disclose. If we cannot provide effective
controls and reliable financial reports and other disclosures, our
business and operating results could be harmed. We have in the past
discovered, and may in the future discover, areas of our internal
controls over financial reporting or disclosure controls and
procedures that, even if effective, could be improved.
We are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act,
to furnish a report by management on the effectiveness of our
internal control over financial reporting as of the end of each
fiscal year. Our independent registered public accounting firm will
not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal
control over financial reporting until our first annual report
required to be filed with the SEC following the date we are deemed
to be an "accelerated filer," as defined in the Exchange
Act.
If material weaknesses or control deficiencies occur or our
disclosure controls and procedures are ineffective in the future,
we may be unable to report our financial results or make other
disclosures accurately on a timely basis, which could cause our
reported financial results or other disclosures to be materially
misstated and result in the loss of investor confidence and cause
the market price of our common stock to decline.
We are a smaller reporting company, and we cannot be certain if the
reduced reporting requirements applicable to smaller reporting
companies will make our common stock less attractive to
investors.
We currently qualify as a "smaller reporting company". For so long
as we continue to be a smaller reporting company, we may take
advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that
are applicable to other public companies that are not smaller
reporting companies, including reduced disclosure obligations
regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy
statements, and we also may still qualify as a "non-accelerated
filer" which provides for exemption from compliance with the
auditor attestation requirements of Section 404.
We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less
attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some
investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there
may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our
stock price may be more volatile.
The intended tax effects of our corporate structure prior to and
following the Domestication and our corporate reorganization to
align our corporate structure with current and future business
activity (the "Reorganization"), and intercompany arrangements
prior to the Domestication and Reorganization, depend on the
application of the tax laws of various jurisdictions and on how we
operate our business.
The Domestication and Reorganization involved the tax authorities
and related rules and regulations of multiple international
jurisdictions. In connection with the Domestication and
Reorganization, we relied on the availability of certain exemptions
from tax, and losses and other deductions, in certain such
jurisdictions in respect of steps being taken as part of the
Domestication and Reorganization, which are complex. If the tax
authorities of any such jurisdictions do not agree with such
exemptions, losses or deductions, we may be subject to tax charges
and liabilities. Following the Domestication and Reorganization, we
still have subsidiaries that are domiciled in the U.K., Switzerland
and Ireland. Our corporate structure is organized so that we can
achieve our business objectives in a tax-efficient manner following
the Domestication and Reorganization and control operating
expenses. Historically, we have conducted operations prior to the
Domestication and Reorganization through subsidiaries in various
countries and tax jurisdictions, including the U.K. and
Switzerland, in part through intercompany service agreements
between RSL and certain of its subsidiaries, our subsidiaries and
us. In that case, our corporate structure and intercompany
transactions, including the manner in which we developed and used
our intellectual property, were organized to achieve our business
objectives in a tax-efficient manner and in compliance with
applicable transfer pricing rules and regulations. If two or more
affiliated companies are located in different countries or tax
jurisdictions, the tax laws and regulations of each country
generally will require that transfer prices be the same as those
between unrelated companies dealing at arms’ length and that
appropriate documentation be maintained to support the transfer
prices. While we believe that we have operated in compliance with
applicable transfer pricing laws, our transfer pricing procedures
are not binding on applicable tax authorities. If tax authorities
in any of these countries were to successfully challenge our
transfer prices as not reflecting arms’ length transactions in
historical periods prior to the Domestication and Reorganization,
they could require us to adjust our transfer prices and thereby
reallocate our income to reflect these revised transfer prices,
which could result in a higher tax liability to us. In addition, if
the country from which the income is reallocated does not agree
with the reallocation, both countries could tax the same income,
potentially resulting in double taxation. If tax authorities were
to allocate income to a higher tax jurisdiction, subject our income
to double taxation or assess interest and penalties, it would
increase our consolidated tax liability, which could adversely
affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash
flows.
Judgment is required in evaluating our tax positions and
determining our provision for income taxes. During the ordinary
course of business, there are many transactions and calculations
for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. For example,
our effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in
foreign currency exchange rates or by changes in the relevant tax,
accounting, and other laws, regulations, principles, and
interpretations. As we intend to operate in more than one country
and taxing jurisdiction, the application of tax laws can be subject
to diverging and sometimes conflicting interpretations by tax
authorities of these jurisdictions. It is not uncommon for taxing
authorities in different countries to have conflicting views, for
instance, with respect to, among other things, the manner in which
the arm’s length standard is applied for transfer pricing purposes,
or with respect to the valuation of intellectual property. In
addition, tax laws are dynamic and subject to change as new laws
are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or
applied. Moreover, certain relevant tax, accounting and other laws
have special application with respect to “affiliated,” “combined”
or similar groups, which included RSL and its subsidiaries prior to
March 2020, and which may impact the tax liabilities of the
companies. We continue to assess the impact of such changes in tax
laws on our business and may determine that changes to our
structure, practice or tax positions are necessary in light of such
changes and developments in the tax laws of other jurisdictions in
which we operate. Such changes may nevertheless be ineffective in
avoiding an increase in our consolidated tax liability, which could
harm our financial condition, results of operations and cash
flows.
Changes in our effective tax rate may reduce our net income in
future periods.
Our tax position could be adversely impacted by changes in tax
rates, tax laws, tax practice, tax treaties or tax regulations or
changes in the interpretation thereof by the tax authorities in
Ireland, the United States and other jurisdictions for periods
following the Domestication and Reorganization, and also Europe
(including the U.K. and Ireland), the United States and other
jurisdictions for historical periods prior to the Domestication and
Reorganization. Such changes may become more likely as a result of
recent economic trends in the jurisdictions in which we operate,
particularly if such trends continue. If such a situation was to
arise, it could adversely impact our tax position and our effective
tax rate. Failure to manage the risks associated with such changes,
or misinterpretation of the laws providing such changes, could
result in costly audits, interest, penalties and reputational
damage, which could adversely affect our business, results of our
operations and our financial condition.
Our actual effective tax rate may vary from our expectation and
that variance may be material. A number of factors may increase our
future effective tax rates, including: (1) the jurisdictions in
which profits are determined to be earned and taxed; (2) the
resolution of issues arising from any future tax audits with
various tax authorities; (3) changes in the valuation of our
deferred tax assets and liabilities; (4) increases in expenses not
deductible for tax purposes, including transaction costs and
impairments of goodwill in connection with acquisitions; (5)
changes in the taxation of stock-based compensation; (6) changes in
tax laws or the interpretation of such tax laws, and changes in
generally accepted accounting principles; and (7) challenges to the
transfer pricing policies related to our structure prior to the
Domestication and Reorganization.
Changes in tax laws in the United States or foreign jurisdictions
could materially increase our tax expense.
We are subject to income taxes in the United States and foreign
jurisdictions. Changes to income tax laws and regulations, or the
interpretation of such laws, in any of the jurisdictions in which
we operate could significantly increase our effective tax rate and
ultimately reduce our cash flows from operating activities and
otherwise have a material adverse effect on our financial
condition. Additionally, various levels of government are
increasingly focused on tax reform and other legislative actions to
increase tax revenue, and President Biden’s campaign proposals
included increasing the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 21% to
28%. Further changes in the tax laws of foreign jurisdictions could
arise as a result of the base erosion and profit shifting project
undertaken by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development, which represents a coalition of member countries and
recommended changes to numerous long-standing tax principles. If
implemented by taxing authorities, such changes, as well as changes
in U.S. federal and state tax laws or in taxing jurisdictions’
administrative interpretations, decisions, policies, and positions,
could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of
operations, or financial condition.
General Risk Factors
Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system
failures, security breaches or cyber-attacks.
Our computer systems, as well as those of various third parties on
which we rely, or may rely in the future, including our CRO's and
other contractors, consultants, and law and accounting firms, may
sustain damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, data
breaches, phishing attacks, cybercriminals, natural disasters,
terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. We
rely on our third-party providers to implement effective security
measures and identify and correct for any such failures,
deficiencies or breaches. The risk of a security breach or
disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusion,
including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber
terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and
sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the
world have increased. We have experienced phishing attacks in the
past, which have not had a material impact on our operations,
however, we may in the future experience material system failures
or security breaches that could cause interruptions in our
operations or result in a material disruption of our development
programs. For example, the loss of nonclinical or clinical trial
data from completed, ongoing or planned trials could result in
delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly
increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent
that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of
or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure
of personal, confidential or proprietary information, we could
incur liability, suffer reputational damage, and the further
development of our product candidates could be
delayed.
If securities or industry analysts cease to publish research or
reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our
business, our stock price and trading volume could
decline.
The trading market for our common stock depends, in part, on the
research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish
about us or our business. We do not have any control over
these analysts. If our financial performance fails to meet
analyst estimates or one or more of the analysts who cover us
downgrade our common stock or change their opinion of our common
stock, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of
these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly
publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial
markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to
decline.
We have incurred and will continue to incur substantial costs as a
result of operating as a public company, and our management has
been and will be required to continue to devote substantial time to
compliance with our public company responsibilities and corporate
governance practices.
As a public company, we have incurred and will continue to incur
significant legal, accounting and other expenses. The
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and
Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of Nasdaq and
other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various
requirements on public companies. Our management and other
personnel devote a substantial amount of time to compliance with
these requirements. Moreover, changing rules and regulations may
increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some
activities more time-consuming and more costly. If, notwithstanding
our efforts to comply with new or changing laws, regulations and
standards, we fail to comply, regulatory authorities may initiate
legal proceedings against us, and our business may be
harmed.
Further, failure to comply with these laws, regulations and
standards may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to
obtain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, which could
make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified
members of our Board of Directors or members of senior
management.
Item 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of
Proceeds
None.
Item 3.
Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5.
Other Information.
On November 10, 2021, the Compensation Committee of our Board of
Directors approved the payment of 100% of the applicable target
annual bonus for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2022 for each of
our employees in full time roles as of November 10, 2021 (including
our executive officers), provided that each employee is still
employed full time by us when the bonus is paid in April
2022.
Item 6. Exhibits.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exhibit
Number |
|
Description of Document |
Form
|
File No.
|
Exhibit No.
|
Filing Date
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.1 |
|
|
8-K12G3 |
000-56226 |
3.1 |
11/13/2020 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.2 |
|
|
8-K12G3 |
000-56226 |
3.2 |
11/13/2020 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10.1* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31.1* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31.2* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32.1*# |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32.2*# |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
101.INS* |
|
XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in
the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within
the Inline XBRL document. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
101.SCH* |
|
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
101.CAL* |
|
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
101.DEF* |
|
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
101.LAB* |
|
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
101.PRE* |
|
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
104* |
|
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and
contained in Exhibits 101). |
|
|
|
|
* Filed herewith.
# These certifications are being furnished
solely to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, and are not being filed
for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934, as amended, and are not to be incorporated by reference into
any filing of the Registrant, whether made before or after the date
hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such
filing.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on
its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly
authorized.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SIO GENE THERAPIES INC. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
By: |
/s/ David Nassif |
Date: |
November 12, 2021 |
Name: |
David Nassif |
|
|
Title: |
Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer, General
Counsel |
|
|
|
(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting
Officer) |
Axovant Gene Therapies (NASDAQ:AXGT)
Historical Stock Chart
From Apr 2022 to May 2022
Axovant Gene Therapies (NASDAQ:AXGT)
Historical Stock Chart
From May 2021 to May 2022