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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from________to________
Commission File Number: 001-39310
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware87-3037521
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
805 Broadway Street, Suite 900
Vancouver, Washington 98660
Telephone: (800) 914-1220
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each ClassTrading Symbol(s)Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per shareZIThe Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by a check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐


Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of June 30, 2022, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates was approximately $9.2 billion.
As of February 3, 2023, there were 404,291,349 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc., which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of December 31, 2022, are incorporated by reference in Item 10, Item 11, Item 12, Item 13 and Item 14 of Part III of this report.


Table of Contents
Page
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 1B.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.
Item 7.
Item 7A.
Item 8.
Item 9.
Item 9A.
Item 9B.
Item 9C.
Item 10.
Item 11.
Item 12.
Item 13.
Item 14.
Item 15.
Item 16.
i

GLOSSARY
As used in this annual report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”), the terms identified below have the meanings specified below unless otherwise noted or the context indicates otherwise. References in this Form 10-K to “ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.” refer to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. and not to any of its subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise. References in this Form 10-K to “ZoomInfo,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer (1) prior to the consummation of the Reorganization Transactions, to ZoomInfo OpCo and its consolidated subsidiaries, and (2) after the consummation of the Reorganization Transactions, to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise
•“ACV” refers to annual contract value, or the total annualized value that a customer has agreed to pay for subscription services at any particular point in time under contract(s) that are or were enforceable at that point in time.
•“AOCI” refers to Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
•“Blocker Companies” refers to certain of our Pre-IPO OpCo Unitholders that are taxable as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
•“Blocker Mergers” refers to the mergers described under “Reorganization Transactions” in Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
•“Carlyle” refers to investment funds associated with The Carlyle Group.
•“Class P Units” refers to Class P Units (including, without limitation, any indirectly held Class P Units) of ZoomInfo OpCo.
•“Common Stock Option” refers to an award granted under Section 7 of the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan.
•“Continuing Class P Unitholders” refers to certain Pre-IPO Owners who continued to hold Class P Units following the consummation of the Reorganization Transactions and the IPO.
•“Continuing Members” refers to Pre-IPO Owners who continued to hold HoldCo Units or OpCo Units following the Reorganization Transactions and the IPO.
•“Customers” refers to companies that have contracted with us to use our services and, at the time of measurement, maintain one or more active paid subscriptions to our platform. Paid subscriptions will generally include access for a number of employees or other affiliated persons of the customer.
•“Exchange Tax Receivable Agreement” refers to the tax receivable agreement entered into with certain Pre-IPO OpCo Unitholders.
•“Founders” refers to Henry Schuck, our Chief Executive Officer, and Kirk Brown.
•“HoldCo Units” refers to the class of units of ZoomInfo HoldCo.
•“Holding Company Reorganization” refers to the transactions described under “UP-C Corporate Structure and Multi-Class Voting Structure Elimination” in Note 1 - Organization and Background to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
•“HSKB” and “HSKB I” refers to HSKB Funds, LLC, a privately held limited liability company formed on February 9, 2016 for the purpose of issuing equity to certain persons who had performed and would continue to perform services for ZoomInfo OpCo.
•“HSKB II” refers to HSKB Funds II, LLC, a privately held limited liability company formed on May 28, 2020 for the purpose of effecting a reorganization of HSKB I at the time of the IPO and to issue equity to certain persons who had performed and would continue to perform services for ZoomInfo OpCo.
•“IPO” refers to the initial public offering of Class A common stock of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.
•“LTIP Units” refers to a class of partnership units that are intended to qualify as “profit interests” in ZoomInfo OpCo for federal income tax purposes that, subject to certain conditions, including vesting, are convertible by the holder into OpCo Units.
•“OpCo Units” refers to the class of units of ZoomInfo OpCo and does not include Class P Units.
•“PCAOB” refers to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.
•“Pre-Acquisition ZI” refers to Zoom Information Inc.
•“Pre-IPO Blocker Holders” refers to the Pre-IPO Owners that held their interests in us through the Blocker Companies immediately prior to the IPO.
•“Pre-IPO HoldCo Unitholders” refers to the Pre-IPO Owners that held HoldCo Units immediately prior to the IPO.
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•“Pre-IPO OpCo Unitholders” refers to the Pre-IPO Owners that held OpCo Units immediately prior to the IPO.
•“Pre-IPO Owners” refers collectively to the Sponsors, the Founders, and the management and other equity holders who were the owners of ZoomInfo OpCo immediately prior to the Reorganization Transactions.
•“Reorganization Tax Receivable Agreement” refers to the tax receivable agreement entered into with the Pre-IPO Blocker Holders.
•“Reorganization Transactions” refers to the transactions described under “Reorganization Transactions” in Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
•“Restricted Stock” refers to our common stock, subject to certain specified restrictions (which may include, without limitation, a requirement that the recipient remain continuously employed or provide continuous services for a specified period of time), granted under Section 8 of the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan.
•“Restricted Stock Unit” or “RSU” refers to an unfunded and unsecured promise to deliver shares of our common stock, cash, other securities or other property, subject to certain restrictions (which may include, without limitation, a requirement that the recipient remain continuously employed or provide continuous services for a specified period of time), granted under Section 8 of the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan.
•“SEC” refers to the Securities and Exchange Commission.
•“Securities Act” refers to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
•“Series A Preferred Units” refers to the Series A preferred units of ZoomInfo OpCo outstanding immediately prior to the IPO.
•“SOFR” refers to Secured Overnight Financing Rate.
•“Sponsors” refers collectively to TA Associates, Carlyle, and investment funds associated with 22C Capital LLC and its predecessor.
•“TA Associates” refers to investment funds associated with TA Associates.
•“Tax Receivable Agreements” or “TRA” refers collectively to the Exchange Tax Receivable Agreement and the Reorganization Tax Receivable Agreement.
•“ZoomInfo HoldCo” refers to ZoomInfo Intermediate Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, and a direct subsidiary of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.
•“ZoomInfo Intermediate” refers to ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. (formerly known as ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.), a Delaware corporation, and a direct subsidiary of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. (formerly known as ZoomInfo NewCo Inc.).
•“ZoomInfo OpCo” refers to ZoomInfo Holdings LLC (formerly known as DiscoverOrg Holdings, LLC), a Delaware limited liability company, and a direct subsidiary of ZoomInfo HoldCo and indirect subsidiary of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.
•“ZoomInfo Tax Group" refers to, collectively, ZoomInfo Intermediate or any member of its affiliated, consolidated, combined, or unitary tax group.
iii

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
From time to time we make statements concerning our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events or performance and underlying assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts. These statements are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, our operations and financial performance. These forward-looking statements are included throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including in the sections entitled “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and “Business,” and relate to matters such as our industry, business strategy, goals and expectations concerning our market position, future operations, margins, profitability, capital expenditures, liquidity and capital resources and other financial and operating information. In some cases, you can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “objective,” “outlook,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “projection,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “trend,” “will,” “would,” or the negative version of these words or other comparable words.
We have based our forward-looking statements on our management’s beliefs and assumptions based on information available to our management at the time the statements are made. We caution you that assumptions, beliefs, expectations, intentions and projections about future events may and often do vary materially from actual results. Therefore, we cannot assure you that actual results will not differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. A summary of some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements, including forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is provided below under “Risk Factor Summary.” These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, investments, or other strategic transactions we may make. You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements.
Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law.
Risk Factor Summary
We are subject to various risks that could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. The following is a summary of the principal factors that make investing in our securities risky and may cause our actual results to differ materially from forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following is only a summary of the principal risks that may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and should be read in conjunction with the more complete discussion of the risk factors we face, which are set forth in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A. in this report:
•larger well-funded companies may shift their existing business models to become more competitive with us;
•we experience competition from other companies and technologies that allow companies to gather and aggregate sales, marketing, recruiting, and other data, and competing products and services could surpass ours in depth, breadth, or accuracy of our data or in other respects;
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•our current and potential customers may reduce spending on sales, marketing, recruiting and other technology and information as a result of weaker economic conditions, which could harm our revenue, results of operations, and cash flows;
•our platform integrates or otherwise work with third-party systems that we do not control;
•we may be unable to attract new customers and expand existing subscriptions, which could harm our revenue growth and profitability;
•changes in search engine algorithms and dynamics could negatively affect traffic to our website;
•we may be unable to successfully integrate acquired businesses, services, databases, and technologies into our operations, which could have an adverse effect on our business;
•new or changing laws and regulations may diminish the demand for our platform, restrict access to our platform, constrain the range of services we can provide, or require us to disclose or provide access to information in our possession, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition;
•if we are not able to obtain and maintain accurate, comprehensive, or reliable data, we could experience reduced demand for our products and services and have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition;
•we may fail to protect and maintain our intellectual property;
•third-parties could use our products and services in a manner that is unlawful or contrary to our values;
•we may be unsuccessful in selling our products or retaining our customers if the quality of our customer service falters;
•our indebtedness could adversely affect our financial position and our ability to raise additional capital and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations;
•interest rate fluctuations may affect our results of operations and financial condition;
•global economic uncertainty and catastrophic events, including global pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have and may disrupt our business and adversely impact our business and future results of operations and financial condition; and
•the parties to our stockholders agreement have special rights and interests that may conflict with ours or yours in the future.

Website Disclosure
The Company intends to use its website as a distribution channel of material company information. Financial and other important information regarding the Company is routinely posted on and accessible through the Company’s website at https://ir.zoominfo.com. Accordingly, you should monitor the investor relations portion of our website at https://ir.zoominfo.com/ in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts (which are not incorporated herein or otherwise a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K). In addition, you may automatically receive email alerts and other information about the Company when you enroll your email address by visiting the “Email Alerts” section of our investor relations page at https://ir.zoominfo.com. The information on our website is not incorporated herein or otherwise a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Industry and Market Data
References herein to the Company being a leader in a market or product category refer to our belief that we have a leading market share position in each specified market, unless the context otherwise requires.
v
PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Overview
ZoomInfo is a global leader in modern go-to-market software, data, and intelligence for sales, marketing, operations, and recruiting teams. RevOS – our modern, cloud-based operating system for revenue professionals – delivers comprehensive and high-quality intelligence and analytics to provide sales, marketing, operations, and recruiting professionals accurate information and insights on the organizations and professionals they target. This enables our customers to shorten sales cycles and increase win rates by empowering sellers, marketers, and recruiters to deliver the right message to the right person at the right time.
We are able to deliver high-quality intelligence at scale by leveraging an artificial intelligence (“AI”) and machine learning (“ML”) powered engine that gathers data from millions of sources and standardizes, matches to entities, verifies, cleans, and applies the processed data to companies and people at scale. This data engine along with our team of research analysts and data scientists enrich our platform by providing deep insights, such as personnel moves, pain points, or planned investments, technologies used by companies, intent signals, decision-maker contact information, advanced attributes (such as time series growth, granular department and location information, and employee trends), organizational charts, news and events, hierarchy information, locations, and funding details. Our customers access insights directly in our platform and can also integrate our data and insights directly into their customer relationship management system (“CRM”) or sales and marketing automation systems, to improve their existing go-to-market processes.
ZoomInfo, formerly known as DiscoverOrg, was co-founded in 2007 by our CEO, Henry Schuck. DiscoverOrg achieved significant organic growth since its founding and acquired Zoom Information, Inc. (“Pre-Acquisition ZI”) in February 2019 to further expand the breadth of our go-to-market intelligence, industry coverage, and addressable market opportunity. The combined business was incorporated as the former ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. (now ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc.) on November 14, 2019 for the purposes of facilitating the IPO. On June 8, 2020, ZoomInfo completed the IPO.
On October 29, 2021, ZoomInfo implemented a holding company reorganization in which ZoomInfo NewCo Inc., which subsequently was renamed “ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.,” became the successor registrant to its subsidiary, ZoomInfo Technologies Inc., which subsequently changed its name to “ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc.”
Our corporate headquarters are located in Vancouver, Washington. The company has additional offices in Waltham, Massachusetts; Bellevue, Washington; Bethesda, Maryland; Conshohocken, Pennsylvania; Grand Rapids, Michigan; San Mateo, Santa Monica, and San Francisco, California; Melville, New York; Roswell, Georgia; Tel Aviv and Ra’anana, Israel; Toronto, Canada; Chennai, India; and London, England. Our primary website address is www.zoominfo.com. The information on our website is not incorporated herein or otherwise a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our Platform
Our modern, cloud-based operating system for revenue professionals delivers comprehensive and high-quality intelligence and analytics to provide sales, marketing, operations, and recruiting professionals accurate information and insights on the organizations and professionals they target.
We enhance the breadth of this intelligence with deep insights, such as personnel moves, pain points, or planned investments, technologies used by companies, intent signals, decision-maker contact information, advanced attributes (such as time series growth, granular department and location information, and employee trends), organizational charts, news and events, hierarchy information, locations, and funding details. All of this can be integrated directly into our customers’ CRM and sales and marketing automation systems.
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This 360-degree view of key business insights provides detailed understanding, and coupled with our analytics, shortens sales cycles and increases win rates by enabling sellers, marketers, and recruiters to deliver the right message, to the right person, at the right time. Our intelligence is kept up to date in real time. This is accomplished through a combination of robust systems and processes leveraging AI, ML, and our proprietary human-in-the-loop approach.
Our Data Engine
We deliver high-quality intelligence at scale by leveraging an AI and ML-powered engine that gathers data from millions of sources and standardizes, matches to entities, verifies, cleans, and applies the processed data to companies and people at scale. We aggregate and extract distinct types of data, such as revenue, locations, technologies, keywords, contact information, including email addresses, titles, and phone numbers, and many others, from millions of public and proprietary sources. Our evidence-based ML algorithm scores, ranks, and makes determinations about these billions of data points each week. To help train our AI and ML technologies and augment our contributory network, we have a team of research analysts and data scientists with deep expertise in cleaning business-to-business data. This human-in-the-loop team plays a strategic role, focusing on quality assurance and addressing data and intelligence gaps that technology alone cannot solve. We have processes in place to use our research team to tag anomalies in data, review data pieces that require another manual verification, identify patterns to transform this understanding into algorithms, and identify methods to automate data gathering. We are able to provide a guarantee of at least 95% accuracy as a result of our focus on quality.
Our Competition
We believe there are currently no competitors who offer a sales, marketing, operations, and recruiting intelligence platform as comprehensive as ours. We are able to provide measurable revenue improvement; accuracy, depth and coverage of data; unique data points to leverage insights; and a platform that can be integrated and automated with a variety of CRM, marketing, operations, or recruiting platforms. In limited circumstances, we will see other vendors that focus on specific use-cases, niche end-markets, or leveraging legacy and/or inaccurate data sets try to compete in potential deals. These potential competitors include LinkedIn Sales Navigator, D&B Hoovers, and TechTarget.
We believe the principal factors that drive competition between vendors in the market include:
•comprehensive platform offering;
•quality and accuracy of data;
•breadth and depth of data;
•ease of use and deployment;
•tangible benefits and ROI for customers;
•data privacy and security;
•ability to integrate with customers’ CRM and sales and marketing automation systems; and
•sophistication of solutions used to manage, maintain, and combine intelligence.
We believe we compete favorably across these factors. We have achieved a median sales cycle of less than 30 days from opportunity creation to close. For additional information, see “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Our Customers
Our large and diversified customer base spans a wide variety of industry verticals, including software, business services, manufacturing, telecommunications, financial services, media and internet, transportation, education, hospitality, and real estate. Our customers range from the largest global enterprises, to mid-market companies, down to small businesses. No single customer contributed more than 1% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Intellectual Property
Protecting our intellectual property and proprietary technology is an important aspect of our business. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as written agreements and other contractual provisions, to protect our proprietary technology, processes, and other intellectual property.
We own a number of patents, registered trademarks (including ZOOMINFO and DISCOVERORG, among others), and copyrights in the United States. We also have a portfolio of registered domain names (including zoominfo.com) for websites that we use in our business.
In addition, we generally enter into confidentiality agreements and invention or work product assignment agreements with employees and contractors involved in the development of our proprietary intellectual property.
We intend to pursue additional intellectual property protection to the extent we believe it would be beneficial and cost-effective.
Data Privacy and Protection
The business contact information and other data we collect and process are an integral part of our products and services. Regulators around the world have adopted or proposed requirements regarding the collection, use, transfer, security, storage, destruction, and other processing of personal data. In recent years, there has been an increase in attention to and regulation of data protection and data privacy across the globe, including the FTC’s increasingly active approach to enforcing data privacy in the United States, as well as the enactment of European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which took effect in May 2018, the United Kingdom’s transposition of GDPR into its domestic laws following the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union (“Brexit”) in January 2021, China’s enactment of the Data Security Law (“DSL”) and the Personal Information Protection Law (“PIPL”), which took effect September 2021 and November 2021, respectively, the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (“CPRA”), which took effect January 1, 2023 and expanded the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), and Virginia’s Consumer Data Protection Act. Additionally, new state privacy laws will become effective in 2023, including the Colorado Privacy Act, the Utah Consumer Privacy Act, and the Connecticut Data Privacy Act. At the federal level, the American Data Privacy and Protection Act was introduced in 2022, which aims to establish a comprehensive privacy regime including many of the concepts found in other state and federal privacy bills and laws, such as consent requirements for entities providing services to the public that collect, store, process, use, or otherwise control sensitive personal information. The FTC has also undertaken proposed rulemaking regarding commercial surveillance and data security, which is intended to address harms to consumers arising from lax data security or commercial surveillance practices. Furthermore, other data privacy or data protection laws or regulations are under consideration in other jurisdictions, both in the form of entirely new laws such as in India, and in the form of updates to existing privacy laws, such as in Canada and Australia. Laws such as these give rise to an increasingly complex set of compliance obligations on us, as well as on many of our customers. These laws are not uniform in the way they define and treat certain data types, including business-to-business data, biometric data or so called “sensitive” data and we must often update our consumer notices and adapt our compliance programs to account for the differences between applicable laws. These laws impose restrictions on our ability to gather personal data and provide such personal data to our customers, provide individuals with additional rights around their personal data, and place downstream obligations on our customers relating to their use of the information we provide.
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These complex laws may be implemented, interpreted, or enforced in a non-uniform or inconsistent way across jurisdictions and we may not be aware of every development that impacts our business. These laws may also require us to make additional changes to our services in order for us or our customers to comply with such legal requirements. It may also increase our potential liability as a result of higher potential penalties for noncompliance. These and other legal requirements could reduce our ability to gather personal data used in our products and services. They could reduce demand for our services, require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to store, transfer and process personal data. In some cases, it may impact our ability or our customers’ ability to offer our services in certain locations, to deploy our solutions, to reach current and prospective customers, or to derive insights from data globally. For example, in 2020 the European Union Court of Justice struck down a permitted personal data transfer mechanism between the European Union and the United States and introduced requirements to carry out transfer impact assessments in relation to the use of Standard Contractual Clauses, the most commonly used data transfer mechanism. This has led to increased regulatory and compliance burdens and uncertainty about or interruptions of personal data transfers from Europe to the United States (and beyond), as most recently evidenced by the Austrian Data Protection Authority’s decision that the use of Google Analytics violates the GDPR’s personal data transfer provisions. Use of other data transfer mechanisms now involves additional compliance steps and in the event any court blocks personal data transfers to or from a particular jurisdiction on the basis that certain or all such transfer mechanisms are not legally adequate, this could give rise to operational interruption in the performance of services for customers and internal processing of employee information, greater costs to implement alternative data transfer mechanisms that are still permitted, regulatory liabilities, or reputational harm.
The cost of complying with existing or new data privacy or data protection laws and regulations may limit our ability to gather the personal data needed to provide our products and services. It could negatively impact the use or adoption of our products and services or products and services similar to ours, reduce overall demand for our products and services, or products and services similar to ours, make it more difficult for us or competitive solutions to meet expectations from or commitments to customers and users, lead to significant fines, penalties, or liabilities for noncompliance, impact our reputation, or slow the pace at which we close sales transactions, any of which could harm our business.
Furthermore, the uncertain and shifting regulatory environment and trust climate may cause concerns regarding data privacy and may cause our vendors, customers, users, or our customers’ customers to decline to provide the data necessary to allow us to offer our services to our customers and users effectively, or could prompt individuals to opt out of our collection of their personal data. Even the perception that the privacy of personal data is not satisfactorily protected or does not meet regulatory requirements could discourage prospective customers from subscribing to our products or services or discourage current customers from renewing their subscriptions.
Compliance with any of the foregoing laws and regulations can be costly and can delay or impede the development of new products or services. We may incur substantial fines if we violate any laws or regulations relating to the collection or use of personal data. For example, GDPR imposes sanctions for violations up to the greater of €20 million or 4% of worldwide gross annual revenue, PIPL violations may incur fines up to RMB 50 million or 5% of gross annual revenue, and the CCPA or its successor, the CPRA, allow for fines of up to $7,500 per violation (affected individual). Our actual or alleged failure to comply with applicable privacy or data security laws, regulations, and policies, or to protect personal data, could result in enforcement actions and significant penalties against us, which could result in negative publicity or costs, subject us to claims or other remedies, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our respect for laws and regulations regarding the collection and processing of personal data underlies our strategy to improve our customer experience and build trust. Our privacy team is devoted to processing and fulfilling any requests regarding access to and deletion of their contact information in our platform. In particular, we have developed a “Privacy Center” on our website as a one-stop-shop for any person to submit access requests, request opt-out, or delete his or her information from our database. We have implemented a program for providing direct notifications to individuals. In addition, we endeavor to honor opt-out requests across our entire database.
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Our privacy and legal teams are focused on any applicable privacy laws and regulations and monitor changes to such laws and regulations with a view to implementing what we believe are best practices in the industry. Our sales, privacy, and data practices teams are well versed in helping customers and prospective customers navigate relevant privacy concerns and requirements with respect to our platform.
For more information, please read “Risk Factors – Privacy, Security, and Technology Risk Factors - Changes in laws, regulations, and public perception concerning data privacy, or changes in the patterns of enforcement of existing laws and regulations, could impact our ability to efficiently gather, process, update, and/or provide some or all of the information we currently provide or the ability of our customers and users to use some or all of our products or services” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Human Capital
As of December 31, 2022, we had 3,540 employees, consisting of 692 in cost of service, 1,566 in sales and marketing, 918 in research and development, and 364 in general and administrative. Of these, 77% of our employees were located in North America, while 14%, 7%, 2%, and less than 1% were located in the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and Australia, respectively.
Diversity and Inclusion
We place a high value on diversity and inclusion and are committed to ensuring that our organization creates a sense of belonging for all employees. Understanding that representation matters, as part of our Global Inclusion and Diversity Initiative (GIDI), we take an active role in focusing on the equity, advancement, and empowerment of all communities, and strategize ways to increase diversity through recruitment, retention, professional development, diversity education, and community outreach. As ZoomInfo continues to grow, we want to empower all employees to excel in their professional objectives and feel proud to work for a company that celebrates their individuality while recognizing their differences.
We believe in the power of the team. Winning teams look for the best talent, regardless of background. We know that employees are our greatest asset, and we are proud of the diversity that we foster in our workplaces.
As of December 31, 2022, our U.S. workforce was approximately 28% ethnically diverse. Ethnically diverse is defined as individuals who self-identify in one or more of the following groups: Black or African American, Hispanic or Latinx, Asian, Native American or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander or Two or More Races or Ethnicities. In addition, 34% of the Company’s U.S. workforce identified as female and 1% identified as non-binary gender.
We are a signatory to the United Nations Global Compact, a global sustainability initiative that calls on companies to align their business practices with ten principles related to human rights, labor, environment, and anti-corruption.
Benefits, Safety, and Wellness
We aim to offer fair compensation and benefits that encourage employee well-being, as well as attract and retain top talent. Our compensation packages provide a competitive salary and bonus, medical, dental, vision, retirement benefits, and generous paid time off.
To address the safety and health of our employees during the COVID-19 pandemic, in the first quarter of 2020, we temporarily closed all of our offices and enabled our entire workforce to work remotely. We are proud of the great flexibility and engagement demonstrated by our employees during this time, allowing us to preserve business continuity without sacrificing our commitment to keeping our team and our communities safe.
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Training and Development
Ensuring our employees have access to development opportunities and understand how to grow their career at ZoomInfo is a key tenet of our talent and engagement practices. As part of our efforts, we invest in a robust learning management system for employees, complete with online courses and live training on a variety of topics. To recognize and promote outstanding employees, we perform a comprehensive annual talent review process, through which we empower employees to drive their professional development in a way that also aligns with company objectives and values. The Compensation Committee of our board of directors reviews and oversees our incentive compensation plans, while the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of our board of directors oversees and approves the management continuity planning process.
Available Information
Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and other filings with the SEC, and all amendments to these filings, can be obtained free of charge from our website at http://ir.zoominfo.com/financial-information/sec-filings or by contacting our Investor Relations department at our office address listed above following our filing of any of these reports with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. The contents of these websites are not incorporated into this filing. Further, the Company’s references to the URLs for these websites are intended to be inactive textual references only.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
We are subject to various risks that could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Although it is not possible to predict or identify all such risks and uncertainties, they may include, but are not limited to, the factors discussed below. The risks described herein are not the only risks we may face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. You should carefully review the information provided in this section before making an investment in our Company.
Business and Industry Risks
Other companies, including larger and better funded companies with access to significant resources, large amounts of data or data collection methods, and sophisticated technologies may shift their business model to become competitive with us.
Companies in related industries, such as CRM, business software, or advertising, including Salesforce.com, Oracle, Google, or Microsoft/LinkedIn, may choose to compete with us in the B2B sales and marketing intelligence space and would immediately have access to greater resources and brand recognition. We cannot anticipate how rapidly such a potential competitor could create products or services that would take significant market share from us or even surpass our products or services in quality, in at least some respect. If a large, well-funded competitor entered our space, it could reduce the demand for our products and services and reduce the amount we could demand for subscription renewals or upgrades from existing customers, and the amount we could demand from new subscribers to our products and services, reducing our revenue and profitability.
In addition, many of our potential competitors could have competitive advantages, such as greater name recognition, longer operating histories, significant install bases, broader geographic scope, the ability to respond more quickly and effectively to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements, and larger sales and marketing budgets and resources. Many of our potential competitors may have established relationships with independent software vendors, partners, and customers, greater customer experience resources, greater resources to make acquisitions, lower labor and development costs, larger and more mature intellectual property portfolios, and substantially greater financial, technical, and other resources. New competitors, mergers and acquisitions in the technology industry, or alliances among competitors may emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share due to these or other factors. Companies resulting from these possible consolidations may create more compelling product offerings and be able to offer more attractive pricing options, making it more difficult for us to compete effectively. As a result, even if our products and services are more effective than the products and services that our competitors offer, potential customers might select competitive products and services in lieu of our services.
We experience competition from other companies and technologies that allow companies to gather and aggregate sales, marketing, recruiting, and other data, and competing products and services could surpass ours in depth, breadth, or accuracy of our data or in other respects.
The market for sales, marketing, and recruiting technology and data requires continuous innovation. It is highly competitive, rapidly evolving, and fragmented. There are low barriers to entry, shifting customer needs and strategies, and frequent introductions of new technologies and of new products and services. Many prospective customers have invested substantial resources to implement, and gained substantial familiarity with, competing solutions and therefore may be reluctant or unwilling to migrate from their current solution to ours. Many prospective customers may not appreciate differences in quality between our products and services and those of lower-priced competitors, and many prospects and current customers may not learn the best ways to use our products and services, making them less likely to obtain them or renew their subscriptions. New technologies and products may be or become better or more attractive to current or prospective customers than our products and services in one or more ways. Many current or prospective customers may find competing products or services more attractive, and many may choose or switch to competing products even if we do our best to innovate and provide superior products and services.
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Our current competitors include:
•free online and offline sources of information on companies and business professionals, including government records, telephone books, company websites, and open online databases of business professionals, such as LinkedIn;
•our current and potential customers’ internal and homegrown business contact databases;
•when used in conjunction with the foregoing or when additionally providing third-party sales and marketing data, (i) predictive analytics and customer data platform technologies or (ii) sales and marketing vendors, which may specialize in appointment setting, online ad targeting, email marketing, or other outsource go-to-market functions;
•other vendors of sales automation, conversation intelligence, and chat software;
•other providers of third-party company attributes, technology attributes, and business contact information;
•other providers of online content consumption data for predictive sales and marketing analytics; and
•user-based networks of companies and/or business professionals.
These risks could be exacerbated by weak economic conditions (including those related to the Russia-Ukraine war and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic) and lower customer spending on sales and marketing. Weakened economic conditions could also disproportionately increase the likelihood that any given current or prospective customer would choose a lower-price alternative even if our products or services are superior. Some current and potential customers, particularly large organizations, have elected in the past, and may elect in the future, to rely on internal and homegrown databases, develop, or acquire their own software, programs, tools, and internal data quality teams that would reduce or eliminate the demand for our products and services. If demand for our platform declines for any of these or other reasons, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Current or future competitors may seek to develop new methods and technologies for more efficiently gathering, cataloging, or updating business information, which could allow a competitor to create a product comparable or superior to ours, or that takes substantial market share from us, or that creates or maintains databases at a lower cost. We can expect continuous improvements in computer hardware, network operating systems, programming tools, programming languages, operating systems, data matching, data filtering, data predicting, and other database technologies and the use of the internet. These improvements, as well as changes in customer preferences or regulatory requirements, may require changes in the technology used to gather and process our data. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to internally develop and implement new and competitive technologies, use leading third-party technologies effectively, and respond to advances in data collection, cataloging and updating.
If we fail to respond to changes in data technology competitors may be able to develop products and services that will take market share from us, and the demand for our products and services, the delivery of our products and services, or our market reputation could be adversely affected.
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Our current and potential customers may reduce spending on sales, marketing, recruiting and other technology and information as a result of weaker economic conditions, which could harm our revenue, results of operations, and cash flows.
Our revenue, results of operations, and cash flows depend on the overall demand for and use of technology and information for sales, marketing, and recruiting, which depends in part on the amount of spending allocated by our customers or potential customers on sales, marketing, and recruiting technology and information. This spending depends on worldwide economic and geopolitical conditions. The U.S. and other key international economies have experienced downturns from time to time, including falling demand for a variety of goods and services, inflation (including wage inflation), labor market constraints, restricted credit, higher interest rates, poor liquidity, reduced corporate profitability, volatility in credit, equity, and foreign exchange markets, bankruptcies, pandemics such as COVID-19, and overall economic uncertainty. Market volatility, decreased consumer confidence, and diminished growth expectations in the U.S. economy and abroad as a result of the foregoing events may affect the rate of information technology (“IT”) spending and adversely affect our current and potential customers’ ability or willingness to renew or expand subscriptions or purchase our services, delay prospective customers’ purchasing decisions and thereby elongate our sales cycles, reduce the value or duration of their subscription contracts, or affect attrition rates, all of which could adversely affect our future sales and operating results. Weaker economic conditions can result in customers seeking to utilize free or lower-cost information or services that are available from alternative sources. Prolonged economic slowdowns may result in requests to renegotiate existing contracts on less advantageous terms to us than those currently in place, payment defaults on existing contracts, elongated sales cycles resulting in delays and increased sales costs, or non-renewal at the end of a contract term.
Our platform integrates or otherwise works with third-party systems that we do not control.
Our technologies that allow our platform to interoperate with various third-party applications (which we call “integrations”) are critically important to our business. Many of our customers use our integrations to access our data from within, or send data to, CRM, marketing automation, applicant tracking, sales enablement, and other systems, including Salesforce.com, Marketo, HubSpot, Microsoft Dynamics, Oracle Sales Cloud, and a variety of other commonly used tools. The functionality of these integrations depends upon access to these systems, which is not within our control. Some of our competitors own, develop, operate, or distribute CRM and similar systems or have material business relationships with companies that own, develop, operate, or distribute CRM and similar systems that our platform integrates into. Moreover, some of these competitors have inherent advantages developing products and services that more tightly integrate with their CRM and similar systems or those of their business partners.
Third-party systems are constantly evolving, it is difficult to predict the challenges that we may encounter in developing our platform for use in conjunction with such third-party systems, and we may not be able to modify our integrations to assure its compatibility with the systems of other third parties following any of their changes to their systems. Some operators of CRM and similar systems may cease to permit our access or the integration of our platform to their systems. If Salesforce.com were to refuse to permit our integration to access its APIs, for example, this integration would not function, and our customers’ experience would be hampered. Without a convenient way for our customers to integrate our products and services with products and services such as Salesforce.com, current customers may be less likely to renew or upgrade their subscriptions, prospective customers may be less likely to acquire subscriptions, or our products and services may not command the prices that we anticipate.
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If we are unable to attract new customers and expand subscriptions of current customers, our revenue growth and profitability will be harmed.
To increase our revenue and achieve and maintain profitability, we must attract new customers and grow the subscriptions of existing customers. Our go-to-market efforts are intended to identify and attract prospective customers and convert them into paying customers, including the conversion of users of our Community Edition product to paying customers. In addition, we seek to expand existing customer subscriptions by adding new users, additional data entitlements, or additional products or services, including through expanding the adoption of our platform into other departments within customers. We do not know whether we will continue to achieve similar client acquisition and customer subscription growth rates in the future as we have in the past. Numerous factors may impede our ability to add new customers and grow existing customer subscriptions, including our failure to attract and effectively train new sales and marketing personnel despite increasing our sales efforts, to retain and motivate our current sales and marketing personnel, to develop or expand relationships with partners, to successfully deploy new features, integrations and capabilities of our products and services, to provide quality customer experience, or to ensure the effectiveness of our go-to-market programs. Additionally, increasing our sales to large organizations (both existing and prospective customers) requires increasingly sophisticated and costly sales and account management efforts targeted at senior management and other personnel. If our efforts to sell to organizations are not successful or do not generate additional revenue, our business will suffer.
Our ability to attract new customers and increase revenue from existing customers depends in large part on our ability to continually enhance and improve our platform and the features, integrations, and capabilities we offer, and to introduce compelling new features, integrations, and capabilities that reflect the changing nature of our market to maintain and improve the quality and value of our products and services, which depends on our ability to continue investing in research and development and our successful execution and our efforts to improve and enhance our platform. The success of any enhancement to our platform depends on several factors, including timely completion and delivery, competitive pricing, adequate quality testing, integration with existing technologies, and overall market acceptance. Any new features, integrations, or capabilities that we develop may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner, may contain errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs or may not achieve the market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. If we are unable to successfully develop new features, integrations, and capabilities to enhance our platform to meet the requirements of current and prospective customers or otherwise gain widespread market acceptance, our business, results of operations, and financial condition would be harmed.
Moreover, our business is subscription-based, and therefore our customers are not obligated to, and may not, renew their subscriptions after their existing subscriptions expire or may renew at a lower price, including if such customers choose to reduce their data access rights under their subscription, reduce the products or services to which they have access, or reduce their number of users. Most of our subscriptions are sold for a one-year term, though some organizations purchase a multi-year subscription plan. While many of our subscriptions provide for automatic renewal, our customers may opt-out of automatic renewal and customers have no obligation to renew a subscription after the expiration of the term. Our customers may or may not renew their subscriptions as a result of a number of factors, including their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our products and services, decreases in the number of users at the organization, our pricing or pricing structure, the pricing or capabilities of the products and services offered by our competitors, the effects of general economic conditions, whether related to COVID-19 or not, or reductions in our paying customers’ spending levels. In addition, our customers may renew for fewer subscriptions, renew for shorter contract lengths if they were previously on multi-year contracts, or switch to lower cost offerings of our products and services. It is difficult to predict attrition rates given our varied customer base of enterprise, mid-market, and small business customers. Our attrition rates may increase or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors. If customers do not renew their subscriptions or renew on less favorable terms or fail to add more users, or if we fail to expand subscriptions of existing customers, our revenue may decline or grow less quickly than anticipated, which would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
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Additionally, some of our customers may have multiple subscription plans simultaneously. Companies who are our existing customers may also acquire another organization that is already on our subscription plan or complete a reorganization or spin-off transaction that results in an organization subscribing to multiple subscription plans. If organizations that subscribe to multiple subscription plans decide not to consolidate all of their subscription plans or decide to downgrade to lower priced or free subscription plans, our revenue may decline or grow less quickly than anticipated, which would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Our business could be negatively affected by changes in search engine algorithms and dynamics or other traffic-generating arrangements.
We rely heavily on internet search engines, such as Google, including through the purchase of sales and marketing-related keywords and the indexing of our public-facing directory pages and other web pages, to generate a significant portion of the traffic to our website. Search engines frequently update and change the logic that determines the placement and display of results of a user’s search, such that the purchased or algorithmic placement of links to our website can be negatively affected. In addition, a significant amount of traffic is directed to our website through participation in pay-per-click and display advertising campaigns on search engines, including Google. Pricing and operating dynamics for these traffic sources can change rapidly, both technically and competitively. Moreover, a search engine could, for competitive or other purposes, alter its search algorithms or results, which could cause a website to place lower in search query results or inhibit participation in the search query results. If a major search engine changes its algorithms or results in a manner that negatively affects the search engine ranking, paid or unpaid, of our website, or if competitive dynamics impact the costs or effectiveness of search engine optimization, search engine marketing or other traffic-generating arrangements in a negative manner, our business and financial performance would be adversely affected.
As we acquire and invest in companies or technologies, we may not realize expected business or financial benefits and the acquisitions or investments could prove difficult to integrate, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our business, results of operation, and financial condition.
As part of our business strategy, from time to time we make investments in, or acquisitions of, complementary businesses, services, databases, and technologies, and we expect that we will continue to make such investments and acquisitions in the future to further grow our business and our product and service offerings. Our strategy to make selective acquisitions to complement or expand our platform depends on our ability to identify, and the availability of, suitable acquisition candidates. We may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all.
Acquisitions and other transactions, arrangements, and investments also involve numerous risks and could create unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures, including, but not limited to:
•potential failure to achieve the expected benefits on a timely basis or at all;
•difficulties in, and the cost of, integrating operations, technologies, services, and platforms;
•diversion of financial and managerial resources from existing operations;
•the potential entry into new markets in which we have little or no experience or where competitors may have stronger market positions;
•potential write-offs of acquired assets or investments and potential financial and credit risks associated with acquired customers;
•increasing or maintaining the security standards for acquired technology consistent with our other services;
•currency and regulatory risks associated with foreign countries and potential additional cybersecurity and compliance risks resulting from entry into new markets;
•tax effects and costs of any such acquisitions, including the related integration into our tax structure and assessment of the impact on the realizability of our future tax assets or liabilities; and
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•potential challenges by governmental authorities, including the Department of Justice, for anti-competitive or other reasons.
Any of these risks could harm our business. In addition, to facilitate these acquisitions or investments, we may seek additional equity or debt financing, which may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all, may affect our ability to complete subsequent acquisitions or investments and may affect the risks of owning our common stock. For example, if we finance acquisitions by issuing equity or convertible debt securities or loans, our existing stockholders may be diluted, or we could face constraints related to the terms of, and repayment obligation related to, the incurrence of indebtedness that could affect the market price of our common stock.
If we fail to maintain, upgrade, or implement adequate operational and financial resources, including our IT systems, we may be unable to execute our business plan.
We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, rapid growth, which has placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our management and our operational and financial resources. One area of significant growth has been in the number of customers using our products and services and in the amount of data in our databases. In addition, our organizational structure has become more complex as we have scaled our operational, financial, and management controls, as well as our reporting systems and procedures, and expanded internationally.
To manage growth in our operations and personnel, we will need to continue to grow and improve our operational, financial, and management controls and our reporting systems and procedures, including our IT systems. We will continue to require significant capital expenditures and the allocation of valuable management resources to grow and change in these areas. Our expansion has placed, and our expected future growth will continue to place, a significant strain on our management, customer experience, research and development, sales and marketing, administrative, financial, and other resources.
We anticipate that significant additional investments will be required to scale our operations and increase productivity, to address the needs of our customers, to further develop and enhance our products and services, to expand into new geographic areas and to scale with our overall growth. If additional investments are required due to significant growth, this will increase our cost base, which will make it more difficult for us to offset any future revenue shortfalls by reducing expenses in the short term.
We also depend on IT systems to operate our business, and issues with maintaining, upgrading or implementing these systems, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our business has grown and continues to grow in size and complexity, which places significant demands on our IT systems. To effectively manage this growth, our information systems and applications require an ongoing commitment of significant resources to maintain, protect, enhance and upgrade existing systems and develop and implement new systems to keep pace with changing technology and our business needs. In 2022, we began implementation of a new enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) software system which will replace certain existing business, operational, and financial processes and systems. This ERP implementation project and other IT systems projects have required and may continue to require investment of capital and human resources, the re-engineering of business processes, and the attention of many employees who would otherwise be focused on other areas of our business. This system change entails certain risks, including difficulties with changes in business processes that could disrupt our operations. Delays in integration or disruptions to our business from implementation of new or upgraded systems could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, operating results, and our ability to accurately report our financial condition, operating results or cash flows.
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If the information we rely upon to run our businesses were to be found to be inaccurate or unreliable, if we fail to maintain or protect our IT systems and data integrity effectively, if we fail to develop and implement new or upgraded systems to meet our business needs in a timely manner, or if we fail to anticipate, plan for or manage significant disruptions to these systems, our competitive position could be harmed, we could have operational disruptions, we could lose existing customers, have difficulty preventing, detecting, and controlling fraud, have disputes with customers, have regulatory sanctions or penalties imposed or other legal problems, incur increased operating and administrative expenses, lose revenues as a result of a data privacy breach or theft of intellectual property or suffer other adverse consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
We depend on our executive officers and other key employees, and the loss of one or more of these employees or an inability to attract, integrate and retain these and other highly skilled employees could harm our business.
Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our executive officers and other key employees, including newly hired personnel. We rely on our leadership team in the areas of research and development, operations, security, analytics, marketing, sales, customer experience, and general and administrative functions and on individual contributors in our research and development and operations. Due to the high growth rate of our business and other factors, from time to time, there have been, and may continue to be, changes in our executive management team resulting from the hiring or departure of executives, which could disrupt our business. The loss of one or more of our executive officers or key employees could harm our business. Changes in our executive management team, or failure or delay in integrating new members of the executive management team and other key employees into our business, may also cause disruptions in, and harm to, our business.
The company continues to be led by our CEO and co-founder, Henry Schuck, who plays an important role in driving the company’s culture, determining the strategy, and executing against that strategy across the company. If Mr. Schuck’s services became unavailable to the company for any reason, it may be difficult or impossible for the company to find an adequate replacement, which could cause us to be less successful in maintaining our culture and developing and effectively executing on our company strategies.
In addition, to execute our growth plan, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for these personnel in locations where we maintain offices is intense, especially for engineers experienced in designing and developing software and software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) applications and experienced sales professionals. We have from time to time experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications. In addition, certain domestic immigration laws restrict or limit our ability to recruit internationally. Any changes to U.S. immigration policies that restrain the flow of technical and professional talent may inhibit our ability to recruit and retain highly qualified employees. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment. In addition, we invest significant time and expense in training our employees, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them.
If we hire employees from competitors or other companies, their former employers may attempt to assert that these employees have breached their legal obligations, resulting in a diversion of our time and resources. In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of our equity awards declines, it may harm our ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be harmed. Meanwhile, additions of executive-level management and large numbers of employees could significantly and adversely impact our culture. If we do not maintain and continue to develop our corporate culture as we grow and evolve, it could harm our ability to foster the innovation, creativity and teamwork we believe that we need to support our growth.
In addition, many of our key technologies and systems are custom-made for our business by our key personnel. The loss of key personnel, including key members of our management team, as well as certain of our key marketing, sales, product development, or technology personnel, could disrupt our operations and have an adverse effect on our ability to grow our business.
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Also, as we continue to grow, we face challenges of integrating, developing, training, and motivating a rapidly growing employee base in our various offices around the world and maintaining our company culture across multiple offices. If we fail to manage our anticipated growth and change in a manner that preserves the key aspects of our corporate culture, the quality of our products and services may suffer, which could negatively affect our brand and reputation and harm our ability to attract users, employees, and organizations.
Privacy, Technology, and Security Risk Factors
We may be subject to litigation for any of a variety of claims, which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
There is considerable patent and other intellectual property development activity in our market, and litigation, based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property, is frequent in software and internet-based industries. We may receive communications from third parties, including practicing entities and non-practicing entities, claiming that we have infringed their intellectual property rights.
In addition, we may be sued by third parties for breach of contract, defamation, negligence, unfair competition, or copyright or trademark infringement or claims based on other theories. We could also be subject to claims based upon the content that is accessible from our website through links to other websites or information on our website supplied by third parties or claims that our collection of information from third-party sites without a license violates certain federal or state laws or website terms of use. We could also be subject to claims that the collection or provision of certain information, including personal information by us or by third-parties with whom we interact breached laws or regulations relating to privacy or data protection. As a result of claims against us regarding suspected infringement, our technologies may be subject to injunction, we may be required to pay damages, or we may have to seek a license to continue certain practices (which may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all), all of which may significantly increase our operating expenses or may require us to restrict our business activities and limit our ability to deliver our products and services and/or certain features, integrations, and capabilities of our platform. As a result, we may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense and/or cause us to alter our products or services, which could negatively affect our business. Further, many of our subscription agreements require us to indemnify our customers for third-party intellectual property infringement claims, so any alleged infringement by us resulting in claims against such customers would increase our liability.
Our exposure to risks associated with various claims, including the use of intellectual property, may be greater if we acquire other companies or technologies. For example, we may have a lower level of visibility into the development process with respect to intellectual property or the care taken to safeguard against infringement risks with respect to the acquired company or technology. In addition, third parties may make infringement and similar or related claims after we have acquired a company or technology that had not been asserted prior to our acquisition.
In the ordinary course of business, we may be involved in and subject to litigation for a variety of claims or disputes and receive regulatory inquiries. These claims, lawsuits, and proceedings could include labor and employment, wage and hour, commercial, data privacy, intellectual property, antitrust, alleged securities law violations or other investor claims, and other matters. The number and significance of these potential claims and disputes may increase as our business expands. Any claim against us, regardless of its merit, could be costly, divert management’s attention and operational resources, and harm our reputation. As litigation is inherently unpredictable, we cannot assure you that any potential claims or disputes will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Any claims or litigation, even if fully indemnified or insured, could make it more difficult to compete effectively or to obtain adequate insurance in the future.
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In addition, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect our contractual, property, and other rights, including collection of payments and fees. Litigation has been and may be necessary in the future to enforce such rights. Such litigation could be costly, time consuming, and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of our rights. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of such rights. Our inability to protect our rights, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition or injure our reputation.
Changes in laws, regulations, and public perception concerning data privacy, or changes in the patterns of enforcement of existing laws and regulations, could impact our ability to efficiently gather, process, update, and/or provide some or all of the information we currently provide or the ability of our customers and users to use some or all of our products or services.
Our products and services rely heavily on the collection and use of information to provide effective insights to our customers and users. In recent years, there has been an increase in attention to and regulation of data protection and data privacy across the globe, including the FTC’s increasingly active approach to enforcing data privacy in the United States, as well as the enactment of GDPR, which took effect in May 2018, the United Kingdom’s transposition of GDPR into its domestic laws following Brexit in January 2021, China’s enactment of the DSL and the PIPL, which took effect September 2021 and November 2021, respectively, the CPRA, which took effect January 1, 2023 and expands the CCPA, and Virginia’s Consumer Data Protection Act, which also took effect January 1, 2023. Additionally, new state privacy laws will become effective in 2023, including Virginia’s Consumer Data Protection Act, the Colorado Privacy Act, the Utah Consumer Privacy Act, and the Connecticut Data Privacy Act. Furthermore at the federal level, the American Data Privacy and Protection Act was introduced in 2022, which seeks to establish a comprehensive privacy regime including many of the concepts found in other state and federal privacy bills and laws, such as consent requirements for entities providing services to the public that collect, store, process, use, or otherwise control sensitive personal information. The FTC has also undertaken proposed rulemaking regarding commercial surveillance and data security, which is intended to address harms to consumers arising from lax data security or commercial surveillance practices. Other data privacy or data protection laws or regulations are under consideration in other jurisdictions, both in the form of entirely new laws such as in India, and in the form of updates to existing, less onerous privacy laws, such as in Canada and Australia. We anticipate that federal, state and international regulators will continue to enact legislation related to privacy and cybersecurity. These laws may impose restrictions on our ability to gather personal data and provide such personal data to our customers, provide individuals with additional rights around their personal data, and place downstream obligations on our customers relating to their use of the information we provide.

Certain of our activities could be found by a government or regulatory authority to be noncompliant in the future with one or more data protection or data privacy laws, even if we have implemented and maintained a strategy that we believe to be compliant. These complex laws may be implemented, interpreted, or enforced in a non-uniform or inconsistent way across jurisdictions and we may not be aware of every development that impacts our business. These laws also may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of our products and services and may require us to make additional changes to our services in order for us or our customers to comply with such legal requirements and may also increase our potential liability as a result of higher potential penalties for noncompliance.
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The costs of complying with existing or new data privacy or data protection laws and regulations may limit our ability to gather personal data needed to provide our products and services, delay or impede the development of new products and services , negatively impact the use or adoption of our products and services, reduce overall demand for our products and services, make it more difficult for us to meet expectations from or commitments to customers and users, or slow the pace at which we close sales transactions, any of which could harm our business. Our actual or alleged failure to comply with applicable privacy or data security laws, regulations, and policies, or to protect personal data, could result in enforcement actions and significant penalties against us, which could result in negative publicity or costs, subject us to claims or other remedies, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Further, these laws may require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to store, transfer and process personal data or, in some cases, impact our ability or our customers’ ability to offer our services in certain locations, to deploy our solutions, to reach current and prospective customers, or to derive insights from data globally. Cross-border data transfers and the use of data transfer mechanisms now involve additional compliance steps and in the event any court blocks personal data transfers to or from a particular jurisdiction on the basis that certain or all such transfer mechanisms are not legally adequate, this could give rise to operational interruption in the performance of services for customers and internal processing of employee information, greater costs to implement alternative data transfer mechanisms that are still permitted, regulatory liabilities, or reputational harm.
Furthermore, the uncertain and shifting regulatory environment and trust climate may cause concerns regarding data privacy and may cause our vendors, customers, users, or our customers’ customers to decline to provide the data necessary to allow us to offer our services to our customers and users effectively, or could prompt individuals to opt out of our collection of their personal data. Concern regarding our use of the personal data collected on our websites or collected when performing our services could keep prospective customers from subscribing to our services. Further, our customers may view alternative data transfer mechanisms as being too costly, too burdensome, too legally uncertain or otherwise objectionable and therefore decide not to do business with us. For example, some of our customers or potential customers in the European Union may require their vendors to host all personal data within the European Union and may decide to do business with one of our competitors who hosts personal data within the European Union instead of doing business with us. Any inability to transfer personal data from the European Union to the United States in compliance with data protection laws may impede our ability to attract and retain customers and adversely affect our business. Even the perception that the privacy of personal data is not satisfactorily protected or does not meet regulatory requirements could discourage prospective customers from subscribing to our products or services or discourage current customers from renewing their subscriptions
We also may be subject to additional risks associated with data security breaches or other incidents, in particular because certain data privacy laws, including the CPRA, grant individuals a private right of action arising from certain data security incidents. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits, and other claims and penalties, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products and services, which could harm our business.
Industry-wide incidents or incidents with respect to our websites, including misappropriation of third-party information, security breaches, or changes in industry standards, regulations, or laws, could deter people from using the internet or our websites to conduct transactions that involve the transmission of personal information, which could harm our business. We also receive data from third-party vendors (e.g., other data brokers). While we have implemented certain contractual measures with such vendors to protect our interests, we are ultimately unable to verify with complete certainty the source of such data, how it was received, and that such information was collected and is being shared with us in compliance with all applicable data privacy laws.
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New or changing laws and regulations may diminish the demand for our platform, restrict access to our platform or require us to disclose or provide access to information in our possession, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Our platform depends on the ability of our users to access the internet and our platform could be blocked or restricted in some countries for various reasons. Further, it is possible that governments of one or more foreign countries may seek to limit access to or certain features of our platform in their countries, or impose other restrictions that may affect the availability of our platform, or certain features of our platform, in their countries for an extended period of time or indefinitely. For example, Russia and China are among a number of countries that have blocked certain online services, including Amazon Web Services (which is one of our cloud hosting providers), making it very difficult for such services to access those markets. Additionally, in August 2021, China adopted the PIPL, which took effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL introduces a legal framework similar to the GDPR and is viewed as the beginning of a comprehensive system for the protection of personal information in China. In addition, governments in certain countries may seek to restrict or prohibit access to our platform if they consider us to be in violation of their laws (including privacy laws) and may require us to disclose or provide access to information in our possession. If we fail to anticipate developments in the law or fail for any reason to comply with relevant law, our platform could be further blocked or restricted and we could be exposed to significant liability that could harm our business. In the event that access to our platform is restricted, in whole or in part, in one or more countries or our competitors are able to successfully penetrate geographic markets that we cannot access, our ability to add new customers or renew or grow the subscriptions of existing customers may be adversely affected, we may not be able to maintain or grow our revenue as anticipated and our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.
The future success of our business also depends upon the continued use of the internet as a primary medium for commerce, communication, and business applications. Federal, state, or foreign governmental bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws or regulations affecting the use of the internet as a commercial medium, including with respect to the adoption and repeal of “net neutrality” rules. The adoption of any laws or regulations that could reduce the growth, popularity, or use of the internet, including laws or practices limiting internet neutrality, could decrease the demand for, or the usage of, our products and services, increase our cost of doing business, and harm our results of operations. Changes in these laws or regulations could require us to modify our platform, or certain aspects of our platform, in order to comply with these changes. In addition, government agencies or private organizations have imposed and may impose additional taxes, fees, or other charges for accessing the internet or commerce conducted via the internet. These laws or charges could limit the growth of internet-related commerce or communications generally or result in reductions in the demand for internet-based products such as ours. In addition, the use of the internet as a business tool could be harmed due to delays in the development or adoption of new standards and protocols to handle increased demands of internet activity, security, reliability, cost, ease-of-use, accessibility, and quality of service. Internet access is also frequently provided by companies that have significant market power that could take actions that degrade, disrupt, or increase the cost of user access to our platform, which would negatively impact our business. We could also incur greater operating expenses and our user acquisition and retention could be negatively impacted if network operators implement usage-based pricing, discount pricing for competitive products or otherwise try to monetize or control access to their networks. Further, our platform depends on the quality of our users’ access to the internet. To the extent the quality of that access is diminished, for whatever reason, demand for our platform could also be diminished.
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If we are not able to obtain and maintain accurate, comprehensive, or reliable data, we could experience reduced demand for our products and services and have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Our success depends on our customers’ confidence in the depth, breadth, and accuracy of our data. The task of establishing and maintaining accurate data is challenging and expensive. The depth, breadth, and accuracy of our data differentiates us from our competitors. Our standard contract with customers includes a quality guarantee pursuant to which a customer would have the right to terminate its subscription and we could be obligated to reimburse certain payments if the accuracy of our data were to fall below a certain threshold. If our data, including the data we obtain from third parties and our data extraction, cleaning, and insights, are not current, accurate, comprehensive, or reliable, it would increase the likelihood of negative customer experiences, which in turn would reduce the likelihood of customers renewing or upgrading their subscriptions and harm our reputation, making it more difficult to obtain new customers. In addition, if we are no longer able to maintain our high level of accuracy, we may face legal claims by our customers which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We also have a number of sources contributing to the depth, breadth, and accuracy of the data on our platform including our contributory network. All of our free Community Edition users must participate in our contributory network to get access to data. Similarly, many of our paying customers participate in our contributory network to improve the quality of the data within their CRM and similar systems. Community Edition users may cease to participate in our contributory network after deciding not to continue using our Community Edition. Our paying customers, including those who have migrated from the Community Edition, may elect not to participate for various reasons, including their sensitivity to sharing information within our contributory network or their determination that the benefits from sharing do not outweigh the potential harm from sharing. If we are not able to attract new participants or maintain existing participants in our contributory network, our ability to effectively gather new data and update and maintain the accuracy of our database could be adversely affected. Additionally, the CPRA, other state laws coming into effect in 2023, and other legal and regulatory changes are making, or will make, it easier for individuals to opt-out of having their personal data collected. Although we already honor opt-our requests globally, such legal and regulatory changes could increase public awareness of this option, resulting in higher rates of opting out. Third-party intermediaries have emerged, and may continue to emerge, that offer services involving opting individuals out of their personal data being collected at scale (i.e., from all platforms, including ours). Consequently, our ability to grow our business may be harmed and our results of operations and financial condition could suffer.
We may not be able to adequately protect or enforce our proprietary and intellectual property rights in our data or technology.
Our success is dependent, in part, upon our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, including in our proprietary information and technology. No assurance can be given that our confidentiality, non-disclosure, or invention assignment agreements with employees, consultants, or other parties will not be breached and will otherwise be effective in controlling access to and distribution of our platform, or certain aspects of our platform, and proprietary information. Further, these agreements may not prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our platform. Additionally, certain unauthorized use of our intellectual property may go undetected, or we may face legal or practical barriers to enforcing our legal rights even where unauthorized use is detected.
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Current laws may not provide for adequate protection of our platform or data. In addition, legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of proprietary rights in internet-related businesses are uncertain and evolving, and changes in these standards may adversely impact the viability or value of our proprietary rights. Some license provisions protecting against unauthorized use, copying, transfer, and disclosure of our platform, or certain aspects of our platform may be unenforceable under the laws of certain jurisdictions. Further, the laws of some countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights in some foreign countries may be inadequate. To the extent we expand our international activities, our exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our data or certain aspects of our platform, or our data may increase. Further, competitors, foreign governments, foreign government-backed actors, criminals, or other third parties may gain unauthorized access to our proprietary information and technology. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our technology and intellectual property.
To monitor and protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources, and we may or may not be able to detect infringement by our customers or third parties. Litigation has been and may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to protect our trade secrets. Such litigation could be costly, time consuming, and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could delay further sales or the implementation of our platform, impair the functionality of our platform, delay introductions of new features, integrations, and capabilities, result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies into our platform, or injure our reputation. In addition, we may be required to license additional technology from third parties to develop and market new features, integrations, and capabilities, if available on commercially reasonable terms or at all; our inability to license this technology could harm our ability to compete.
Our customers or unauthorized parties could use our products and services in a manner that is contrary to our values or applicable law, which could harm our relationships with consumers, customers, or employees or expose us to litigation or harm our reputation.
Because our data includes the direct contact information for millions of individuals and businesses, our platform and data could be misused by customers, or by parties who have obtained access to our data without authorization, to contact individuals for purposes that we would not permit, including uses unrelated to B2B communication or recruiting, such as to harass or annoy individuals or to perpetrate scams. Our customers could use our products or services for purposes beyond the scope of their contractual terms or applicable laws or regulations. Our customers’ or third parties’ misuse of our data, inconsistent with its permitted use, could result in reputational damage, adversely affect our ability to attract new customers and cause existing customers to reduce or discontinue the use of our platform, any of which could harm our business and operating results.
Our brand may be negatively affected by the actions of persons using our platform that are hostile or inappropriate, by the actions of individuals acting under false or inauthentic identities, by the use of our products or services to disseminate information that is misleading (or intended to manipulate opinions), by perceived or actual efforts by governments to obtain access to user information for security-related purposes or to censor certain content on our platform or by the use of our products or services for illicit, objectionable, or illegal ends. Further, we may fail to respond expeditiously or appropriately to any of the foregoing misuses, or to otherwise address customer and individual concerns, which could erode confidence in our business.
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Cyber-attacks and security vulnerabilities could result in serious harm to our reputation, business, and financial condition.
Threats to network and data security are constantly evolving and becoming increasingly diverse and sophisticated and have increased in scope and frequency. Our products and services, as well as our servers and computer systems and those of third parties that we rely on in our operations could be vulnerable to cybersecurity risks and threats or other events that could disrupt our IT systems and/or subject us to liability such as manmade or natural disasters (including those as a result of climate change) or software vulnerabilities like Apache “Log4j,” which was identified in December 2021 and has affected thousands of businesses worldwide. In addition, many of our employees work remotely, which increases our cyber security risk, creates data accessibility concerns, and makes us more susceptible to security breaches or business disruptions.
We have in the past been the target of attempts to identify and exploit system vulnerabilities and/or penetrate or bypass our security measures in order to gain unauthorized access to our systems, including to use our platform and data for purposes other than its intended purpose or to create products that compete with our platform. We employ multiple methods at different layers of our systems designed to defend against intrusion and attack, to protect our systems and to resolve and mitigate the impact of any incidents. Despite our efforts to keep our systems secure and to remedy identified vulnerabilities, future attacks could be successful and could result in substantial liability or business risk. We expect that third parties will continue to attempt to gain unauthorized access to our systems or facilities through various means, including hacking into our systems or facilities, or those of our customers or vendors, or attempting to fraudulently induce our employees, customers, vendors or other users of our systems into disclosing sensitive information, which may in turn be used to access our IT systems. Our cybersecurity programs and efforts to protect our systems and data, and to prevent, detect and respond to data security incidents, may not prevent these threats or provide adequate security. We may experience breaches of our security measures due to human error, malfeasance, system errors or vulnerabilities, or other irregularities including attempts by former, current or future employees to misuse their authorized access and/or gain unauthorized access to our systems.
Such events could result in the release to the public of confidential information about our operations and financial condition and performance. Actual or perceived breaches of our security could subject us to regulatory investigations and orders, litigation, indemnity obligations, damages, penalties, fines and other costs in connection with actual and alleged contractual breaches, violations of applicable laws and regulations and other liabilities. Moreover, a security compromise or ransomware event could require us to devote significant management resources to address the problems created by the issue and to expend significant additional resources to upgrade further the security measures we employ to guard personal and confidential information against cyber-attacks and other attempts to access or otherwise compromise such information and could result in a disruption of our operations, particularly our digital operations. Any such incident could also materially damage our reputation and harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. We maintain errors, omissions, and cyber liability insurance policies covering certain security and privacy damages. However, we cannot be certain that our coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred or that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all. Further, we may be subject to additional liability risks associated with data security breaches or other incidents by virtue of the private right of action granted to individuals under certain data privacy laws for actions arising from certain data security incidents
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Technical problems or disruptions that affect either our customers’ ability to access our services, or the software, internal applications, database, and network systems underlying our services, could damage our reputation and brands and lead to reduced demand for our products and services, lower revenues, and increased costs.
Our business, brand, reputation, and ability to attract and retain users and customers depend upon the satisfactory performance, reliability, and availability of our websites, which in turn depend upon the availability of the internet and our service providers. Interruptions in these systems, whether due to system failures, computer viruses, software errors, physical or electronic break-ins, or malicious hacks or attacks on our systems (such as denial of service attacks), could affect the security and availability of our services on our mobile applications and our websites and prevent or inhibit the ability of users to access our products or services. In addition, the software, internal applications, and systems underlying our products and services are complex and may not be error-free. We may encounter technical problems when we attempt to enhance our software, internal applications, and systems. Any inefficiencies, errors, or technical problems with our software, internal applications, and systems could reduce the quality of our products and services or interfere with our customers’ use of our products and services, which could reduce demand, lower our revenues, and increase our costs.
Our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from fire, flood, power loss, security breaches, computer viruses, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, acts of war, electronic and physical break-ins, earthquakes, and similar events. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could result in damage to or failure of our systems and hardware. These risks may be increased with respect to operations housed at facilities outside of our direct control, and the majority of the communications, network, and computer hardware used to operate the cloud for our platform are located at facilities maintained by Google or Amazon, which we do not own or control.
Interruptions or delays in services from third parties, including data center hosting facilities, internet infrastructure, cloud computing platform providers, and other hardware and software vendors, or our inability to adequately plan for and manage service interruptions or infrastructure capacity requirements, could impair the delivery of our services and harm our business.
Problems faced or caused by our IT service providers, including content distribution service providers, private network providers, internet providers, third-party web-hosting providers, third-party data center hosting facilities, and cloud computing platform providers. or with the systems by which they allocate capacity among their customers (as applicable), could adversely affect the experience of our users. These hardware, software, data, and cloud computing systems may not continue to be available at reasonable prices, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Damage to, or failure of, these systems, or systems upon which they depend such as internet infrastructure, could result in interruptions in our services. If our third-party service providers are unable to keep up with our growing needs for capacity, our business could be harmed. Additionally, if these third-party services stop providing services to us or increase rates, we may be unable to find sufficient other third-party providers, which could harm our business. In addition, if distribution channels for our mobile applications experience disruptions, such disruptions could adversely affect the ability of users and potential users to access or update our mobile applications. Any loss of the right to use any of these hardware, software, or cloud computing systems could significantly increase our expenses and otherwise result in delays in the provisioning of our services until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained through purchase or license, and integrated into our services.
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We have from time to time experienced interruptions in our services and such interruptions may occur in the future. Interruptions in our services may cause us to issue credits to customers, cause customers to make warranty or other claims against us or to terminate their subscriptions, and adversely affect our customer renewal and upgrade performance and our ability to attract new customers, all of which would reduce our revenue. We do not control the operation of third-party facilities, and they may be vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures, and similar events. They may also be subject to break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism, and similar misconduct, as well as local administrative actions, changes to legal or permitting requirements, and litigation to stop, limit, or delay operation. The occurrence of a natural disaster, pandemics (such as COVID-19) or an act of terrorism, a decision to close the facilities without adequate notice, or other unanticipated problems at these facilities could result in lengthy interruptions in our services. Further, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic could potentially disrupt the supply chain of such hardware needed to maintain these third-party systems and services or to run our business.
We are subject to sanctions, anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal penalties or significant fines and harm our business and reputation.
We are subject to requirements under anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and similar laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”), the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, and other anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees and agents from promising, authorizing, making, offering, or providing anything of value to a “foreign official” for the purposes of influencing official decisions or obtaining or retaining business, or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment. As we increase our international sales and business, our risks under these laws may increase. Noncompliance with these laws could subject us to investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, adverse media coverage, and other consequences. Any investigations, actions or sanctions could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
In addition, in the future we may use third parties to sell access to our platform and conduct business on our behalf abroad. We or such future third-party intermediaries, may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities, and we can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of such future third-party intermediaries, and our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. We cannot provide assurance that our internal controls and compliance systems will always protect us from liability for acts committed by employees, agents, or business partners of ours (or of businesses we acquire or partner with) that would violate U.S. and/or non-U.S. laws, including the laws governing payments to government officials, bribery, fraud, kickbacks, false claims, pricing, sales and marketing practices, conflicts of interest, competition, employment practices and workplace behavior, export and import compliance, economic and trade sanctions, money laundering, data privacy, and other related laws. Any such improper actions or allegations of such acts could subject us to significant sanctions, including civil or criminal fines and penalties, disgorgement of profits, injunctions, and debarment from government contracts, as well as related stockholder lawsuits and other remedial measures, all of which could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations. Software intended to prevent access to our products and service from certain geographies may not be effective in all cases.
Any violation of economic and trade sanction laws, export and import laws, the FCPA, or other applicable anti-corruption laws or anti-money laundering laws could also result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions, and, in the case of the FCPA, suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations, and prospects.
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Credit and Financial Risks
We generate revenue from sales of subscriptions to our platform and data, and any decline in demand for the types of products and services we offer would negatively impact our business.
For the year ended December 31, 2022 we derived substantially all of our revenue from subscription services and expect to continue to generate revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our platform and data. As a result, the continued use of telephones and email as a primary means of B2B sales, marketing, and recruiting, and the continued use of internet cloud-based platforms to access telephone, email, and related information for such purposes, is critical to our future growth and success. If the sales and marketing information market fails to grow, or grows more slowly than we currently anticipate, or if there is a decrease in the use of telephones and email as primary means of B2B communication, demand for our platform and data would be negatively affected.
Changes in user preferences for sales, marketing, and recruiting platforms may have a disproportionately greater impact on us than if we offered disparate products and services. Demand for sales, marketing, and recruiting platforms in general, and our platform and data in particular, is affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Some of these potential factors include:
•awareness and acceptance of the sales, marketing, and recruiting platform categories generally, and the growth, contraction and evolution of the categories;
•availability of products and services that compete with ours;
•brand recognition;
•pricing;
•ease of adoption and use;
•performance, features, and user experience, and the development and acceptance of new features, integrations, and capabilities;
•customer support;
•accessibility across several devices, operating system, and applications;
•integration with CRM and other related technologies; and
•the potential for the development of new systems and protocols for B2B communication.
The market is subject to rapidly changing user demand and preference trends. If we fail to successfully predict and address these changes and trends, meet user demands or achieve more widespread market acceptance of our platform and data, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be harmed.
We may experience quarterly fluctuations in our operating results due to a number of factors which makes our future results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or our guidance.
Our quarterly operating results have fluctuated in the past and are expected to fluctuate in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, our past results may not be indicative of our future performance, and comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful.
We may not be able to accurately forecast the amount and mix of future subscriptions, revenue, and expenses and, as a result, our operating results may fall below our estimates or the expectations of public market analysts and investors. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, or below any guidance we may provide, the price of our common stock could decline.
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Our failure to raise additional capital or generate cash flows necessary to expand our operations and invest in new technologies in the future could reduce our ability to compete successfully and harm our results of operations.
We may require additional financing, and we may not be able to obtain debt or equity financing on favorable terms, if at all. If we raise equity financing to fund operations or on an opportunistic basis, our stockholders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests. Our secured credit facilities restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness, require us to maintain specified minimum liquidity and restrict our ability to pay dividends. The terms of any additional debt financing may be similar or more restrictive. For more information, see “Credit and Financial Risks.”
The variation in the sales cycle of our products may make it difficult to forecast our revenue and evaluate our business and future prospects.
The sales cycle for the evaluation and implementation of our paid versions, which can range from a single day to many months, may cause us to experience a delay between increasing operating expenses and the generation of corresponding revenue, if any. Accordingly, we may be unable to prepare accurate internal financial forecasts or replace anticipated revenue that we do not receive as a result of delays arising from these factors, and our results of operations in future reporting periods may be below the expectations of investors. If we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our estimates and forecasts or the expectations of investors, causing our business to suffer and our common stock price to decline.
Changes in existing financial accounting standards or practices may harm our results of operations.
Changes in existing accounting rules or practices, new accounting pronouncements, or varying interpretations of current accounting pronouncements could negatively impact our results of operations. Further, such changes could potentially affect our reporting of transactions completed before such changes are effective. GAAP is subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”), the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement of a change.
Any difficulties in implementing these pronouncements could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could result in regulatory discipline and harm investors’ confidence in us.
We incur significant costs operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to compliance with our public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices.
As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting, compliance, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company, which we expect to further increase now that we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” For example, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act, the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the rules and regulations of the SEC, and the rules and regulations of The Nasdaq Global Select Market. Based on the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates as of the last business day of our fiscal second quarter ended June 30, 2021, we ceased to be an “emerging growth company” as of December 31, 2021. As a result, we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, additional costs associated with being a public company, including costs associated with compliance with the auditor attestation requirement of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the adoption of certain accounting standards upon losing such status, and additional disclosure requirements.
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Failure to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of SOX could impair our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations and have a material adverse effect on our business.
As a public company, we are required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and provide a management report on the internal controls over financial reporting, which must be attested to by our independent registered public accounting firm. The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a system of internal controls that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company. The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing, and possible remediation. We have previously identified and reported a material weakness, and we may identify additional material weaknesses in internal controls in future periods, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Specifically, if we were to have another material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting, we may not detect errors on a timely basis and our financial statements may be materially misstated. There could also be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in us and the reliability of our consolidated financial statements, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.
Because we recognize subscription revenue over the subscription term, downturns or upturns in new sales and renewals are not immediately reflected in full in our results of operations.
We recognize revenue from subscriptions to our platform on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract subscription period beginning on the date access to the platform is granted, provided all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. Our subscription arrangements generally have contractual terms requiring advance payment for annual or quarterly periods. As a result, much of the revenue we report each quarter is the recognition of deferred revenue from recurring subscriptions entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed recurring subscription contracts in any one quarter will not be fully reflected in revenue in that quarter but will negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in new or renewed sales of our recurring subscriptions are not reflected in full in our results of operations until future periods. Our subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers is typically recognized over the applicable subscription term. By contrast, a majority of our costs are expensed as incurred, which could result in our recognition of more costs than revenue in the earlier portion of the subscription term, and we may not attain profitability in any given period.
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We have a history of net losses, we anticipate increasing operating expenses in the future, and we may not be able to achieve and, if achieved, maintain profitability.
While we were profitable in 2021 and 2022, prior to 2021, we incurred net losses in each year since our inception, including net losses of $36.4 million in 2020 and $78.0 million in 2019. We may not continue to achieve or maintain profitability in the future. Because the market for our platform is rapidly evolving, it is difficult for us to predict our future results of operations or the limits of our market opportunity. We expect our operating expenses to significantly increase over the next several years as we continue to hire additional personnel, particularly in sales and marketing and research and development, expand our partnerships, operations and infrastructure, both domestically and internationally, continue to enhance our platform and develop and expand its features, integrations, and capabilities, and expand and improve our platform. We also intend to continue to build and enhance our platform through both internal research and development and selectively pursuing acquisitions that can contribute to the capabilities of our platform. In addition, as we grow, we will incur additional significant legal, accounting, and other expenses. If our revenue does not increase to offset the expected increases in our operating expenses, we may not be profitable in future periods. In future periods, our revenue growth could slow or our revenue could decline for a number of reasons, including any failure to increase the number of organizations on our platform, any failure to increase our number of paying customers, a decrease in the growth of our overall market, our failure, for any reason, to continue to capitalize on growth opportunities, slowing demand for our platform, additional regulatory burdens, or increasing competition. As a result, our past financial performance may not be indicative of our future performance. Any failure by us to sustain profitability on a consistent basis could cause the value of our common stock to decline.
We have a significant amount of goodwill and intangible assets on our balance sheet, and our results of operations may be adversely affected if we fail to realize the full value of our goodwill and intangible assets.
Our Consolidated Balance Sheets reflects goodwill of $1,692.7 million and $1,575.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and intangible assets, net of $395.6 million and $431.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, goodwill and intangible assets with an indefinite life are not amortized but are subject to a periodic impairment evaluation. Goodwill and acquired intangible assets with an indefinite life are tested for impairment at least annually or when events and circumstances indicate that fair value of a reporting unit may be below their carrying value. Acquired intangible assets with definite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated period over which we expect to realize economic value related to the intangible asset. In addition, we review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset might not be recoverable. If indicators of impairment are present, we evaluate the carrying value in relation to estimates of future undiscounted cash flows. Our ability to realize the value of the goodwill and intangible assets will depend on the future cash flows of the businesses we have acquired, which in turn depend in part on how well we have integrated these businesses into our own business. Judgments made by management relate to the expected useful lives of long-lived assets and our ability to realize undiscounted cash flows of the carrying amounts of such assets. The accuracy of these judgments may be adversely affected by several factors, including significant:
•underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results;
•changes in the manner of our use of acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business;
•negative industry or economic trends; or
•declines in our market capitalization relative to net book value for a sustained period.
These types of events or indicators and the resulting impairment analysis could result in impairment charges in the future. If we are not able to realize the value of the goodwill and intangible assets, we may be required to incur material charges relating to the impairment of those assets. Such impairment charges could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
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We have a substantial amount of debt, which could adversely affect our financial position and our ability to raise additional capital and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations.
As of December 31, 2022, we had total outstanding indebtedness of approximately $1,250.0 million consisting of outstanding borrowings under our first lien credit facilities. Additionally, we had $250.0 million of availability under our first lien revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2022. Our substantial indebtedness may:
•make it difficult for us to satisfy our financial obligations, including with respect to our indebtedness;
•limit our ability to borrow additional funds for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, or other general business purposes;
•require us to use a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make debt service payments instead of other purposes, thereby reducing the amount of cash flow available for future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, or other general business purposes;
•expose us to the risk of increased interest rates as certain of our borrowings, including under our secured credit facilities, are at variable rates of interest;
•limit our ability to pay dividends;
•limit our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business and industry;
•place us at a competitive disadvantage compared with our less-leveraged competitors;
•increase our vulnerability to the impact of adverse economic, competitive, and industry conditions; and
•increase our cost of borrowing.
In addition, the credit agreement governing our secured credit facilities contains, and the agreements governing our future indebtedness may contain, restrictive covenants that may limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interest. These restrictive covenants include, among others, limitations on our ability to pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, capital stock, prepay, redeem, or repurchase certain debt, make acquisitions, investments, loans, and advances, or sell or otherwise dispose of assets. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of substantially all of our debt.
Furthermore, we may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. The terms of the credit agreements governing our indebtedness limit, but do not prohibit, us from incurring additional indebtedness, and the additional indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. These restrictions will also not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute “Indebtedness” as defined in the agreements governing our indebtedness. If new indebtedness is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify.
We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.
Our ability to make scheduled payments due on our debt obligations or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic, industry, and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, legislative, regulatory, and other factors beyond our control, including those discussed elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section. Our total principal repayments of debt made in 2022, 2021, and 2020 were $0.0 million, $581.4 million, and $510.9 million, respectively. Our total interest expense, net for 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $47.6 million, $43.9 million, and $69.3 million, respectively. We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flow sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness.
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If our cash flow and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to implement any such alternative measures on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. The credit agreement governing our secured credit facilities restricts, and the agreements governing our future indebtedness may restrict, our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from those dispositions and may also restrict our ability to raise debt or equity capital to be used to repay other indebtedness when it becomes due. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations then due. In addition, under the covenants of the credit agreement governing our secured credit facilities, ZoomInfo OpCo is restricted from making certain payments, including dividend payments to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc., subject to certain exceptions.
If we cannot make payments on our debt obligations, we will be in default and all outstanding principal and interest on our debt may be declared due and payable, the lenders under our secured credit facilities could terminate their commitments to loan money, our secured lenders (including the lenders under our secured credit facilities) could foreclose against the assets securing their borrowings, and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. In addition, any event of default or declaration of acceleration under one debt instrument could result in an event of default under one or more of our other debt instruments.
Interest rate fluctuations may affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Because a substantial portion of our debt is variable-rate debt, fluctuations in interest rates could have a material effect on our business. Prior to 2022, interest rates had been at historic lows for several years. During 2022, however, the United States Federal Reserve raised interest rates significantly in an attempt to combat historically high inflation. As a result, we may incur higher interest costs if interest rates continue to increase. We currently utilize, and may in the future utilize, derivative financial instruments such as interest rate swaps to hedge some of our exposure to interest rate fluctuations, but such instruments may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest fluctuations, and we may discontinue utilizing them at any time. Further, there can be no assurance that the United States Federal Reserve will not raise rates in the future, and any such increase in interest costs could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and the levels of cash we maintain for working capital.
Change in our credit and other ratings could adversely impact our operations and lower our profitability.
Credit rating and other rating agencies continually revise their ratings and ratings methodologies for the companies that they follow, including us. These rating agencies also evaluate our industry as a whole and may change their credit and other ratings for us based on their overall view of our industry. Failure to maintain our credit ratings on long-term and short-term indebtedness could increase our cost of borrowing, reduce our ability to obtain intra-day borrowing, which we may need to operate our business, and adversely impact our results of operations.
Unanticipated changes in our effective tax rate and additional tax liabilities may impact our financial results.
We are subject to income taxes in the United States and various jurisdictions outside of the United States. Our income tax obligations are generally determined based on our business operations in these jurisdictions. Significant judgment is often required in the determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes. Our effective tax rate could be impacted by changes in the earnings and losses in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in non-deductible expenses, changes in excess tax benefits of stock-based compensation, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and our ability to utilize them, the applicability of withholding taxes, effects from acquisitions, changes in accounting principles and tax laws in jurisdictions where we operate. Any changes, ambiguity, or uncertainty in taxing jurisdictions' administrative interpretations, decisions, policies, and positions could also materially impact our income tax liabilities.
As our business continues to grow and if we become more profitable, we anticipate that our income tax obligations could significantly increase. If our existing tax credits and net operating loss carry-forwards become fully utilized, we may be unable to offset or otherwise mitigate our tax obligations to the same extent as in prior years. This could have a material impact to our future cash flows or operating results.
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In addition, recent global tax developments applicable to multinational businesses, including certain approaches of addressing taxation of digital economy recently proposed or enacted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the European Commission or certain major jurisdictions where we operate or might in the future operate, might have a material impact to our business and future cash flow from operating activities, or future financial results. We are also subject to tax examinations in multiple jurisdictions. While we regularly evaluate new information that may change our judgment resulting in recognition, derecognition, or changes in measurement of a tax position taken, there can be no assurance that the final determination of any examinations will not have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial position. In addition, our operations may change, which may impact our tax liabilities. As our brand becomes increasingly recognizable both domestically and internationally, our tax planning structure and corresponding profile may be subject to increased scrutiny and if we are perceived negatively, we may experience brand or reputational harm.
We may also be subject to additional tax liabilities and penalties due to changes in non-income based taxes resulting from changes in federal, state, or international tax laws, changes in taxing jurisdictions’ administrative interpretations, decisions, policies and positions, results of tax examinations, settlements or judicial decisions, changes in accounting principles, changes to the business operations, including acquisitions, as well as the evaluation of new information that results in a change to a tax position taken in a prior period. Any resulting increase in our tax obligation or cash taxes paid could adversely affect our cash flows and financial results.
Changes in tax laws or regulations in the various tax jurisdictions we are subject to that are applied adversely to us or our paying customers could increase the costs of our products and services and harm our business.
New income, sales, use, or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could be enacted at any time. Those enactments could harm our domestic and international business operations and our business, results of operations, and financial condition. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act was enacted into law. This legislation made a number of changes to the Internal Revenue Code, including the addition of a 1% excise tax on repurchases of stock by publicly traded corporations. As a result, if our Board were to approve a share repurchase program, the imposition of this excise tax may increase the cost to us of making repurchases. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified, or applied adversely to us. These events could require us or our paying customers to pay additional tax amounts on a prospective or retroactive basis, as well as require us or our paying customers to pay fines and/or penalties and interest for past amounts deemed to be due. If we raise our prices to offset the costs of these changes, existing and potential future paying customers may elect not to purchase our products and services in the future. Additionally, new, changed, modified, or newly interpreted or applied tax laws could increase our paying customers’ and our compliance, operating, and other costs, as well as the costs of our products and services. Further, these events could decrease the capital we have available to operate our business. Any or all of these events could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Additionally, the application of U.S. federal, state, local, and international tax laws to services provided electronically is unclear and continually evolving. Existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could be interpreted or applied adversely to us, possibly with retroactive effect, which could require us or our paying customers to pay additional tax amounts, as well as require us or our paying customers to pay fines or penalties, as well as interest for past amounts. If we are unsuccessful in collecting such taxes due from our paying customers, we could be held liable for such costs, thereby adversely affecting our results of operations and harming our business.
As a multinational organization, we may be subject to taxation in several jurisdictions around the world with increasingly complex tax laws, the application of which can be uncertain. The amount of taxes we pay in these jurisdictions could increase substantially as a result of changes in the applicable tax principles, including increased tax rates, new tax laws or revised interpretations of existing tax laws and precedents, which could harm our liquidity and results of operations. In addition, the authorities in these jurisdictions could review our tax returns and impose additional tax, interest, and penalties, and the authorities could claim that various withholding requirements apply to us or assert that benefits of tax treaties are not available to us, any of which could harm us and our results of operations.

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Our results of operations may be harmed if we are required to collect sales or other related taxes for subscriptions to our products and services in jurisdictions where we have not historically done so.
States and some local taxing jurisdictions have differing rules and regulations governing sales and use taxes, and these rules and regulations are subject to varying interpretations that may change over time. The application of federal, state, local, and international tax laws to services provided electronically is evolving. In particular, the applicability of sales taxes to our products and services in various jurisdictions is unclear. We collect and remit U.S. sales and value-added tax (“VAT”), in a number of jurisdictions. It is possible, however, that we could face sales tax or VAT audits and that our liability for these taxes could exceed our estimates as state tax authorities could still assert that we are obligated to collect additional tax amounts from our paying customers and remit those taxes to those authorities. We could also be subject to audits in states and international jurisdictions for which we have not accrued tax liabilities. A successful assertion that we should be collecting additional sales or other taxes on our services in jurisdictions where we have not historically done so and do not accrue for sales taxes could result in substantial tax liabilities for past sales, discourage organizations from subscribing to our products and services, or otherwise harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Further, one or more state or foreign authorities could seek to impose additional sales, use, or other tax collection and record-keeping obligations on us or may determine that such taxes should have, but have not been, paid by us. Liability for past taxes may also include substantial interest and penalty charges. Any successful action by state, foreign, or other authorities to compel us to collect and remit sales tax, use tax, or other taxes, either retroactively, prospectively, or both, could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Geopolitical Risks
Operations and sales outside the United States expose us to risks inherent in international operations.
Our success depends in part on our ability to expand our sales and operations outside of the United States. Any new markets or countries into which we attempt to sell subscriptions to our platform may not be as receptive to our products and services as we anticipate. We may also experience challenges expanding and operating internationally. A significant increase in international customers or an expansion of our operations into other countries could create additional risks and challenges, including:
•a need to localize our products and services, including translation into foreign languages and associated expenses;
•competition from local incumbents that better understand the local market, customs, and culture, may market and operate more effectively, and may enjoy greater local affinity or awareness;
•a need to comply with foreign regulatory frameworks or business practices (including with respect to data privacy and security), which among other things may favor local competitors;
•evolving domestic and international tax environments;
•foreign currency fluctuations and controls, which may make our products and services more expensive for international customers and could add volatility to our operating results;
•vetting and monitoring internal or external sales or customer experience resources in new and evolving markets to confirm they maintain standards consistent with our brand and reputation;
•different pricing environments;
•different or lesser protection of our intellectual property;
•potential or actual violations of domestic and international anti-corruption laws, export controls, and sanctions regulations, which likelihood may increase with an increase of sales and operations in foreign jurisdictions;
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•changes in diplomatic and trade relationships, including the imposition of new trade restrictions, trade protection measures, import or export requirements, trade embargoes, and other trade barriers; and
•other factors beyond our control, such as terrorism, war, natural disasters, climate change and pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, could result in restrictions on business activity, which may vary significantly by region.
Any of these factors could negatively impact our business and results of operations.
Global economic uncertainty and catastrophic events, including global pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have and may disrupt our business and adversely impact our business and future results of operations and financial condition.
Recent events, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, significant inflation, supply chain disruption, and the Russia-Ukraine war, have adversely impacted and may continue to adversely impact global financial markets, economies, and business practices. These types of unpredictable events have adversely affected and could adversely affect our business and future results of operations and financial condition due to cancellations and reductions in spend from customers in impacted industries. We experienced and may continue to experience longer sales cycles and more intense scrutiny, particularly for larger purchases and upgrades as customers and prospects re-assess their growth trajectory in light of the changing economic environment.
The COVID-19 pandemic has also adversely affected and may continue to adversely effect how we and our customers and suppliers operate our businesses and our operating results, particularly in light of the potential emergence and spread of more transmissible variants. The extent to which global pandemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, impact our financial condition or results of operations will depend on factors such as the duration and scope of the pandemic, as well as whether there is a material impact on the businesses or productivity of our employees, customers, suppliers, and other partners. If global economic uncertainty and catastrophic events including the pandemic harm our business and results of operations, many of the other risks described in this Part I, Item 1A of this report may be heightened.

Organizational Structure Risk Factors
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. is a holding company, its only material asset is its interest in ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. and ZoomInfo OpCo, and ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. is accordingly dependent upon distributions from ZoomInfo OpCo and its subsidiaries to pay taxes, make payments under the tax receivable agreements, and pay dividends.
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. is a holding company, and has no material assets other than its ownership of common stock of ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. and of OpCo Units. ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. has no independent means of generating revenue. Although we have no current plans to pay cash dividends on our common stock, deterioration in the financial condition, earnings or cash flow of ZoomInfo OpCo and its subsidiaries for any reason could limit or impair their ability to pay such distributions in the future. Additionally, to the extent that ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. needs funds, and ZoomInfo OpCo is restricted from making such distributions under applicable law or regulation or under the terms of our financing arrangements, or is otherwise unable to provide such funds, it could materially adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.
We have no current plans to pay cash dividends on our common stock. Payments of dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors after taking into account various factors, including our business, operating results, and financial condition, current and anticipated cash needs, plans for expansion, and any legal or contractual limitations on our ability to pay dividends. Our existing secured credit facilities include and any financing arrangement that we enter into in the future may include restrictive covenants that limit our ability to pay dividends. In addition, ZoomInfo MidCo LLC is generally prohibited under Delaware law from making a distribution to a member to the extent that, at the time of the distribution, after giving effect to the distribution, liabilities of ZoomInfo MidCo LLC (with certain exceptions) exceed the fair value of its assets. Subsidiaries of ZoomInfo MidCo LLC are generally subject to similar legal limitations on their ability to make distributions to ZoomInfo MidCo LLC.
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ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. is required to pay our Pre-IPO Owners for most of the benefits relating to any additional tax depreciation or amortization deductions that we may claim as a result of the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in the IPO, the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s increase in its allocable share of existing tax basis, and anticipated tax basis adjustments the ZoomInfo Tax Group receives in connection with sales or exchanges of OpCo Units after the IPO, and certain other tax attributes.
In connection with the IPO, we entered into two tax receivable agreements. We entered into (i) the Exchange Tax Receivable Agreement with certain of our Pre-IPO OpCo Unitholders and (ii) the Reorganization Tax Receivable Agreement with the Pre-IPO Blocker Holders. These tax receivable agreements provide for the payment by members of the ZoomInfo Tax Group to certain Pre-IPO Owners and certain Pre-IPO HoldCo Unitholders of 85% of the benefits, if any, that the ZoomInfo Tax Group is deemed to realize (calculated using certain assumptions) as a result of certain tax attributes and benefits covered by the tax receivable agreements. The Exchange Tax Receivable Agreement provides for the payment by members of the ZoomInfo Tax Group to certain Pre-IPO OpCo Unitholders and certain Pre-IPO HoldCo Unitholders of 85% of the benefits, if any, that the ZoomInfo Tax Group is deemed to realize (calculated using certain assumptions) as a result of (i) the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in the IPO and (ii) increases in the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis and tax basis adjustments that will increase the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of the ZoomInfo Tax Group as a result of sales or exchanges of OpCo Units for shares of common stock after the IPO, and certain other tax benefits, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the Exchange Tax Receivable Agreement. The Reorganization Tax Receivable Agreement provides for the payment by ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. to Pre-IPO Blocker Holders and certain Pre-IPO HoldCo Unitholders of 85% of the benefits, if any, that the ZoomInfo Tax Group is deemed to realize (calculated using certain assumptions) as a result of the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s utilization of certain tax attributes of the Blocker Companies (including the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in the Reorganization Transactions), and certain other tax benefits, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the Reorganization Tax Receivable Agreement.
In each case, these increases in existing tax basis and tax basis adjustments generated over time may increase (for tax purposes) depreciation and amortization deductions and, therefore, may reduce the amount of tax that the ZoomInfo Tax Group would otherwise be required to pay in the future, although the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) may challenge all or part of the validity of that tax basis, and a court could sustain such a challenge. Actual tax benefits realized by the ZoomInfo Tax Group may differ from tax benefits calculated under the tax receivable agreements as a result of the use of certain assumptions in the tax receivable agreements, including the use of an assumed weighted-average state and local income tax rate to calculate tax benefits. The payment obligations under the tax receivable agreements are an obligation of members of the ZoomInfo Tax Group, but not of ZoomInfo OpCo. While the amount of existing tax basis, the anticipated tax basis adjustments, and the actual amount and utilization of tax attributes, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the tax receivable agreements, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the timing of exchanges, the price of shares of our common stock at the time of exchanges, the extent to which such exchanges are taxable, and the amount and timing of our income, we expect that as a result of the size of the transfers and increases in the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of ZoomInfo OpCo and our possible utilization of tax attributes, including existing tax basis acquired at the time of the IPO, the payments that the members of the ZoomInfo Tax Group may make under the tax receivable agreements will be substantial. The payments under the tax receivable agreements are not conditioned upon continued ownership of us by the exchanging holders of OpCo Units or the prior owners of the Blocker Companies.
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In certain cases, payments under the tax receivable agreements may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits the ZoomInfo Tax Group realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the tax receivable agreements.
Members of the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s payment obligations under the tax receivable agreements may be accelerated in the event of certain changes of control and will be accelerated in the event it elects to terminate the tax receivable agreements early. The accelerated payments will relate to all relevant tax attributes that would subsequently be available to the ZoomInfo Tax Group. The accelerated payments required in such circumstances will be calculated by reference to the present value (at a discount rate equal to a per annum rate of the lesser of (i) 6.5% and (ii) LIBOR, or its successor rate, plus 100 basis points) of all future payments that holders of OpCo Units or other recipients would have been entitled to receive under the tax receivable agreements, and such accelerated payments and any other future payments under the tax receivable agreements will utilize certain valuation assumptions, including that the ZoomInfo Tax Group will have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the deductions arising from the increased tax deductions and tax basis and other benefits related to entering into the tax receivable agreements and sufficient taxable income to fully utilize any remaining net operating losses subject to the tax receivable agreements on a straight line basis over the shorter of the statutory expiration period for such net operating losses and the five-year period after the early termination or change of control. In addition, recipients of payments under the tax receivable agreements will not reimburse us for any payments previously made under the tax receivable agreements if such tax basis and the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s utilization of certain tax attributes is successfully challenged by the IRS (although any such detriment would be taken into account in future payments under the tax receivable agreements). The ZoomInfo Tax Group’s ability to achieve benefits from any existing tax basis, tax basis adjustments or other tax attributes, and the payments to be made under the tax receivable agreements, will depend upon a number of factors, including the timing and amount of our future income. As a result, even in the absence of a change of control or an election to terminate the tax receivable agreements, payments under the tax receivable agreements could be in excess of 85% of the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s actual cash tax benefits.
Accordingly, it is possible that the actual cash tax benefits realized by the ZoomInfo Tax Group may be significantly less than the corresponding tax receivable agreement payments or that payments under the tax receivable agreements may be made years in advance of the actual realization, if any, of the anticipated future tax benefits. There may be a material negative effect on our liquidity if the payments under the tax receivable agreements exceed the actual cash tax benefits that the ZoomInfo Tax Group realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the tax receivable agreements and/or payments to ZoomInfo Intermediate by ZoomInfo MidCo LLC are not sufficient to permit ZoomInfo Intermediate to make payments under the tax receivable agreements after it has paid taxes and other expenses. We may need to incur additional indebtedness to finance payments under the tax receivable agreements to the extent our cash resources are insufficient to meet our obligations under the tax receivable agreements as a result of timing discrepancies or otherwise, and these obligations could have the effect of delaying, deferring, or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations, or other changes of control.
The acceleration of payments under the tax receivable agreements in the case of certain changes of control may impair our ability to consummate change of control transactions or negatively impact the value received by owners of our common stock.
In the case of certain changes of control, payments under the tax receivable agreements may be accelerated and may significantly exceed the actual benefits the ZoomInfo Tax Group realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the tax receivable agreements. We expect that the payments that we may make under the tax receivable agreements in the event of a change of control will be substantial. As a result, our accelerated payment obligations and/or the assumptions adopted under the tax receivable agreements in the case of a change of control may impair our ability to consummate change of control transactions or negatively impact the value received by owners of our common stock in a change of control transaction.
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Ownership of Our Common Stock Risk Factors
The parties to our stockholders agreement continue to have influence over us, and their interests may conflict with ours or yours in the future.
Pursuant to the terms of our stockholders agreement, each of TA Associates, Carlyle, and our Founders have the right to designate at least one of our directors for so long as they beneficially own at least 5% of the voting power of all shares of our outstanding capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of our directors. Therefore, for so long as any such party beneficially owns at least 5% of the voting power of all shares of our outstanding capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of our directors, or has a designee continuing to serve on our board of directors, they will still be able to significantly influence our management, business plans, and policies, including the appointment and removal of our officers, the composition of our board of directors, and decisions about whether to enter or not enter into significant transactions. The concentration of ownership or the rights provided under the terms of the stockholders agreement could deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for your shares of our common stock as part of a sale of our Company and ultimately might affect the market price of our common stock.
You may be diluted by the future issuance of additional stock in connection with our incentive plans, acquisitions, or otherwise.
The issuance of additional stock in connection with acquisitions, financings, our equity incentive plans or otherwise will dilute all other stockholders. Our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 3,300,000,000 shares of common stock and up to 200,000,000 shares of preferred stock with such rights and preferences as may be determined by our board of directors. Subject to compliance with applicable rules and regulations, we may issue all of these shares that are not already outstanding without any action or approval by our stockholders. We intend to continue to evaluate strategic acquisitions or opportunities in the future. We may pay for such acquisitions or opportunities, in part or in full, through the issuance of additional equity securities.
If we or our Pre-IPO Owners sell additional shares of our common stock or are perceived by the public markets as intending to sell them, the market price of our common stock could decline.
The sale of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of our common stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell shares of our common stock in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. We have filed a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register shares of our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our common stock issued pursuant to the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Such Form S-8 registration statement automatically became effective upon filing. Accordingly, shares registered under such registration statement will be available for sale in the open market. In addition, we have an effective registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act on file that registered shares of our common stock that may be sold from time to time by certain of our officers and employees prior to the IPO.
In the future, we may also issue our securities in connection with investments or acquisitions. The number of shares of our common stock (or securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock) issued in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of common stock. As restrictions on resale end, the market price of our shares of common stock could drop significantly if the holders of these restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of our common stock or other securities or to use our common stock as consideration for acquisitions of other businesses, investments, or other corporate purposes.
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Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents and Delaware law might discourage or delay acquisition attempts for us that you might consider favorable.
Our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that may make a merger with or acquisition of our Company more difficult without the approval of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions:
•provide that our board of directors is divided into three classes, as nearly equal in size as possible, with directors in each class serving three-year terms and with terms of the directors of only one class expiring in any given year;
•provide for the removal of directors only for cause and only upon the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66⅔% in voting power of the outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote if the parties to our stockholders agreement beneficially own less than 50% of the total voting power of all then-outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors;
•allow us to authorize the issuance of shares of one or more series of preferred stock, including in connection with a stockholder rights plan, financing transactions, or otherwise, the terms of which series may be established and the shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval, and which may include super voting, special approval, dividend, or other rights or preferences superior to the rights of the holders of our common stock;
•prohibit stockholder action by written consent by holders of our common stock from and after the date on which the parties to our stockholders agreement cease to beneficially own at least 50% of the total voting power of all then-outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors unless such action is recommended by all directors then in office;
•provide for certain limitations on convening special stockholder meetings;
•provide (i) that the board of directors is expressly authorized to make, alter, or repeal our bylaws and (ii) that our stockholders may only amend our bylaws with the approval of 66⅔% or more of all of then-outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote if the parties to our stockholders agreement beneficially own less than 50% of the total voting power of all then-outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors;
•provide that certain provisions of our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation may be amended only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66⅔% in voting power of then-outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote if the parties to our stockholders agreement beneficially own less than 50% of the total voting power of all then-outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors; and
•establish advance notice requirements for nominations for elections to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings.
Further, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to provisions of Delaware law, which may impede or discourage a takeover attempt that our stockholders may find beneficial. These anti-takeover provisions and other provisions under Delaware law could discourage, delay, or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our Company, including actions that our stockholders may deem advantageous, or negatively affect the trading price of our common stock. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors of your choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions you desire. For further discussion of these and other such anti-takeover provisions, see “Description of Capital Stock—Anti-Takeover Effects of Our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws and Certain Provisions of Delaware Law” in Exhibit 4.1 to this Form 10-K.
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Our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees, or other stockholders.
Our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for any (i) derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer, stockholder or employee of ours to us or our stockholders, (iii) action asserting a claim arising under any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our amended and restated bylaws or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or (iv) action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine of the law of the State of Delaware. Unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act. To the fullest extent permitted by law, any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the forum provision in our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation. This choice-of-forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a different judicial forum, including one that it may find favorable or convenient for a specified class of disputes with us or our directors, officers, other stockholders, or employees, which may discourage such lawsuits. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation inapplicable or unenforceable with respect to one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of our management and board of directors.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our corporate headquarters is located in Vancouver, Washington and consists of 57,576 square feet under a lease agreement that expires on August 31, 2025. In the third quarter of 2021, we executed a lease to occupy a new corporate headquarters in Vancouver, Washington that will consist of 366,253 square feet upon completion of construction. We plan to take possession of various spaces within our new headquarters in phases as sections of the property are ready for occupancy, with the first phase expected to commence at the earliest in January 2025.
We maintain additional offices in Waltham, Massachusetts; Bellevue, Washington; Bethesda, Maryland; Conshohocken, Pennsylvania; Grand Rapids, Michigan; San Mateo, Santa Monica, and San Francisco, California; Melville, New York; Roswell, Georgia; Tel Aviv and Ra’anana, Israel; Toronto, Canada; Chennai, India; and London, England.
We lease all of our facilities and do not own any real property. Our infrastructure operates out of third-party data centers hosted by Google and Amazon Web Services.
We believe our facilities are adequate and suitable for our current needs. We intend to add new facilities or expand existing facilities as we continue to add employees and expand geographically, and we believe that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed to accommodate any such expansion of our operations.
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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are subject to various legal proceedings, claims, and governmental inspections, audits, or investigations that arise in the ordinary course of our business. There are inherent uncertainties in these matters, some of which are beyond management’s control, making the ultimate outcomes difficult to predict. Moreover, management’s views and estimates related to these matters may change in the future, as new events and circumstances arise and the matters continue to develop. Although the outcomes of these claims cannot be predicted with certainty, in the opinion of management, the ultimate resolution of these matters would not be expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information for Common Stock
Our common stock is listed and traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the trading symbol “ZI.”
Stockholders
As of February 1, 2023, there were 26 holders of record of our common stock. The actual number of stockholders of common stock is greater than this number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.
Dividend Policy
We have no current plans to pay dividends on our common stock. The declaration, amount, and payment of any future dividends on shares of common stock is at the sole discretion of our board of directors, and we may reduce or discontinue entirely the payment of such dividends at any time. Our board of directors may take into account general and economic conditions, our financial condition and operating results, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax, and regulatory restrictions and implications on the payment of dividends by us to our stockholders or by our subsidiaries to us, and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant.
Stock Performance Graph
The following shall not be deemed “filed” with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.
The graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock with the cumulative total return on the S&P 500 Index (^GSPC) and the Nasdaq Computer Index (^IXCO), assuming an initial investment of $100 at the market close on June 4, 2020, the date our stock commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Data for the S&P 500 Index and the Nasdaq Computer Index assume reinvestment of dividends.
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The comparisons in the graph below are based upon historical data and are not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, future performance of our common stock.
zi-20221231_g1.jpg
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table sets forth information with respect to shares of Common Stock purchased by the Company during the periods indicated:
Period
Total Number of Shares Purchased(1)
Weighted Average Price Paid Per ShareTotal Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or ProgramsMaximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plan or Programs
October 1 through October 31, 2022— $— — — 
November 1 through November 30, 20226,186 $30.81 — — 
December 1 through December 31, 20228,164 $28.60 — — 
Total14,350 — — 
________________
(1) All of these shares were acquired through the withholding of shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations incurred upon the vesting of HSKB Phantom Units awarded under the HSKB Funds, LLC 2019 Phantom Unit Plan. These shares were not acquired pursuant to any repurchase plan or program.
ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such difference include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.” refer to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. and not to any of its subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise. References in this Form 10-K to “ZoomInfo,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer (1) prior to the consummation of the Reorganization Transactions, to ZoomInfo OpCo and its consolidated subsidiaries, (2) after the consummation of the Reorganization Transactions and prior to the consummation of the Holding Company Reorganization, to ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. (formerly known as ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.) and its consolidated subsidiaries and (3) after the consummation of the Holding Company Reorganization, to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. (formerly known as ZoomInfo NewCo Inc.) and its consolidated subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise. Numerical figures included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in various tables may not be arithmetic aggregations of the figures that precede them.
Overview
ZoomInfo is a global leader in modern go-to-market software, data, and intelligence for sales, marketing, operations, and recruiting professionals.
RevOS – our modern, cloud-based operating system for revenue professionals – allows sales, marketing, operations, and recruiting teams to shorten sales cycles and increase win rates by delivering the right message to the right person at the right time in the right way. We do this by delivering timely insights and offering services that make reaching prospects fast and easy.
ZoomInfo, formerly known as DiscoverOrg, was co-founded in 2007 by Founder and CEO Henry Schuck. He has led the company’s growth and profitability by efficiently developing innovative ways of gathering and improving our data and insights, and using intelligent automation to put those insights into action.
Today, our company defines the modern go-to-market technology stack across three distinct layers that build upon each other:
•Our Intelligence Layer is the foundation of our data-driven strategy. Our best-in-class data, curated through first- and third-party sources, includes billions of data points about companies and contacts, such as intent, hierarchy, location, technographic, and financial information.
•Our Orchestration Layer integrates and enriches our data sources. At this stage, our products assign and route data, leads, and insights to the appropriate people. This creates a dataset that is continuously updated and can be used to power automated business workflows. Our services connect with major CRM providers.
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•Our Engagement Layer allows sales, marketing, operations, and recruiting professionals to put data-driven insights into action to identify and communicate with prospects and customers. In SalesOS, frontline teams, managers, and leaders use Engage for multi-touch and multi-channel sales engagement, as well as Chorus for call and web meeting recording, transcription, insight generation, and coaching. In MarketingOS, marketers drive awareness, lead generation, and deal acceleration campaigns through account-based marketing, advertising, and onsite conversion optimization solutions, along with ZoomInfo Chat for intelligent onsite experiences through live conversation and chatbots. In TalentOS, recruiters and talent acquisition professionals access a database that helps them efficiently find candidates. Recruiters can filter and reach more good-fit candidates, use pipeline management tools to collaborate and organize the hiring process, and automate the candidate outreach process. In OperationsOS, our sales operations customers use a suite of products, services, and solutions to ingest, match, enrich, and connect data feeds into multiple systems.
We generate substantially all of our revenue from sales of subscriptions to our platform. Subscriptions include the use of our platform and access to customer support. Subscriptions generally range from one to three years in length. Over 40% of customer contracts (based on annualized value) are multi-year agreements. We typically bill our customers at the beginning of each annual, semi-annual, or quarterly period and recognize revenue ratably over the term of the subscription period.
We sell our software to both new and existing customers. We price our subscriptions based on the functionality, users, and records under management that are included in each product edition. Our paid products are SalesOS, MarketingOS, OperationsOS, and TalentOS (with add-on options for some products), and we have a free Community Edition.
Our software, insights, and data enable over 30,000 companies to sell and market more effectively and efficiently. Our customers operate in almost every industry vertical, including software, business services, manufacturing, telecommunications, financial services, retail, media and internet, transportation, education, hospitality, and real estate. They range from the largest global enterprises, to mid-market companies, down to small businesses. Many of our customers are software and business services companies. In 2022, approximately 39% and 27% of our customers, as measured by ACV, operated in the software and business services industries, respectively. Our net annual retention rate was 104% in 2022.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, no single customer contributed more than 1% of revenue. Revenues derived from customers and partners located outside the United States, as determined based on the address provided by our customers and partners, accounted for approximately 12%, 11%, and 9% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, 1,926 customers contracted for more than $100,000 in ACV for ZoomInfo services.
To address our market opportunity, we have built and continue to tune our efficient and comprehensive go-to-market engine. We have integrated our insights and data into an automated engine with defined processes and specialized roles in order to market and sell our services. We are constantly improving the effectiveness of our engine in order to identify and close more business.
We have experienced rapid organic growth, supplemented by additional growth from acquisitions. We generated revenue of $1,098.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 of $747.2 million, and income from operations of $175.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to income from operations of $113.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Operating income margin was 16% for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 15% in 2021. In addition to our consolidated U.S. GAAP financial measures, we review various non-GAAP financial measures, including Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Income Margin, and Adjusted Net Income. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below. Our Adjusted Operating Income was $447.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $306.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our Adjusted Operating Income Margin was 41% for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 41% in 2021. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for definitions.

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The discussion of our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, included in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations can be found in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Recent Developments
Impact of Macroeconomic Conditions and COVID-19
Our business and financial condition may be impacted by adverse macroeconomic conditions. In addition, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic continues to have unpredictable and rapidly shifting impacts on global financial markets, economies, and business practices. See “Risk Factors - Geopolitical Risks” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of the possible impact of these issues on our business.
Corporate Structure Simplification Transactions
In August 2021, the Company completed a series of reorganization transactions to simplify its corporate structure, including the distribution of shares of common stock of RKSI Acquisition Corp (“RKSI”) from ZoomInfo Holdings LLC to ZoomInfo HoldCo, the merger of RKSI with and into ZoomInfo HoldCo with ZoomInfo HoldCo surviving, and the merger of ZoomInfo HoldCo with and into the Company with the Company surviving. Prior to the consummation of the HoldCo Merger, all holders of HoldCo Units (other than the Company) exchanged their HoldCo Units and paired shares of Class B common stock of the Company for shares of Class A common stock of the Company pursuant to the terms of the limited liability company agreement of HoldCo.
Holding Company Reorganization
In September 2021, the Board of Directors unanimously approved streamlining the Company’s corporate structure and governance by eliminating the Company’s umbrella partnership-C-corporation (“UP-C”) and multi-class voting structure. In October 2021, the Company implemented this reorganization, pursuant to which (i) a subsidiary of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. (formerly known as ZoomInfo NewCo Inc.) (“New ZoomInfo”) merged with and into ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. (“Old ZoomInfo”), formerly known as ZoomInfo Technologies Inc., which resulted in New ZoomInfo becoming the direct parent company of Old ZoomInfo, and (ii) immediately thereafter, another subsidiary of New ZoomInfo merged with and into ZoomInfo Holdings LLC (“ZoomInfo OpCo”), which resulted in ZoomInfo OpCo becoming a subsidiary of New ZoomInfo (the combined transaction described in (i) and (ii), the “Holding Company Reorganization”). As a result of the Holding Company Reorganization, New ZoomInfo became the successor issuer and reporting company to Old ZoomInfo pursuant to Rule 12g-3(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and replaced the Predecessor Registrant as the public company trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (the “Nasdaq”) under the ticker symbol “ZI”.
After the consummation of the Holding Company Reorganization, the only class of common stock of the New ZoomInfo remaining issued and outstanding was the Class A common stock and all shares of Class B common stock were cancelled and all shares of Class C common stock were converted to Class A common stock. In May 2022, following approval by the Company’s stockholders, the Company further amended and restated its Amended and Restated Certification of Incorporation to eliminate the multiple classes of common stock and to rename the Company’s Class A common stock as “Common Stock”.
Acquisitions
On April 1, 2022, the Company acquired all of the outstanding equity interests of Comparably and acquired substantially all the assets and certain specified liabilities of Dogpatch for a total purchase consideration of $150.6 million in cash and $10.0 million in a convertible note receivable. The Company has included the financial results of these businesses in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. The purchase accounting for both transactions is not finalized. Refer to Note 4 - Business Combinations for additional information.
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Key Factors Affecting Our Performance
We believe that the growth and future success of our business depends on many factors, including the following:
Continuing to Acquire New Customers
We are focused on continuing to grow the number of customers that use our platform in the United States and around the world. The majority of revenue growth when comparing the year ended December 31, 2022 to the year ended December 31, 2021 was the result of new customers added over the last 24 months. Our operating results and growth prospects will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to attract new customers. Additionally, acquiring new customers strengthens the power of our contributory networks. We plan to continue to invest in our efficient go-to-market effort to acquire new customers. As of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we had over 30,000, 25,000, and 20,000 customers, respectively. We define a customer as a company that maintains one or more active paid subscriptions to our platform.
Increasing Usage of Our Platform
Many of our customers increase spending with us by adding users, integrating incremental data, and/or adding additional functionality as they increase their use of our platform. Several of our largest customers have expanded the deployment of our platform across their organizations following their initial deployment. We believe there is a significant opportunity to add additional users, data integration, and additional functionality within our existing customers.
We believe that expanding the value that we provide to our customers and the corresponding revenue generated as a result is an important measure of the health of our business. We monitor net revenue retention to measure that growth. Net revenue retention is an annual metric that we calculate based on customers of ZoomInfo at the beginning of the year, and is calculated as: (a) the total ACV for those customers at the end of the year, divided by (b) the total ACV for those customers at the beginning of the year. Our net annual retention rate was 104% in 2022. In the near term, we expect our net retention rate to be impacted by macroeconomic conditions. See section "Recent Developments - Impact of Macroeconomic Conditions and COVID-19."We also measure our success in expanding relationships with existing customers by the number of customers that contract for more than $100,000 in ACV. As of December 31, 2022, we had 1,926 customers with over $100,000 in ACV.
Factors Affecting the Comparability of Our Results of Operations
As a result of a number of factors, our historical results of operations are not comparable from period to period and may not be comparable to our financial results of operations in future periods. Set forth below is a brief discussion of the key factors impacting the comparability of our results of operations.
Impact of the Reorganization Transactions
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. is a corporation for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. Our accounting predecessor, ZoomInfo OpCo, was and is treated as a flow-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and as such, only certain subsidiaries that were organized as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes have been subject to U.S. federal income tax at the entity level historically. Accordingly, unless otherwise specified, the historical results of operations and other financial information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K only include a provision for U.S. federal income tax for income allocated to those subsidiaries that were organized as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Following the completion of the Reorganization Transactions, ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. pays U.S. federal and state income taxes as a corporation on its share of our taxable income.
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ZoomInfo OpCo is the predecessor of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. for financial reporting purposes. As a result, the consolidated financial statements of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. recognize the assets and liabilities received in the reorganization at their historical carrying amounts, as reflected in the historical consolidated financial statements of ZoomInfo OpCo, the accounting predecessor.
In addition, in connection with the Reorganization Transactions and the IPO, we entered into the tax receivable agreements described in Note 18 - Tax Receivable Agreements to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Initial Public Offering
In June 2020, the Company completed its IPO which significantly impacted our cash, first and second lien indebtedness, and temporary and permanent equity balances. The IPO, which enabled the associated first and second lien term loan repayments, significantly reduced our interest expense relative to historical results.
Impact of Acquisitions
We seek to grow through both internal development and the acquisition of businesses that broaden and strengthen our platform. Our recent acquisitions include Clickagy in October 2020, EverString in November 2020, Insent in June 2021, Chorus.ai in July 2021, RingLead in September 2021, and Comparably, Inc. and Dogpatch Advisors, LLC in April 2022. As discussed below under “—Results of Operations,” these acquisitions have been a driver of our revenue, cost of service, operating expense, and interest expense growth. Purchase accounting requires that certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded at fair value on the acquisition date. Prior to January 2022, revenue from contracts that were impacted by the estimate of fair value of the unearned revenue upon acquisition were recorded based on the fair value until such contract is terminated or renewed, which differed from the receipts received by the acquired company allocated over the service period for the same reporting periods. Effective January 1, 2022, the Company early adopted new accounting guidance which requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as if the acquirer had originated the contract. Refer to Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further discussion.
Impact of the Holding Company Reorganization
In September 2021, the Board of Directors unanimously approved streamlining the Company’s corporate structure and governance by eliminating the Company’s UP-C and multi-class voting structure. In October 2021, the Company implemented the Holding Company Reorganization. As a result of the Holding Company Reorganization, New ZoomInfo became the successor issuer and reporting company to Old ZoomInfo pursuant to Rule 12g-3(a) under the Exchange Act, and replaced Old ZoomInfo as the public company trading on the Nasdaq under Old ZoomInfo’s ticker symbol “ZI.” In addition, New ZoomInfo changed its name to “ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.” and Old ZoomInfo changed its name to “ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc.”
Accordingly, upon consummation of the Holding Company Reorganization, Old ZoomInfo stockholders automatically became stockholders of New ZoomInfo, on a one-for-one basis, with the same number and ownership percentage of shares they held in Old ZoomInfo immediately prior to the effective time of the Holding Company Reorganization.
Old ZoomInfo is the predecessor of New ZoomInfo for financial reporting purposes. As a result, the consolidated financial statements of New ZoomInfo recognize the assets and liabilities received in the reorganization at their historical carrying amounts, as reflected in the historical consolidated financial statements of Old ZoomInfo, the accounting predecessor.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe certain non-GAAP measures are useful in evaluating our operating performance. These measures include, but are not limited to, Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Income Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income, and Adjusted Net Income per diluted share and are used by management in making operating decisions, allocating financial resources, internal planning and forecasting, and for business strategy purposes. We believe that non-GAAP financial information is useful to investors because it eliminates certain items that affect period-over-period comparability, and it provides consistency with past financial performance and additional information about our underlying results and trends by excluding certain items that may not be indicative of our business, results of operations, or outlook.
We view Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Income Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income, and Adjusted Net Income per diluted share as operating performance measures. We believe that the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure to Adjusted Operating Income is U.S. GAAP operating income. We believe that the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure to Adjusted Operating Income Margin is U.S. GAAP operating income divided by U.S. GAAP revenue. We believe that the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure to Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income is U.S. GAAP Net Income, and the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure to Adjusted Net Income per diluted share is U.S. GAAP net earnings per diluted share.
Non-GAAP financial measures are not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the comparable GAAP measures, but rather as supplemental information to our business results. This information should be read only in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. There are limitations to these non-GAAP financial measures because they are not prepared in accordance with GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies due to potential differences in methods of calculation and items or events being adjusted. In addition, other companies may use different measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of our non-GAAP financial measures as tools for comparison. A reconciliation is provided below for each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with GAAP.
Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Income Margin, and Adjusted Net Income
We define Adjusted Operating Income as income from operations plus (i) impact of fair value adjustments to acquired unearned revenue, (ii) amortization of acquired technology and other acquired intangibles, (iii) equity-based compensation expense, (iv) restructuring and transaction-related expenses, and (v) integration costs and acquisition-related compensation. We exclude the impact of fair value adjustments to acquired unearned revenue and amortization of acquired technology and other acquired intangibles, as well as equity-based compensation, because these are non-cash expenses or non-cash fair value adjustments and we believe that excluding these items provides meaningful supplemental information regarding performance and ongoing cash-generation potential. We exclude restructuring and transaction-related expenses, as well as integration costs and acquisition-related compensation, because such expenses are episodic in nature and have no direct correlation to the cost of operating our business on an ongoing basis. Adjusted Operating Income is presented because it is used by management to evaluate our financial performance and for planning and forecasting purposes. Additionally, we believe that it and similar measures are widely used by securities analysts and investors as a means of evaluating a company’s operating performance. Adjusted Operating Income should not be considered as an alternative to operating income as an indicator of operating performance.
We define Adjusted Net Income as Adjusted Operating Income less (i) interest expense, net (ii) other (income) expense, net, excluding TRA liability remeasurement expense (benefit) and (iii) income tax expense (benefit) including incremental tax effects of adjustments to arrive at Adjusted Operating Income and current tax benefits related to the TRA. Adjusted Net Income is presented because it is used by management to evaluate our financial performance and for planning and forecasting purposes. Additionally, we believe that it and similar measures are widely used by securities analysts and investors as a means of evaluating a company’s operating performance. Adjusted Net Income should not be considered as an alternative to cash flows from operating activities as a measure of liquidity or as an alternative to operating income or net income as indicators of operating performance.
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The following table presents a reconciliation of Net income (loss) to Adjusted Net Income and Income (loss) from operations to Adjusted Operating Income for the periods presented:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in millions)202220212020
Net income (loss)$63.2 $94.9 $(36.4)
Add (less): Expense (benefit) from income taxes131.4 6.1 4.7 
Add: Interest expense, net47.6 43.9 69.3 
Add: Loss on debt modification and extinguishment— 7.7 14.9 
Add (less): Other expense (income), net (a)
(66.4)(39.3)(15.4)
Income (loss) from operations$175.8 $113.3 $37.1 
Add: Impact of fair value adjustments to acquired unearned revenue (b)
2.1 4.6 2.6
Add: Amortization of acquired technology48.2 35.3 23.3
Add: Amortization of other acquired intangibles22.0 20.3 18.7
Add: Equity-based compensation192.3 93.0 121.6
Add: Restructuring and transaction-related expenses (c)
4.1 23.7 13.8
Add: Integration costs and acquisition-related expenses (d)
3.3 16.4 9.0
Adjusted Operating Income$447.8 $306.6 $226.0 
Less: Interest expense, net(47.6)(43.9)(69.3)
Less (add): Other expense (income), net, excluding TRA liability remeasurement (benefit) expense0.8 (0.3)(0.3)
Add (less): Benefit (expense) from income taxes(131.4)(6.1)(4.7)
Add (less): Tax impacts of adjustments to net income (loss)93.8 (25.3)(13.5)
Adjusted Net Income$363.5 $231.1 $138.2 
Shares for Adjusted Net Income Per Share(e)
411 405 403 
Adjusted Net Income Per Share
$0.88 $0.57 $0.34 
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(a)Primarily represents revaluations on tax receivable agreement liability and foreign exchange remeasurement gains and losses.
(b)Represents the impact of fair value adjustments to acquired unearned revenue relating to services billed by an acquired company prior to our acquisition of that company. These adjustments represent the difference between the revenue recognized based on management’s estimate of fair value of acquired unearned revenue and the receipts billed prior to the acquisition less revenue recognized prior to the acquisition.
(c)Represents costs directly associated with acquisition or disposal activities, including employee severance and termination benefits, contract termination fees and penalties, and other exit or disposal costs. For the year ended December 31, 2022, this expense is primarily related to transition and retention payments related to 2021 and 2022 acquisitions. For the year ended December 31, 2021, this expense related primarily to costs incurred related to 2021 acquisitions and impairment charges related to the Company’s Waltham office relocation.
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(d)Represents costs directly associated with integration activities for acquisitions and acquisition-related compensation, which includes transaction bonuses and retention awards. For the year ended December 31, 2022, this expense related to retention awards from the acquisitions of Clickagy, Everstring, and Insent, and professional fees relating to integration projects. For the year ended December 31, 2021, this expense related primarily to retention awards from the acquisitions of Clickagy and Everstring, cash vesting payments from the acquisition of Pre-Acquisition ZI, and professional fees incurred to integrate acquired businesses. Refer to Note 4 - Business Combinations to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information. This expense is included in cost of service, sales and marketing expense, research and development expense, and general and administrative expense as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in millions)202220212020
Cost of service$0.2 $2.1 $0.4 
Sales and marketing0.5 6.1 3.5 
Research and development2.3 5.8 4.1 
General and administrative0.3 2.4 1.1 
Total integration costs and acquisition-related compensation
$3.3 $16.4 $9.0 
(e)Diluted earnings per share is computed by giving effect to all potential weighted average Common Stock, and any securities that are convertible into Common Stock, including options and restricted stock units. The dilutive effect of outstanding awards and convertible securities is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method, excluding deemed repurchases assuming proceeds from unrecognized compensation as required by GAAP. Shares and grants issued in conjunction with the IPO were assumed to be issued at the beginning of the period.
We define Adjusted Operating Income Margin as Adjusted Operating Income divided by the sum of revenue and the impact of fair value adjustments to acquired unearned revenue.
Year Ended December 31,
($ in millions)202220212020
Income (loss) from operations$175.8 $113.3 $37.1 
Adjusted Operating Income$447.8 $306.6 $226.0 
Revenue1,098.0 747.2 476.2 
Impact of fair value adjustments to acquired unearned revenue2.1 4.6 2.6 
Revenue for adjusted operating margin calculation$1,100.1 $751.8 $478.8 
Operating Income Margin16 %15 %8 %
Adjusted Operating Income Margin41 %41 %47 %
Adjusted Operating Income for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $447.8 million and represented an Adjusted Operating Income Margin of 41%. Adjusted Operating Income for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $306.6 million and represented an Adjusted Operating Income Margin of 41%. Growth in Adjusted Operating Income in the year ended December 31, 2022 relative to the year ended December 31, 2021 was an increase of $141.2 million, or 46%, and was driven primarily from the growth in customers and increasing revenue from existing customers. Adjusted Operating Income Margin stayed consistent at 41% in the year ended December 31, 2022 relative to the year ended December 31, 2021 as increased investment in sales and marketing capacity, as well as increased research and development as a percentage of revenue, were offset by operating leverage in cost of service and general and administrative.
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Adjusted EBITDA
EBITDA is defined as earnings before debt-related costs, including interest and loss on debt modification and extinguishment, provision for taxes, depreciation, and amortization. Management further adjusts EBITDA to exclude certain items of a significant or unusual nature, including other (income) expense, net, impact of certain non-cash items, such as fair value adjustments to acquired unearned revenue and equity-based compensation, restructuring and transaction-related expenses, and integration costs and acquisition-related compensation. We exclude these items because these are non-cash expenses or non-cash fair value adjustments, which we do not consider indicative of performance and ongoing cash-generation potential or are episodic in nature and have no direct correlation to the cost of operating our business on an ongoing basis. Adjusted EBITDA is presented because it is used by management to evaluate our financial performance and for planning and forecasting purposes. Additionally, we believe that it and similar measures are widely used by securities analysts and investors as a means of evaluating a company’s operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to cash flows from operating activities as a measure of liquidity or as an alternative to operating income or net income as indicators of operating performance.
The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in millions)202220212020
Net income (loss)$63.2 $94.9 $(36.4)
Add (less): Expense (benefit) from income taxes131.4 6.1 4.7 
Add: Interest expense, net47.6 43.9 69.3 
Add: Loss on debt modification and extinguishment— 7.7 14.9 
Add: Depreciation17.6 13.7 8.9 
Add: Amortization of acquired technology48.2 35.3 23.3 
Add: Amortization of other acquired intangibles22.0 20.3 18.7 
EBITDA$330.0 $222.0 $103.4 
Add (less): Other expense (income), net (a)
(66.4)(39.3)(15.4)
Add: Impact of fair value adjustments to acquired unearned revenue (b)
2.1 4.6 2.6 
Add: Equity-based compensation expense192.3 93.0 121.6 
Add: Restructuring and transaction related expenses (excluding depreciation) (c)
4.1 21.6 13.8 
Add: Integration costs and acquisition-related expenses (d)
3.3 16.4 9.0 
Adjusted EBITDA$465.4 $318.2 $234.8 
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(a)Primarily represents revaluations on tax receivable agreement liability and foreign exchange remeasurement gains and losses.
(b)Represents the impact of fair value adjustments to acquired unearned revenue relating to services billed by an acquired company prior to our acquisition of that company. These adjustments represent the difference between the revenue recognized based on management’s estimate of fair value of acquired unearned revenue and the receipts billed prior to the acquisition less revenue recognized prior to the acquisition.
(c)Represents costs directly associated with acquisition or disposal activities, including employee severance and termination benefits, contract termination fees and penalties, and other exit or disposal costs. For the year ended December 31, 2022, this expense is primarily related to transition and retention payments related to 2021 and 2022 acquisitions. For the year ended December 31, 2021, this expense related primarily to costs incurred related to 2021 acquisitions and impairment charges related to the Company’s Waltham office relocation.
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(d)Represents costs directly associated with integration activities for acquisitions and acquisition-related compensation, which includes transaction bonuses and retention awards. For the year ended December 31, 2022, this expense related to retention awards from the acquisitions of Clickagy, Everstring, and Insent, and professional fees relating to integration projects. For the year ended December 31, 2021, this expense related primarily to retention awards from the acquisitions of Clickagy and Everstring, cash vesting payments from the acquisition of Pre-Acquisition ZI, and professional fees incurred to integrate acquired businesses. Refer to Note 4 - Business Combinations to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information. This expense is included in cost of service, sales and marketing expense, research and development expense, and general and administrative expense as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in millions)202220212020
Cost of service$0.2 $2.1 $0.4 
Sales and marketing0.5 6.13.5
Research and development2.3 5.84.1
General and administrative0.3 2.41.1
Total integration costs and acquisition-related compensation$3.3 $16.4 $9.0 
Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $465.4 million, an increase of $147.2 million, or 46%, relative to the year ended December 31, 2021. This growth was driven primarily from the growth in revenue that resulted from additional customers in 2022 and 2021.
Components of Our Results of Operations
Revenue
We derive 99% of our revenue from subscription services and the remainder from recurring usage-based services and other revenue. Our subscription services consist of our SaaS applications. Pricing of our subscription contracts are generally based on the functionality provided, the number of users that access our applications, and the amount of data that the customer integrates into their systems. Our subscription contracts typically have a term ranging from one to three years and are non-cancelable. We typically bill for services in advance either annually, semi-annually or quarterly, and we typically require payment at the beginning of each annual, semi-annual or quarterly period.
Subscription revenue is generally recognized ratably over the contract term starting with when our service is made available to the customer. Recurring usage-based revenue is recognized in the period services are utilized by our customers. Other revenue, comprised largely of implementation and professional services fees, is recognized as services are delivered. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for these services. We record a contract asset when revenue recognized on a contract exceeds the billings to date for that contract.
Unearned revenue results from cash received or amounts billed to customers in advance of revenue recognized upon the satisfaction of performance obligations. The unearned revenue balance is influenced by several factors, including purchase accounting adjustments, seasonality, the compounding effects of renewals, invoice duration, invoice timing, dollar size, and new business timing within the period. The unearned revenue balance does not represent the total contract value of annual or multi-year, non-cancelable subscription agreements.
Cost of Service
Cost of service, excluding amortization of acquired technology. Cost of service, excluding amortization of acquired technology includes direct expenses related to the support and operations of our SaaS services and related to our research teams, including salaries, benefits, equity-based compensation, and related expenses, such as employer taxes, allocated overhead for facilities, IT, third-party hosting fees, third-party data costs, and amortization of internally developed capitalized software.
We anticipate that we will continue to invest in costs of service and that costs of service as a percentage of revenue will modestly decrease as we realize operating leverage in the business.
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Amortization of acquired technology. Amortization of acquired technology includes amortization expense for technology acquired in business combinations.
We anticipate that amortization of acquired technology will increase if we make additional acquisitions in the future.
Gross Profit and Gross Margin
Gross profit is revenue less cost of service, and gross margin is gross profit as a percentage of revenue. Gross profit has been and will continue to be affected by various factors, including leveraging economies of scale, the costs associated with third-party hosting services and third-party data, the level of amortization of acquired technology, and the extent to which we expand our customer support and research organizations. We expect that our gross margin will fluctuate from period to period depending on the interplay of these various factors.
Operating Expenses
Our operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development, general and administrative, restructuring and transaction expenses, and amortization of acquired intangibles (other than acquired technology). The most significant component of our operating expenses is personnel costs, which consists of salaries, bonuses, sales commissions, equity-based compensation, and other employee-related benefits. Operating expenses also include overhead costs for facilities, technology, professional fees, depreciation and amortization expense, and marketing.
Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of employee compensation such as salaries, bonuses, sales commissions, equity-based compensation, and other employee-related benefits for our sales and marketing teams, as well as overhead costs, technology, and marketing programs. Sales commissions and related payroll taxes directly related to contract acquisition are capitalized and recognized as expenses over the estimated period of benefit.
We anticipate that we will continue to invest in sales and marketing capacity to enable future growth. We anticipate that sales and marketing expense excluding equity-based compensation as a percentage of revenue will fluctuate from period to period depending on the interplay of our growing investments in sales and marketing capacity excluding equity-based compensation, the recognition of revenue, and the amortization of contract acquisition costs.
Research and development. Research and development expenses support our efforts to enhance our existing platform and develop new software products. Research and development expenses primarily consist of employee compensation such as salaries, bonuses, equity-based compensation, and other employee-related benefits for our engineering and product management teams, as well as overhead costs. Research and development expenses do not reflect amortization of internally developed capitalized software. We believe that our core technologies and ongoing innovation represent a significant competitive advantage for us.
We anticipate that we will continue to invest in research and development in order to develop new features and functionality to drive incremental customer value in the future and that research and development expense as a percentage of revenue will modestly increase in the short term, but will modestly decrease in the long term as we drive efficiencies in that organization.
General and administrative. General and administrative expenses primarily consist of employee-related costs such as salaries, bonuses, equity-based compensation, and other employee related benefits for our executive, finance, legal, human resources, IT, and business operations and administrative teams, as well as overhead costs. Additionally, we incur expenses for professional fees including legal services, accounting, and other consulting services, including those associated with operating as a public company.
We expect general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue to modestly decrease as we realize operating leverage in the business.
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Amortization of other acquired intangibles. Amortization of acquired intangibles primarily consists of amortization of customer relationships, trade names, and brand portfolios.
We anticipate that amortization of other acquired intangibles will increase if we make additional acquisitions in the future.
Restructuring and transaction-related expenses. Restructuring and transaction expenses primarily consist of various restructuring and acquisition activities we have undertaken to achieve strategic or financial objectives. Restructuring and acquisition activities include, but are not limited to, consolidation of offices and responsibilities, office relocation, administrative cost structure realignment, and acquisition-related professional services fees.
We anticipate that restructuring and transaction expenses will be correlated with future acquisition activity or strategic restructuring activities, which could be greater than or less than our historic levels.
Interest Expense, Net
Interest expense represents the interest payable on our debt obligations and the amortization of debt discounts and debt issuance costs, less interest income.
We anticipate that interest expense could be impacted by changes in variable interest rates or the issuance of additional debt.
Loss on Debt Modification and Extinguishment
Loss on debt modification and extinguishment consists of prepayment penalties and impairment of deferred financing costs associated with the modification or extinguishment of debt, as well as new fees incurred with third parties in connection with debt modifications.
We anticipate that losses related to debt extinguishment will only occur if we extinguish indebtedness before the contractual repayment dates.
Other (Income) Expense, Net
Other (income) expense, net consists primarily of the revaluation of tax receivable agreement liabilities and foreign currency realized and unrealized gains and losses related to the impact of transactions denominated in a foreign currency.
Changes to existing tax law including changes to the corporate income tax rates and the Company’s state tax footprint could lead to substantial revaluations of the tax receivable agreement liability recorded through other income and expense, net.
The magnitude of other income and expenses, net may increase as we expand operations internationally and add complexity to our operations.
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Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
ZoomInfo OpCo is currently treated as a pass-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes and most applicable state and local income tax purposes. Income tax expense (benefit), Deferred tax assets, Deferred tax liabilities, and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid by our corporate subsidiaries and, to the extent paid directly by our limited liability companies and partnerships that are treated as partnerships for tax purposes, our partnerships. Our corporate subsidiary, RKSI Acquisition Corporation was subject to income taxes in the United States and held a noncontrolling interests in our subsidiary, ZoomInfo Technologies LLC. ZoomInfo Technologies LLC was treated as a partnership for U.S. federal and most applicable state and local income tax purposes. Any taxable income or loss generated by ZoomInfo Technologies LLC is passed through to and included in the taxable income or loss of its partners, including ZoomInfo LLC, and previously RKSI Acquisition Corporation. However, because RKSI Acquisition Corporation was subject to income taxes in the United States, income allocated to such corporate subsidiary for tax purposes reduced the taxable income allocated to and distributions made to ZoomInfo OpCo. During the three months ended September 30, 2021, RKSI Acquisition Corporation was distributed up to ZoomInfo HoldCo followed by the merger of RKSI Acquisition Corporation with and into ZoomInfo HoldCo and the merger of ZoomInfo HoldCo with and into ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining our consolidated income tax expense. Refer to Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information. During 2021 ZoomInfo Technologies LLC made an election to be taxed as a corporation. Therefore, taxable income from the operations will no longer flow up to ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc.
After consummation of the Reorganization Transactions, ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. became subject to U.S. federal income taxes with respect to its allocable share of any U.S. taxable income of ZoomInfo OpCo, and is taxed at the prevailing corporate tax rates. ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. is treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal, state, and local income tax purposes. Accordingly, a provision for income taxes will be recorded for the anticipated tax consequences of our reported results of operations for federal income taxes. In addition to tax expenses, we also will incur expenses related to our operations, as well as payments under the tax receivable agreements, which we expect to be significant. In addition, because RKSI Acquisition Corporation (prior to its merger with and into ZoomInfo HoldCo) and Zebra Acquisition Corporation (prior to its merger with RKSI Acquisition Corporation) was subject to income taxes in the United States, income allocated to such corporate subsidiaries for tax purposes reduced the distributions made to ZoomInfo OpCo, thereby partially reducing our share of U.S. taxable income of ZoomInfo OpCo in 2021. See “Risk Factors - Organizational Structure Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.
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Results of Operations
The following table presents our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in millions)202220212020
Revenue$1,098.0 $747.2 $476.2 
Cost of service:
Cost of service(1)
140.2 101.4 84.2 
Amortization of acquired technology48.2 35.3 23.3 
Gross profit909.6 610.5 368.7 
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing(1)
379.3 241.1 184.9 
Research and development(1)
205.2 119.7 51.4 
General and administrative(1)
123.2 92.4 62.8 
Amortization of other acquired intangibles22.0 20.3 18.7 
Restructuring and transaction-related expenses4.1 23.7 13.8 
Total operating expenses733.8 497.2 331.6 
Income (loss) from operations175.8 113.3 37.1 
Interest expense, net47.6 43.9 69.3
Loss on debt modification and extinguishment— 7.7 14.9 
Other (income) expense, net(66.4)(39.3)(15.4)
Income (loss) before income taxes194.6 101.0 (31.7)
Income tax expense (benefit)131.4 6.1 4.7 
Net income (loss)63.2 94.9 (36.4)
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to ZoomInfo OpCo prior to the Reorganization Transactions— — (5.1)
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests— (21.9)(27.3)
Net income (loss) attributable to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.$63.2 $116.8 $(4.0)
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(1)Includes equity-based compensation expense as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in millions)202220212020
Cost of service$20.2 $13.2 $27.4 
Sales and marketing80.4 38.2 62.6 
Research and development65.7 24.3 13.6 
General and administrative26.0 17.3 18.0 
Total equity-based compensation expense$192.3 $93.0 $121.6 
Year Ended December 31, 2022 and Year Ended December 31, 2021
Revenue. Revenue was $1,098.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $350.8 million, or 47%, as compared to $747.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase was primarily due to the addition of new customers over the past 12 months and net expansion with existing customers. Revenue from acquired products in the first 12 months post-acquisition contributed $44.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
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Cost of service. Cost of service was $188.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $51.7 million, or 38%, as compared to $136.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to additional headcount and related salaries and benefits expenses, increased hosting expense to support new and growing customers, increased amortization of acquired technology related to recent acquisitions, and increased equity-based compensation expense.
Operating Expenses. Operating expenses were $733.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $236.6 million, or 48%, as compared to $497.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Excluding equity-based compensation expenses, operating expenses were $561.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $144.3 million, or 35%, as compared to $417.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase excluding equity-based compensation was primarily due to:
•an increase in sales and marketing expense (excluding equity-based compensation) of $96.0 million, or 47%, to $298.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due primarily to additional headcount and related salaries and benefits expenses added to drive continued incremental sales and support acquired products, additional commission expense and amortization of deferred commissions related to obtaining contracts with customers, and advertising expense;
•an increase in research and development expense (excluding equity-based compensation) of $44.1 million, or 46%, to $139.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due primarily to additional headcount and related salaries and benefits expenses to support continued innovation of our services and acquired products;
•an increase in general and administrative expense (excluding equity-based compensation) of $22.0 million, or 29%, to $97.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due primarily to additional headcount and related salaries and benefits expenses to support the larger organization;
•an increase in amortization of acquired intangibles expense of $1.7 million, or 9%, to $22.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to amortization expense related to intangible assets from 2021 and 2022 acquisitions; and
•restructuring and transaction-related expense of $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primary due to transition and retention payments and other costs incurred related to 2021 and 2022 acquisitions. This represented a decrease of $19.6 million, or 83%, as compared to expense of $23.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which largely represented costs incurred related to 2021 acquisitions and impairment and accelerated depreciation related to the Company’s Waltham office relocation.
Equity-based Compensation Expense. Equity-based compensation expense was $192.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $99.3 million, or 107%, as compared to $93.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to increased headcount.
Other (income) expense, net. Other income was $66.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $27.2 million, as compared to Other income of $39.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to a TRA remeasurement gain recognized in 2022.
Interest expense, net. Interest expense, net was $47.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $3.7 million, or 8%, as compared to $43.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to increases in the amount of total debt, attributable to the July 2021 issuances of Senior Notes and additional first lien principal.
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Income tax expense (benefit). The Company is subject to income taxes in the United States and various foreign jurisdictions. Expense from income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $131.4 million, representing an effective tax rate of 67.5%, as compared to expense from income taxes of $6.1 million, representing an effective tax rate of 6.1% for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our effective tax rate for year ended December 31, 2022 exceeded the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the remeasurement of state deferred tax assets based on various state tax laws passed in 2022 and changes in our expectations for future apportionment of income between states, as well the impact of certain stock-based compensation being non-deductible for tax purposes.The effective tax rate for year ended December 31, 2021 was lower than the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to a benefit from the election to tax ZoomInfo Technologies LLC as a corporation partially offset by non-cash tax expense due to shifts in GAAP basis.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2022, we had $418.0 million of cash and cash equivalents, $127.7 million of short-term investments, and $250.0 million available under our first lien revolving credit facility. We have financed our operations primarily through cash generated from operations and financed various acquisitions through cash generated from operations supplemented with debt offerings.
We believe that our cash flows from operations and existing available cash and cash equivalents, together with our other available external financing sources, will be adequate to fund our operating and capital needs for at least the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future. We are currently in compliance with the covenants under the credit agreements governing our secured credit facilities, and we expect to remain in compliance with our covenants.
We generally invoice our subscription customers annually, semi-annually, or quarterly in advance of our subscription services. Therefore, a substantial source of our cash is from such prepayments, which are included on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as unearned revenue. Unearned revenue consists of billed fees for our subscriptions, prior to satisfying the criteria for revenue recognition, which are subsequently recognized as revenue in accordance with our revenue recognition policy. As of December 31, 2022, we had unearned revenue of $419.9 million, of which $416.8 million was recorded as a current liability and is expected to be recorded as revenue in the next 12 months, provided all other revenue recognition criteria have been met.
After the consummation of the Reorganization Transactions, ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. (formerly known as ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.) became a holding company with no material assets other than its ownership of HoldCo Units, and ZoomInfo HoldCo became a holding company with no material assets other than its ownership of ZoomInfo OpCo Units. During the quarter ended September 30, 2021, ZoomInfo HoldCo was merged with and into ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. During the quarter ended December 31, 2021, ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. became a wholly owned subsidiary of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. and ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. have no independent means of generating revenue. In the event ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. declares any cash dividend, we expect that ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. to cause ZoomInfo MidCo LLC to make distributions to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. in part through distributions to ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. and ZoomInfo OpCo, in an amount sufficient to cover such cash dividends declared by us. Deterioration in the financial condition, earnings, or cash flow of ZoomInfo MidCo LLC and its subsidiaries for any reason could limit or impair their ability to pay such distributions. In addition, the terms of our financing arrangements contain covenants that may restrict ZoomInfo MidCo LLC and its subsidiaries from paying such distributions, subject to certain exceptions. Further, ZoomInfo MidCo LLC is generally prohibited under Delaware law from making a distribution to a member to the extent that, at the time of the distribution, after giving effect to the distribution, liabilities of ZoomInfo MidCo LLC (with certain exceptions), as applicable, exceed the fair value of its assets. Subsidiaries of ZoomInfo MidCo LLC are generally subject to similar legal limitations on their ability to make distributions to ZoomInfo MidCo LLC. See “Risk Factors - Organizational Structure Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Our cash flows from operations, borrowing availability, and overall liquidity are subject to risks and uncertainties. We may not be able to obtain additional liquidity on reasonable terms, or at all. In addition, our liquidity and our ability to meet our obligations and to fund our capital requirements are dependent on our future financial performance, which is subject to general economic, financial, and other factors that are beyond our control. Accordingly, our business may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations and future borrowings may not be available from additional indebtedness or otherwise to meet our liquidity needs. If we decide to pursue one or more significant acquisitions, we may incur additional debt or sell additional equity to finance such acquisitions, which would result in additional expenses or dilution. See “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Historical Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in millions)202220212020
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities$417.0 $299.4 $169.6 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(281.1)(695.8)(113.3)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(25.9)439.5 172.2 
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash$110.0 $43.1 $228.5 
Cash Flows from (used in) Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operations was $417.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as a result of net income of $63.2 million, adjusted by non-cash charges of $412.6 million and the change in our operating assets net of operating liabilities of $58.8 million. The non-cash charges are primarily comprised of equity-based compensation of $192.3 million, a decrease in deferred tax assets net of deferred tax liabilities of $123.3 million, depreciation and amortization of $87.8 million, and amortization of deferred commission costs of $65.9 million, partially offset by tax receivable agreement remeasurement of $65.6 million. The change in operating assets net of operating liabilities was primarily the result of an increase in deferred costs and other assets of $81.9 million, an increase in accounts receivable of $39.3 million, and an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $8.0 million, partially offset by an increase in unearned revenue of $48.8 million, an increase in accounts payable of $19.5 million, and an increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $2.8 million.
Net cash provided by operations was $299.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as a result of a net income of $94.9 million, adjusted by non-cash charges of $167.6 million and a change in our operating assets net of operating liabilities of $36.9 million. The non-cash charges are primarily comprised of equity-based compensation of $93.0 million, depreciation and amortization of $69.3 million, amortization of deferred commissions cost of $41.7 million, partially offset by tax receivable agreement measurement of $39.5 million and deferred income taxes of $14.5 million. The change in operating assets net of operating liabilities was primarily the result of an increase in unearned revenue of $131.4 million, and an increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $32.5 million, largely offset by an increase in accounts receivable of $66.1 million, and an increase in deferred costs and other assets of $53.4 million.
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Restructuring and transaction-related cash costs for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily related to transaction costs related to 2021 and 2022 acquisitions transaction costs and tax payments related to entity conversions, which are not expected to recur. However, we may continue to make future acquisitions as part of our business strategy which may require the use of capital resources and drive additional future restructuring and transaction-related cash expenditures as well as integration and acquisition-related compensation cash costs. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we incurred the following cash expenditures:
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)202220212020
Cash interest expense$50.0 $33.3 $66.5 
Restructuring and transaction-related expenses paid in cash(a)
$14.6 $24.2 $13.1 
Integration costs and acquisition-related compensation paid in cash(b)
$3.7 $13.7 $11.3 
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(a)Represents cash payments directly associated with acquisition or disposal activities, including employee severance and termination benefits, contract termination fees and penalties, and other exit or disposal costs. For the year ended December 31, 2022, these payments related primarily to transition bonuses paid related to 2021 and 2022 acquisitions offset by payment received for the Waltham sublease termination. For the year ended December 31, 2021, these payments related primarily to transaction costs related to 2021 acquisitions and tax payments related to entity conversions.
(b)Represents cash payments directly associated with integration activities for acquisitions and acquisition-related compensation, which includes transaction bonuses and retention awards. For the year ended December 31, 2022, these payments related to retention awards from the acquisitions of Clickagy, Everstring, and Insent, and professional fees relating to integration projects. For the year ended December 31, 2021, these payments related primarily to retention awards from the acquisitions of Clickagy and Everstring, cash vesting payments from the acquisition of Pre-Acquisition ZI, as well as professional fees related to 2021 acquisitions. Refer to Note 4 - Business Combinations – Business Combinations to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K), and transaction bonuses and other compensation, as well as payments of retention awards granted upon the Company’s acquisitions.
Future demands on our capital resources associated with our debt facilities may also be impacted by changes in reference interest rates and the potential that we incur additional debt in order to fund additional acquisitions or for other corporate purposes. Future demands on our capital resources associated with transaction expenses and restructuring activities and integration costs and transaction-related compensation will be dependent on the frequency and magnitude of future acquisitions and restructuring and integration activities that we pursue. As part of our business strategy, we expect to continue to pursue acquisitions of, or investments in, complementary businesses from time to time; however, we cannot predict the magnitude or frequency of such acquisitions or investments.
Cash Flows from (used in) Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $281.1 million, consisting of cash paid for acquisitions of $143.7 million, purchases of short-term investments of $139.3 million, and purchases of property and equipment and other assets of $28.9 million, partially offset by maturities of short-term investments of $30.8 million.
Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $695.8 million, consisting of cash paid for acquisitions of $684.2 million, purchases of short-term investments of $119.8 million, and purchases of property and equipment and other assets of $23.6 million partially offset by proceeds from sales of short-term investments of $70.5 million, and maturities of short-term investments of $61.3 million.
As we continue to grow and invest in our business, we expect to continue to invest in property and equipment and opportunistically pursue acquisitions.
Cash Flows from (used in) Financing Activities
Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $25.9 million, primarily comprised of taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards of $17.4 million, payments related to our tax receivable agreements of $12.2 million, payments of deferred consideration of $1.1 million, payments of issuance fees from prior transactions of $0.7 million, partially offset by proceeds from issuance of common stock under the employee purchase plan of $4.2 million, and proceeds from exercise of stock options of $1.3 million.
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Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $439.5 million, primarily comprised of proceeds from debt of $1,071.8 million, partially offset by payments on long-term debt of $581.4 million, tax distributions to equity partners of $19.9 million, payments of debt issuance and modification costs of $11.6 million, and taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards of $10.4 million.
Refer to Note 8 - Financing Arrangements of our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information related to each of our borrowings.
Debt Obligations
As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate remaining balance of $600.0 million of first lien term loans is due, in its entirety, at the contractual maturity date of February 1, 2026. As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate remaining balance of $650.0 million of 3.875% Senior Notes is due, in its entirety, at the contractual maturity date of February 1, 2029. Interest on the Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears beginning on August 1, 2021. The foregoing currently represent the only existing required future debt principal repayment obligations that will require future uses of the Company’s cash.
The first lien term debt has a variable interest rate whereby the Company can elect to use a Base Rate or SOFR plus an applicable rate. The applicable rate is 2.00% for Base Rate loans or 3.00% for SOFR loans, plus a credit spread adjustment of 0.1%, depending on the Company’s leverage. The first lien revolving debt has a variable interest rate whereby the Company can elect to use a Base Rate or SOFR plus an applicable rate. The applicable margin is 1.00% to 1.25% for Base Rate loans or 2.00% to 2.25% for SOFR Based Loans, depending on the Company’s leverage. The effective interest rate on the first lien debt was 7.38% and 3.41% as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
Our total net leverage ratio to Adjusted EBITDA is defined as total contractual maturity of outstanding indebtedness less cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term investments, divided by trailing twelve months Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA for the 12 months ended December 31, 2022 was $465.4 million. Our total net leverage ratio to Adjusted EBITDA as of December 31, 2022 was 1.5x.
($ in millions, except leverage ratios)
Total contractual maturity of outstanding indebtedness$1,250.0 
Less: Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term investments551.8 
Net Debt$698.2 
Trailing Twelve Months (TTM) Adjusted EBITDA$465.4 
Total net leverage ratio to Adjusted EBITDA
1.5x
Our consolidated first lien net leverage ratio is defined in the agreement governing our existing first lien credit facilities (the “First Lien Credit Agreement”) as total contractual maturity of outstanding First Lien indebtedness less cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, divided by trailing twelve months Cash EBITDA (defined as Consolidated EBITDA in our Credit Agreements). Cash EBITDA differs from Adjusted EBITDA due to certain defined add-backs, including cash generated from changes in unearned revenue; see table below for reconciliation. Cash EBITDA for the 12 months ended December 31, 2022 was $519.1 million. Our consolidated first lien net leverage ratio as of December 31, 2022 was 0.1x.
($ in millions, except leverage ratios)
Total contractual maturity of First Lien indebtedness$600.0 
Less: Cash and cash equivalents, and short-term investments545.7 
Net Debt$54.3 
Trailing Twelve Months (TTM) Cash EBITDA$519.1 
Consolidated first lien net leverage ratio
0.1x
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Our total net leverage ratio to Cash EBITDA (defined as Consolidated EBITDA in our Credit Agreements) is defined as total contractual maturity of outstanding indebtedness less cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term investments, divided by trailing twelve months Cash EBITDA. Cash EBITDA for the 12 months ended December 31, 2022 was $519.1 million. Our total net leverage ratio to Cash EBITDA as of December 31, 2022 was 1.3x.
($ in millions, except leverage ratios)
Total contractual maturity of outstanding indebtedness$1,250.0 
Less: Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term investments551.8 
Net Debt$698.2 
Trailing Twelve Months (TTM) Cash EBITDA$519.1 
Total net leverage ratio to Cash EBITDA
1.3x
Trailing Twelve Months as of
(in millions)December 31, 2022
Net income (loss)$63.2 
Add (less): Expense (benefit) from income taxes131.4 
Add: Interest expense, net47.6 
Add: Loss on debt modification and extinguishment— 
Add: Depreciation17.6 
Add: Amortization of acquired technology48.2 
Add: Amortization of other acquired intangibles22.0 
EBITDA330.0 
Add (less): Other expense (income), net (a)
(66.4)
Add: Impact of fair value adjustments to acquired unearned revenue(b)
2.1 
Add: Equity-based compensation expense192.3 
Add: Restructuring and transaction related expenses (excluding depreciation)(c)
4.1 
Add: Integration costs and acquisition-related expenses(d)
3.3 
Adjusted EBITDA465.4 
Add: Unearned revenue adjustment46.7 
Add: Pro forma cost savings— 
Add (less): Cash rent adjustment1.5 
Add (less): Pre-Acquisition EBITDA1.4 
Add (less): Other lender adjustments4.0 
Cash EBITDA$519.1 
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(a)Primarily represents revaluations on tax receivable agreement liability and foreign exchange remeasurement gains and losses.
(b)Represents the impact of fair value adjustments to acquired unearned revenue relating to services billed by an acquired company prior to our acquisition of that company. These adjustments represent the difference between the revenue recognized based on management’s estimate of fair value of acquired unearned revenue and the receipts billed prior to the acquisition less revenue recognized prior to the acquisition.
(c)Represents costs directly associated with acquisition or disposal activities, including employee severance and termination benefits, contract termination fees and penalties, and other exit or disposal costs. For the year ended December 31, 2022, this expense is primarily related to transition and retention payments related to 2021 and 2022 acquisitions.
(d)Represents costs directly associated with integration activities for acquisitions and acquisition-related compensation, which includes transaction bonuses and retention awards. For the year ended December 31, 2022, this expense is primarily related to transition and
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retention payments related to 2021 and 2022 acquisitions. This expense is included in cost of service, sales and marketing expense, research and development expense, and general and administrative expense as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)2022
Cost of service$0.2 
Sales and marketing0.5 
Research and development2.3 
General and administrative0.3 
Total integration costs and acquisition-related compensation$3.3 
In addition, the credit agreement governing our first lien term loan contains restrictive covenants that may limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interest. These restrictive covenants include, among others, limitations on our ability to pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, capital stock, prepay, redeem, or repurchase certain debt, make acquisitions, investments, loans, and advances, or sell or otherwise dispose of assets. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of substantially all of our debt. The Company may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. The terms of the credit agreements governing our first lien term loan limit, but do not prohibit, the Company from incurring additional indebtedness, and the additional indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. These restrictions will also not prevent the Company from incurring obligations that do not constitute “Indebtedness” as defined in the agreements governing our indebtedness.
Capital Expenditures
Capital expenditures increased by $5.3 million, or 22%, to $28.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase reflects increased capital expenditures to support the larger company and greater capitalization of internal development costs.

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Tax Receivable Agreements
We have entered into two tax receivable agreements. We entered into (i) the Exchange Tax Receivable Agreement with certain of our Pre-IPO OpCo Unitholders and (ii) the Reorganization Tax Receivable Agreement with the Pre-IPO Blocker Holders. These tax receivable agreements provide for the payment by members of the ZoomInfo Tax Group to such Pre-IPO Owners and certain Pre-IPO HoldCo Unitholders of 85% of the benefits, if any, that the ZoomInfo Tax Group is deemed to realize (calculated using certain assumptions) as a result of certain tax attributes and benefits covered by the tax receivable agreements. The Exchange Tax Receivable Agreement provides for the payment by members of the ZoomInfo Tax Group to certain Pre-IPO OpCo Unitholders and certain Pre-IPO HoldCo Unitholders of 85% of the benefits, if any, that the ZoomInfo Tax Group is deemed to realize (calculated using certain assumptions) as a result of (i) the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in the IPO and (ii) increases in the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis and tax basis adjustments that will increase the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of the ZoomInfo Tax Group as a result of sales or exchanges of OpCo Units for shares of Common Stock after the IPO, and certain other tax benefits, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the Exchange Tax Receivable Agreement. The Reorganization Tax Receivable Agreement provides for the payment by ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. to Pre-IPO Blocker Holders and certain Pre-IPO HoldCo Unitholders of 85% of the benefits, if any, that the ZoomInfo Tax Group is deemed to realize (calculated using certain assumptions) as a result of the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s utilization of certain tax attributes of the Blocker Companies (including the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in the Reorganization Transactions), and certain other tax benefits, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the Reorganization Tax Receivable Agreement. In each case, these increases in existing tax basis and tax basis adjustments generated over time may increase (for tax purposes) the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s depreciation and amortization deductions and, therefore, may reduce the amount of tax that the ZoomInfo Tax Group would otherwise be required to pay in the future, although the IRS may challenge all or part of the validity of that tax basis, and a court could sustain such a challenge.
The ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in the IPO and the increase in the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis and the tax basis adjustments upon exchanges of OpCo Units for shares of Common Stock may also decrease gains (or increase losses) on future dispositions of certain capital assets to the extent tax basis is allocated to those capital assets. The payment obligations under the tax receivable agreements are an obligation of members of the ZoomInfo Tax group, but not of ZoomInfo OpCo. The ZoomInfo Tax Group expects to benefit from the remaining 15% of realized cash tax benefits.
For purposes of the tax receivable agreements, the realized cash tax benefits will be computed by comparing the actual income tax liability of the ZoomInfo Tax Group (calculated with certain assumptions) to the amount of such taxes that the ZoomInfo Tax Group would have been required to pay had there been no existing tax basis, no anticipated tax basis adjustments of the assets of the ZoomInfo Tax Group as a result of exchanges and no utilization of certain tax attributes of the Blocker Companies (including the Blocker Companies’ allocable share of existing tax basis), and had ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. not entered into the tax receivable agreements. The term of each tax receivable agreement will continue until all such tax benefits have been utilized or expired, unless (i) ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. exercises its right to terminate one or both tax receivable agreements for an amount based on the agreed payments remaining to be made under the agreement, (ii) ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. breaches any of its material obligations under one or both tax receivable agreements in which case all obligations (including any additional interest due relating to any deferred payments) generally will be accelerated and due as if ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. had exercised its right to terminate the tax receivable agreements, or (iii) there is a change of control of ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc., in which case the Pre-IPO Owners may elect to receive an amount based on the agreed payments remaining to be made under the agreement determined as described above in clause (i). Estimating the amount of payments that may be made under the tax receivable agreements is by its nature imprecise, insofar as the calculation of amounts payable depends on a variety of factors. The amount of existing tax basis and the anticipated tax basis adjustments, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the tax receivable agreements, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including our blended federal and state tax rate and the amount and timing of our income.
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We expect that as a result of the size of the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in the IPO, the increase in the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis and the tax basis adjustment of the tangible and intangible assets of the ZoomInfo Tax Group upon the exchange of OpCo Units for shares of Common Stock and our possible utilization of certain tax attributes, the payments that ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. may make under the tax receivable agreements will be substantial. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had a liability of $2,978.7 million related to its projected obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreements in connection with the Reorganization Transactions and OpCo Units. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we paid a total of $12.2 million pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreements. There were no payments in the year ended December 31, 2021. The payments under the tax receivable agreements are not conditioned upon continued ownership of us by the exchanging holders of OpCo Units. Refer to Note 18 - Tax Receivable Agreements to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
The following table summarizes our material contractual obligations as of December 31, 2022 and the years in which these obligations are due:
Payments due by Period
(in millions)TotalLess than one yearOne to three yearsThree to five yearsGreater than five years
Long-term indebtedness(1)
$1,250.0 $— $— $600.0 $650.0 
Operating leases(2)
104.4 14.2 22.3 15.2 52.7 
Deferred consideration and employee compensation(3)
6.7 3.3 3.4 — — 
Purchase obligations(4)
112.0 43.6 67.7 0.7 — 
Total contractual obligations$1,473.1 $61.1 $93.4 $615.9 $702.7 
__________________
(1)Includes future principal payments on long-term indebtedness through the scheduled maturity dates thereof. Indebtedness is discussed in Note 8 - Financing Arrangements to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Interest incurred on amounts we borrow is based on relative borrowing levels, fluctuations in the variable interest rates, and the spread we pay over those interest rates. As such, we are unable to quantify our future obligations relating to interest and therefore no amounts have been included in the above table.
(2)Represents future payments on existing operating leases through the scheduled expiration dates thereof. This amount excludes executed lease agreements that commence after December 31, 2022.
(3)Includes deferred consideration and employee compensation related to the Insent and Dogpatch acquisitions at the currently estimated payout amounts, undiscounted. Acquisitions and related deferred consideration are discussed in Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Estimated contingent consideration is subject to change depending on results of factors each arrangement is based on.
(4)Primarily relates to third-party cloud hosting and software as a service arrangements.
The amounts included in the table above represent agreements that are enforceable and legally binding; any obligations under contracts that we can cancel without significant penalty are not included here. The ultimate timing of these liabilities cannot be determined; therefore, we have excluded these amounts from the contractual obligations table above. Purchase orders issued in the ordinary course of business are not included in the table above as they represent authorizations to purchase the items rather than binding agreements. However, if such claims arise in the future, they could have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
The payments that we may be required to make under the tax receivable agreements that we entered into may be significant and are not reflected in the contractual obligations tables set forth above, as we are currently unable to estimate the amounts and timing of the payments that may be due thereunder.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Our critical accounting policies are those that we believe have the most significant impact to the presentation of our financial position and results of operations and that require the most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a transaction is specifically dictated by U.S. GAAP with no need for the application of judgment.
In certain circumstances, however, the preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make certain estimates, judgments, and assumptions that effect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.
While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K, we believe the following topics reflect our critical accounting policies and our more significant judgment and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.
Revenue Recognition
We derive revenue primarily from subscription services. Our subscription services consist of our SaaS applications and related access to our databases. Subscription contracts are generally based on the number of users that access our applications, the level of functionality that they can access, and the amount of data that a customer integrates with their systems. Our subscriptions contracts typically have a term of one to three years and are non-cancelable. We typically bill for services annually, semi-annually, or quarterly in advance of delivery.
We account for revenue contracts with customers using the following steps: (i) identification of contracts with customers, (ii) identification of distinct performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determination of contract transaction price, (iv) allocation of contract transaction price to the performance obligations, and (v) determination of revenue recognition based on the timing of satisfaction of the performance obligation(s).
We recognize revenue for subscription contracts on a ratable basis over the contract term based on the number of calendar days in each period, beginning on the date that our service is made available to the customer. Unearned revenue results from revenue amounts billed to customers in advance or cash received from customers in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations.
Business Combinations
We allocate the purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. The purchase price is determined based on the fair value of the assets transferred, liabilities assumed, and equity interests issued, after considering any transactions that are separate for the business combination. The excess of fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets and contingent liabilities. Significant estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows from acquired customer bases, acquired technology and acquired trade names, useful lives, royalty rates, and discount rates.
The estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement during the measurement period for an acquisition, which may last up to one year from the acquisition date. During the measurement period, we may record adjustments to the fair value of tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with a corresponding offset to goodwill. After the conclusion of the measurement period or the final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to earnings.
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In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances assumed in connection with a business combination are initially estimated as of the acquisition date. We re-evaluate these items based upon the facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date, with any adjustments to our preliminary estimates being recorded to goodwill, provided that the timing is within the measurement period. Subsequent to the measurement period, changes to uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances will be recorded to earnings.
Tax Receivable Agreements
In connection with our IPO, we entered into two Tax Receivable Agreements with certain non-controlling interest owners (the “TRA Holders”). The TRAs generally provide for payment by the Company to the TRA Holders of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that the Company actually realizes or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances. The Company will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of these net cash savings.
We account for amounts payable under the TRA in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 450, Contingencies. As such, subsequent changes to the measurement of the TRA liability are recognized in the statements of income as a component of other income (expense), net. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had a liability of $2,978.7 million related to its projected obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreements in connection with the Reorganization Transactions and OpCo units exchanged. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a TRA remeasurement gain of $65.6 million. Refer to Note 18 - Tax Receivable Agreements to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further details on the TRA liability.
Income Taxes
Deferred taxes are recorded using the asset and liability method, whereby tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We regularly evaluate the valuation allowances established for deferred tax assets for which future realization is uncertain. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider both positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax assets and liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and results of recent operations. If, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recorded.
ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. is a corporation and is subject to U.S. federal as well as state income tax related to its ownership percentage in ZoomInfo Holdings LLC. ZoomInfo Holdings LLC is a limited liability company treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and files a U.S. Return of Partnership Income. Consequently, the members of ZoomInfo Holdings are taxed individually on their share of earnings for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. During the quarter ended December 31, 2021, our operating entity, ZoomInfo Technologies LLC, made an election to be taxed as a corporation for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. As a result, taxable income from our operations is no longer expected to flow up to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. ZoomInfo Technologies LLC is subject to the Texas Margins Tax. Additionally, our operations in Canada, India, Israel, and the U.K. are subject to local country income taxes. Refer to Note 19 - Income Taxes to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding income taxes.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Refer to Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements.
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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We have operations in the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risk in the ordinary course of business.
Inflation
We do not believe that inflation has had a material direct effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be impacted by macroeconomic conditions, including underlying factors such as inflation. See “Risk Factors - Geopolitical Risks” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of the possible impact of these issues on our business. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset higher costs through price increases and our inability or failure to do so could potentially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Interest Rate Risk
Our operating results are subject to market risk from interest rate fluctuations on our first lien term loan, which bears a variable interest rate based on SOFR. As of December 31, 2022, the total principal balance outstanding was $600.0 million. We have implemented a hedging strategy to mitigate the interest rate risk by entering into certain derivative instruments (refer to Note 8 - Financing Arrangements to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K). Based on the outstanding balances and interest rates of our debt as of December 31, 2022, a hypothetical relative increase or decrease in our effective interest rate by 100 basis points or 1% would have caused an immaterial corresponding change over the next 12 months.
Additionally, from time to time, we have dedesignated certain cash flow hedging relationships due to repricing of the terms and partial prepayment of the outstanding principal of our first lien term loan since loan inception. As of December 31, 2022, all cash flow hedging relationships are designated as accounting hedges.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
To date, our sales contracts have primarily been denominated in U.S. dollars. We have foreign entities established in Israel, Canada, United Kingdom, India and Australia. The functional currency of these foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. A stronger U.S. dollar could make our solution more expensive outside the United States and therefore reduce demand, while a weaker U.S. dollar could have the opposite effect. Such economic exposure to currency fluctuations is difficult to measure or predict because our sales are influenced by many factors in addition to the impact of currency fluctuations. Monetary assets and liabilities of the foreign subsidiaries are re-measured into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the reporting date, non-monetary assets and liabilities are re-measured at historical rates, and revenue and expenses are re-measured at average exchange rates in effect during each reporting period. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are recorded to non-operating income (loss). As the impact of foreign currency exchange rates has not been material to our historical results of operations, we have not entered into derivative or hedging transactions, but we may do so in the future if our exposure to foreign currency becomes more significant.
Credit Risk
Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, and trade and other receivables. We hold cash with reputable financial institutions that often exceed federally insured limits. We manage our credit risk by concentrating our cash deposits with high-quality financial institutions and periodically evaluating the credit quality of those institutions. The carrying value of cash approximates fair value. Our investment portfolio is comprised of highly rated securities with a weighted-average maturity of less than 12 months in accordance with our investment policy which seeks to preserve principal and maintain a high degree of liquidity.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.:
Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operation, comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
The Company acquired Comparably, Inc. and Dogpatch Advisors, LLC during 2022, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, Comparably, Inc. and Dogpatch Advisors, LLC’s internal control over financial reporting associated with total assets (excluding gooodwill and intangible assets which were included in management’s assertion of internal control over financial reporting) representing less than 1% and less than 1% of revenue included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Comparably, Inc. and Dogpatch Advisors, LLC.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
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Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Evaluation of the realizability of deferred tax assets
As discussed in Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements, at December 31, 2022, the Company had deferred tax assets of $4,083.2 million. These deferred tax assets consist primarily of $3,750.8 million of deductible temporary differences related to intangibles. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets to the extent it is more likely than not that the assets will be realized. The Company considered positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and recent results of operations.
We identified the evaluation of the realizability of deferred tax assets as a critical audit matter. The evaluation of the realizability of deferred tax assets required subjective auditor judgment to assess the projections of future taxable income, specifically projected revenue growth rates, over the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible.
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The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, including controls related to the Company’s evaluation of projected revenue growth rates used in the projections of future taxable income. We evaluated the Company’s projected revenue growth rates used to project future taxable income by comparing them to (1) historical and projected growth rates of peer entities, and (2) historical growth rates of the Company. We performed a sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of reasonably possible changes in the projected future taxable income, including changes to projected revenue growth rates, on the Company’s determination of the realizability of deferred tax assets.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019.
Portland, Oregon
February 16, 2023
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ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in millions, except share data)
December 31,
20222021
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$418.0 $308.3 
Short-term investments127.7 18.4 
Accounts receivable222.9 187.0 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets57.8 27.1 
Income tax receivable5.6 4.9 
Total current assets832.0 545.7 
Restricted cash, non-current6.1 5.8 
Property and equipment, net52.1 41.7 
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net63.0 59.8 
Intangible assets, net395.6 431.0 
Goodwill1,692.7 1,575.1 
Deferred tax assets3,977.9 4,116.0 
Deferred costs and other assets, net of current portion117.0 77.8 
Total assets$7,136.4 $6,852.9 
Liabilities and Permanent Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable$35.6 $15.9 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities104.1 103.3 
Unearned revenue, current portion416.8 361.5 
Income taxes payable5.9 8.4 
Current portion of tax receivable agreements liability— 10.4 
Current portion of operating lease liabilities10.3 8.1 
Total current liabilities572.7 507.6 
Unearned revenue, net of current portion3.1 2.7 
Tax receivable agreements liability, net of current portion2,978.7 3,046.0 
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion67.9 61.5 
Long-term debt, net of current portion1,235.7 1,232.9 
Deferred tax liabilities1.0 1.5 
Other long-term liabilities5.5 2.8 
Total liabilities4,864.6 4,855.0 
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 11)
Permanent Equity
Common stock, par value $0.01; 3,300,000,000 shares authorized, 404,067,273 and 403,315,989 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively*
4.0 4.0 
Preferred stock, par value $0.01; 200,000,000 shares authorized, 0 and 0 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively
— — 
Additional paid-in capital2,052.1 1,871.6 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)39.7 9.5 
Retained Earnings176.0 112.8 
Total equity2,271.8 1,997.9 
Total liabilities and permanent equity$7,136.4 $6,852.9 
________________
(*) Until May 2022, for the periods presented, there were 2,500,000,000 Class A shares, 500,000,000 Class B shares, and 300,000,000 Class C shares authorized, but 0 issued and outstanding Class B and Class C shares following the Holding Company Reorganization.
70
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in millions, except per share amounts)
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Revenue$1,098.0 $747.2 $476.2 
Cost of service:
Cost of service(2)
140.2 101.4 84.2 
Amortization of acquired technology48.2 35.3 23.3 
Gross profit909.6 610.5 368.7 
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing(2)
379.3 241.1 184.9 
Research and development(2)
205.2 119.7 51.4 
General and administrative(2)
123.2 92.4 62.8 
Amortization of other acquired intangibles22.0 20.3 18.7 
Restructuring and transaction-related expenses4.1 23.7 13.8 
Total operating expenses733.8 497.2 331.6 
Income (loss) from operations175.8 113.3 37.1 
Interest expense, net47.6 43.9 69.3 
Loss on debt modification and extinguishment— 7.7 14.9 
Other (income) expense, net(66.4)(39.3)(15.4)
Income (loss) before income taxes194.6 101.0 (31.7)
Income tax expense (benefit)131.4 6.1 4.7 
Net income (loss)63.2 94.9 (36.4)
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to ZoomInfo OpCo prior to the Reorganization Transactions— — (5.1)
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests— (21.9)(27.3)
Net income (loss) attributable to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.$63.2 $116.8 $(4.0)
Net income (loss) per share of Common Stock(1):
Basic$0.16 $0.46 $(0.10)
Diluted$0.16 $0.43 $(0.11)
________________
(1)Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share of Common Stock is applicable only for periods after the initial public offering (“IPO”) and related Reorganization Transactions (as defined in Note 1 - Organization and Background to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share for the year ended December 31, 2021 assumes all Old ZoomInfo shares at the time of the Holding Company Reorganization equal shares of New ZoomInfo. Refer to Note 14 - Earnings Per Share for the number of shares used in the computation of net income (loss) per share of Common Stock and the basis for the computation of net income (loss) per share.
(2)Amounts include equity-based compensation expense, as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in millions)202220212020
Cost of service
$20.2 $13.2 $27.4 
Sales and marketing
80.4 38.2 62.6 
Research and development
65.7 24.3 13.6 
General and administrative
26.0 17.3 18.0 
Total equity-based compensation expense
$192.3 $93.0 $121.6 
71
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(in millions)
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Net income (loss)$63.2 $94.9 $(36.4)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges45.6 13.8 (10.6)
Realized loss (gain) on settlement of cash flow hedges(5.0)6.1 6.2 
Amortization of deferred losses related to the dedesignated Interest Rate Swap0.2 0.2 3.3 
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax40.8 20.1 (1.1)
Tax effect(10.6)(3.9)(0.8)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax30.2 16.2 (1.9)
Comprehensive income (loss)93.4 111.1 (38.3)
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to ZoomInfo OpCo prior to the Reorganization Transactions— — (12.8)
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests— (16.4)(23.4)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.$93.4 $127.5 $(2.1)
72

ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Deficit)
(in millions, except share data)
New ZoomInfo Common Stock
SharesAmountAdditional paid-in capitalRetained EarningsAOCITotal Equity
Balance, December 31, 2021403,315,989$4.0 $1,871.6 $112.8 $9.5 $1,997.9 
Issuance of Common Stock upon vesting of RSUs1,250,216 — — — — —
Issuance of Common Stock related to employee stock purchase plan155,599 — 4.2 — — 4.2
Shares withheld related to net share settlement and other(422,688)— (17.4)— — (17.4)
Exercise of stock options63,193 — 1.4 — — 1.4
Forfeitures / cancellations(279,047)— — — — —
Net income (loss)— — — 63.2 — 63.2
Other comprehensive income— — — — 30.2 30.2
Equity-based compensation— — 192.3 — — 192.3
Balance, December 31, 2022404,067,273$4.0 $2,052.1 $176.0 $39.7 $2,271.8 
73
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Deficit)
(in millions, except share data)
Old ZoomInfoNew ZoomInfo Common Stock
Class A SharesClass A AmountClass B SharesClass B AmountClass C SharesClass C AmountSharesAmountAdditional paid-in capitalRetained EarningsAOCINoncontrolling interestsTotal Equity
Balance, December 31, 202087,697,381 $0.9 216,652,704 $2.2 86,123,230 $0.9 —$— $505.2 $(4.0)$(2.4)$436.8 $939.6 
Effect of LLC Unit Exchanges287,441,782 2.8 (194,270,370)(2.0)(86,123,230)(0.9)— — 1,288.6 — 0.8 (415.2)874.1
Effect of Corporate Structure Simplification Transactions— — — — — — — — (27.8)— — 27.8 — 
Issuance of Class A common stock upon vesting of RSUs306,178 — — — — — 137,469 — — — — — —
Shares withheld related to net share settlement and other(118,664)— — — — — (46,366)— (9.7)— — — (9.7)
Exercise of stock options65,994 — — — — — 36,319 — 2.1 — — — 2.1
Forfeitures / cancellations(10,391)— (43,557)— — — (17,870)— — — — — —
Registered offering costs— — — — — — — — (2.0)— — — (2.0)
Net income (loss)— — — — — — — — — 116.8 — (21.9)94.9
Other comprehensive income— — — — — — — — — — 10.7 5.5 16.2
Paid and accrued tax distributions— — — — — — — — — — — (10.3)(10.3)
Equity-based compensation— — — — — — — — 66.2 — — 26.8 93.0
Effect of Holding Company Reorganization(375,382,280)(3.7)(22,338,777)(0.2)— — 403,206,437 4.0 49.0 — 0.4 (49.5)— 
Balance, December 31, 2021—$— —$— —$— 403,315,989$4.0 $1,871.6 $112.8 $9.5 $— $1,997.9 
74
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Deficit)
(in millions, except share data)
ZoomInfo Holdings LLC (Prior to Reorganization Transactions)ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. Stockholders' Equity
Members' DeficitClass A SharesClass B SharesClass C SharesClass A AmountClass B AmountClass C AmountAdditional paid-in capitalRetained EarningsAOCINoncontrolling interestsTotal Equity
Balance, December 31, 2019$(207.8)— — — $— $— $— $— $— $(6.0)$— $(213.8)
Net income (loss) prior to Reorganization Transactions(5.1)— — — — — — — — — — (5.1)
Other comprehensive loss prior to Reorganization Transactions and IPO— — — — — — — — — (7.7)— (7.7)
Member distributions prior to Reorganization Transactions(6.8)— — — — — — — — — — (6.8)
Equity-based compensation prior to Reorganization Transactions15.8 — — — — — — — — — — 15.8
Impacts of Reorganization Transactions and IPO
Initial effect of the Reorganization Transactions and IPO on noncontrolling interests203.9— 242,414,027 98,381,656 — 2.4 1.0 (628.1)— 8.4 412.4 —
Issuance of Class A common stock in IPO, net of costs— 48,528,783 — — 0.5 — — 1,016.1 — — — 1,016.6
Purchases of ZoomInfo OpCo units in connection with IPO— 2,370,948 (2,370,948)— — — — (47.2)— — — (47.2)
Purchases of Class C units in connection with IPO— 275,269 — (275,269)— — — (5.5)— — — (5.5)
Post IPO Activity
Effect of LLC Unit Exchanges— 36,509,748 (23,341,829)(11,983,157)0.4 (0.2)(0.1)199.8 — 1.0 1.4 202.3
Issuance of Class A common stock upon vesting of RSUs— 25,868 — — — — — — — — — —
Issuance of Class A common stock from business combinations— 67,075 — — — — — 2.9 — — — 2.9
Shares withheld related to net share settlement and other— (20,617)— — — — — (1.0)— — — (1.0)
Forfeitures / cancellations— (59,693)(48,546)— — — — — — — — —
Series A Preferred Unit redemption accretion— — — — — — — (74.0)— — — (74.0)
Net income subsequent to Reorganization Transactions— — — — — — — — (4.0)— (27.3)(31.3)
Other comprehensive loss subsequent to Reorganization Transactions and IPO— — — — — — — — — 1.9 3.9 5.8
Equity-based compensation subsequent to Reorganization Transactions— — — — — — — 42.2 — — 63.6 105.8
Paid and accrued tax distributions— — — — — — — — — — (17.2)(17.2)
Balance, December 31, 2020$— 87,697,381 216,652,704 86,123,230 $0.9 $2.2 $0.9 $505.2 $(4.0)$(2.4)$436.8 $939.6 
75
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in millions)
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)$63.2 $94.9 $(36.4)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization87.8 69.3 50.8 
Amortization of debt discounts and issuance costs3.0 2.5 3.9 
Amortization of deferred commissions costs65.9 41.7 25.1 
Asset impairments— 2.7 — 
Loss on debt modification and extinguishment— 7.7 14.9 
Deferred consideration valuation adjustments0.2 0.2 1.3 
Equity-based compensation expense192.3 93.0 121.6 
Deferred income taxes123.3 (14.5)(1.8)
Tax receivable agreement remeasurement(65.6)(39.5)(15.7)
Provision for bad debt expense5.7 4.5 1.4 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions:
Accounts receivable(39.3)(66.1)(32.9)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets(8.0)(9.8)(5.9)
Deferred costs and other assets(81.9)(53.4)(40.0)
Income tax receivable(0.7)(2.3)1.5 
Accounts payable19.5 4.6 (0.2)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities2.8 32.5 21.9 
Unearned revenue48.8 131.4 60.1 
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities417.0 299.4 169.6 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of short-term investments(139.3)(119.8)(30.6)
Maturities of short-term investments30.8 61.3 — 
Proceeds from sales of short-term investments— 70.5 — 
Purchases of property and equipment and other assets(28.9)(23.6)(16.8)
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired(143.7)(684.2)(65.9)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(281.1)(695.8)(113.3)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Payments of deferred consideration(1.1)(9.4)(24.7)
Proceeds from debt issuances— 1,071.8 35.0 
Payments of debt issuance and modification costs(0.4)(11.6)(1.0)
Repayment of debt— (581.4)(510.9)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options1.3 2.1 — 
Repurchase outstanding equity / member units— — (332.4)
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards(17.4)(10.4)(0.4)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan4.2 — — 
Proceeds from equity offering, net of underwriting discounts— — 1,023.7 
Payments of equity issuance costs(0.3)(1.7)(7.2)
Tax receivable agreement payments(12.2)— — 
Tax distributions— (19.9)(9.9)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(25.9)439.5 172.2 
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash110.0 43.1 228.5 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year314.1 271.0 42.5 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of year$424.1 $314.1 $271.0 
76
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in millions)
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period:
Cash and cash equivalents418.0 308.3 269.8 
Restricted cash, current— — 1.2 
Restricted cash, non-current6.1 5.8 — 
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$424.1 $314.1 $271.0 
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Interest paid in cash:$50.0 $33.3 $66.5 
Cash paid for taxes$11.6 $18.1 $1.9 
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities$0.9 $1.2 $— 
Deferred variable consideration from acquisition of a business$— $2.2 $— 
77
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Audited Consolidated Financial Statements
(In millions, except share/unit data and per share/unit amounts, unless otherwise noted)

78
Note 1 - Organization and Background
Business
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc., through its operating subsidiaries, provides a go-to-market intelligence and engagement platform for sales and marketing teams. The Company’s cloud-based platform provides workflow tools with integrated, accurate, and comprehensive information on organizations and professionals to help users identify target customers and decision makers, obtain continually updated predictive lead and company scoring, monitor buying signals and other attributes of target companies, craft messages, engage via automated sales tools, and track progress through the deal cycle. Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” “ZoomInfo,” and the “Company” refer (1) prior to the consummation of the Reorganization Transactions, to ZoomInfo OpCo and its consolidated subsidiaries, (2) after the consummation of the Reorganization Transactions and prior to the consummation of the Holding Company Reorganization, to ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. (formerly known as ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.) and its consolidated subsidiaries and (3) after the consummation of the Holding Company Reorganization, to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. (formerly known as ZoomInfo NewCo Inc.) and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Organization
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. was formed on November 14, 2019 with no operating assets or operations as a Delaware corporation for the purposes of facilitating an initial public offering (“IPO”) and other related transactions in order to carry on the business of ZoomInfo Holdings LLC (“ZoomInfo OpCo”) (formerly known as DiscoverOrg Holdings, LLC), a Delaware limited liability company. Following consummation of the Reorganization Transactions (as described below), ZoomInfo OpCo became a direct subsidiary of ZoomInfo Intermediate Holdings LLC (“ZoomInfo HoldCo”), a Delaware limited liability company and an indirect subsidiary of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. Following the consummation of the Holding Company Reorganization, ZoomInfo OpCo became a direct subsidiary of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. and ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc.
The Company headquarters are located in Vancouver, WA, and we have additional offices throughout the United States, and in Israel, Canada, the United Kingdom, and India.
Initial Public Offering
On June 8, 2020, ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. completed the IPO, in which it sold 51,175,000 shares of Class A common stock (including shares issued pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares) at a public offering price of $21.00 per share for net proceeds of $1,019.6 million, after deducting underwriters’ discounts (but excluding other offering expenses and reimbursements). ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. used all of the proceeds from the IPO to (i) purchase 48,528,783 newly issued HoldCo Units from ZoomInfo HoldCo for approximately $966.9 million (which ZoomInfo HoldCo in turn used to purchase the same number of newly issued OpCo Units from ZoomInfo OpCo); (ii) purchase 2,370,948 OpCo Units from certain Pre-IPO OpCo Unitholders for approximately $47.2 million; and (iii) fund $5.5 million of merger consideration payable to certain Pre-IPO Blocker Holders in connection with the Blocker Mergers.
79

Note 1 - Organization and Background (continued)
Reorganization Transactions
In connection with the IPO, the Company completed the following transactions (“Reorganization Transactions”):
•ZoomInfo OpCo effected a four—for—one reverse unit split;
•ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. formed a new merger subsidiary with respect to each of the Blocker Companies through which certain of our Pre-IPO Blocker Holders held their interests in ZoomInfo OpCo, each merger subsidiary merged with and into the respective Blocker Companies in reverse-subsidiary mergers, and the surviving entities merged with and into ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. (such mergers, the “Blocker Mergers”), which Blocker Mergers resulted in the Pre-IPO Blocker Holders receiving a combination of (i) shares of Class C common stock of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. and (ii) a cash amount in respect of reductions in such Pre-IPO Blocker Holders’ equity interests, based on the initial offering price of our Class A common stock in the IPO;
•certain Pre-IPO Owners acquired interests in ZoomInfo HoldCo as a result of the merger of an entity that held OpCo Units on behalf of such Pre-IPO Owners into ZoomInfo HoldCo (the “ZoomInfo HoldCo Contributions”) and the redemption of some OpCo Units pursuant to which the holders of such OpCo Units received HoldCo Units; and
•the limited liability company agreement of each of ZoomInfo OpCo and ZoomInfo HoldCo was amended and restated to, among other things, modify their capital structure by reclassifying the interests held by the Pre-IPO OpCo Unitholders, the Continuing Class P Unitholders, and the Pre-IPO HoldCo Unitholders, resulting in OpCo Units of ZoomInfo OpCo, Class P Units of ZoomInfo OpCo, and HoldCo Units of ZoomInfo HoldCo, respectively (such reclassification, the “Reclassification”).
We refer to the Reclassification, together with the Blocker Mergers and the ZoomInfo HoldCo Contributions, as the “Reorganization Transactions.” Following the Reorganization Transactions, ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. became a holding company, with its sole material asset being a controlling equity interest in ZoomInfo HoldCo, which became a holding company with its sole material asset being a controlling equity interest in ZoomInfo OpCo. ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. will operate and control all of the business and affairs, and consolidate the financial results, of ZoomInfo OpCo through ZoomInfo HoldCo and, through ZoomInfo OpCo and its subsidiaries, conduct our business. Accordingly, ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. consolidates the financial results of ZoomInfo HoldCo, and therefore ZoomInfo OpCo, and reports the non-controlling interests of the Pre-IPO HoldCo Units and Pre-IPO OpCo Units on its consolidated financial statements.
In connection with the Reorganization Transactions and the IPO, ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. entered into two tax receivable agreements. Refer to Note 18 - Tax Receivable Agreements for additional information.
Corporate Structure Simplification Transactions
In August 2021, the Company completed a series of reorganization transactions to simplify its corporate structure, including the distribution of shares of common stock of RKSI Acquisition Corp (“RKSI”) from ZoomInfo Holdings LLC to ZoomInfo HoldCo, the merger of RKSI with and into ZoomInfo HoldCo with ZoomInfo HoldCo surviving, and the merger of ZoomInfo HoldCo with and into the Company with the Company surviving. Prior to the consummation of the HoldCo Merger, all holders of HoldCo Units (other than the Company) exchanged their HoldCo Units and paired shares of Class B common stock of the Company for shares of Class A common stock of the Company pursuant to the terms of the limited liability company agreement of HoldCo.
80

Note 1 - Organization and Background (continued)
Holding Company Reorganization
In September 2021, the Board of Directors unanimously approved streamlining the Company’s corporate structure and governance by eliminating the Company’s umbrella partnership-C-corporation (“UP-C”) and multi-class voting structure. In October 2021, the Company implemented this reorganization, pursuant to which (i) a subsidiary of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. (formerly known as ZoomInfo NewCo Inc.) (“New ZoomInfo”) merged with and into ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. (“Old ZoomInfo”), formerly known as ZoomInfo Technologies Inc., which resulted in New ZoomInfo becoming the direct parent company of Old ZoomInfo, and (ii) immediately thereafter, another subsidiary of New ZoomInfo merged with and into ZoomInfo Holdings LLC (“ZoomInfo OpCo”), which resulted in ZoomInfo OpCo becoming a subsidiary of New ZoomInfo (the combined transaction described in (i) and (ii), the “Holding Company Reorganization”). As a result of the Holding Company Reorganization, New ZoomInfo became the successor issuer and reporting company to Old ZoomInfo pursuant to Rule 12g-3(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and replaced the Predecessor Registrant as the public company trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (the “Nasdaq”) under the ticker symbol “ZI”.
After the consummation of the Holding Company Reorganization, the only class of common stock of the New ZoomInfo remaining issued and outstanding was the Class A common stock and all shares of Class B common stock were cancelled, and all shares of Class C common stock were converted to Class A common stock. In May 2022, following approval by the Company’s stockholders, the Company further amended and restated its Amended and Restated Certification of Incorporation to eliminate the multiple classes of common stock and to rename the Company’s Class A common stock as “Common Stock”. All references within this document to Class A common stock for periods subsequent to May 23, 2022, and, where the context requires, references within this document to Class A common stock for periods prior to May 23, 2022, have been updated for the renaming.
Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Accounting Principles
Our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make certain estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. We base these estimates on historical and anticipated results, trends, and other assumptions with respect to future events that we believe are reasonable and evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. Given that estimates and judgments are required, actual results may differ from our estimates and such differences could be material to our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Revenue Recognition
The Company derives revenue primarily from subscription services. Our subscription services consist of our SaaS applications and related access to our databases. Subscription contracts are generally based on the number of users that access our applications, the level of functionality that they can access, and the amount of data that a customer integrates with their systems. Our subscription contracts typically have a term of one to three years and are non-cancelable. We typically bill for services annually, semi-annually, or quarterly in advance of delivery.
81

Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
The Company accounts for revenue contracts with customers through the following steps:
(1)identify the contract with a customer;
(2)identify the performance obligations in the contract;
(3)determine the transaction price;
(4)allocate the transaction price; and
(5)recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
We recognize revenue for subscription contracts on a ratable basis over the contract term based on the number of calendar days in each period, beginning on the date that our service is made available to the customer. Unearned revenue results from revenue amounts billed to customers in advance or cash received from customers in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations. Determining the transaction price often involves judgment and making estimates that can have a significant impact on the timing and amount of revenue reported. At times, the Company may adjust billing under a contract based on the addition of services or other circumstances, which are accounted for as variable consideration. The Company estimates these amounts based on historical experience and adjusts revenue recognized.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-term Investments
Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid marketable debt securities with remaining maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase. We classify our investments in marketable securities as “available-for-sale.” We carry these investments at fair value, based on quoted market prices or other readily available market information. Unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income, which is reflected as a separate component of stockholders’ equity on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method and recognized when realized on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. If we were to determine that an other-than-temporary decline in fair value has occurred, the amount of the decline related to a credit loss will be recognized in income.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company measures assets and liabilities at fair value based on an expected exit price, which represents the amount that would be received on the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value may be based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis whereby inputs, used in valuation techniques, are assigned a hierarchical level. The following are the hierarchical levels of inputs to measure fair value:
Level 1 - Observable inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2 - Other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, including the Company’s own assumptions in determining fair value
The inputs or methodology used for valuing financial assets and liabilities are not necessarily an indication of the risk associated with investing in them.
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Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, and accounts receivable. The Company holds cash at major financial institutions that often exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured limits. The Company manages its credit risk associated with cash concentrations by concentrating its cash deposits in high-quality financial institutions and by periodically evaluating the credit quality of the primary financial institutions holding such deposits. The carrying value of cash approximates fair value. Our investment portfolio is comprised of highly rated securities with a weighted-average maturity of less than 12 months in accordance with our investment policy which seeks to preserve principal and maintain a high degree of liquidity. Historically, the Company has not experienced any losses due to such cash concentrations. The Company does not have any off-balance-sheet credit exposure related to its customers. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable and revenue are limited due to a large, diverse customer base. We do not require collateral from clients. We maintain an allowance for credit losses based upon the expected collectability of accounts receivable. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and maintains allowances for possible losses, which, when realized, have been within the range of management’s expectations. No single customer accounted for 10% or more of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 or accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Long-lived assets located outside of the United States were immaterial as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets
Accounts receivable is comprised of invoices of revenue, net of allowance for credit losses, and does not bear interest. We consider receivables past due based on the contractual payment terms. Management’s evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses considers historical collection experience, changes in customer payment profiles, the aging of receivable balances, as well as current economic conditions, all of which may impact a customer’s ability to pay. Account balances are written-off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Company does not have significant bad debt experience with customers, and therefore, the allowance for credit losses is immaterial as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
The assessment of variable consideration to be constrained is based on estimates, and actual consideration may vary from current estimates. As adjustments to these estimates become necessary, they are reported in earnings in the periods in which they become known. Changes in variable consideration are recorded as a component of net revenue.
Contract assets represent a contractual right to consideration in the future. Contract assets are generated when contractual billing schedules differ from revenue recognition timing.
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. All repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization costs are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset or the remainder of the lease term for leasehold improvements. Qualifying internal use software costs incurred during the application development stage, which consist primarily of internal product development costs, outside services, and purchased software license costs, are capitalized and amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset. Estimated useful lives range from three years to ten years.
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Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Deferred Commissions
Certain sales commissions earned by our sales force are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. These sales commissions for initial contracts are capitalized and included in Deferred costs and other assets, net of current portion on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deferred sales commissions are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated period of benefit from the customer relationship which we have determined to be one and three years for renewals and new clients, respectively. We determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration our customer contracts, our technology, and other factors. Amortization expense is included in Sales and marketing expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Commissions payable at December 31, 2022 were $36.2 million, of which the current portion of $32.1 million was included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the long-term portion of $4.1 million was included in Other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Commissions payable at December 31, 2021 were $34.1 million, of which the current portion of $31.4 million was included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the long-term portion of $2.7 million was included in Other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Certain commissions are not capitalized as they do not represent incremental costs of obtaining a contract. Such commissions are expensed as incurred.
The Company capitalized $79.9 million, $61.0 million, and $44.9 million of costs to obtain revenue contracts and amortized $65.9 million, $41.7 million, and $25.1 million to sales and marketing expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 respectively. Costs capitalized to obtain a revenue contract, net on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets totaled $73.3 million and $59.6 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were no impairments of costs to obtain revenue contracts in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
Advertising and Promotional Expenses
The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expenses of $28.8 million, $22.7 million, and $13.2 million were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. Advertising expenses are included in Sales and marketing on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Research and Development
Research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation expense for our employees, including employee benefits, certain IT program expenses, facilities and related overhead costs. We continue to focus our research and development efforts on developing new products, adding new features and services, integrating acquired technologies, and increasing functionality. Expenditures for software developed or obtained for internal use are capitalized and amortized over a four-year period on a straight-line basis.
Restructuring and Transaction-Related Expenses
The Company defines restructuring and transaction related expenses as costs directly associated with restructuring, acquisition or disposal activities. Such costs include employee severance and termination benefits, contract termination fees and penalties, and other exit or disposal costs. In general, the Company records involuntary employee-related exit and disposal costs when there is a substantive plan for employee severance and related costs that are probable and estimable. For one-time termination benefits for key members of management (i.e., no substantive plan) expense is recorded when the employees are entitled to receive such benefits and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Transaction related bonuses and related employee retention costs are recognized over the relevant service period. Contract termination fees and penalties and other exit and disposal costs are generally recorded when incurred.
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Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Business Combinations
We allocate purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. The purchase price is determined based on the fair value of the assets transferred, liabilities assumed and equity interests issued, after considering any transactions that are separate from the business combination. The fair value of equity issued as part of a business combination is determined based on grant date stock price of the Company. The excess of fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets and contingent liabilities. Significant estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows from acquired customer bases, acquired technology and acquired trade names, useful lives, royalty rates, and discount rates.
The estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to revision as additional information is obtained during the measurement period for an acquisition, which may last up to one year from the acquisition date. During the measurement period, we may record adjustments to the fair value of tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with a corresponding offset to goodwill. After the conclusion of the measurement period or the final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to earnings.
In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax-related valuation allowances assumed in connection with a business combination are initially estimated as of the acquisition date. We reevaluate these items based upon the facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date, with any revisions to our preliminary estimates being recorded to goodwill, provided that the timing is within the measurement period. Subsequent to the measurement period, changes to uncertain tax positions and tax-related valuation allowances will be recorded to earnings.
Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets
Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the purchase consideration paid in a business combination over the fair value of the assets acquired less liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually during the fourth quarter of our fiscal year or when events and circumstances indicate that fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value. The company has one reporting unit.
We first assess qualitative factors to evaluate whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than the carrying amount or elect to bypass such assessment. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, or we elect to bypass the qualitative assessment, we perform a quantitative test by determining the fair value of the reporting unit. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, then an impairment loss is recognized for the difference.
Acquired technology, customer lists, trade names or brand portfolios, and other intangible assets are related to previous acquisitions (refer to Note 7 - Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets). Acquired intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated period over which we expect to realize economic value related to the intangible asset. The amortization periods range from 2 years to 15 years. Any costs incurred to renew or extend the life of an intangible or long-lived asset are reviewed for capitalization.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of brand portfolios acquired from Pre-Acquisition ZI and represent costs paid to legally register phrases and graphic designs that identify and distinguish products sold by the Company. Brand portfolios are not amortized, rather potential impairment is considered on an annual basis in the fourth quarter, or more frequently upon the occurrence of a triggering event, when circumstances indicate that the book value of trademarks are greater than their fair value. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than the carrying value as a basis to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. No impairment charges relating to acquired goodwill or indefinite lived intangible assets were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, or 2020.
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Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Impairment of Long-lived Assets
Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and acquired intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or group of assets. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the estimated future cash flows of the asset. No impairment charges were recorded for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded impairment charges of $1.5 million to reduce the carrying value of our existing Waltham right-of-use asset and $1.2 million to reduce the carrying value of the related leasehold improvements to their respective fair values. No impairment charges were recorded for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Leases
We determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception. For these arrangements, primarily those related to our data center arrangements, there is judgment in evaluating if the arrangement involves an identified asset that is physically distinct or whether we have the right to substantially all of the capacity of an identified asset that is not physically distinct. In arrangements that involve an identified asset, there is also judgment in evaluating if we have the right to direct the use of that asset.
We do not have any finance leases. Operating leases are recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are measured at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the fixed minimum remaining lease payments over the lease term, determined using the discount rate for the lease at the commencement date. Because the rates implicit in our leases are not readily determinable, we use our incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate for each respective lease, which approximates the interest rate at which we could borrow on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments and in similar economic environments. Some leases include options to extend or options to terminate the lease prior to the stated lease expiration. Optional periods to extend a lease, including by not exercising a termination option, are included in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised (or not exercised in the case of termination options). Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We account for lease and non-lease components, principally common area maintenance and related taxes for our facilities leases, as a single lease component. Short term leases, defined as leases having an original lease term less than or equal to one year, are excluded from our right-of-use assets and liabilities.
Unearned Revenue
Unearned revenue consists of customer payments and billings in advance of revenue being recognized from our subscription services. Unearned revenue that is anticipated to be recognized within the next 12 months is recorded as Unearned revenue, current portion and the remaining portion is included in Unearned revenue, net of current portion on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Debt Issuance Costs
Costs incurred in connection with the issuance of long-term debt are deferred and amortized as interest expense over the terms of the related debt using the effective interest method for term debt and on a straight-line basis for revolving debt. Debt issuance costs are generally presented on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the outstanding borrowings, consistent with debt discounts. However, the Company classifies the debt issuance costs related to its first lien revolving credit facility within Deferred costs and other assets, net of current portion on our Consolidated Balance Sheets regardless of whether the Company has any outstanding borrowings on our first lien revolving credit facility. Upon a refinancing or amendment, the Company evaluates the modified debt instrument in accordance with ASC 470-50-40-10. When the present value of the cash flows under the modified debt instrument has changed by greater than 10 percent from the present value of the remaining cash flows under the terms of the original debt instrument, the Company accounts for the amendment as a debt extinguishment and all previously-capitalized debt issuance costs are expensed and included in Loss on debt modification and extinguishment. If the change in the present value of cash flows is less than 10 percent, any previously-capitalized debt issuance costs are amortized as interest expense over the term of the new debt instrument. The Company performs assessments of debt modifications at a lender-specific level for all syndicated financing arrangements.
Tax Receivable Agreements
In connection with our IPO, we entered into two Tax Receivable Agreements ("TRAs") with certain non-controlling interest owners (the “TRA Holders”). The TRAs generally provide for payment by the Company to the TRA Holders of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that the Company actually realizes or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances. The Company will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of these net cash savings.
Amounts payable under the TRA are accrued by a charge to income when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount is estimable. TRA related liabilities are classified as current or noncurrent based on the expected date of payment and are included on our Consolidated Balance Sheets under the captions Current portion of tax receivable agreements liability and Tax receivable agreements liability, net of current portion, respectively. Subsequent changes to the measurement of the TRA liability are recognized on our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of Other (income) expense, net. Refer to Note 18 - Tax Receivable Agreements for further details on the TRA liability.
Income Taxes
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. and its direct subsidiary, ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc., are subject to U.S. federal as well as state income tax related to its ownership percentage in ZoomInfo Holdings LLC. ZoomInfo Holdings LLC is a limited liability company treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and files a U.S. Return of Partnership Income. Consequently, the members of ZoomInfo Holdings are taxed on their share of earnings for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. During the three months ended December 31, 2021, ZoomInfo Midco LLC, which is held by ZoomInfo Holdings LLC, made an election to be classified as a corporation for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. ZoomInfo Midco LLC owns ZoomInfo Technologies LLC, our primary operating entity, among other entities. As such, under our tax elections, ZoomInfo Midco LLC is now subject to U.S. federal and state income tax as a result of our operations. Refer to Note 19 - Income Taxes for additional information regarding income taxes.
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Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Deferred taxes are recorded using the asset and liability method, whereby tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We regularly evaluate the valuation allowances established for deferred tax assets for which future realization is uncertain. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider both positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax assets and liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and results of recent operations. If, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recorded.
Equity-Based Compensation Expense
The Company periodically grants incentive awards to employees and non-employees, which generally vest over periods up to four-years. Incentive awards may be in the form of various equity-based awards such as Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units, and Common Stock Options. Historically, the Company also granted awards in one of the Company’s legacy subsidiary partnerships and such awards were typically in the form of profits interests. Profits interests are an interest in the increase in the value of the entity over a participation threshold. Prior to the IPO, the participation threshold was based on the valuation determined by the Board of Managers of OpCo Units on or around the grant date. Subsequent to the IPO, the participation threshold was determined by reference to the closing price of our Class A common stock from the preceding trading day. The holders of profits interests had the right to participate in distributions of profits only in excess of the participation threshold. Previously awarded profits interests were converted into Restricted Stock awards in connection with the Holding Company Reorganization (refer to Note 1 - Organization and Background).
Compensation expense for incentive awards is measured at the estimated fair value of the incentive units and is included as compensation expense over the vesting period during which an employee provides service in exchange for the award. Compensation expense for performance-based Restricted Stock Units is measured at the estimated fair value of the units and is recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the service period when it is probable that the performance condition will be satisfied.
The Company uses a Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options and profits interests, as profits interests have certain economic similarities to options. The Black-Scholes option pricing model includes various assumptions, including the expected term of incentive units, the expected volatility, and the expected risk-free interest rate. These assumptions reflect the Company’s best estimates, but they involve inherent uncertainties based on market conditions generally outside the control of the Company. As a result, if other assumptions are used, compensation cost could be materially impacted.
Compensation expense related to the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan is measured at the estimated fair value using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using the estimated number of awards as of the beginning of the offering period.
The Company measures employee, non-employee, and board of director equity-based compensation on the grant date fair value basis. Equity-based compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period of the awards. For equity awards that have a performance condition, the Company recognizes compensation expense based on its assessment of the probability that the performance condition will be achieved.
The Company classifies equity-based compensation expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operations in the same manner in which the award recipient’s salary and related costs are classified or in which the award recipient’s service payments are classified.
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Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Bonus Accruals
The Company has bonus programs for eligible employees. Bonuses are determined based on various criteria, including the achievement of corporate, departmental and individual goals. Bonus accruals are estimated based on various factors, including target bonus percentages per level of employee and probability of achieving the goals upon which bonuses are based. The Company’s management periodically reviews the progress made towards the goals under the bonus programs. As bonus accruals are dependent upon management’s judgments of the likelihood of achieving the various goals, it is possible for bonus expense to vary significantly in future periods if changes occur in those management estimates. Bonus accruals of $21.6 million and $28.7 million were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and were included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Employee Retirement Benefits
The Company has a 401(k) plan that all eligible employees can contribute pre-tax and after-tax (Roth) to up to the maximum annual amount established by the Internal Revenue Code. The Company matched 50% of the employee’s contribution to the 401(k) plan up to the first 7% of their contribution. Matching contributions made by the Company were approximately $8.0 million, $5.4 million, and $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Matching contributions vest 33% per year until fully vested. Employee contributions are 100% vested immediately. The increased headcount contributed to the increase in the Company’s matching contribution in 2022 and 2021.
Israeli Severance Pay Law
Under Section 14 of the Israeli Severance Pay Law, employees in Israel are entitled to have monthly deposits, at a rate of 8.33% of their monthly salary, made on their behalf to their insurance funds which relieves the Company from future obligations under this law. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recorded $7.2 million, $4.8 million, and $2.0 million, respectively, in severance expenses related to these employees. The increased headcount contributed to the increase in the Company’s matching contribution in 2022 and 2021.
Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications have been made in the notes to the consolidated financial statements to conform previously reported amounts to current year presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on the previously reported net income or comprehensive income.
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Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-04, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. The standard applies to contract modifications that replace a reference rate affected by reference rate reform and contemporaneous modifications of other contract terms related to the replacement of the reference rate. Further, the standard provides exceptions to certain guidance in ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, related to changes to the critical terms of a hedging relationship due to reference rate reform and provides optional expedients for fair value, cash flow, and net investment hedging relationships for which the component excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness is affected by reference rate reform. Once elected, the provisions of the standard must be applied prospectively for all similar eligible contract modifications other than derivatives, which may be applied at a hedging relationship level. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope, to provide supplemental guidance and to further clarify the scope of the amended guidance. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, deferring the sunset date of Topic 848 to December 31, 2024. The Company adopted these standards during the fourth quarter of 2022, and transferred all three of its derivative contracts from LIBOR to SOFR. The adoption of these standards applies to our variable rate financing and derivatives designated as hedges, and did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as if the acquirer had originated the contract. The Update is intended to improve the accounting for acquired revenue contracts with customers in a business combination, related to the recognition of an acquired contract liability, and to payment terms and their effect on subsequent revenue recognized by the acquirer. The amendment also provides certain practical expedients when applying the guidance. ASU 2021-08 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022, on a prospective basis, with early adoption permitted. The Company has elected to early adopt this standard, effective January 1, 2022. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in ASU 2019-12 introduce the following new guidance: (1) provides a policy election to not allocate consolidated income taxes when a member of a consolidated tax return is not subject to income tax; and (2) provides guidance to evaluate whether a step-up in tax basis of goodwill relates to a business combination in which book goodwill was recognized or a separate transaction. The amendments in ASU 2019-12 make changes to the following current guidance: (1) making an intraperiod allocation if there is a loss in continuing operations and a gain outside of continuing operations; (2) determining when a deferred tax liability is recognized after an investor in a foreign entity transitions to or from the equity method of accounting; (3) accounting for tax law changes and year-to-date losses in interim periods; and (4) determining how to apply the income tax guidance to franchise taxes that are partially based on income. ASU 2019-12 is effective for public business entities' fiscal years, including interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. During Q3 2021, the Company liquidated Insent, creating a step-up in the tax basis separate from the acquisition. In accordance with ASU 2019-12, the Company recorded a deferred tax asset on this step-up in tax basis. The additional deferred tax asset recognized as of December 31, 2021 was $6.3 million as a result of the adoption of this standard.
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Note 3 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Revenue comprised the following service offerings:
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)202220212020
Subscription$1,087.3 $738.6 $471.2 
Usage-based8.8 8.6 5.0 
Other1.9 — — 
Total Revenue$1,098.0 $747.2 $476.2 
Go-To-Market business intelligence tools are subscription services that allow customers access to our SaaS tools to support sales and marketing processes, which include data, analytics, and insights to provide accurate and comprehensive intelligence on organizations and professionals. Our customers use our platform to identify target customers and decision makers, obtain continually updated predictive lead and company scoring, monitor buying signals and other attributes of target companies, craft messages, engage via automated sales tools, and track progress through the deal cycle.
Usage-based revenue is comprised largely of email verification and facilitation of online advertisements, which are charged to our customers on a per unit basis based on their usage. We regularly observe that customers integrate our usage-based services into their internal workflows and use our services on an ongoing basis. We recognize usage-based revenue at the point in time the services are consumed by the customer, thereby satisfying our performance obligation.
Other revenue is comprised largely of implementation and professional services fees. We recognize other revenue as services are delivered.
Of the total revenue recognized in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, $354.6 million, $221.3 million and $155.4 million were included in the unearned revenue balance as of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Revenue recognized from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods was not material.
Contract Assets and Unearned Revenue
The Company’s standard billing terms typically require payment at the beginning of each annual, semi-annual or quarterly period. Subscription revenue is generally recognized ratably over the contract term starting with when our service is made available to the customer. Usage-based revenue is recognized in the period services are utilized by our customers. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these services.
The Company records a contract asset when revenue recognized on a contract exceeds the billings to date for that contract. Unearned revenue results from cash received or amounts billed to customers in advance of revenue recognized upon the satisfaction of performance obligations. The unearned revenue balance is influenced by several factors, including seasonality, the compounding effects of renewals, invoice duration, invoice timing, dollar size, and new business timing within the quarter. The unearned revenue balance does not represent the total contract value of annual or multi-year, non-cancelable subscription agreements.
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had contract assets of $5.7 million and $3.7 million respectively, which are recorded as current assets within Prepaid expenses and other current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had unearned revenue of $419.9 million and $364.2 million, respectively.

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Note 3 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers (continued)
ASC 606 requires the allocation of the transaction price to the remaining performance obligations of a contract. Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes unearned revenue and unbilled amounts that will be recognized as revenue in future periods. Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations is influenced by several factors, including seasonality, the timing of renewals, and disparate contract terms. Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes unearned revenue and backlog. The Company's backlog represents installment billings for periods beyond the current billing cycle. The majority of the Company’s noncurrent remaining performance obligations will be recognized in the next 13 to 45 months.
The remaining performance obligations consisted of the following:
(in millions)
Recognized within one year
NoncurrentTotal
As of December 31, 2022$842.2 $264.5 $1,106.7 
As of December 31, 2021$671.5 $192.9 $864.4 
Note 4 - Business Combinations
2022 Acquisitions
In April 2022, the Company acquired all the outstanding equity interests of Comparably, Inc. (“Comparably”) and acquired substantially all the assets and certain specified liabilities of Dogpatch Advisors, LLC (“Dogpatch”) (collectively, the “2022 Acquired Companies”) for a total purchase consideration of $150.6 million in cash and $10.0 million in convertible notes receivable. As part of the acquisitions, the Company issued 448,740 restricted stock units at a total grant date fair value of $26.8 million and could be required to issue additional equity awards up to a maximum value of $3.7 million based on the attainment of certain revenue thresholds and the continued employment of acquired employees. The acquisition of Comparably provides ZoomInfo with unique proprietary data to further build TalentOS into a best-in-class talent platform by enriching recruiter search options and providing recruiters with access to millions of quality candidates and employer brand solutions. We acquired Dogpatch Advisors to launch ZoomInfo Labs, a new go-to-market thought leadership team, driving go-to-market data analysis, product enhancements and strategy for our enterprise customers. Dogpatch is a go-to-market consultancy with expertise in scaling revenue teams and building modern sales and marketing systems. The purchase accounting for the 2022 Acquired Companies transactions is not yet finalized.
The Company has included the financial results of the 2022 Acquired Companies in the consolidated financial statements from each date of acquisition. Due to the integration of the 2022 Acquired Companies into the operations of ZoomInfo, the Company cannot practicably determine the contribution of the 2022 Acquired Companies to consolidated net earnings. Transaction costs associated with each acquisition were not material.
The acquisition date fair value of the total consideration transferred was comprised of the following (in millions):
Preliminary Fair Value at Acquisition DateMeasurement Period AdjustmentsAdjusted Fair Value at Acquisition Date
Cash$150.5 $0.1 $150.6 
Conversion of Note Receivable10.0 — 10.0 
Total purchase consideration$160.5 $0.1 $160.6 
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Note 4 - Business Combinations (continued)
The following table summarizes the aggregate fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as of the dates of the acquisition for the 2022 Acquired Companies (in millions):
Preliminary Fair Value at Acquisition DateMeasurement Period AdjustmentsAdjusted Fair Value at Acquisition Date
Cash and cash equivalents$14.8 $— $14.8 
Accounts receivable2.3 — 2.3 
Prepaid expenses and other assets0.3 0.7 1.0 
Intangible assets34.8 — 34.8 
Accounts payable and other liabilities(0.9)(0.4)(1.3)
Unearned revenue(6.8)— (6.8)
Deferred tax liabilities(6.5)2.9 (3.6)
Total identifiable net assets acquired38.0 3.2 41.2 
Goodwill122.5 (3.1)119.4 
Total consideration160.5 0.1 160.6 
Cash acquired(14.8)— (14.8)
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired$145.7 $0.1 $145.8 
Cash paid (refunds received) for 2021 acquisitions in 2022 (see "2021 Acquisitions")(2.1)
Total cash paid for acquisitions in 2022$143.7 
The excess of purchase consideration over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The fair values assigned to tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on management’s estimates and assumptions. The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Comparably acquisition may be subject to change as additional information is received regarding working capital balances at the acquisition date, and the values of the identifiable intangible assets.
The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets acquired and the estimated useful lives as of the dates of acquisition (in millions):
Preliminary Fair Value at Acquisition DateMeasurement Period AdjustmentsAdjusted Fair Value at Acquisition DateWeighted Average Useful Life
Existing Technology$27.6 $— $27.6 5.8 years
Customer Relationships3.4 — 3.4 9.0 years
Trade name / Trademarks3.8 — 3.8 8.0 years
Total intangible assets$34.8 $— $34.8 
Developed technology represents the fair value of the technology portfolios acquired. The goodwill is primarily attributed to the expanded market opportunities when integrating technology with the Company’s technology and the assembled workforce. All goodwill acquired in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 is expected to be deductible for U.S. income tax purposes.
Pro forma information related to the acquisitions has not been presented as the impact was not material to the Company’s financial results.
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Note 4 - Business Combinations (continued)
2021 Acquisitions
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, the Company consummated the following acquisitions (collectively, “2021 Acquired Companies”) which have been accounted for as business combinations under ASC Topic 805.
•In June 2021, the Company acquired all of the outstanding equity interests of Insent, Inc. (“Insent”) for total purchase consideration of $34.0 million, consisting of $32.9 million in cash and estimated deferred purchase consideration of $1.1 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company adjusted this contingent payment liability by $0.1 million. The purchase accounting for this transaction has been finalized. As part of the acquisition, the Company issued 36,118 RSUs, at a total grant date fair value of $2.4 million, and agreed to pay $2.0 million of incentive compensation to acquired employees, subject to continued employment, to be recognized in the post-combination periods.
•In July 2021, the Company acquired substantially all of the net assets of AffectLayer, Inc. (d/b/a Chorus.ai) (“Chorus.ai”). At the time of purchase, the Company reserved a portion of cash transferred to settle the Seller’s estimated tax liability arising from the sale of Chorus.ai’s net assets. The Seller has since completed the final determination of its tax liability, resulting in a refund to the Company of approximately $33.9 million in cash, which was received in the fourth quarter of 2021 and previously included in the Prepaid expenses and other current assets balance. After adjustment for this refund, purchase consideration transferred for the assets of Chorus.ai is $547.4 million in cash. The total purchase consideration includes $31.8 million attributable to certain unvested options issued by Chorus.ai that were accelerated in contemplation of the acquisition by ZoomInfo. The purchase accounting for this transaction has been finalized. As part of the acquisition, the Company issued 572,921 RSUs that replaced previously unvested equity in Chorus.ai or were issued as incremental incentive grants at a total grant date fair value of $30.3 million, and agreed to pay $6.0 million of compensation to acquired employees, subject to continued employment, to be recognized in the post-combination periods.
•In September 2021, the Company acquired substantially all of the net assets of RingLead, Inc. (“RingLead”) for total purchase consideration of $116.0 million, consisting of $114.9 million in cash and estimated deferred purchase consideration of $1.1 million. The purchase accounting for this transaction has been finalized. As part of the acquisition, the Company issued 42,854 replacement RSUs, at a total grant date fair value of $2.8 million and agreed to pay $3.7 million of incentive compensation to acquired employees, subject to continued employment, to be recognized in the post-combination periods.
The Company has included the financial results of the 2021 Acquired Companies in the consolidated financial statements from each date of acquisition. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, the 2021 Acquired Companies contributed $13.2 million to revenue. Due to the integration of the 2021 Acquired Companies into the operations of ZoomInfo, the Company cannot practicably determine the contribution of the 2021 Acquired Companies to consolidated net earnings. Transaction costs associated with each acquisition were not material.
The acquisition date fair value of the total consideration transferred was comprised of the following (in millions):
Preliminary Fair Value at Acquisition DateMeasurement Period AdjustmentsAdjusted Fair Value at Acquisition Date
Cash$697.7 $(2.5)$695.2 
Deferred purchase consideration2.2 — 2.2 
Total purchase consideration$699.9 $(2.5)$697.4 
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Note 4 - Business Combinations (continued)
The following table summarizes the aggregate fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as of the dates of the acquisition for the 2021 Acquired Companies, as adjusted in the fourth quarter of 2021 and the first quarter of 2022 (in millions):
Preliminary Fair Value at Acquisition DateMeasurement Period AdjustmentsAdjusted Fair Value at Acquisition Date
Cash and cash equivalents$13.9 $— $13.9 
Accounts receivable4.3 (0.1)4.2 
Prepaid expenses and other assets2.8 (0.1)2.7 
Intangible assets120.7 0.2 120.9 
Accounts payable and other liabilities(4.1)(0.5)(4.6)
Unearned revenue(10.2)— (10.2)
Deferred tax liabilities(2.7)— (2.7)
Total identifiable net assets acquired124.7 (0.5)124.2 
Goodwill575.2 (2.0)573.2 
Total consideration699.9 (2.5)697.4 
Cash refund from Chorus.ai acquisition33.9 (33.9)— 
Deferred consideration(2.2)— (2.2)
Accruals from adjustments to working capital balances(0.5)0.6 0.1 
Accruals from adjustments to tax liabilities— 0.4 0.4 
Cash acquired(13.9)— (13.9)
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired$717.2 $(35.4)$681.8 
Cash paid (refunds received) for 2020 acquisitions in 2021 (see “2020 Acquisitions”)0.3 
Refunds received for 2021 acquisitions in 2022 (see “2021 Acquisitions”)2.1 
Total cash paid for acquisitions in 2021$684.2 
The excess of purchase consideration over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The fair values assigned to tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on management’s estimates and assumptions.
The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets acquired and the estimated useful lives as of the dates of acquisition (in millions):
Preliminary Fair Value at Acquisition DateMeasurement Period AdjustmentsAdjusted Fair Value at Acquisition DateWeighted Average Useful Life
Brand portfolio$1.1 $— $1.1 2.0 years
Developed technology107.5 0.2 107.7 6.1 years
Customer relationships12.1 — 12.1 7.7 years
Total intangible assets$120.7 $0.2 $120.9 
Developed technology represents the fair value of the technology portfolios acquired. The goodwill is primarily attributed to the expanded market opportunities when integrating technology with the Company’s technology and the assembled workforce. All goodwill acquired in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 is expected to be deductible for U.S. income tax purposes.
95

Note 4 - Business Combinations (continued)
Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information for the 2021 Acquisitions
The following table presents the unaudited pro forma results for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The unaudited pro forma financial information combines the results of operations of the 2021 Acquired Companies and ZoomInfo as though each of the acquisitions had been completed on January 1, 2020. The pro forma information is presented for informational purposes only and is not indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved if the acquisitions had taken place at such time. The unaudited pro forma results presented below primarily include adjustments for amortization of identifiable intangible assets, the valuation of deferred revenue assumed in the acquisitions (“the deferred revenue write-down”), interest expense, aggregate transaction expenses and transaction success bonuses of $12.6 million, equity-based compensation, and related tax effects of the adjustments:
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)20212020
Revenue$764.0 $490.6 
Net income (loss)$84.9 $(78.8)
2020 Acquisitions
The Company acquired all of the assets of Clickagy, LLC on October 14, 2020 and all of the membership interests in EverString Technology, LLC on November 3, 2020 for a total purchase consideration of $72.0 million. During the first half of fiscal year 2021, the Company recorded immaterial post-close net working capital adjustments. The preliminary purchase price allocation was updated to reflect the $0.3 million increase in consideration paid as well as to reflect the $0.2 million adjustment to unearned revenue and $0.1 million adjustment to goodwill. The purchase accounting from these transactions has been finalized. The Company included the financial results of these businesses in the consolidated financial statements from each date of acquisition. Transaction costs associated with each acquisition were not material. As part of the acquisitions, the Company agreed to issue 49,932 RSUs, at a total grant date fair value of $2.1 million, and agreed to pay $4.8 million of incentive compensation to acquired employees, subject to continued employment, to be recognized in the post-combination periods. The Company classifies compensation expense on its Consolidated Statements of Operations in the same manner in which the award recipient’s salary is classified.
The acquisition date fair value of the total consideration transferred was comprised of the following (in millions):
Cash$61.9 
Purchase consideration liabilities7.2 
Issuance of 67,075 Class A shares
2.9 
Total purchase consideration$72.0 
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Note 4 - Business Combinations (continued)
The following table summarizes the aggregate fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as of the date of the acquisitions (in millions):
Cash and cash equivalents$2.9 
Accounts receivable3.0 
Prepaid expenses and other assets1.1 
Intangible assets37.0 
Accounts payable and other(2.2)
Unearned revenue(3.2)
Total identifiable net assets acquired38.6 
Goodwill33.4 
Total consideration72.0 
Issuance of 67,075 Class A shares
(2.9)
Cash acquired(2.9)
Cash paid for acquisitions$66.2 
Cash paid for 2020 acquisitions in 2021 (see “2020 Acquisitions”)(0.3)
Total cash paid for acquisitions in 2020$65.9 
The excess of purchase consideration over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The fair values assigned to tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on management’s estimates and assumptions.
The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets acquired and the estimated useful lives as of the dates of acquisition (in millions):
Fair ValueWeighted Average Useful Life
Brand portfolio$2.0 6.5 years
Developed technology29.6 7.0 years
Database2.0 4.0 years
Customer relationships3.4 9.3 years
Total intangible assets$37.0 
Developed technology represents the fair value of the technology portfolios acquired. The goodwill is primarily attributed to the expanded market opportunities when integrating technology with the Company’s technology and the assembled workforce. The goodwill balance from both acquisitions is expected to be deductible for U.S. income tax purposes.
Pro forma information related to the acquisitions has not been presented as the impact was not material to the Company’s financial results.

97
Note 5 - Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-term Investments
Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments consisted of the following as of December 31, 2022:
(in millions)Amortized CostUnrealized GainsUnrealized LossesEstimated Fair Value
Current Assets:
Cash$235.6 $— $— $235.6 
Cash equivalents
Corporate debt securities159.9 — (0.1)159.8 
Money market mutual funds18.6 — — 18.6 
Securities guaranteed by U.S. government4.0 — — 4.0 
Total cash equivalents182.5 — (0.1)182.4 
Total cash and cash equivalents418.1 — (0.1)418.0 
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities91.8 — (0.1)91.7 
Securities guaranteed by U.S. government25.0 — — 25.0 
Other governmental securities11.0 — — 11.0 
Total short-term investments127.8 — (0.1)127.7 
Total cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments$545.9 $— $(0.2)$545.7 
Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments consisted of the following as of December 31, 2021:
(in millions)Amortized CostUnrealized GainsUnrealized LossesEstimated Fair Value
Current Assets:
Cash$276.5 $— $— $276.5 
Cash equivalents
Corporate debt securities15.7 — — 15.7 
Money market mutual funds16.1 — — 16.1 
Total cash equivalents31.8 — — 31.8 
Total cash and cash equivalents308.3 — — 308.3 
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities18.4 — — 18.4 
Total short-term investments18.4 — — 18.4 
Total cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments$326.7 $— $— $326.7 
Refer to Note 10 - Fair Value for further information regarding the fair value of our financial instruments.
Gross unrealized losses on our available-for sale securities were immaterial at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
98

Note 5 - Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-term Investments (continued)
The following table summarizes the cost and estimated fair value of the securities classified as short-term investments based on stated effective maturities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(in millions)Amortized CostEstimated Fair ValueAmortized CostEstimated Fair Value
Due within one year$127.8$127.7$18.4$18.4
Total$127.8$127.7$18.4$18.4
Note 6 - Property and Equipment
The Company’s fixed assets consist of the following (in millions):
December 31,
20222021
Computer equipment$13.3 $12.5 
Furniture and fixtures3.8 3.6 
Leasehold improvements9.9 8.6 
Internal use developed software63.1 40.8 
Construction in progress4.0 5.9 
Property and equipment, gross94.1 71.4 
Less: accumulated depreciation(42.0)(29.7)
Property and equipment, net$52.1 $41.7 
During the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021, in relation to our Waltham office relocation, we recorded an impairment charge of $2.7 million, comprised of $1.5 million relating to the operating lease right-of-use asset, and $1.2 million relating to the leasehold improvements. We also recorded accelerated depreciation of furniture and fixtures of $2.1 million. These charges were recognized within Restructuring and transaction-related expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Depreciation expense was $17.6 million, $13.7 million, and $8.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
99
Note 7 - Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consisted of the following as of December 31, 2022:
(in millions)Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationNetWeighted Average Amortization Period in Years
Intangible assets subject to amortization:
Customer relationships$287.6 $(92.1)$195.5 14.5
Acquired technology330.8 (169.3)161.5 6.3
Brand portfolio11.5 (5.9)5.6 7.6
Net intangible assets subject to amortization$629.9 $(267.3)$362.6 
Intangible assets not subject to amortization
Pre-Acquisition ZI brand portfolio$33.0 $— $33.0 
Goodwill$1,692.7 $— $1,692.7 
Intangible assets consisted of the following as of December 31, 2021:
(in millions)Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationNetWeighted Average Amortization Period in Years
Intangible assets subject to amortization:
Customer relationships$284.1 $(71.8)$212.3 14.5
Acquired technology303.2 (121.1)182.1 6.3
Brand portfolio7.7 (4.1)3.6 6.6
Net intangible assets subject to amortization$595.0 $(197.0)$398.0 
Intangible assets not subject to amortization
Pre-Acquisition ZI brand portfolio$33.0 $— $33.0 
Goodwill$1,575.1 $— $1,575.1 
Amortization expense was $70.2 million, $55.6 million, and $41.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
Future amortization expense for intangible assets as of December 31, 2022 is as follows:
(in millions)Estimated Amortization Expense
For years ended December 31,
2023$61.0 
2024$59.0 
2025$58.3 
2026$48.6 
2027$38.3 

100

Note 7 - Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets (continued)
The following summarizes changes to the Company’s goodwill (in millions):
Balance at December 31, 2020$1,000.1 
Adjustment from 2020 acquisitions0.1 
Goodwill from 2021 acquisitions574.9 
Balance at December 31, 20211,575.1 
Adjustment from 2021 acquisitions(1.8)
Goodwill from 2022 acquisitions119.4 
Balance at December 31, 2022$1,692.7 
Based on the results of the Company’s impairment assessment, the Company did not recognize any impairment of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
Note 8 - Financing Arrangements
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the carrying values of the Company’s borrowings were as follows (in millions):
Carrying Value as of
InstrumentDate of IssuanceMaturity DateElected Interest RateDecember 31, 2022December 31, 2021
First Lien Term LoanFebruary 1, 2019February 1, 2026
SOFR +3.10%
$595.5 $594.1 
First Lien RevolverFebruary 1, 2019November 2, 2025
SOFR +2.10%
— — 
Senior NotesFebruary 2, 2021February 1, 20293.875%640.2 638.8 
Total Carrying Value of Debt$1,235.7 $1,232.9 
Less current portion— — 
Total Long-Term Debt$1,235.7 $1,232.9 
First Lien Credit Agreement
Performance of obligations under the First Lien Credit Agreement is secured by substantially all the productive assets of the Company. The First Lien Credit Agreement contains a number of covenants that restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company’s ability to, among other things:
•incur additional indebtedness;
•create or incur liens;
•engage in certain fundamental changes, including mergers or consolidations;
•sell or transfer assets;
•pay dividends and distributions on our subsidiaries’ capital stock;
•make acquisitions, investments, loans or advances;
•engage in certain transactions with affiliates; and
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Note 8 - Financing Arrangements (continued)
•enter into negative pledge clauses and clauses restricting subsidiary distributions.
If the Company draws more than $87.5 million of the revolving credit loan, the revolving credit loan is subject to a springing financial covenant pursuant to which the consolidated first lien net leverage ratio must not exceed 5.00 to 1.00. The credit agreements also contain certain customary affirmative covenants and events of default, including a change of control. If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the credit agreements will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the credit agreements and all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor.
On December 30, 2022, the Company amended the First Lien Credit Agreement by converting the interest rate for both the first lien term loan and the first lien revolving credit facility from LIBOR plus the applicable spread to SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment of 0.1% and the applicable spread. No other terms, including the amount of borrowing or the maturity date, were changed as a result of this amendment.
First Lien Term Loan
On February 19, 2020, the Company completed a repricing of its first lien term loan facility in order to take advantage of currently available lower interest rates. The repricing decreased the interest rate by 50 basis points to LIBOR plus 4.00% per annum. The transaction did not include additional borrowings, and the maturity date of the financing arrangement remained unchanged.
On June 17, 2020, the Company used approximately $101.2 million to prepay $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of the first lien term loans outstanding under the First Lien Credit Agreement, including accrued interest thereon of $1.2 million. The repayment was funded with a portion of the net proceeds received from the initial public offering of the Company’s Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2020, $756.4 million aggregate principal amount of term loans were outstanding under the First Lien Credit Agreement. The interest related portion of the repayment was recorded within Interest expense, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations, and represented use of cash from operating activities on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
In February 2021, we used all of the net proceeds from issuance of the Senior Notes, along with cash on hand, to prepay $356.4 million aggregate principal amount of our first lien term loans outstanding under the First Lien Credit Agreement (the “Debt Prepayment”). Following the Debt Prepayment, $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of first lien term loans were outstanding under the First Lien Credit Agreement. In February 2021, we entered into a second amendment to the First Lien Credit Agreement (the “Second Amendment”), pursuant to which the Company completed a repricing of its first lien term loan facility, which decreased the interest rate from LIBOR plus 3.75% per annum to LIBOR plus 3.10% per annum. The Company recognized $7.7 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 within Loss on debt modification and extinguishment on our Consolidated Statements of Operations, primarily comprised of the write-off of unamortized issuance costs associated with the Debt Prepayment.
In July 2021, we entered into a third amendment to our existing First Lien Credit Agreement (the “Third Amendment”) that provided for the incurrence of an additional $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of additional term loans under the First Lien Credit Agreement.
The first lien term debt has a variable interest rate whereby the Company can elect to use a Base Rate or LIBOR plus an applicable rate. The applicable rate is 2.00% for Base Rate loans or 3.10% for SOFR loans. The effective interest rate on the first lien debt was 7.38% and 3.41% as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
First Lien Revolving Credit Facility
Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Company increased the aggregate commitments to $250.0 million under our first lien revolving credit facility. The Second Amendment also provided an extension of the maturity date of our first lien revolving credit facility to November 2025.
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Note 8 - Financing Arrangements (continued)
The first lien revolving debt has a variable interest rate whereby the Company can elect to use a Base Rate or SOFR plus an applicable rate. The applicable margin is 1.00% to 1.25% for Base Rate loans or 2.00% to 2.25% for SOFR loans, depending on the Company’s leverage.
In March 2020, the Company drew down $35.0 million under the revolving credit facility. In June 2020, the Company paid off the outstanding $35.0 million balance of the revolving credit facility with proceeds from the IPO. The effective interest rate was 3.70% as of the repayment date. In July 2021, the Company drew down $225.0 million under the revolving credit facility and then paid off the outstanding $225.0 million balance of the revolving credit facility with proceeds from the Third Amendment and proceeds from the Senior Notes. The effective interest rate was 4.4% as of the repayment date. Immaterial debt issuance costs were incurred in connection with these entries into the revolving credit facility. These debt issuance costs are amortized into interest expense over the expected life of the arrangement. Unamortized debt issuance costs included in Deferred costs and other assets, net of current portion on our Consolidated Balance Sheets were immaterial as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
Senior Notes
In February 2021, ZoomInfo Technologies LLC and ZoomInfo Finance Corp., indirect subsidiaries of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. (the “Issuers”), issued $350.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.875% Senior Notes due February 2029 to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Interest on the Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears beginning on August 1, 2021. The Issuers may redeem all or a part of the Notes at any time prior to February 1, 2024 at a price equal to the present value of the redemption price as of February 1, 2024, defined below, plus unaccrued and unpaid interest to February 1, 2024. In addition, beginning on February 1, 2024, the Issuers may redeem all or a part of the Notes at a redemption price equal to 101.938% of the principal amount redeemed. The redemption price decreases to 100.969% and 100.000% of the principal amount redeemed on February 1, 2025 and February 1, 2026, respectively. In addition, at any time prior to February 1, 2024, the Issuers may redeem up to 40% of the Notes from the proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 103.875% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
In July 2021, ZoomInfo Technologies LLC and ZoomInfo Finance Corp., indirect subsidiaries of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc., issued and sold $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of additional 3.875% senior notes due in 2029. The notes were issued under the same indenture as the Issuers’ existing $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.875% senior notes due 2029 (the “Existing Notes”), which were issued in February 2021, and constitute part of the same series as the Existing Notes.
Second Lien Term Loan
On June 8, 2020, the Company used approximately $380.6 million of the proceeds of the IPO to repay the entire aggregate principal amount of our second lien term loans, including prepayment premiums of $3.7 million and accrued interest thereon of $6.9 million. The effective interest rate was 10.8% as of the repayment date. The Company recognized $11.0 million within Loss on debt modification and extinguishment on our Consolidated Statements of Operations, comprised of the write-off of unamortized issuance costs of $7.3 million and the prepayment penalty incurred on the payoff of $3.7 million.
Redeemable Series A Preferred Units
On June 8, 2020, the Company redeemed and cancelled all outstanding Series A Preferred Units of ZoomInfo OpCo. Refer to Note 13 - Redeemable Series A Preferred Units for additional discussion regarding Series A Preferred Units and related redemption.
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Note 8 - Financing Arrangements (continued)
The expected future principal payments for all borrowings as of December 31, 2022 is as follows (in millions):
Contractual Maturity
2023$— 
2024— 
2025— 
2026600.0 
2027— 
Thereafter650.0 
Total principal payments1,250.0 
Unamortized debt issuance costs(14.3)
     Total long-term debt$1,235.7 
Note 9 - Derivatives and Hedging Activities
We are exposed to changes in interest rates, primarily relating to changes in interest rates on our first lien term loan. Consequently, from time to time, we may use interest rate swaps or other financial instruments to manage our exposure to interest rate movements. Our primary objective in holding derivatives is to reduce the volatility of cash flows associated with changes in interest rates. We do not enter into derivative transactions for speculative or trading purposes.
We recognize derivative instruments and hedging activities on a gross basis as either assets or liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and measure them at fair value. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, the change in the estimated fair value of the derivative is recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. To receive hedge accounting treatment, all hedging relationships are formally documented at the inception of the hedge, and the hedges must be highly effective in offsetting changes to future cash flows on hedged transactions. Gains and losses resulting from valuation adjustments on dedesignated portions of our derivative contract subsequent to dedesignation of hedge accounting are recorded within Interest expense, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. As it is not probable the forecasted transaction will not occur, the amounts in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of the date of dedesignation will be released based on our original forecast.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we entered into forward-starting interest rate swaps to hedge the variability of forecasted interest payments on our first lien debt after April 2022. The total notional amount of these forward-starting interest rate swaps is $500.0 million. These forward-starting interest rate swaps will fix the benchmark interest rate and hedge the variability of forecasted interest payments from April 2022 through January 2026. The Company dedesignated and redesignated certain hedges contemporaneously with the inception of our forward-starting interest rate swaps to achieve optimal interest rate protections.
104

Note 9 - Derivatives and Hedging Activities (continued)
During the second quarter of 2020, the Company reduced its LIBOR based debt to $756.4 million (refer to Note 8 - Financing Arrangements), which was below the total notional amounts of our derivative instruments of $850.0 million as of the date of the debt repayment. Consequently, concurrent with the repayment of the entire aggregate principal amount of our second lien term loans and prepayment of $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of our first lien term loans, we dedesignated and partially redesignated the derivative instruments. As the forecasted interest payments on $93.7 million not redesignated was probable to not occur, the Company reclassified the existing deferred loss on that portion of the derivative of $3.3 million from AOCI into Interest expense, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
In the first quarter of 2021, concurrent with the prepayment of $356.4 million aggregate principal amount of our first lien term loans, we fully dedesignated the interest rate cap contract and partially dedesignated $100.0 million of the notional amount of one of the forward-starting interest rate swap contracts. In the third quarter of 2021, the Company redesignated $100.0 million of available notional of the partially dedesignated forward-starting interest rate swap contract and redesignated $100.0 million of available notional of the interest-rate cap contract in connection with the incurrence of an incremental $200.0 million of variable-rate debt under the First Lien Credit Agreement.
In the second quarter of 2022, two interest rate swap contracts in the notional amount of $350.0 million matured. Interest rate swaps in the notional amount of $500.0 million became effective in April 2022.
In the third quarter of 2022, the Company sold $400.0 million of the notional amount of the interest rate cap contract which was not designated as an accounting hedge. We recognized a gain of $3.0 million, partially offset by the derecognition of $2.5 million of derivative assets, resulting from this sale within Interest expense, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company transitioned two interest rate swap contracts and one interest cap contract from LIBOR to SOFR by terminating the original transactions and simultaneously entering into new derivatives. The terms of the new derivatives were unchanged except for the index. The Company elected optional expedients to allow for this transition without any interruptions to the hedge accounting.
As December 31, 2022, the Company had the following outstanding interest rate derivatives that were designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk ($ in millions):
Interest Rate Derivatives
(Level 2)
Number of InstrumentsNotional Aggregate Principal AmountInterest Cap / Swap RateMaturity Date
Interest rate cap contractOne$100.0 3.500 %April 30, 2024
Interest rate swap contractsTwo$500.0 0.370 %January 30, 2026
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Note 9 - Derivatives and Hedging Activities (continued)
The following table summarizes the fair value and presentation on our Consolidated Balance Sheets for derivatives as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in millions):
Fair Value of Derivative Instruments
InstrumentDecember 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Derivative AssetsDerivative LiabilitiesDerivative AssetsDerivative Liabilities
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate cap contract(1)
$— $— $— $0.1 
Interest rate cap contract(2)
1.2 — — — 
Interest rate cap contract(3)
0.3 — — — 
Interest rate swap contracts(1)
— — — 2.4 
Interest rate swap contracts(2)
21.5 — — — 
Interest rate swap contracts(3)
30.3 — — — 
Forward-starting interest rate swap contracts(2)
— — 0.7 — 
Forward-starting interest rate swap contracts(3)
— — 15.2 — 
Total designated derivative fair value53.3 — 15.9 2.5 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate cap contract(1)
— — — 0.3 
Interest rate cap contract(3)
— — 0.1 — 
Total undesignated derivative fair value— — 0.1 0.3 
Total derivative fair value$53.3 $— $16.0 $2.8 
________________
(1) Included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2) Included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(3) Included in Deferred costs and other assets, net of current portion on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The change in fair value of any derivative instruments was recorded, net of income tax, in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on our Consolidated Balance Sheets to the extent the agreements were designated as effective hedges. In the period that the hedged item affects earnings, such as when interest payments are made on the Company’s variable-rate debt, we reclassify the related gain or loss on the interest rate swap cash flow hedges and any receipts on the cap to Interest expense, net and as operating cash flows on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in the period settled in cash. Income tax effects from changes in fair value of derivative instruments are recorded on our Consolidated Statements of Operations when the derivative instruments are settled. Over the next 12 months, we expect to reclassify approximately $22.5 million into interest income from AOCI.
Refer to the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings related to the Company’s Derivative Instruments designated as cash flow hedging instruments for each of the reporting periods.
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Note 10 - Fair Value
The Company's financial instruments consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts receivable, and accounts payable, accrued expenses, and long-term debt. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate fair value, primarily due to short maturities. We classify our money market mutual funds as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy. We classify our corporate debt securities, securities guaranteed by U.S. government, and other governmental securities as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of our first term lien debt and Senior Notes as of December 31, 2022 was $598.5 million and $542.8 million, respectively, based on observable market prices in less active markets and categorized as Level 2 within the fair value measurement framework.
The Company has elected to use the income approach to value the interest rate derivatives using observable Level 2 market expectations at measurement date and standard valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount (discounted) reflecting current market expectations about those future amounts. Level 2 inputs for the derivative valuations are limited to quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets (specifically futures contracts) and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (specifically SOFR cash and swap rates, implied volatility for options, caps and floors, basis swap adjustments, overnight indexed swap (“OIS”) short term rates and OIS swap rates, when applicable, and credit risk at commonly quoted intervals). Mid-market pricing is used as a practical expedient for most fair value measurements. Key inputs, including the cash rates for very short term, futures rates and swap rates beyond the derivative maturity are interpolated to provide spot rates at resets specified by each derivative (reset rates are then further adjusted by the basis swap, if necessary). Derivatives are discounted to present value at the measurement date at SOFR rates unless they are fully collateralized. Fully collateralized derivatives are discounted to present value at the measurement date at OIS rates (short term OIS rates and long term OIS swap rates).
Inputs are collected from SuperDerivatives, an independent third-party derivative pricing data provider, as of the close on the last day of the period. The valuation of the interest rate swaps also take into consideration estimates of our own, as well as our counterparty’s, risk of non-performance under the contract.
We estimate the value of other long-lived assets that are recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis based on a market valuation approach. We use prices and other relevant information generated primarily by recent market transactions involving similar or comparable assets, as well as our historical experience in divestitures, acquisitions and real estate transactions. Additionally, we may use a cost valuation approach to value long-lived assets when a market valuation approach is unavailable. Under this approach, we determine the cost to replace the service capacity of an asset, adjusted for physical and economic obsolescence. When available, we use valuation inputs from independent valuation experts, such as real estate appraisers and brokers, to corroborate our estimates of fair value. Real estate appraisers’ and brokers’ valuations are typically developed using one or more valuation techniques including market, income and replacement cost approaches. Because these valuations contain unobservable inputs, we classify the measurement of fair value of long-lived assets as Level 3.

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Note 10 - Fair Value (continued)
The fair value (in millions) of our financial assets and (liabilities) was determined using the following inputs:
Fair Value at December 31, 2022Level 1Level 2Level 3
Measured on a recurring basis:
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Corporate debt securities$— $159.8 $— 
Money market mutual funds$18.6 $— $— 
Securities guaranteed by U.S. government$— $4.0 $— 
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities$— $91.7 $— 
Securities guaranteed by U.S. government$— $25.0 $— 
Other governmental securities$— $11.0 $— 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets:
Interest rate cap contract$— $1.2 $— 
Interest rate swap contracts$— $21.5 $— 
Deferred costs and other assets, net of current portion:
Interest rate cap contract$— $0.3 $— 
Interest rate swap contracts$— $30.3 $— 
Fair Value at December 31, 2021Level 1Level 2Level 3
Measured on a recurring basis:
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Corporate debt securities$— $15.7 $— 
Money market mutual funds$16.1 $— $— 
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities$— $18.4 $— 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets:
Forward-starting interest rate swap contracts$— $0.7 $— 
Deferred costs and other assets, net of current portion:
Interest rate cap contract$— $0.1 $— 
Forward-starting interest rate swap contracts$— $15.2 $— 
Liabilities:
Derivative contracts:
Interest rate cap contract$— $(0.4)$— 
Interest rate swap contracts$— $(2.4)$— 
Measured on a non-recurring basis:
Impaired lease-related assets$— $— $14.2 
There have been no transfers between fair value measurements levels during the year ended December 31, 2022.
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Note 10 - Fair Value (continued)
Refer to Note 5 - Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-term Investments for further information regarding the fair value of our financial instruments. Refer to Note 9 - Derivatives and Hedging Activities for further information regarding the fair value of our derivative instruments. Refer to Note 15 - Leases, “recent leasing activity” for further information regarding the impairment of our Waltham operating lease.
Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies
Non-cancelable purchase obligations
As of December 31, 2022, our outstanding non-cancelable purchase obligations with a term of 12 months or longer, mainly related to third-party cloud hosting and software as a service arrangements, were as follows (in millions):
Fiscal Period:Amount
2023$43.6 
202466.4 
20251.3 
20260.7 
2027— 
Thereafter— 
Total$112.0 
For information regarding financing-related obligations, refer to Note 8 - Financing Arrangements. For information regarding lease-related obligations, refer to Note 15 - Leases.
Sales and use tax
The Company has conducted an assessment of sales and use tax exposure in states where the Company has established nexus. Based on this assessment, the Company has recorded a liability for taxes owed and related penalties and interest in the amount of $4.9 million and $3.1 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. This liability is included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Contingent earnout payments
In connection with the acquisition of Dogpatch, the Company could be required to issue equity awards up to $3.7 million. Refer to Note 4 - Business Combinations for additional information.
Deferred acquisition-related payments
In connection with the acquisition of Insent, the Company expects to pay an additional $3.0 million, of which $1.2 million represents deferred consideration. Refer to Note 4 - Business Combinations for additional information.
Legal matters
We are subject to various legal proceedings, claims, and governmental inspections, audits, or investigations that arise in the ordinary course of our business. There are inherent uncertainties in these matters, some of which are beyond management’s control, making the ultimate outcomes difficult to predict. Moreover, management’s views and estimates related to these matters may change in the future, as new events and circumstances arise and the matters continue to develop. Based on the information known by the Company as of the date of this filing, it is not possible to provide an estimated amount of any loss or range of loss that may occur with respect to these matters, including without limitation the matters described below.
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Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies (continued)
On April 15, 2021, a putative class action lawsuit was filed against ZoomInfo Technologies LLC in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (Eastern Division) alleging ZoomInfo’s use of Illinois residents’ names in public-facing web pages violates the Illinois Right of Publicity Act, and seeking statutory, compensatory and punitive damages, costs, and attorneys’ fees. The Company intends to vigorously defend against this lawsuit.
On September 30, 2021, a putative class action lawsuit was filed against ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington alleging ZoomInfo’s use of California residents’ names in public-facing web pages violates California statutory and common law regarding the right of publicity as well as misappropriation, and seeking compensatory and punitive damages, restitution, injunctive relief, declaratory relief, costs, and attorneys’ fees. The Company intends to vigorously defend against this lawsuit.
Note 12 - Stockholders' Equity and Members' Deficit
New ZoomInfo Common Stock Rights
Our authorized capital stock consists of 3,300,000,000 shares of Common Stock, and 200,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. No shares of preferred stock have been issued or are currently outstanding.
Voting rights
Holders of Common Stock will vote as a single class and are entitled to one vote per share on all matters on which stockholders of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. are entitled to vote generally, including the election or removal of directors. The holders of our Common Stock do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors.
Preemptive or similar rights
Holders of shares of our Common Stock do not have preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Common Stock.
Dividends and distributions
Holders of Common Stock are entitled to receive dividends at the same rate, when, as and if declared by our board of directors out of funds legally available therefor, subject to any statutory or contractual restrictions on the payment of dividends and to the rights of the holders of one or more outstanding series of our preferred stock. To date, no dividends have been declared or paid by us.
Upon our liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, subject to the rights of holders of one or more outstanding series of preferred stock having liquidation preferences, the holders of shares of our Common Stock are entitled to receive pro rata our remaining assets available for distribution.
Old ZoomInfo Class A, B, and C Common Stock Rights
As noted above, subsequent to the Holding Company Reorganization, there were no issued and outstanding shares of Class B common stock or Class C common stock, and in May 2022, following approval by the Company’s stockholders, the Company further amended and restated its Amended and Restated Certification of Incorporation to eliminate the multiple classes of common stock and to rename the Company’s Class A common stock as “Common Stock”. The below represent the historical rights of Old ZoomInfo Class A, Class B, and Class C common stock. Shares of Old ZoomInfo Class A common stock and Class C common stock were identical in all respects, except for voting rights, certain conversion rights and transfer restrictions in respect of the shares of Class C common stock, as described below.
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Note 12 - Stockholders' Equity and Members' Deficit (continued)
Voting rights
Holders of Old ZoomInfo Class A common stock were entitled to one vote per share and holders of Old ZoomInfo Class B and Class C common stock were entitled to ten votes per share (for so long as the aggregate number of outstanding shares of our Old ZoomInfo Class B and Class C common stock represents at least 5% of the aggregate number of our outstanding shares of common stock, and thereafter, one vote per share), on all matters on which stockholders of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. are entitled to vote generally, including the election or removal of directors.
Conversion rights and transfer restrictions
The shares of Old ZoomInfo Class C common stock were convertible at the option of the holder into shares of Old ZoomInfo Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. In addition, each share of Old ZoomInfo Class C common stock converted automatically into one share of Old ZoomInfo Class A common stock upon any transfer, whether or not for value, or, if on the record date for any meeting of the stockholders, the aggregate number of outstanding shares of our Old ZoomInfo Class B common stock and Class C common stock was less than 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock. Once converted into Class A common stock, Class C common stock was not reissued.
Shares of Old ZoomInfo Class B common stock were not transferable except for (i) transfers to us for no consideration upon which transfer such share of Old ZoomInfo Class B common stock was automatically canceled, or (ii) together with the transfer of an identical number of OpCo Units or HoldCo Units made to the permitted transferee of such OpCo Units or HoldCo Units made in compliance with the applicable limited liability company agreement of ZoomInfo OpCo or ZoomInfo HoldCo. Upon the exchange of an OpCo Unit or a HoldCo Unit (together with a share of Old ZoomInfo Class B common stock), as applicable, the shares of Old ZoomInfo Class B common stock were automatically canceled with no consideration and no longer outstanding.
Dividends and distributions
Holders of Old ZoomInfo Class A and Class C common stock were entitled to receive dividends at the same rate, when, as and if declared by our board of directors out of funds legally available therefor, subject to any statutory or contractual restrictions on the payment of dividends and to the rights of the holders of one or more outstanding series of our preferred stock. Holders of Old ZoomInfo Class B common stock did not have any right to receive dividends or to receive a distribution upon a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. No dividends were paid while Old ZoomInfo Class B and Class C common stock was outstanding.
Noncontrolling Interest
ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. operates and controls all of the business and affairs, and consolidates the financial results through ZoomInfo OpCo and its subsidiaries, conducts our business. Accordingly, ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. consolidates the financial results of ZoomInfo OpCo, and reports the noncontrolling interests of its consolidated subsidiaries on its consolidated financial statements based on the HoldCo Units and OpCo Units held by Continuing Members. Changes in ZoomInfo’s ownership interest in its consolidated subsidiaries are accounted for as equity transactions. As such, redemptions or direct exchanges of HoldCo Units or OpCo Units by Continuing Members resulted in a change in ownership and reduced or increased the amount recorded as Noncontrolling interests and increased or decreased Additional paid-in capital on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the third quarter of 2021, all remaining HoldCo Units held by Continuing Members were exchanged for shares in ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. followed by the merger of HoldCo into ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. During the fourth quarter of 2021, all remaining OpCo Units held by Continuing Members were converted into Class A shares in connection with the merger of ZoomInfo OpCo into a newly formed subsidiary of ZoomInfo Technologies, Inc.
As of December 31, 2022, ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. held units resulting in an ownership interest of 100% in the consolidated subsidiaries.
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Note 12 - Stockholders' Equity and Members' Deficit (continued)
The holders of OpCo Units may be subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes on their proportionate share of any taxable income of ZoomInfo OpCo. Net profits and net losses of ZoomInfo OpCo will generally be allocated to its holders pro rata in accordance with the percentages of their respective limited liability company interests. The amended and restated limited liability company agreement of ZoomInfo OpCo provides for cash distributions (“tax distributions”) to the holders of OpCo Units and Class P Units. During the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020, the Company paid $19.9 million, and $9.9 million in tax distributions to the noncontrolling interest, respectively.
Note 13 - Redeemable Series A Preferred Units
On June 8, 2020, the Company redeemed and cancelled all outstanding Series A Preferred Units of ZoomInfo OpCo for $274.2 million, the total redemption price, resulting in a $74.0 million reduction to Additional paid-in capital. The total redemption price paid included the carrying amount of $200.2 million, accreted but unpaid dividends of $45.4 million, and an excess amount due upon early redemption of $28.6 million. Of the $28.6 million excess amount paid, $17.6 million was attributed to noncontrolling interests and $11.0 million to common stockholders.
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Note 14 - Earnings Per Share
For the periods in which we had multiple classes of stock participating in earnings, we use the two-class method in calculating earnings per share. Basic earnings per share of Class A and Class C common stock is computed by dividing net income attributable to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A and Class C common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share of Class A and Class C common stock is computed by dividing net income attributable to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc., adjusted for the assumed exchange of all potentially dilutive instruments for Class A common stock, by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A and Class C common stock outstanding, adjusted to give effect to potentially dilutive elements. As of the fourth quarter in 2021, as a result of the Holding Company Reorganization discussed in Note 1 - Organization and Background, the only remaining class of common stock issued and outstanding was the Class A common stock, and as such, the two-class method is not presented for subsequent periods. As previously discussed, in May 2022, following approval by the Company’s stockholders, the Company further amended and restated its Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to eliminate the multiple classes of common stock and to rename the Company’s Class A common stock to “Common Stock”.
Prior to the IPO, the ZoomInfo OpCo membership structure included Series A Preferred Units, Preferred units, Common units, and Profits Interests in the form of Class P Units. The Company analyzed the calculation of earnings per unit for periods prior to the IPO and determined that it resulted in values that would not be meaningful to the users of these consolidated financial statements. Therefore, the basic and diluted earnings per share calculations for the year ended December 31, 2020 represent the post IPO period from June 4, 2020 to December 31, 2020 only.
The following table sets forth reconciliations of the numerators and denominators used (in millions) to compute basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share of Class A and Class C (as applicable) common stock for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2020, represents only the period from June 4, 2020 to December 31, 2020, which represents the period wherein we had outstanding Class A and Class C common stock.
Year Ended December 31, 2022Year Ended December 31, 2021Year Ended December 31, 2020
Numerator:
Net income (loss)$63.2 $94.9 $(36.4)
Add: Net (income) loss attributable to ZoomInfo OpCo before Reorganization Transactions— — 5.1 
Less: Excess of consideration paid over carrying amount to holders of Series A Preferred Units attributable to common shares— — (11.0)
Add: Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests— 21.9 27.3 
Net income (loss) attributable to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.$63.2 $116.8 $(15.0)
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Note 14 - Earnings Per Share (continued)
The following tables set forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share of Class A and Class C (as applicable) common stock (in millions, except share amounts and per share amounts):
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Common Stock
Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders
Numerator:
Allocation of net income (loss) attributable to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.$63.2 
Denominator:
Weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding401,490,459 
Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders$0.16 
Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders
Numerator:
Allocation of undistributed earnings$63.2 
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation401,490,459 
Add: weighted-average effect of dilutive securities exchangeable for Common Stock:
Restricted Stock Awards1,641,544 
Exercise of Common Stock Options187,578 
Employee Stock Purchase Plan72,877 
Weighted average shares of Common Stock outstanding used to calculate diluted net income (loss) per share403,392,458 
Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders$0.16 
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Note 14 - Earnings Per Share (continued)
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Class AClass C
Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders
Numerator:
Allocation of net income (loss) attributable to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.$92.5 $24.3 
Denominator:
Weighted average number of shares of Class A and Class C common stock outstanding202,573,536 53,293,720 
Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders$0.46 $0.46 
Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders
Numerator:
Undistributed earnings for basic computation$92.5 $24.3 
Increase in earnings attributable to common shareholders upon conversion of potentially dilutive instruments41.2 10.8 
Reallocation of earnings as a result of conversion of potentially dilutive instruments12.3 (12.3)
Reallocation of undistributed earnings as a result of conversion of Class C to Class A shares22.8 — 
Allocation of undistributed earnings$168.8 $22.8 
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation202,573,536 53,293,720 
Add: weighted-average effect of dilutive securities exchangeable for Class A common stock:
OpCo Units129,468,657 — 
HSKB I Class 1 Units5,247,514 — 
HSKB II Class 1 Units212,245 — 
HSKB II Phantom Units773,518 — 
HoldCo Units888,675 — 
Restricted Stock Awards829,763 — 
Restricted Stock Units344,342 — 
LTIP Units35,301 — 
Exercise of Class A Common Stock Options296,296 — 
Conversion of Class C to Class A common shares outstanding53,293,720 — 
Weighted average shares of Class A and Class C common stock outstanding used to calculate diluted net income (loss) per share393,963,567 53,293,720 
Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders$0.43 $0.43 

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Note 14 - Earnings Per Share (continued)
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Class AClass C
Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders
Numerator:
Allocation of net income (loss) attributable to ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.$(6.0)$(9.0)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of shares of Class A and Class C common stock outstanding62,464,272 94,278,971 
Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders$(0.10)$(0.10)
Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders
Numerator:
Undistributed earnings for basic computation$(6.0)$(9.0)
Increase in earnings attributable to common shareholders upon conversion of potentially dilutive instruments(2.0)(2.9)
Reallocation of earnings as a result of conversion of potentially dilutive instruments(1.2)1.2 
Reallocation of undistributed earnings as a result of conversion of Class C to Class A shares(10.7)— 
Allocation of undistributed earnings$(19.9)$(10.7)
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation62,464,272 94,278,971 
Add: weighted-average effect of dilutive securities exchangeable for Class A common stock:
Class P Units8,397,751 — 
HSKB I Class 1 Units9,384,174 — 
Exercise of Class A Common Stock Options179,450 — 
Conversion of Class C to Class A common shares outstanding94,278,971 — 
Weighted average shares of Class A and Class C common stock outstanding used to calculate diluted net income (loss) per share174,704,618 94,278,971 
Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders$(0.11)$(0.11)
Shares of the Company’s Class B common stock did not participate in the earnings or losses of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. and were therefore not participating securities. As such, separate presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share of Class B common stock under the two-class method has not been presented.
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Note 14 - Earnings Per Share (continued)
The following weighted-average potentially dilutive securities were evaluated under the treasury stock method for potentially dilutive effects and have been excluded from diluted net loss per share in the periods presented due to their anti-dilutive effect:
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
OpCo Units— — 213,410,605 
Class P Units— 8,100,932 — 
HSKB II Class 1 Units— — 5,244,286 
HSKB II Phantom Units— — 545,779 
HoldCo Units— — 5,083,280 
Restricted Stock Units8,198,069 — 251,285 
LTIP Units— — 447,456 
Total anti-dilutive securities8,198,069 8,100,932 224,982,691 
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Note 15 - Leases
The Company has operating leases for corporate offices under non-cancelable agreements with various expiration dates. Our leases do not have significant rent escalation, holidays, concessions, material residual value guarantees, material restrictive covenants, or contingent rent provisions. Our leases include both lease (e.g., fixed payments including rent, taxes, and insurance costs) and non-lease components (e.g., common-area or other maintenance costs) which are accounted for as a single lease component. In addition, we have elected the practical expedient to exclude short-term leases, which have an original lease term of one year or less, from our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities as well as the package of practical expedients relating to adoption of Topic 842.
The Company subleases two offices. The subleases have remaining lease terms of less than nine years. Sublease income, which is recorded as a reduction of rent expense and allocated to the appropriate financial statement line items to arrive at Income (loss) from operations on our Consolidated Statements of Operations, was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
The following are additional details related to operating leases recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
December 31,
(in millions)20222021
Assets
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net$63.0 $59.8 
Liabilities
Current portion of operating lease liabilities$10.3 $8.1 
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion$67.9 $61.5 
Rent expense was $13.4 million, $11.1 million, and $7.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
Other information related to leases was as follows:
(in millions)December 31,
Supplemental Cash Flow Information202220212020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities$12.4 $8.3 $7.3 
Cash received for tenant incentive reimbursement$5.0 $— $— 
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
From acquisitions$— $0.2 $0.4 
From new and existing lease agreements and modifications$11.3 $36.9 $(0.9)
As of
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)11.79.6
Weighted average discount rate5.4 %4.4 %

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Note 15 - Leases (continued)
The table below reconciles the undiscounted future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable leases to the total lease liabilities recognized as of December 31, 2022 (in millions):
Year Ending December 31,Operating Leases
2023$14.2 
202411.6 
202510.7 
20268.1 
20277.1 
Thereafter52.7 
Total future minimum lease payments104.4 
Less effects of discounting26.2 
Total lease liabilities$78.2 
Reported as of December 31, 2022
Current portion of operating lease liabilities$10.3 
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion67.9 
Total lease liabilities$78.2 
The table above does not include any legally binding minimum lease payments for leases signed but not yet commenced.
Expense associated with short term leases and variable lease costs were immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2022. The expense related to short term leases reasonably reflected our short-term lease commitments.
Recent Leasing Activity
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, the Company executed an agreement to sublet our existing Waltham office space for the remainder of our lease term in anticipation of our office relocation which commenced in June 2021. Sublease income will be recorded as a reduction of rent expense and allocated to the appropriate financial statement line item to arrive at Income (loss) from operations on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. In connection with these activities, and as referenced in Note 6 - Property and Equipment, we recorded a cumulative impairment charge of $1.5 million to reduce the carrying values of our existing Waltham right-of-use asset to its fair value.
In the first quarter of 2021, we executed a lease for office space in Waltham, Massachusetts. The rent payments for the first phase commenced in January 2022. Pursuant to the second amendment to the lease which were executed in the second quarter of 2022, the rent payments for the additional phases are expected to commence between January 2024 and April 2027. The lease will terminate on December 31, 2038, the last day of the seventeenth lease year. The lease is subject to fixed-rate rent escalations and provides for $11.3 million in tenant improvements and the option to extend the lease for two terms of five years each, which were not reasonably certain of exercise. The Company determined that it is the accounting owner of all tenant improvements. Upon commencement of the first phase of the lease in June 2021, the Company recorded an operating lease right-of-use asset and lease liability of $35.2 million. As the commencement of the subsequent phases of this lease are expected to occur in the future, the Company has not recorded operating lease right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for these phases as of December 31, 2022.
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Note 15 - Leases (continued)
In the third quarter of 2021, we executed a lease for a new corporate headquarters in Vancouver, Washington, which will become available for occupancy in phases as construction progresses. The first phase is expected to commence at the earliest in the first quarter of 2024 with rent expected to commence in the second quarter of 2026, subject to the completion of certain constructions milestones. The lease has a contractual term of 190 months. The lease is subject to fixed-rate rent escalations, provides for $42.1 million in tenant improvements, and contains the option to extend the lease for two terms of five years each, which were not reasonably certain of exercise. The Company will account for each phase upon lease commencement consistent with the guidance in ASC 842.
In the first quarter of 2022, the Company executed a seven-year lease for office space in Ra’anana, Israel, with the rent payments for the first phase expected to commence at the earliest in July 2023, and the rent payments for the additional phases expected to commence between August 2023 and April 2024. Upon execution of the lease, the Company paid rent in advance of $1.7 million. The lease contains two options to extend for an additional three and five years, respectively, for which the company is not reasonably certain of exercising as of December 31, 2022. The lease is subject to fixed rate rent with the addition of VAT and certain future increases of the Israel Consumer Price Index. The lease provides for $13.9 million in tenant improvements. The Company determined that it is the accounting owner of all tenant improvements. As the commencement of this lease is expected to occur in the future, the Company has not recorded operating lease right-of-use assets or lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022.
In the third quarter of 2022, the Company executed a sublease termination agreement for sublet office space in Waltham, Massachusetts. Pursuant to the termination agreement, the sublessee paid the Company a lease termination penalty in the amount of $2.5 million. Additionally, this termination resulted in the derecognition of the previously capitalized initial direct costs of $1.4 million and the recognition of a gain of $1.1 million as a reduction of rent expense and allocated to the appropriate financial statement line items to arrive at Income (loss) from operations on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company executed an agreement to sublet the Waltham office space to a new tenant for the remainder of our lease term which commenced in September 2022. Sublease income will be recorded as a reduction of rent expense and allocated to the appropriate financial statement line items to arrive at Income (loss) from operations on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company's head lease for the sublet office space in Waltham provides for the option to extend for an additional five years which we were previously not reasonably certain to exercise. In connection with the subleasing activity detailed above, the Company reassessed the lease term of our sublet office space in Waltham and determined that the Company is reasonably certain of exercising the option. In July 2022, the Company recorded a $5.1 million increase in the operating lease right-of-use asset and a $5.1 million increase in the lease liability.
Undiscounted lease payments under all leases executed and not yet commenced are anticipated to be $341.2 million, which are not included in the tabular disclosure of undiscounted future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable leases above.
Note 16 - Equity-based Compensation
2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan - On May 26, 2020, the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) adopted the ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Omnibus Plan”). The Omnibus Plan provides for potential grants of the following awards with respect to shares of the Common Stock and OpCo Units: (i) incentive stock options qualified as such under U.S. federal income tax laws; (ii) non-qualified stock options or any other form of stock options; (iii) stock appreciation rights; (iv) Restricted Stock; (v) Restricted Stock Units; (vi) OpCo Units, and (vii) other equity-based and cash-based incentive awards as determined by the compensation committee of the Board or any properly delegated subcommittee.
120

Note 16 - Equity-based Compensation (continued)
The maximum aggregate number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued pursuant to awards under the Omnibus Plan shall not exceed 18,650,000 shares (including OpCo Units or other securities which have been issued under the plan and were converted into awards based on shares of common stock) (the “Plan Share Reserve”). The Omnibus Plan also contains a provision that will add an additional number of shares of Common Stock to the Plan Share Reserve on the first day of each year starting with January 1, 2021, equal to the lesser of (i) the positive difference between (x) 5% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding year, and (y) the Plan Share Reserve on the last day of the immediately preceding year, and (ii) a lower number of shares of Common Stock as may be determined by the Board.
The Company currently has equity-based compensation awards outstanding as follows: Restricted Stock Units, Common Stock Options, and Restricted Stock. In addition, the Company recognizes equity-based compensation expense from awards granted to employees as further described below under HSKB Incentive Units.
Except where indicated otherwise, the equity-based compensation awards described below are subject to time-based service requirements. For grants issued prior to June 2020, the service vesting condition is generally over four years with 50% vesting on the two years anniversary of the grant date of the award and the remainder vesting monthly thereafter. For awards made after May 2020 to existing employees, the service vesting condition is generally four years with 25% vesting on the one year anniversary of the grant date of the award and 6.25% vesting quarterly thereafter. For performance-based Restricted Stock Units issued in Q3 2022, the service vesting condition is one year and specified company performance targets. Certain additional grants have other vesting periods approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board.
Restricted Stock Units
Restricted Stock Unit activity was as follows during the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2022Year Ended December 31, 2021Year Ended December 31, 2020
Restricted Stock UnitsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair ValueRestricted Stock UnitsRestricted Stock Units
Unvested at beginning of period4,853,795 $56.74 985,398 — 
Granted8,678,522 $42.43 4,656,717 1,055,609 
Granted - performance-based147,445 $33.89 — — 
Vested(1,265,449)$52.53 (443,647)(26,674)
Forfeited(2,036,745)$52.38 (344,673)(43,537)
Unvested at end of period10,377,568 $45.81 4,853,795 985,398 
Restricted Stock
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company issued shares of Restricted Stock in exchange for all unvested HoldCo Units, Class P Units, and LTIP Units owned directly by employees of the Company (refer to Note 1 - Organization and Background). The exchanged shares of Restricted Stock remain subject to the same service vesting requirements of the original units. Upon fulfillment of the original employment service conditions, the restrictions will be lifted and the Restricted Stock will convert to unrestricted Common Stock.
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Note 16 - Equity-based Compensation (continued)
Restricted Stock activity was as follows during the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2022Year Ended December 31, 2021Year Ended December 31, 2020
Restricted stockWeighted Average Grant Date Fair ValueRestricted stockRestricted stock
Unvested at beginning of period3,525,373 $9.21 — — 
Exchanged HoldCo Units— — 872,371 — 
Exchanged Class P Units— — 3,380,469 — 
Exchanged LTIP Units— — 294,665 — 
Vested(2,387,766)$4.90 (992,945)— 
Forfeited(279,047)$5.76 (29,187)— 
Unvested at end of period858,560 $22.30 3,525,373 — 
Common Stock Options
Options activity was as follows during the period indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2022Year Ended December 31, 2021Year Ended December 31, 2020
OptionsWeighted Average Exercise PriceOptionsOptions
Outstanding at beginning of period417,085 $21.00 552,440 — 
Effect of Reorganization Transactions and IPO— — — 576,708 
Exercised(63,193)21.00 (102,330)— 
Expired(7,950)21.00 — — 
Forfeited(22,940)21.00 (33,025)(24,268)
Outstanding at end of period323,002 $21.00 417,085 552,440 
Options have a maximum contractual term of ten years. The aggregate intrinsic value and weighted average remaining contractual terms of Options outstanding and Options exercisable were as follows as of December 31, 2022.
December 31, 2022
Aggregate intrinsic value (in millions)
Unit Options outstanding$2.9 
Unit Options exercisable$2.5 
Weighted average remaining contractual term (in years)
Unit Options outstanding7.1 years
Unit Options exercisable7.1 years
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Note 16 - Equity-based Compensation (continued)
All Options outstanding were issued at the time of the IPO in 2020. No additional options have been issued to date. The fair value of Common Stock Options granted at the time of the IPO was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumption ranges and fair value per unit:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Volatility
39.0% to 39.3%
Expected life
5.6 to 5.9 years
Risk-free rate0.5%
Fair value per unit$21.00
We estimated the future stock price volatility based on the volatility of a set of publicly traded comparable companies with a look back period consistent with the expected term. The estimated life for the units was based on the expected hold period of private equity owners. The risk-free rate is based on the rate for a U.S. government security with the same estimated life at the time of grant.
HoldCo Units
During the year ended December 31, 2021, ZoomInfo HoldCo waived the restriction on exchanges of unvested HoldCo Units on condition that such holders accept shares of our common stock subject to the same vesting terms as the corresponding exchanged HoldCo Units. Subsequently, all unvested HoldCo Units, along with the same number of corresponding shares of our Class B common stock held directly by employees of the Company were voluntarily exchanged for shares of Restricted Stock.
HoldCo Unit activity was as follows during the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2022Year Ended December 31, 2021Year Ended December 31, 2020
HoldCo UnitsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair ValueHoldCo UnitsHoldCo Units
Unvested at beginning of period— — 1,214,105 — 
Effect of Reorganization Transactions and IPO— — — 1,332,239 
Exchanged for Restricted Stock— — (872,371)— 
Vested— — (298,177)(74,207)
Forfeited— — (43,557)(43,927)
Unvested at end of period— — — 1,214,105 
Class P Units
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company permitted employees to exercise the exchange rights on unvested Class P Units, pursuant to Board approval. Subsequently, the Company exercised the exchange rights on unvested Class P Units due to the Holding Company Reorganization (refer to Note 1 - Organization and Background). The recipients received a number of shares of Restricted Stock equal in value to the implied “spread value” of the corresponding Class P Units, calculated based on the excess of the public trading price of Class A common stock at the time of the exchange over the per unit participation threshold of such Class P Units. The shares of Restricted Stock received are subject to the same vesting terms as the corresponding exchanged unvested Class P units.
123

Note 16 - Equity-based Compensation (continued)
Class P Unit activity was as follows during the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2022Year Ended December 31, 2021Year Ended December 31, 2020
Class P UnitsWeighted Average Participation ThresholdClass P UnitsClass P Units
Unvested at beginning of period— — 8,796,642 16,893,603 
Effect of Reorganization Transactions and IPO— — — (1,950,930)
Exchanged for Restricted Stock— — (3,855,843)— 
Granted— — — 642,500 
Vested— — (4,846,178)(6,357,566)
Forfeited— — (94,621)(430,965)
Unvested at end of period— — — 8,796,642 
LTIP Units
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company exercised the exchange rights on unvested LTIP Units due to the Holding Company Reorganization (refer to Note 1 - Organization and Background).
LTIP Unit activity was as follows during the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2022Year Ended December 31, 2021Year Ended December 31, 2020
LTIP UnitsWeighted Average Participation ThresholdLTIP UnitsLTIP Units
Unvested at beginning of period— — 47,620 — 
Exchanged for Restricted Stock— — (294,665)— 
Granted— — 247,045 47,620 
Unvested at end of period— — — 47,620 
OpCo Units
There are no OpCo Units that are unvested and all vested OpCo Units have been converted into shares of our Common Stock due to the Holding Company Reorganization (refer to Note 1 - Organization and Background).
OpCo Unit activity was as follows during the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2022Year Ended December 31, 2021Year Ended December 31, 2020
OpCo UnitsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair ValueOpCo UnitsOpCo Units
Unvested at beginning of period— — — 228,819 
Effect of Reorganization Transactions and IPO— — — (6,909)
Vested— — — (162,218)
Forfeited— — — (59,692)
Unvested at end of period— — — — 
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Note 16 - Equity-based Compensation (continued)
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
On June 3, 2020, the Board adopted the ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) that allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company's common stock at a discounted price, through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their eligible compensation and the IRS allowable limit per calendar year. The Board’s Compensation Committee administers the ESPP, including with respect to the frequency and duration of offering periods, the maximum number of shares that an eligible employee may purchase during an offering period, and, subject to certain limitations set forth in the ESPP, the per-share purchase price. Currently, the maximum number of shares that can be purchased by an eligible employee under the ESPP is 1,500 shares per offering period and there are two six-month offering periods that begin in the second and fourth quarter of each fiscal year. The purchase price for one share of Common Stock under the ESPP is currently equal to 90% of the fair market value of one share of Common Stock on the first trading day of the offering period or the purchase date, whichever is lower.
The maximum aggregate number of shares of the Common Stock that may be issued under the ESPP is no more than 7,500,000 shares (the “ESPP Plan Share Reserve”). The ESPP plan also contains a provision that will add an additional number of shares of Common Stock to the ESPP Plan Reserve on the first day of each year starting with January 1, 2021, equal to the lesser of (i) the positive difference between (x) 1% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, and (y) the ESPP Plan Share Reserve on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, and (ii) a lower number of shares of Common Stock as may be determined by the Board.
The fair value of the ESPP purchase was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumption ranges and fair value per unit:
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Volatility
71.9% to 77.0%
Expected term
0.5 years
Risk-free rate
2.2% to 4.7%
Expected dividends
—%
Weighted-average fair value per unit
$9.56 to $9.58
The expected term for the purchases was based on the six-month offering period. We estimate the future stock price volatility based on the historical volatility of the Company with a lookback period commensurate with the expected term of the ESPP purchases. The risk-free rate is the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds issued with a remaining term equal to the expected term.
The Company withheld $4.9 million worth of ESPP contributions for the year ended December 31, 2022 on behalf of participating employees through payroll deductions included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company purchased 155,599 shares of Common Stock under the ESPP for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company recognized $1.8 million of equity-based compensation expense related to the ESPP for the year ended December 31, 2022.
HSKB Incentive Units
The founders of the Company contributed membership units of ZoomInfo OpCo into an upper tier entity, HSKB Funds, LLC, which is controlled by the current CEO of the Company (“HSKB Manager”). In connection with the Reorganization Transactions, HSKB was reorganized into HSKB I and HSKB II (together, “HSKB”), with HSKB I owning OpCo Units and HSKB II owning HoldCo Units.
125

Note 16 - Equity-based Compensation (continued)
During the year ended December 31, 2021, HSKB II exchanged their HoldCo Units and paired shares of Class B common stock of the Company for shares of Class A common stock of the Company pursuant to the terms of the limited liability company agreement of HoldCo. Subsequently, HSKB I exchanged their OpCo Units and paired shares of Class B common stock of the Company for shares of Class A common stock of the Company.
HSKB has issued LLC units to the employees of the Company (“HSKB Grant”) in the form of Class 1 units and Class 2 units. Such units may be exchangeable into one share of Common Stock upon vesting. HSKB awards are recorded as compensation expense of the Company in accordance with the measurement and recognition criteria of ASC 718 for awards made by economic interest holders to employees of the Company.
HSKB has also allocated $31.3 million to be paid in cash over three years from 2019 to 2021 if the holder of an HSKB Grant remains employed by the Company as of the payment date. This pool was further expanded in March 31, 2020, when HSKB allocated an additional $5.3 million to be paid out over three years, starting with March 31, 2020, to holders of HSKB Grants who received grants after the March 2018 Carlyle Investment, subject to the holder’s continued employment by the Company. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, HSKB paid $1.7 million from allocated funds and has $1.0 million remaining to be paid through 2023.
HSKB Phantom Units
In December 2019, HSKB I adopted the HSKB Funds, LLC 2019 Phantom Unit Plan wherein HSKB may grant Phantom Units (“HSKB Phantom Units”) to employees of the Company. HSKB Phantom Units are recorded as compensation expense of the Company in accordance with the measurement and recognition criteria of ASC 718 for awards made by economic interest holders to employees of the Company. HSKB Phantom Units represent the economic equivalent of one share of common stock in the Company. In connection with the Reorganization Transactions, all HSKB Phantom Units were moved from HSKB I to HSKB II. Within 30 days of the later of the date upon which a Phantom Unit vests, HSKB II must settle the HSKB Phantom Unit in exchange for either (1) cash or (2) Common Stock as determined by the HSKB Manager, in each case, equal to the fair market value of such Common Unit at the time of such exchange.
Unamortized Equity-based Compensation
As of December 31, 2022, unamortized equity-based compensation costs related to each equity-based incentive award described above is the following:
($ in millions, period in years)
AmountWeighted Average Remaining Service Period
Restricted Stock Units$367.5 2.5
Common Stock Options0.1 0.7
Restricted Stock8.5 1.2
HSKB Incentive Units0.1 0.2
HSKB Phantom Units12.4 2.7
Employee Stock Purchase Plan2.2 0.2
Total unamortized equity-based compensation cost$390.8 2.5
The total intrinsic value of profit interests and options that were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $1.6 million, $568.4 million and $50.3 million, respectively. The total fair value of all other previously unvested equity-based awards that vested during the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $104.2 million, $59.2 million and $202.5 million, respectively.
126
Note 17 - Segment and Geographic Data
The Company operates as one operating segment. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is its Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information for purposes of making operating decisions, assessing financial performance and allocating resources. The Company’s CODM evaluates financial information on a consolidated basis. As the Company operates as one operating segment, all required segment financial information is found in the consolidated financial statements.
Long-lived assets by geographical region are based on the location of the legal entity that owns the assets. As of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, no significant long-lived assets were held by entities outside of the U.S.
Contracts denominated in currencies other than U.S. Dollar were not material for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. Revenues derived from customers and partners located outside the United States, as determined based on the address provided by our customers and partners, accounted for approximately 12%, 11%, and 9% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Revenue by geographic region is as follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
United States$961.5 $665.0 $433.2 
Rest of world136.5 82.2 43.0 
Total Revenue$1,098.0 $747.2 $476.2 
127
Note 18 - Tax Receivable Agreements
In connection with the Reorganization Transactions and the IPO, the Company entered into (i) the Exchange Tax Receivable Agreement with certain Pre-IPO OpCo Unitholders and (ii) the Reorganization Tax Receivable Agreement with the Pre-IPO Blocker Holders (collectively, the “Tax Receivable Agreements”). These Tax Receivable Agreements provide for the payment by the ZoomInfo Tax Group to such Pre-IPO Owners and certain Pre-IPO HoldCo Unitholders of 85.0% of the benefits, if any, the ZoomInfo Tax Group actually realizes, or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances, as a result of certain tax attributes and benefits covered by the Tax Receivable Agreements. The Exchange Tax Receivable Agreement provides for the payment by members of the ZoomInfo Tax Group to certain Pre-IPO OpCo Unitholders and certain Pre-IPO HoldCo Unitholders of 85.0% of the benefits, if any, that the ZoomInfo Tax Group realizes as a result of (i) the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in the IPO and (ii) increases in the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis and tax basis adjustments that will increase the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of the ZoomInfo Tax Group as a result of sales or exchanges of OpCo Units for shares of common stock after the IPO, and certain other tax benefits, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the Exchange Tax Receivable Agreement. During the three months ended December 31, 2021, all remaining units subject to the Exchange Tax Receivable Agreement had been converted into Class A common stock. The Reorganization Tax Receivable Agreement provides for the payment by ZoomInfo Intermediate Inc. to the Pre-IPO Blocker Holders and certain Pre-IPO HoldCo Unitholders of 85.0% of the benefits, if any, that the ZoomInfo Tax Group realizes as a result of the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s utilization of certain tax attributes of the Blocker Companies (including the ZoomInfo Tax Group’s allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in the Reorganization Transactions), and certain other tax benefits, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the Reorganization Tax Receivable Agreement. The Company expects to benefit from the remaining 15.0% of any cash savings that it realizes.
The Company reflected an increase in its share of the tax basis in the net assets of ZoomInfo HoldCo when OpCo Units were exchanged by Pre-IPO OpCo Unitholders. The Company treats any redemptions and exchanges of OpCo Units as direct purchases for U.S. federal income tax purposes. These increases in tax basis may reduce the amounts that it would otherwise pay in the future to various tax authorities. They may also decrease gains (or increase losses) on future dispositions of certain capital assets to the extent tax basis is allocated to those capital assets.
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had a liability of $2,978.7 million and $3,056.4 million respectively, related to its projected obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreements. This liability, or portion thereof, becomes payable once the tax attributes under the Tax Receivable Agreements reduces the Company’s current income tax liability which would have been otherwise due absent such tax attributes. The liability will be reduced to the extent the tax attributes are expected to expire or otherwise cannot be applied to reduce the Company’s tax liabilities. The liability is classified as current or noncurrent based on the expected date of payment and are included on our Consolidated Balance Sheets under the captions Current portion of tax receivable agreements liability and Tax receivable agreements liability, net of current portion, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we paid a total of $12.2 million pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreements. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a TRA measurement gain of $65.6 million principally due to movements in our blended state tax rate resulting from legislation enacted in 2022 and changes in the apportionment of payroll, property and sales in the states in which we operate, as well as updates to tax attributes, within Other (income) expense, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized TRA remeasurement gains of $39.5 million and $15.7 million, respectively, within Other (income) expense, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
128
Note 19 - Income Taxes
The provision for (benefit from) income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 consisted of the following (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Current:
Federal$(2.7)$10.2 $1.9 
State0.4 4.9 1.3 
Foreign10.4 5.5 3.3 
Total current8.1 20.6 6.5 
Deferred:
Federal27.9 (10.2)0.9 
State100.2 (5.5)(2.7)
Foreign(4.8)1.2 — 
Total deferred123.3 (14.5)(1.8)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes$131.4 $6.1 $4.7 
The difference between the statutory tax rate and our effective tax rate, expressed as a percentage of income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Tax expense computed at U.S. federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Effect of:
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit6.0 %4.7 %(4.2)%
Remeasurement of state deferred tax assets36.5 %— %— %
Foreign income at other than U.S. rates1.8 %6.2 %(10.5)%
Tax credits(5.0)%(2.5)%3.2 %
Stock-based compensation8.1 %2.4 %(42.1)%
Impact of GAAP basis shifts— %86.7 %(9.1)%
Dividends and liquidation of corporate subsidiary— %(101.2)%— %
Income allocable to non-controlling interest— %(7.5)%(0.2)%
Valuation allowance— %0.2 %27.4 %
Other(0.9)%(3.9)%(0.3)%
Effective income tax rate67.5 %6.1 %(14.8)%
Our effective tax rate and resulting provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2022 principally varies from our statutory rate due to $20.9 million in certain equity compensation expense not being deductible for tax purposes, and a $71.1 million charge due to a reduction in the forecast benefits of our state deferred tax assets, which results from state legislation enacted in 2022 and changes in our expectations for future apportionment of income among the state in which we operate.

129

Note 19 - Income Taxes (continued)
For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company made an election to treat its operating partnership, ZoomInfo Technologies LLC, as a corporation for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. As a result of this election, the Company removed its deferred tax asset associated with the investment in ZoomInfo Holdings LLC and recorded deferreds for the book-tax differences in the underlying assets and liabilities held by ZoomInfo Technologies LLC. This adjustment to the deferred tax assets and liabilities resulted in the Company recording a $104.8 million tax benefit. This benefit primarily relates to a difference between ZoomInfo Technologies Inc.’s inside and outside tax basis in its investment in ZoomInfo Holdings LLC at the time of the election. Further, the Company had shifts in GAAP basis from a non-taxable entity to a taxable entity resulting in the recognition of $87.8 million of tax expense.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
20222021
Deferred tax assets
Capitalized research expenditures$44.7 $— 
Operating lease liabilities19.5 17.7 
Stock-based compensation23.5 5.1 
Goodwill3,750.8 4,072.0 
Interest expense carryforwards23.5 15.3 
Net operating loss carryforwards201.9 96.8 
Credit carryforwards12.2 1.8 
Other7.1 8.3 
Total deferred tax assets4,083.2 4,217.0 
Deferred tax liabilities
Deferred commissions9.5 6.9 
Operating lease right-of-use assets15.7 15.0 
Acquired intangible assets58.2 64.8 
Cash flow hedge - AOCI14.1 3.5 
Deferred tax on foreign earnings1.0 1.5 
Other7.8 10.8 
Total deferred tax liabilities106.3 102.5 
Less valuation allowance— — 
Net deferred tax asset (liability)$3,976.9 $4,114.5 
We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent we believe, based on available evidence, that it is more likely than not that they will be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and recent results of operations. We expect the Company will ultimately be able to fully realize its deferred tax assets based on available evidence, including our projections for future taxable income, and thus the Company has not recorded any valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets in the fiscals years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
130

Note 19 - Income Taxes (continued)
For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded a valuation allowance on the portion of ZoomInfo Intermediate Holdings LLC’s investment in ZoomInfo Holdings LLC associated with its share of the book-tax difference in RKSI, This portion of the deferred tax asset is not expected to be realized in the foreseeable future. This valuation allowance and the corresponding deferred tax asset were written off in connection with the merger of RKSI with and into ZoomInfo Intermediate Holdings LLC during the quarter ended September 30, 2021.
As of December 31, 2022, we had U.S. federal net operating losses of $753.9 million, excess interest carryforward under IRC Sec. 163(j) of $96.6 million, and tax credit carryforwards of approximately $9.0 million. Federal net operating losses and excess interest carryforwards can be carried forward indefinitely, with the exception of $6.4 million of net operating losses which expire between 2033 and 2036. Our tax credits will begin to expire in 2040. Further, we have $702.0 million of state net operating losses and $4.0 million of state tax credits. With respect to our state net operating loss carryforward, $1.3 million expires between 2025 and 2027, $634.4 million expires between 2031 and 2043, and the remaining $66.3 million can be carried indefinitely. The state credits begin to expire in 2036.
Our foreign earnings are available for repatriation for use in the United States, and we accrue a liability for any applicable tax. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had an accrual of $1.0 million and $1.5 million, respectively, for foreign withholding tax. No accrual was made with respect U.S. tax on the repatriation of foreign profits, as this will generally be exempt from federal income tax.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, reconciliation of the Company’s uncertain tax positions were as follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
20222021
Unrecognized tax benefit disclosure
Beginning balance$— $— 
Gross increases in unrecognized tax benefits – prior year tax positions    1.3 — 
Gross increases in unrecognized tax benefits – current year tax positions3.8 — 
Ending balance    $5.1 $— 
We regularly evaluate the positions taken, or expected to be taken on tax returns, to determined if they constitute uncertain tax positions. Gross unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2022, were $5.1 million, of which $3.7 million was a reduction of deferred tax assets and $1.4 million was included in other long-term liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. There were no unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2021. If recognized, the resulting tax benefit would affect income tax expense by $5.1 million. It is not anticipated any of the unrecognized tax benefit will be recognized in the next twelve months.
Our policy is to record interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions within the provision for (benefit from) income taxes. There were no interest and penalties accrued with respect to income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021.
The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the United States and various foreign jurisdictions. We are subject to examination of our income tax returns by various domestic and foreign taxing authorities until the applicable statute of limitations expires. Tax years for federal tax purposes starting in 2019, and for Israel tax purposes starting in 2021, remain open to audit. However, the ability for the taxing authority to adjust tax attribute carryforwards, which start to originate in 2014, will continue until generally three years after tax attribute expiration. None of our federal or state income tax return are currently under examination by federal or state taxing authorities.
131
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) to determine whether such disclosure controls and procedures provide reasonable assurance that information to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure. Our disclosure controls and procedures were developed through a process in which our management applied its judgment in assessing the costs and benefits of such controls and procedures, which, by their nature, can provide only reasonable assurance regarding the control objectives. You should note that the design of any system of disclosure controls and procedures is based in part upon various assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and we cannot assure you that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for the assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financing reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S generally accepted accounting principles.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and oversight of the board of directors, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.
In April 2022, the Company acquired all the outstanding equity interests of Comparably, Inc. (“Comparably”) and acquired substantially all the assets and certain specified liabilities of Dogpatch Advisors, LLC (“Dogpatch”). As permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, we have elected to exclude the internal controls of these acquisitions that have not been integrated into our existing processes and controls from our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. The excluded aggregate financial position of Comparably and Dogpatch collectively represented less than 1% of our consolidated total assets (excluding goodwill and intangible assets which were included in management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting) as of December 31, 2022, and less than 1% of our revenues for the year then ended. We will include the internal controls of Comparably and Dogpatch in our assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023.
132
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included in Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data", of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
In April 2022, the Company acquired all the outstanding equity interests of Comparably, Inc. (“Comparably”) and acquired substantially all the assets and certain specified liabilities of Dogpatch Advisors, LLC (“Dogpatch”). As a result of these acquisitions, the Company is reviewing the internal controls of the acquired companies and is making appropriate changes as deemed necessary. Except for the changes in internal controls related to Comparably and Dogpatch, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15 (d) and 15d-15 (d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Due to the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
133
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our officers, directors, and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, and controller, or persons performing similar functions, which is posted on our website. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is a “code of ethics,” as defined in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K. We will make any legally required disclosures regarding amendments to, or waivers of, provisions of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics on our website. The information contained on, or accessible from, our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference or otherwise.
The remaining information required by this item will be included in our definitive Proxy Statement relating to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2023 Proxy Statement”), and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this item will be included in the 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this item will be included in the 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this item will be included in the 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this item will be included in the 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
134
PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBIT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) The following documents are filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
1. Financial Statements: Our Financial Statements are listed in the “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2. Financial Statement Schedules: All other schedules have been omitted as the required information is not applicable or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto.
3. Exhibits: Except as otherwise noted below, the exhibits listed below in the accompanying “Index to Exhibits” are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
135

INDEX TO EXHIBITS
Exhibits filed or furnished herewith are designated by a cross (+); all exhibits not so designated are incorporated by reference to a prior filing as indicated. Agreements included as exhibits are included only to provide information to investors regarding their terms. Agreements listed below may contain representations, warranties and other provisions that were made, among other things, to provide the parties thereto with specified rights and obligations and to allocate risk among them, and no such agreement should be relied upon as constituting or providing any factual disclosures about ZoomInfo Technologies Inc., any other persons, any state of affairs or other matters.
Exhibit NumberDescription
Report or Registration Statement
SEC File or Registration Number
Exhibit Reference
2.1
8-K filed November 1, 2021
001-39310
2.1
2.2
8-K filed November 1, 2021
001-39310
2.2
3.1
8-K filed May 19, 2022
001-39310
3.1
3.2
8-K filed November 1, 2021
001-39310
3.2
4.1
8-A/A filed May 23, 2022001-393104.1
4.2
8-K filed February 2, 2021
001-39310
4.1
4.3
8-K filed July 15, 2021
001-39310
4.2
4.4
Form of 3.875% Senior Note due 2029 (included in Exhibit 4.2)
8-K filed February 2, 2021
001-39310
4.1
10.110-K filed February 24, 2022
001-39310
10.1
10.2
8-K filed June 8, 2020
001-39310
10.3
10.310-Q filed November 1, 2021
001-39310
10.3
10.4
8-K filed November 1, 2021
001-39310
10.1
10.5
8-K filed June 8, 2020
001-39310
10.4
10.610-Q filed November 1, 2021
001-39310
10.2
10.7
8-K filed November 1, 2021
001-39310
10.2
10.8
8-K filed June 8, 2020
001-39310
10.5
10.9
8-K filed June 8, 2020
001-39310
10.6
10.10†
8-K filed June 8, 2020
001-39310
10.7
10.11†
8-K filed June 8, 2020
001-39310
10.8
+10.12†
136
10.13†
S-1/A filed May 27, 2020
333-236674
10.9
10.14
S-1 filed February 27, 2020
333-236674
10.10
10.15
S-1 filed February 27, 2020
333-236674
10.11
10.16
8-K filed February 2, 2021
001-3931010.1
10.17
8-K filed July 20, 2021
001-3931010.1
+10.18
10.19
S-1 filed February 27, 2020
333-236674
10.12
10.20
S-1 filed February 27, 2020
333-236674
10.13
10.21
S-1 filed February 27, 2020
333-236674
10.14
10.22
S-1 filed February 27, 2020
333-236674
10.15
10.23†
8-K filed June 8, 2020
001-39310
10.9
10.24†
S-1 filed February 27, 2020
333-236674
10.25
10.25†
S-1 filed February 27, 2020
333-236674
10.26
10.26†
S-1 filed February 27, 2020
333-236674
10.27
10.27†
S-1/A filed May 22, 2020
333-236674
10.28
10.28†
S-1/A filed May 27, 2020
333-236674
10.29
10.29†
S-1/A filed May 22, 2020
333-236674
10.30
+10.30†
10.31†
S-1/A filed May 22, 2020
333-236674
10.32
10.32†
S-1/A filed May 22, 2020
333-236674
10.33
10.33†
S-1/A filed May 22, 2020
333-236674
10.34
10.34†
S-1/A filed May 22, 2020
333-236674
10.35
10.35†
S-1/A filed May 22, 2020
333-236674
10.36
137
10.36†
10-Q filed August 11, 2020
001-39310
10.20
10.37†
10-K filed February 26, 2021
001-3931010.30
+21.1
+23.1
+31.1
+31.2
+32.1*
+101.INSXBRL Instance Document
+101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
+101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
+101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
+101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
+101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
† Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
* The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.
138
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
139
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 16th day of February, 2023.
ZOOMINFO TECHNOLOGIES INC.
By:/s/ Henry Schuck
Name: Henry Schuck
Title: Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
SignatureTitleDate
/s/ Henry SchuckChief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors (principal executive officer)February 16, 2023
Henry Schuck
/s/ Todd CrockettDirectorFebruary 16, 2023
Todd Crockett
/s/ Mitesh DhruvDirectorFebruary 16, 2023
Mitesh Dhruv
/s/ Keith EnrightDirectorFebruary 16, 2023
Keith Enright
/s/ Ashley EvansDirectorFebruary 16, 2023
Ashley Evans
/s/ Alison GleesonDirectorFebruary 16, 2023
Alison Gleeson
/s/ Mark MaderDirectorFebruary 16, 2023
Mark Mader
/s/ Patrick McCarterDirectorFebruary 16, 2023
Patrick McCarter
/s/ D. Randall WinnDirectorFebruary 16, 2023
D. Randall Winn
/s/ Cameron HyzerChief Financial Officer (principal financial officer)February 16, 2023
Cameron Hyzer
/s/ Sriprasadh CadambiChief Accounting Officer and Senior Vice President, Finance (principal accounting officer)February 16, 2023
Sriprasadh Cadambi
140
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