Form 424B3 - Prospectus [Rule 424(b)(3)]

Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3)
Registration No. 333-266810

PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT NO. 5

(To Prospectus dated April 14, 2023)

UP TO 500,000 SHARES OF COMMON STOCK

This prospectus supplement updates and supplements the prospectus, dated April 14, 2023 (as supplemented to date, the “Prospectus”), which forms a part of our registration statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-266810). This prospectus supplement is being filed to update and supplement the information in the Prospectus with the information contained in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 9, 2023 (the “Quarterly Report”). Accordingly, we have attached the Quarterly Report to this prospectus supplement.

The Prospectus and this prospectus supplement relate to the offer and sale from time to time by Ampere Computing LLC or its permitted transferees (“Ampere” or the “selling stockholder”) of up to 500,000 shares (the “Shares”) of common stock, par value $0.0001 (the “common stock”), of the Company, issued upon the exercise of the vested portion of that certain warrant issued to the selling stockholder (the “Ampere Warrant”) pursuant to the warrant subscription agreement, dated as of October 6, 2021, by and between Legacy Rigetti (as defined below) and Ampere (the “Warrant Subscription Agreement”), for an aggregate purchase price (including amounts for exercise) of $10,000,000, or $10.00 per share. The Shares consist of 500,000 outstanding shares of common stock issued in connection with the exercise of the vested portion of the Ampere Warrant and receipt by the Company of an aggregate $5,000,000 (including aggregate exercise price).

The selling stockholder may offer, sell or distribute all or a portion of the Shares publicly or through private transactions at prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. We will not receive any of the proceeds from such sales of the Shares.

We will bear all costs, expenses and fees in connection with the registration of these Shares, including with regard to compliance with state securities or “blue sky” laws. The selling stockholder will bear all commissions and discounts, if any, attributable to their sale of Shares. See the section entitled “Plan of Distribution.”

This prospectus supplement updates and supplements the information in the Prospectus and is not complete without, and may not be delivered or utilized except in combination with, the Prospectus, including any amendments or supplements thereto. This prospectus supplement is qualified by reference to the Prospectus, including any amendments or supplements thereto, except to the extent that the information in this prospectus supplement updates and supersedes the information contained therein.

The common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “RGTI.” On November 8, 2023, the last reported sales price of the common stock as reported on Nasdaq was $1.05 per share.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined under U.S. federal securities laws and, as such, have elected to comply with reduced public company reporting requirements. The Prospectus complies with the requirements that apply to an issuer that is an emerging growth company.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risks. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties described in the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 16 of the Prospectus, and under similar headings in any amendments or supplements to the Prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities, or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the Prospectus or this prospectus supplement. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus supplement is November 9, 2023.

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☑	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

☐	TRANSITION PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number (001-40140)

RIGETTI COMPUTING, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware	88-0950636
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)

775 Heinz Avenue
Berkeley California	94710
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(510) 210-5550

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share	RGTI	The Nasdaq Capital Market
Warrants, each whole warrant exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share	RGTIW	The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☑ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large Accelerated Filer	☐	Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-Accelerated Filer	☑	Smaller Reporting Company	☑
		Emerging Growth Company	☑

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☑ No

As of November 7, 2023, there were 140,581,377 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, no par value, issued and outstanding.

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		Page
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements		2

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION		7

Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	7
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	8
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Nine Months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	9
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	10
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	11
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	39
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks	53
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	53

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION		56

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	56
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	56
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	56
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	56
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	56
Item 5.	Other Information	56
Item 6.	Exhibits	57
	Signatures	59

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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this report to “Rigetti”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, and “our” refer to Rigetti Computing, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). This includes, without limitation, statements regarding the financial position, business strategy and the plans and objectives of management for future operations. These statements constitute projections, forecasts and forward-looking statements, and are not guarantees of performance. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. Any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “goal,” “objective,” “design,” “goal,” “seek,” “target,” “should,” “could,” “will,” “would” or the negative of such terms or other similar expressions.

These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Except as otherwise required by applicable law, we disclaim any duty to update any forward- looking statements, all of which are expressly qualified by the statements in this section, to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

We caution you that these forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. Forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may include, for example, statements about:

●

the sufficiency of our cash resources, our expectation that we will need to raise additional capital by early 2025, including any additional sales of common stock through our Common Stock Purchase Agreement with B.Riley or from other sources, and our ability to raise additional capital when needed and on attractive terms,

●

our ability to achieve milestones, and/or technological advancements, including with respect to executing on our technology roadmap and developing practical applications,

●

the potential of quantum computing and estimated market size and market growth including with respect to our long-term business strategy for quantum computing as a service (“Quantum Computing as a Service,” or “QCaaS”),

●

the success of our partnerships and collaborations,

●

our ability to accelerate our development of multiple generations of quantum processors,

●

customer concentration and the risk that a significant portion of our revenue currently depends on contracts with the public sector,

●

the outcome of any legal proceedings that may be instituted against us or others with respect to the Business Combination (as defined herein) or other matters,

●

our ability to execute on our business strategy, including monetization of our products,

●

our financial performance, growth rate and market opportunity,

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our ability to maintain compliance with standards relating to the listing of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “common stock”) and Public Warrants (as defined herein) on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”), and the potential liquidity and trading of such securities,

●

the ability to recognize the anticipated benefits of the Business Combination, which may be affected by, among other things, competition, our ability to grow and manage growth profitably, maintain relationships with customers and suppliers and retain our management and key employees,

●

costs related to operating as a public company,

●

our ability to remediate the material weaknesses in, and establish and maintain, effective internal controls over financial reporting,

●

changes in applicable laws or regulations,

●

the possibility that we may be adversely affected by other economic, business, or competitive factors,

●

the evolution of the markets in which we compete,

●

our ability to implement our strategic initiatives, expansion plans and continue to innovate our existing services,

●

unfavorable conditions in our industry, the global economy or global supply chain (including any supply chain impacts from the ongoing military conflicts involving Russia and Ukraine and sanctions related thereto and the state of war between Israel and Hamas and the potential larger regional conflict), including inflation and financial and credit market fluctuations,

●

changes in applicable laws or regulations,

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our success in retaining or recruiting, or changes required in, our officers, key employees or directors,

●

our estimates regarding expenses, profitability, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing,

●

our ability or decisions to expand or maintain our existing customer base; and

●

Macroeconomic conditions, including worsening global economic conditions, disruptions to and volatility and uncertainty in the credit and financial markets, increases in inflation and interest rates, and recent and potential future disruptions in access to bank deposits or lending commitments due to bank failures, on the foregoing.

These statements reflect our current views with respect to future events, are based on assumptions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors include, without limitation:

●

Based on our estimates and current business plan, we expect that we will need to raise additional capital by early 2025, including any additional sales of common stock through our Common Stock Purchase Agreement with B. Riley or from other sources, in order to continue our research and development efforts and achieve our business objectives. We cannot be sure that additional financing will be available. If we are unable to raise additional funding when needed and on attractive terms, we may be required to delay, limit or substantially reduce our quantum computing development efforts.

●

We are in our early stages and have a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to forecast our future results of operations.

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●

We have a history of operating losses and expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future.

●

Even if the market in which we compete achieves its anticipated growth levels, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

●

Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited.

●

We have not produced quantum computers with high qubit counts and we face significant barriers in our attempts to produce quantum computers, including the need to invent and develop new technology. If we cannot successfully overcome those barriers, our business will be negatively impacted and could fail.

●

Any future generations of hardware, including any future generations developed to demonstrate narrow quantum advantage and broad quantum advantage and the anticipated wider external release of an 84 qubit system, and anticipated release of a 336 qubit system, each of which is an important anticipated milestone for our technology roadmap and commercialization, may not occur on our anticipated timeline or at all.

●

If our computers fail to achieve quantum advantage, our business, financial condition and future prospects may be harmed. Moreover, the standards by which we measure our progress may be based on assumptions and expectations that are not accurate or that may change as quantum computing evolves.

●

The quantum computing industry is competitive on a global scale and we may not be successful in competing in this industry or establishing and maintaining confidence in our long-term business prospects among current and future partners and customers.

●

We depend on a limited number of customers for a significant percentage of our revenue and the loss or temporary loss of a major customer for any reason could harm our financial condition.

●

A significant portion of our revenue depends on contracts with the public sector, and our failure to receive and maintain government contracts or changes in the contracting or fiscal policies of the public sector could have a material adverse effect on our business.

●

Our business is currently dependent upon our relationship with our cloud providers. There are no assurances that we will be able to commercialize quantum computers from our relationships with cloud providers.

●

We rely on access to high performance third party classical computing through public clouds, high performance computing centers and on-premises computing infrastructure to deliver performant quantum solutions to customers. We may not be able to maintain high quality business relationships and connectivity with these resources which could make it harder for us to reach customers or deliver solutions in a cost-effective manner.

●

We depend on certain suppliers to source products. Failure to maintain our relationship with any of these suppliers, or a failure to replace any of these suppliers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

●

Our system depends on the use of certain development tools, supplies, equipment and production methods. If we are unable to procure the necessary tools, supplies and equipment to build our quantum systems, or are unable to do so on a timely and cost-effective basis, and in sufficient quantities, we may incur significant costs or delays which could negatively affect our operations and business.

●

Even if we are successful in developing quantum computing systems and executing our strategy, competitors in the industry may achieve technological breakthroughs which render our quantum computing systems obsolete or inferior to other products.

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●

We may be unable to reduce the cost of developing our quantum computers, which may prevent us from pricing our quantum systems competitively.

●

The quantum computing industry is in its early stages and volatile, and if it does not develop, if it develops more slowly than we expect, if it develops in a manner that does not require use of our quantum computing solutions, if it encounters negative publicity or if our solution does not drive commercial engagement, the growth of our business will be harmed.

●

We could suffer disruptions, outages, defects and other performance and quality problems with our quantum computing systems, our production technology partners or with the public cloud, data centers and internet infrastructure on which we rely.

●

If our information technology systems or data, or those of third parties upon which we rely, are or were compromised, we could experience adverse consequences resulting from such compromise, including but not limited to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; loss of customers or sales; and other adverse consequences, which may adversely affect our business.

●

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting related to the lack of effective review controls over the accounting for complex financial instruments and to the design and operation of our overall closing and financial reporting processes, and we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future. The material weakness over accounting for complex financial instruments has resulted in errors in financial statements for prior periods. If we fail to remediate such material weaknesses, if we identify additional material weaknesses or if we otherwise fail to establish and maintain effective control over financial reporting, it may adversely affect our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results in the future, and may adversely affect investor confidence, our reputation, our ability to raise additional capital and our business operations and financial condition.

●

Our failure to obtain, maintain and protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect and commercialize our proprietary products and technology and cause us to lose our competitive advantage.

●

We have in the past been out of compliance with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq and we may be unable to maintain compliance with such standards. If we fail to maintain compliance with the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market or fail to cure any future deficiencies, we may be delisted and the price of our common stock and our ability to access the capital markets could be negatively impacted.

●

Sales of our securities, or perceptions of sales, by us or holders of our securities in the public markets or otherwise could cause the market price for our securities to decline and even in such case certain holders of our securities may still have an incentive to sell our securities.

●

Delaware law and our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions, that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

●

Unstable market and economic conditions, including recent bank failures, have had and may continue to have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and share price.

●

Our warrants, including our Public warrants, each entitling the holder to purchase one share of our common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, that trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “RGTIW” (“Public Warrants”), private placement warrants, each entitling the holder to purchase one share of our common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (“Private Warrants”), and other warrants we have issued, are accounted for as liabilities and the changes in value of our warrants could have a material effect on our financial results.

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Our warrants are exercisable for Common Stock, the exercise of which would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.

●

The warrants may never be in the money, and they may expire worthless.

Additional discussion of the risks, uncertainties and other factors described above, as well as other risks material to our business, can be found under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. In addition, our goals and objectives are aspirational and are not guarantees or promises that such goals and objectives will be met. Should one or more of the risks or uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results and plans could differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. Also, these forward-looking statements represent our plans, objectives, estimates, expectations, assumptions, and intentions only as of the date of this filing.

You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q completely and with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity and performance as well as other events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

RIGETTI COMPUTING, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except number of shares and par value)

(unaudited)


	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	41,757	$	57,888
Available-for-sale investments		68,470		84,923
Accounts receivable, net		2,996		6,235
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		3,473		2,450
Forward contract—assets		—		2,229
Deferred offering costs		—		742
Total current assets		116,696		154,467
Property and equipment, net		40,348		39,530
Operating lease right-of-use assets		8,028		9,316
Other assets		132		129
Total assets	$	165,204	$	203,442

Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,447	$	1,938
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		7,389		8,205
Current portion of deferred revenue		472		961
Current portion of debt		11,522		8,303
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		2,212		2,345
Total current liabilities		23,042		21,752
Debt - net of current portion		13,111		20,635
Operating lease liabilities, less current portion		6,705		7,858
Derivative warrant liabilities		6,087		1,767
Earn-out liabilities		3,568		1,206
Total liabilities	$	52,513	$	53,218
Commitments and contingencies (Note 18)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized, none outstanding		—		—
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 140,181,421 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2023 and 125,257,233 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022		14		12
Additional paid-in capital		453,790		429,025
Accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss)		74		(161)
Accumulated deficit		(341,187)		(278,652)
Total stockholders’ equity		112,691		150,224
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	165,204	$	203,442

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RIGETTI COMPUTING, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except per share data)

(unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenue	$	3,105	$	2,804	$	8,632	$	7,042
Cost of revenue		834		776		1,940		2,063
Total gross profit		2,271		2,028		6,692		4,979
Operating expenses:
Research and development		13,056		17,365		39,981		44,040
Selling, general and administrative		6,047		15,987		20,808		43,293
Restructuring		—		—		991		—
Total operating expenses		19,103		33,352		61,780		87,333
Loss from operations		(16,832)		(31,324)		(55,088)		(82,354)
Other income (expense), net
Interest expense		(1,473)		(1,436)		(4,511)		(3,811)
Interest income		1,263		1,042		3,746		1,172
Change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities		(3,442)		8,103		(4,320)		19,853
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities		(1,731)		4,860		(2,362)		17,418
Transaction costs		—		—		—		(927)
Total other income (expense), net		(5,383)		12,569		(7,447)		33,705
Net loss before provision for income taxes		(22,215)		(18,755)		(62,535)		(48,649)
Provision for income taxes		—		—		—		—
Net loss	$	(22,215)	$	(18,755)	$	(62,535)	$	(48,649)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders - basic and diluted	$	(0.17)	$	(0.16)	$	(0.48)	$	(0.51)
Weighted average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders – basic and diluted		133,866		118,571		129,173		95,691

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RIGETTI COMPUTING, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net loss	$	(22,215)	$	(18,755)	$	(62,535)	$	(48,649)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments		41		(270)		(38)		(223)
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities		32		(356)		273		(356)
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes		73		(626)		235		(579)
Income taxes		—		—		—		—
Total other comprehensive income (loss) after income taxes		73		(626)		235		(579)
Total comprehensive loss	$	(22,142)	$	(19,381)	$	(62,300)	$	(49,228)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RIGETTI COMPUTING INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(62,535)	$	(48,649)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		6,381		4,801
Stock-based compensation		8,727		37,643
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities		2,362		(17,418)
Change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities		4,320		(19,853)
Change in fair value of forward contract		2,229		(5,465)
Impairment of deferred offering costs		836		—
Accretion of available-for-sale securities		(2,310)		(356)
Amortization of debt issuance costs, commitment fees and accretion of debt end-of-term liabilities		1,100		1,072
Non-cash lease expense		1,288		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		3,239		(753)
Prepaid expenses, other current assets and other assets		(1,027)		(2,247)
Deferred revenue		(489)		(174)
Accounts payable		(212)		(694)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		(2,067)		3,469
Other liabilities		—		142
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(38,158)	$	(48,482)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(7,511)		(19,294)
Purchases of available-for-sale securities		(79,047)		(87,186)
Maturities of available-for-sale securities		98,082		—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	11,524	$	(106,480)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from Business Combination, net of transaction costs paid		—		225,604
Transaction costs paid directly by Rigetti		—		(18,420)
Proceeds from issuance of notes payable		—		5,000
Payment on principal of notes payable		(5,405)		—
Payments on debt issuance costs		—		(85)
Payment on loan and security agreement exit fees		—		(1,000)
Payments on deferred offering costs		(107)		—
Proceeds from sale of common stock through Common Stock Purchase Agreement		15,051		—
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and warrants		1,002		5,990
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	10,541	$	217,089
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(38)		(219)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(16,131)		61,908
Cash and cash equivalents – beginning of period		57,888		12,046
Cash and cash equivalents – end of period	$	41,757	$	73,954
Supplemental disclosures of other cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	3,299	$	2,739
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Initial fair value of earn-out liability acquired in merger		—		20,413
Initial fair value of private placement and public warrant liability acquired in merger		—		22,932
Reclassification of loan and security agreement warrants to equity		—		6,370
Settlement of the first tranche of forward contract		—		3,305
Capitalization of deferred costs to equity upon share issuance		13		1,098
Purchases of property and equipment recorded in accounts payable		394		449
Purchases of property and equipment recorded in accrued expenses		605		—
Unrealized gain (loss) Short Term Investments		273		(356)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RIGETTI COMPUTING INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(1)

Description of Business

Rigetti Computing, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “Rigetti”) builds quantum computers and the superconducting quantum processors that power them. Through the Company’s Quantum Computing as a Service (“QCaaS”) platform, the Company’s machines can be integrated into any public, private or hybrid cloud. The Company offers product types of Platform, Research and Software Tools usage in application areas of benchmarking, chemical simulation, education/entertainment, machine learning, and optimization.

The Company is located and headquartered in Berkeley, California. The Company also operates in Fremont, California; London, United Kingdom; Adelaide, Australia and British Columbia, Canada. The Company’s revenue is derived primarily from operations in the United States and the United Kingdom.

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

On March 2, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), a merger transaction between Rigetti Holdings, Inc. (“Legacy Rigetti”) and Supernova Partners Acquisition Company II, Ltd. (“SNII”) was completed (the “Business Combination”, see Note 3). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, the Company changed its name to Rigetti Computing, Inc. and all SNII Class A ordinary shares and SNII Class B ordinary shares automatically converted into shares of common stock, par value $0.0001, of the Company (the “Common Stock”) on a one-for-one basis. The SNII Public Warrants and the Private Warrants held by SNII became warrants for Common Stock. The Company’s Common Stock and Public Warrants trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbols “RGTI” and “RGTIW,” respectively. For more information on this transaction, see Note 3.

The Company determined that Legacy Rigetti was the accounting acquirer in the Business Combination based on an analysis of the criteria outlined in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 805, Business Combination.

The determination was primarily based on the following facts:

●

Former Legacy Rigetti stockholders have a controlling voting interest in the Company;

●

The Company’s board of directors as of immediately after the closing was comprised of eight board members, six seats occupied by previous Legacy Rigetti board members and one seat being occupied by a previous SNII representative. The final eighth seat was filled by an individual who did not have ties to either Legacy Rigetti or SNII pre-Business Combination; and

●

Legacy Rigetti management held executive management roles for the post-combination company and was responsible for day-to-day operations.

Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the Business Combination was treated as the equivalent of Legacy Rigetti issuing stock for the net assets of SNII, accompanied by a recapitalization. The primary asset acquired from SNII was related to the cash amounts that was assumed at historical costs. Separately, the Company also assumed warrants that were deemed to be derivatives and meet liability classification subject to fair value adjustment measurements upon closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”). No goodwill or other intangible assets were recorded as a result of the Business Combination.

While SNII was the legal acquirer in the Business Combination, because Legacy Rigetti was deemed the accounting acquirer, the historical financial statements of Legacy Rigetti became the historical financial statements of the combined company, upon the consummation of the Business Combination.

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As a result, the financial statements included in this report reflect (i) the historical operating results of Legacy Rigetti prior to the Business Combination; (ii) the combined results of SNII and Legacy Rigetti following the closing of the Business Combination; (iii) the assets and liabilities of Legacy Rigetti at their historical cost; and (iv) the Company’s equity structure for all periods presented.

The equity structure has been retroactively restated in all comparative periods up to the Closing Date, to reflect the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share, issued to Legacy Rigetti shareholders and Legacy Rigetti convertible preferred shareholders in connection with the Business Combination. As such, the shares and corresponding capital amounts and earnings per share related to Legacy Rigetti redeemable convertible preferred stock and Legacy Rigetti Common Stock prior to the Business Combination have been retroactively restated as shares reflecting the exchange ratio established in the Business Combination.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S” and such accounting principles, “GAAP”) for complete financial statements due to the permitted exclusion of certain disclosures for interim reporting. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring items) considered necessary under GAAP for a fair statement of results for the interim periods presented have been included. As a result of displaying amounts in thousands, rounding differences may exist in the condensed consolidated financial statements and footnote tables. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023 or for other interim periods or future years.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022, included herein, is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date, however, it does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed within the SEC on March 27, 2023.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with GAAP and include our accounts and the accounts of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Significant Accounting Policies

There were no significant changes to our significant accounting policies disclosed in “Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Such management estimates include, but are not limited to, the fair value of share-based awards, fair value of level 2 investments, fair value of the Forward Warrant Agreement (as defined below), the fair value of derivative warrant liabilities, the fair value of earnouts issued in connection with the Business Combination (See Note 3), accrued liabilities and contingencies, depreciation and amortization periods, revenue recognition and accounting for income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

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Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, and makes adjustments when facts and circumstances dictate. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements; therefore, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to a number of risks similar to those of other companies of similar size in its industry, including, but not limited to, the need for successful development of products, the need for additional capital (or financing) to fund operating losses, competition from substitute products and services from larger companies, protection of proprietary technology, patent litigation, dependence on key individuals, and risks associated with changes in information technology.

Based on the Company’s forecasts, the Company believes that its existing cash and cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments should be sufficient to meet its anticipated operating cash needs for at least the next 12 months from the issuance of these financial statements based on the Company’s current business plan and expectations and assumptions considering current macroeconomic conditions.

Macroeconomic Conditions

Economic conditions in some parts of the world have been worsening, with disruptions to, and volatility and uncertainty in, the credit and financial markets in the U.S. and worldwide resulting from the effects of inflation and interest rates. These conditions have been further exacerbated by recent and potential future disruptions in access to bank deposits or lending commitments due to bank failures, the ongoing military conflict involving Russia and Ukraine and sanctions related thereto, the state of war between Israel and Hamas and the related risk of a larger regional conflict. It is not possible at this time to estimate the long-term impact that these and related events could have on our business, as the impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. If these conditions persist and deepen, the Company could experience an inability to access additional capital, or its liquidity could otherwise be impacted. If the Company is unable to raise capital when needed and on attractive terms, it would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate its research and development programs and other efforts.

Prior Period Reclassifications

Sales and marketing expenses became less significant following the reduction in workforce and strategic realignment the Company announced in February 2023. For this reason, sales and marketing and general administrative expenses have been combined and are now reported as selling, general and administrative beginning in the period ended June 30, 2023. Related amounts for all prior periods have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. These reclassifications did not result in a restatement of prior period condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases and related subsequently issued ASUs (collectively, “Topic 842”), which supersedes Topic 840. From a lessee perspective, the core principle of Topic 842 is that a lessee should recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from leases. A lessee should recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. The Company adopted Topic 842 on December 31, 2022, effective as of January 1, 2022, using the modified retrospective transition option of applying the new standard at the adoption date for all leases with an original term greater than 12 months. Adoption of the standard resulted in the recognition of operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities of $6.3 million and $6.6 million, respectively, and a $0.3 million adjustment to deferred rent, with no impact to accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2022. Adoption of the standard did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations or cash flows. The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 continue to be presented in accordance with the presentation requirements of Topic 840.

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In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments. ASU No. 2019-04 was issued as part of the FASB’s ongoing project to improve upon its Accounting Standards Codification (ASC), and to clarify and improve areas of guidance related to recently issued standards on credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement. For entities that have not yet adopted the guidance in Update 2016-13, the effective dates and the transition requirements for these amendments are the same as the effective date and transition requirements in Update 2016-13.

The amendments related to ASC 326 were effective for the Company as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of the ASU did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, ASC Subtopic 820 “Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”. The FASB issued this update (1) to clarify the guidance in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) to amend a related illustrative example, and (3) to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820. The ASU is effective for the Company after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company is still evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on the consolidated financial statements.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—(Topic 815) (“ASU No. 2020-06”), which simplifies an issuer’s accounting for convertible instruments and its application of the derivatives scope exception for contracts in its own equity. The amendments in ASU No. 2020-06 are effective for public companies, other than smaller reporting companies, for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is still evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on the consolidated financial statements.

(3) Business Combination

As discussed in Note 1, on March 2, 2022, the Business Combination was completed. Pursuant to the Company’s certificate of incorporation, as amended on March 2, 2022, the Company is authorized to issue 1,000,000,000 shares of Common Stock and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001, of the Company (the “Preferred Stock”). The holders of shares of Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each share of Common Stock held. The Preferred Stock is non-voting. No shares of Preferred Stock were issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

On March 1, 2022, prior to the Closing, as contemplated by that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of October 6, 2021, as amended on December 23, 2021 and January 10, 2022 (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”), by and among SNII, Supernova Merger Sub, Inc., Supernova Romeo Merger Sub, LLC and Legacy Rigetti and following approval by SNII’s shareholders at an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders held on February 28, 2022 (the “Extraordinary General Meeting”), SNII filed a notice of deregistration with the Cayman Islands Registrar of Companies, together with the necessary accompanying documents, and filed a certificate of incorporation (the “Certificate of Incorporation”) and a certificate of corporate domestication with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, under which SNII was domesticated and continues as a Delaware corporation, changing its name to “Rigetti Computing, Inc.”

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As a result of and upon the effective time of the Domestication (which occurred on March 1, 2022), among other things (1) each then issued and outstanding Class A ordinary share, par value $0.0001 per share, of SNII (“SNII Class A ordinary share”) converted automatically, on a one-for-one basis, into a share of Common Stock; (2) each then issued and outstanding Class B ordinary share, par value $0.0001 per share, of SNII (“SNII Class B ordinary share”) converted automatically, on a one-for-one basis, into a share of Common Stock; (3) each then issued and outstanding whole warrant of SNII to purchase one SNII Class A ordinary share converted automatically into a Public Warrant to acquire one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share pursuant to the Warrant Agreement, dated March 1, 2021, between SNII and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent; and (4) each then issued and outstanding unit of SNII (the “SNII Units”) was separated and converted automatically into one share of Common Stock and one-fourth of one Warrant.

Immediately prior to the effective time of the Business Combination, each share of Legacy Rigetti’s Series C preferred stock and Series C-1 preferred stock (collectively, the “Legacy Rigetti Preferred Stock”) with Par Value of $0.000001 converted into shares of Common Stock of Legacy Rigetti (“Legacy Rigetti Common Stock”) in accordance with the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Legacy Rigetti (such conversion, the “Legacy Rigetti Preferred Conversion”).

As a result of the Business Combination, among other things (1) all outstanding shares of Legacy Rigetti Common Stock as of immediately prior to the Closing (including Legacy Rigetti Common Stock resulting from the Legacy Rigetti Preferred Stock Conversion), were exchanged at an exchange ratio of 0.7870 (the “Exchange Ratio”) for an aggregate of 78,959,579 shares of Common Stock; (2) each warrant to purchase Legacy Rigetti Common Stock converted into a warrant to purchase shares of Common Stock (“Assumed Warrant”), with each Assumed Warrant subject to the same terms and conditions as were applicable to the original Legacy Rigetti warrant and having an exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock purchasable based on the Exchange Ratio and other terms contained in the Merger Agreement; (3) each option to purchase Legacy Rigetti Common Stock converted into an option to purchase shares of Common Stock (“Assumed Option”), with each Assumed Option subject to the same terms and conditions as were applicable to the original Legacy Rigetti option and with an exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock purchasable based on the Exchange Ratio and other terms contained in the Merger Agreement, and; (4) each Legacy Rigetti restricted stock unit award converted into a restricted stock unit award to receive shares of Common Stock (“Assumed RSU Award”), with each Assumed RSU Award subject to the same terms and conditions as were applicable to the Legacy Rigetti restricted stock unit award, and with the number of shares of Common Stock to which the Assumed RSU Award converted based on the Exchange Ratio and other terms contained in the Merger Agreement.

In connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, SNII entered into a sponsor support agreement (the “Sponsor Support Agreement”) with Supernova Partners II, LLC (the “Sponsor”), Legacy Rigetti and SNII’s directors and officers. Pursuant to the Sponsor Support Agreement, the Sponsor and SNII’s directors and officers (“Sponsor Holders”), among other things, agreed to vote all of their shares of SNII capital stock in favor of the approval of the Business Combination. In addition, pursuant to the Sponsor Support Agreement, (i) 2,479,000 shares of Common Stock held by the Sponsor Holders became unvested and subject to forfeiture as of the Closing and will only vest if, during the five year period following the Closing, the volume weighted average price of Common Stock equals or exceeds $12.50 for any twenty trading days within a period of thirty consecutive trading days (such shares, the “Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares”), and (ii) 580,273 shares of Common Stock held by the Sponsor Holders became unvested and subject to forfeiture as of the Closing and will only vest if, during the five year period following the Closing, the volume weighted average price of Common Stock equals or exceeds $15.00 for any twenty trading days within a period of thirty consecutive trading days (such shares, the “Sponsor Redemption-Based Vesting Shares,” and, collectively with the Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares, the “Sponsor Vesting Shares”). Any such shares held by the Sponsor Holders that remain unvested after the fifth anniversary of the Closing will be forfeited (Refer to Note 4 for related significant accounting policy for the Earn-Out Liability related to the Sponsor Vesting Shares).

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Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, SNII entered into Subscription Agreements (the “Initial Subscription Agreements”) with certain investors (together, the “Initial PIPE Investors”), pursuant to which the Initial PIPE Investors agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and SNII agreed to issue and sell to the Initial PIPE Investors, an aggregate of 10,251,000 shares of Common Stock at a price of $10.00 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $102.5 Million (the “Initial PIPE Financing”). On December 23, 2021, SNII entered into Subscription Agreements (the “Subsequent Subscription Agreements”, and together with the Initial Subscription Agreements, the “Subscription Agreements”) with two “accredited investors” (as such term is defined in Rule 501 of Regulation D) (the “Subsequent PIPE Investors”, and together with the Initial PIPE Investors, the “PIPE Investors”) pursuant to which the Subsequent PIPE Investors agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and SNII agreed to issue and sell to the Subsequent PIPE Investors, an aggregate of 4,390,244 shares of Common Stock at a price of $10.25 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $45.0 Million (the “Subsequent PIPE Financing”, and together with the Initial PIPE Financing, the “PIPE Financing”). Pursuant to the Subscription Agreements, Rigetti agreed to provide PIPE Investors with certain registration rights with respect to the shares purchased as part of the PIPE Financing. The PIPE Financing was consummated immediately prior to the Business Combination. The Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP. Under this method of accounting, SNII was treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes.

In accounting for the Business Combination and after redemptions, net proceeds received by the Company totaled $225.6 million. The table below shows the net proceeds from business combination and PIPE financing (in thousands):



Cash - SNII trust and cash (net of redemption)	$	77,769
Cash - PIPE		147,510
Cash - SNII operating account		325
Net proceeds from Business Combination and PIPE	$	225,604

Transaction costs consist of direct legal, accounting and other fees relating to the consummation of the Business Combination. Legacy Rigetti transaction costs specific and directly attributable to the business combination totaled $20.65 million. These costs were initially capitalized as incurred in deferred offering assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Upon the Closing, transaction costs related to the issuance of shares were recognized in stockholders’ equity (deficit) while costs associated with the Public Warrants, Private Warrants and the earnout related to the Sponsor Vesting Shares were expensed in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Of the total transaction costs of $20.65 million, $19.75 million was recorded to additional paid-in capital as a reduction of proceeds and the remaining $0.9 million was expensed during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Cash transaction costs paid during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 totaled $16.7 million. Bonuses paid to certain employees related to the business combination during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 totaled $2.1 million.

The amount recorded to additional paid-in-capital was $159.55 million, comprised of $225.6 million net proceeds less $19.75 million of transaction costs, $16.3 million recognized for the Public Warrant liabilities, $9.6 million recognized for the Private Warrant liabilities, and $20.4 million recognized for the earnout liability related to the Sponsor Vesting Shares.

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The number of shares of Common Stock issued immediately following the consummation of the Business Combination was as follows:


Common Stock—SNII Class A, outstanding prior to Business Combination		34,500,000
Less: redemption of SNII Class A ordinary shares		(22,915,538)
Common Stock—SNII Class A ordinary shares		11,584,462
Common Stock—SNII Class B ordinary shares*		8,625,000
Shares issued in PIPE		14,641,244
Business Combination and PIPE shares		34,850,706
Common Stock—Legacy Rigetti**		18,221,069
Common Stock—exercise of Legacy Rigetti stock options immediately prior to the closing**		1,123,539
Common Stock—exercise of Legacy Rigetti warrants immediately prior to the closing**		2,234,408
Common Stock—upon conversion of Legacy Rigetti Series C preferred stock**		54,478,261
Common Stock—upon conversion of Legacy Rigetti Series C‑1 preferred stock**		2,902,302
Total shares of Common Stock immediately after Business Combination		113,810,285

*	Includes (i) 2,479,000 shares of “Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares” and (ii) 580,273 shares of “Sponsor Redemption-Based Vesting Shares”.

All outstanding shares of Legacy Rigetti Common Stock as of immediately prior to the Closing (including Legacy Rigetti Common Stock resulting from the Legacy Rigetti Preferred Stock Conversion), were exchanged at an exchange ratio of 0.7870 (the “Exchange Ratio”). The conversion ratio to Legacy Rigetti Common Stock for the Legacy Series C Preferred Stock was one-for-one and for Legacy Series C-1 Preferred Stock was eight-for-one.

(4) Earn-out Liabilities

At the closing of the Business Combination, the Sponsor subjected the Sponsor Vesting Shares to forfeiture as of the Closing Date for a five-year period following the Closing, with vesting occurring only if thresholds related to the weighted average price of Common Stock are met as described above in Note 3. Business Combination (the “Earn-Out Triggering Events”). Any such shares held by the Sponsor that have not vested by the fifth anniversary of the Closing will be forfeited.

The Sponsor Vesting Shares are accounted for as liability classified instruments because the Earn-Out Triggering Events that determine the number of Sponsor Vesting Shares to be earned back by the Sponsor include outcomes that are not solely indexed to the Common Stock of the Company. The aggregate fair value of the Sponsor Vesting Shares on the Closing Date was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model and was determined to be $20.4 million at the Closing Date. The Earn-out liability is adjusted to fair value each reporting period using the Monte Carlo simulation model until such time as the Earn-Out Triggering Events are achieved or the Sponsor Vesting Shares are forfeited.

The calculated fair value of the Earn-out liabilities with respect to the Sponsor Vesting Shares at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $3.6 million and $1.2 million, respectively. The change in the fair value of the Earn-out liabilities included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was a loss of $1.7 million and $2.4 million, respectively. The change in the fair value of the Earn-out liabilities included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was a gain of $4.9 million and $17.4 million, respectively.

Significant inputs into the Monte Carlo simulation models as of September 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 2, 2022 (the date of initial recognition) are as follows:


Valuation Assumptions	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		March 2, 2022
Stock price	$	1.33	$	0.73	$	9.43
Simulated trading days		862		1,050		1,198
Annual volatility (%)		168.90%		109.30%		30.50%
Risk-free rate (%)		4.70%		4.04%		1.74%
Estimated time to expiration (in years)		3.42		4.17		5.00

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(5)

Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (in thousands):


						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-In		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Gain (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance, June 30, 2023	132,401	$	13	$	437,320	$	1	$	(318,972)	$	118,362
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	164		—		94		—		—		94
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock warrants	334		—		5		—		—		5
Issuance of common stock upon release of restricted stock units	946		—		—		—		—		—
Proceeds from sale of common stock through Purchase Agreement	6,336		1		12,702		—		—		12,703
Stock-based compensation	—		—		3,669		—		—		3,669
Foreign currency translation gain	—		—		—		41		—		41
Change in unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities	—		—		—		32		—		32
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(22,215)		(22,215)
Balance, September 30, 2023	140,181	$	14	$	453,790	$	74	$	(341,187)	$	112,691


						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-In		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Gain (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance, December 31, 2022	125,257	$	12	$	429,025	$	(161)	$	(278,652)	$	150,224
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	3,588		—		996		—		—		996
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock warrants	477		—		6		—		—		6
Issuance of common stock upon release of restricted stock units	2,654		—		—		—		—		—
Proceeds from sale of common stock through Purchase Agreement	8,205		2		15,049		—		—		15,051
Capitalization of deferred costs to equity upon share issuance	—		—		(13)		—		—		(13)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		8,727		—		—		8,727
Foreign currency translation loss	—		—		—		(38)		—		(38)
Change in unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities	—		—		—		273		—		273
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(62,535)		(62,535)
Balance, September 30, 2023	140,181	$	14	$	453,790	$	74	$	(341,187)	$	112,691

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Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands):


						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-In		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Gain (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance, June 30, 2022	117,103	$	11	$	407,015	$	99	$	(237,025)	$	170,100
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	1,126		1		305		—		—		306
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock warrants	860		—		9		—		—		9
Issuance of common stock upon release of RSUs	3,480		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement - B.Riley	171				—
Stock-based compensation	—		—		15,121		—		—		15,121
Capitalization of deferred costs to equity upon share issuance	—		—		(250)		—		—		(250)
Foreign currency translation loss	—		—		—		(270)		—		(270)
Change in unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities	—		—		—		(356)		—		(356)
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(18,755)		(18,755)
Balance, September 30, 2022	122,740	$	12	$	422,200	$	(527)	$	(255,780)	$	165,905

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									Accumulated
	Redeemable Convertible						Additional		Other				Total
	Preferred Stock*			Common Stock			Paid-In		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Gain (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance, December 31, 2021	77,697	$	81,523	18,221	$	2	$	135,549	$	52	$	(207,131)	$	(71,528)
Issuance of common stock upon conversion of Legacy Series C and C-1 preferred stock in connection with the Business Combination (Note3)	(77,697)		(81,523)	57,380		6		81,517		—		—		81,523
Issuance of common stock through Business Combination and PIPE Financing, net of transaction costs and derivative liabilities (Note 3)	—		—	34,851		3		159,535		—		—		159,538
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	—		—	2,479		1		941		—		—		942
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock warrants	—		—	4,797		—		5,048		—		—		5,048
Issuance of common stock upon release of RSUs	—		—	4,841		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement - B. Riley	—		—	171		—		—		—		—		—
Reclassification of loan and security agreement warrants to equity	—		—	—		—		6,370		—		—		6,370
Settlement of the first tranche of forward contract	—		—	—		—		(3,305)		—		—		(3,305)
Stock-based compensation	—		—	—		—		37,643		—		—		37,643
Capitalization of deferred costs to equity upon share issuance	—		—	—		—		(1,098)		—		—		(1,098)
Foreign currency translation loss	—		—	—		—		—		(223)		—		(223)
Change in unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities	—		—	—		—		—		(356)		—		(356)
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(48,649)		(48,649)
Balance, September 30, 2022	—	$	—	122,740	$	12	$	422,200	$	(527)	$	(255,780)	$	165,905

*	Shares of legacy Redeemable Convertible Series C Preferred Stock, Redeemable Convertible Series C-1 Preferred Stock, legacy Class A Common Stock, and legacy Class B Common Stock have been retroactively restated to give effect to the Business Combination

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(6)

Revenue Recognition

The following tables depict the disaggregation of revenue according to the type of good or service and timing of transfer of goods or services for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Collaborative research, other professional services and related materials	$	2,266	$	1,990	$	6,560	$	4,982
Access to quantum computing systems		839		814		2,072		2,060
	$	3,105	$	2,804	$	8,632	$	7,042


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenue recognized at a point in time	$	412	$	—	$	748	$	—
Revenue recognized over time		2,693		2,804		7,884		7,042
	$	3,105	$	2,804	$	8,632	$	7,042

Selected condensed consolidated balance sheet line items that reflect accounts receivable, contract assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Trade receivables	$	2,640	$	6,143	$	962
Unbilled receivables	$	356	$	92	$	581
Deferred revenue	$	(472)	$	(961)	$	(985)

Changes in deferred revenue from contracts with customers were as follows:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	(961)	$	(985)
Deferral of revenue		(1,829)		(384)
Recognition of deferred revenue		2,318		558
Total deferred revenue at end of period	$	(472)	$	(811)

Amounts recognized as revenue from beginning contract liabilities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 totaled $0.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively. Amounts recognized as revenue from beginning contract liabilities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 totaled $0.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively. Remaining performance obligations represent the portion of the transaction price that has not yet been satisfied or achieved. As of September 30, 2023, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was approximately $6.0 million. The Company expects to recognize estimated revenues related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially satisfied) during the next twelve months.

The Company has not identified any costs that are incremental to the acquisition of customer contracts that would be capitalized as deferred costs on the balance sheet in accordance with ASC 340-40. Incremental costs incurred to fulfill the Company’s contracts that meet the capitalization criteria in ASC 340-40 have historically been immaterial. Accordingly, the Company has not capitalized any contract fulfillment costs as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

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(7)

Investments

Money market funds and U.S. treasury securities with remaining maturities at the date of purchase of three months or less are classified as cash equivalents. All other investments in fixed income securities are classified as available-for-sale in the consolidated balance sheets. Fixed income securities are recorded at their estimated fair value. The amortized cost, gross unrealized holding gains and losses included in other comprehensive income (loss) and the fair value of the fixed income securities at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are presented in the tables below (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	15,614	$	—	$	—	$	15,614
U.S. treasury securities		11,896		2		—		11,898
Available-for-sale investments:
U.S. treasury securities		14,686		1		—		14,687
U.S. government agency bonds		35,602		2		(15)		35,589
Corporate bonds		18,224		—		(30)		18,194
Available-for-sale investments – short-term	$	68,512	$	3	$	(45)	$	68,470


	December 31, 2022
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	36,346	$	—	$	—	$	36,346
Available-for-sale investments:
U.S. treasury securities		58,514		—		(304)		58,210
Corporate bonds		3,581		—		(10)		3,571
Commercial paper		23,142		—		—		23,142
Available-for-sale investments – short-term	$	85,237	$	—	$	(314)	$	84,923

The Company invests in highly rated investment grade debt securities. All of the Company’s available-for-sale securities have final maturities of one year or less. The Company reviews the individual securities that have unrealized losses on a regular basis. The Company evaluates whether it has the intention to sell any of these investments and whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell any of them before recovery of the amortized cost basis. Neither of these criteria were met as of September 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022. The Company additionally evaluates whether the decline in fair value of the securities below their amortized cost basis is related to credit losses or other factors. Based on this evaluation, the Company determined that the unrealized losses for its available-for-sale securities were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and non-credit-related factors. Accordingly, the Company determined that none of the unrealized losses were other-than-temporary, and that recognition of an impairment charge was not required as of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022. As of September 30, 2023, there were 12 securities that were in an unrealized loss position with a market value of $44.8 million, with the largest loss for any single security being inconsequential. None of the Company’s available-for-sale securities have been in an unrealized loss position for more than one year. No available-for-sale security was sold during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

See Note 8 for additional information regarding the fair value of the Company’s investments.

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(8)

Fair Value Measurements

The Company reports all financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The authoritative guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to measurements involving significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The level in the fair value hierarchy within which a fair value measurement in its entirety falls is based on the lowest-level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1—Inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2—Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities.

Level 3—Inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

The following tables present the fair value hierarchy used to measure the Company’s financial assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	15,614	$	—	$	—
U.S. treasury securities		11,898		—		—
Short-term investments:
U.S. treasury securities		14,687		—		—
U.S. government agency bonds		—		35,589		—
Corporate bonds		—		18,194		—
Total Assets	$	42,199	$	53,783	$	—
Liabilities
Derivative warrant liability – Public Warrants		2,276		—		—
Derivative warrant liability – Private Warrants		—		—		3,811
Earn-out liabilities		—		—		3,568
Total Liabilities	$	2,276	$	—	$	7,379

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	December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash Equivalents:
Money Market Funds	$	36,346	$	—		—
Short-term investments:
U.S treasury securities		58,210		—		—
Corporate bonds		—		3,571		—
Commercial paper		—		23,142		—
Forward Warrant Agreement		—		—		2,229
Total Assets	$	94,556	$	26,713	$	2,229
Liabilities
Derivative warrant liability – Public Warrants		699		—		—
Derivative warrant liability – Private Warrants		—		—		1,068
Earn-out liabilities		—		—		1,206
Total Liabilities	$	699	$	—	$	2,274

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has recorded the following financial instruments subject to fair value measurements: 1) Derivative warrant liabilities—Public Warrants and Private Warrants, 2) Forward Warrant Agreement, and 3) Earn-out liabilities. The Company also has long-term debt and a line of credit that provides for variable interest, and therefore, the carrying value approximates the fair value. The carrying values of the long-term debt and line of credit as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 represent the original principal amounts borrowed less principal payments and debt issuance costs.

The fair value of the Public Warrants has been measured based on the observable listed prices for such warrants, a Level 1 measurement. The Company’s money market funds and U.S. Treasury securities are classified within Level 1 due to the highly liquid nature of these assets with quoted prices in active markets. The fair value of the investments in available-for-sale securities (i.e., U.S government agency bonds, corporate bonds and commercial paper) and long-term debt and a line of credit issued by the Company are classified within Level 2. The fair value of the Company’s Level 2 financial assets is determined by using inputs based on quoted market prices for similar instruments. All other financial instruments are classified as Level 3 liabilities as they all include unobservable inputs.

The Private Warrants are measured at fair value using a Black Scholes model. The Company estimated the fair value of the Forward Warrant Agreement using a forward analysis with unobservable inputs which included selected risk-free rate and probability outcomes. The Forward Warrant Agreement probability has been reduced to 0% and thus has no value. The Company has further discussed the key aspects of the fair value measurements described above in Notes 12 and 13 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

The fair value of the Earn-out liabilities is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The Company has further discussed the key aspects of the valuation inputs in Note 4 to the financial statements.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company recorded a derivative warrant liability for the Trinity Warrants (as defined below) at fair value using a Black- Scholes option model with unobservable inputs including volatility. The Company estimates the volatility of its ordinary share warrants based on implied volatility from the Company’s publicly traded warrants and from historical volatility of select peer company’s ordinary shares that matches the expected remaining life of the warrants. On June 2, 2022, all outstanding Trinity Warrants were exercised into shares of the Company’s Common Stock.

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During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company reduced the estimated probability of occurrence for the forward warrant agreement from 50% to 0% because the Company determined that the forward warrant agreement would expire (see Note 13). There were no other changes in fair value measurement techniques during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022 (other than the change in valuation assumptions described in Note 1). There were no transfers between Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022. There were no transfers in or out of Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022, except that in the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the derivative liability for 480,273 warrants was transferred from Level 3 to Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because the warrants were converted from Private to Public warrants. The transfer had a $0.1 million favorable impact on the Company’s net loss. Although management is not aware of any factors, other than those noted above, that would significantly affect the estimated fair value amounts, such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for the purpose of these financial statements. Current estimates of fair value may differ from the amounts presented.

A summary of the changes in the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial instruments during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022 respectively, is as follows (in thousands):


	Derivative		Derivative		Forward
	warrant liability -		warrant liability -		Warrant		Earn-out
	Trinity Warrants		Private Warrants		Agreement		Liabilities
Balance – December 31, 2022	$	—	$	1,068	$	(2,229)	$	1,206
Change in fair value - three months ended March 31, 2023		—		623		1,100		281
Transfer from Private Warrants to Public Warrants		—		(158)		—		—
Change in fair value - three months ended June 30, 2023		—		(133)		44		350
Transfer from Private Warrants to Public Warrants		—		(29)		—		—
Change in fair value - three months ended September 30, 2023		—		2,440		1,085		1,731
Balance – September 30, 2023	$	—	$	3,811	$	—	$	3,568

Balance – December 31, 2021	$	4,355	$	—	$	230	$	—
Initial measurement upon Business Combination March 2, 2022 (Note 3)		—		9,612		—		20,413
Change in fair value - three months ended March 31, 2022		517		801		(2,970)		(5,991)
Change in fair value - three months ended June 30, 2022		1,498		(3,871)		(2,108)		(6,566)
Extinguishment due to exercise of the warrants		(6,370)		—		3,305		—
Change in fair value - three months ended September 30, 2022		—		(4,361)		(387)		(4,861)
Balance – September 30, 2022	$	—	$	2,181	$	(1,930)	$	2,995

(9)

Share-Based Compensation

2013 Equity Incentive Plan

In 2013, the Company adopted the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2013 Plan”) which provided for the grant of qualified incentive stock options (“ISO”) and nonqualified stock options (“NSO”), restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSU”) or other awards to the Company’s employees, officers, directors, advisors, and outside consultants. After the Closing Date and Business Combination effective March 2, 2022, no additional awards were issued under the 2013 Plan. Awards outstanding under the 2013 Plan will continue to be governed by such plan; however, the Company will not grant any further awards under the 2013 Plan.

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2022 Equity Incentive Plan

In connection with the Business Combination (Note 3), the shareholders approved the Rigetti Computing, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”) in February 2022, which became effective immediately upon the Closing Date. The 2022 Plan provides for the grant of ISOs, NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards (RSUs), performance awards and other forms of awards to employees, directors, and consultants, including employees and consultants of Company’s affiliates. The aggregate number of shares of Common Stock initially reserved for issuance under the 2022 Plan was 20,184,797 shares. As of September 30, 2023, 6,786,291 shares were available for future issuance under the 2022 Plan. The number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2022 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each year for a period of nine years commencing on January 1, 2023 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2032, in an amount equal to 5% of the Common Stock of all classes outstanding on December 31 of the preceding year; provided, however, that the board of directors of the Company may act prior to January 1 of a given year to provide that the increase for such year will be a lesser number of shares of Common Stock.

Stock Option Activity

The following is a summary of stock option activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2023:


		Weighted		Weighted-
		Average		Average	Aggregate
		Exercise		Contractual	Intrinsic
	Options Outstanding	Price Per Share		Life (in years)	Value
Outstanding, December 31, 2022	8,845,903	$	0.38	7.20	$	3,130
Granted	1,071,100		1.39
Exercised	(3,588,084)		0.27		$	1,676
Forfeited and expired	(526,424)		0.27
Outstanding, September 30, 2023	5,802,495	$	0.69	7.68	$	4,160
Exercisable, September 30, 2023	2,552,893	$	0.31	6.03	$	2,651

The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $1.33 per share. The intrinsic value of an option is the amount by which the market price of the underlying common stock exceeds the option’s exercise price. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is $1.7 million and $9.8 million, respectively. We received proceeds from stock option exercises of $1.0 million and $0.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. No stock options were granted in the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options granted to employees was $0.5 million and $1.2 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options granted to employees was $0.6 million and $1.7 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, the unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options was approximately $3.3 million which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.56 years.

Fair Value of Stock Option Grants

The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model that uses the assumptions noted in the table below. Expected volatility for the Company’s Common Stock was determined based on an average of the historical volatility of a peer group of similar public companies. The Company has not been public for a sufficient length of time to base expected volatility on the volatility of its common stock. The expected term of options granted was calculated using the simplified method, which represents the average of the contractual term and the weighted-average vesting period of the option. The Company uses the simplified method because it does not have sufficient historical option exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate expected term.

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The assumed dividend yield is based upon the Company’s expectation of not paying dividends in the foreseeable future. The risk-free rate is based upon the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for the period equivalent to the expected life of the option. In determining the exercise prices for options granted, the Company’s board of directors has considered the fair value of the Common Stock as of the grant date. Before the Company’s common stock was publicly traded, the fair value of the Common Stock had been determined by the board of directors at each award grant date based upon a variety of factors, including the results obtained from an independent third-party valuation, the Company’s financial position and historical financial performance, the status of technological developments within the Company’s products, the composition and ability of the current engineering and management team, an evaluation or benchmark of the Company’s competition, the current business climate in the marketplace, the illiquid nature of the Common Stock, arm’s-length sales of the Company’s capital stock (including redeemable convertible preferred stock), the effect of the rights and preferences of the preferred shareholders, and the prospects of a liquidity event, among others. No stock options were granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Significant inputs to the Black-Scholes option-pricing model used to value stock option grants during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, were as follows:


	Time-based		Time-based
	Stock Option		Stock Option
		Grants		Grants
Valuation Assumptions	August 16, 2023		March 30, 2023
Strike price	$	2.09	$	0.60
Annual volatility (%)		161.68%		140.50%
Risk- free rate (%)		5.37%		3.54%
Expected term (years)		6.04		6.02

RSUs

The following is a summary of RSU activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2023:


		Weighted Average
		Grant Date Fair
	Shares	Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2022	11,332,591	$	4.36
Granted	8,077,929		1.12
Forfeited	(4,471,717)		4.28
Vested	(2,653,643)		4.02
Non-vested at September 30, 2023	12,285,160	$	2.33

On March 2, 2022, the performance condition of all then outstanding RSUs was met due to the closing of the Business Combination. As a result, the Company recorded a cumulative catch-up compensation expense for the vesting period that was satisfied as of March 2, 2022, and continues amortizing compensation expenses for unvested RSUs over their remaining vesting period.

The aggregate fair value of outstanding RSUs based on the closing share price of the Company’s common stock as of September 30, 2023, was $16.3 million. The total fair value of the RSUs vested, based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the vesting date, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $3.8 million and $26.9 million, respectively.

Fair Value of RSUs Awards

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued 4,227,929 time-based RSUs and 3,850,000 market-based performance RSUs. The time-based RSUs vest over periods ranging from 1-4 years and require continuous employment. The market-based performance RSUs vest only if certain share price thresholds are achieved and require continuous employment. Based upon the terms of such awards, 50% of the shares vest if the Company’s Common Stock trades at or above $2.00 per share, and the other 50% of the shares vest if the Company’s Common Stock trades at above $4.00 per share, for 20 out of 30 trading days through the fifth anniversary of the grant date.

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The fair value of the Company’s time-based RSUs was calculated based on the fair market value of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The fair value of the Company’s market-based performance RSUs was calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation model at the date of grant. The weighted-average grant date fair value for market-based RSUs granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $0.56 per RSU.

Significant inputs into the Monte Carlo simulation model used to value market based RSUs granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were as follows:


	Market-based
	Performance
Valuation Assumptions	RSUs
Stock price	$	0.60
Simulated trading days		1,260
Annual volatility (%)		140.50%
Risk- free rate (%)		3.63%
Estimated time to expiration (years)		5.00

Stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs granted to employees was $3.2 million and $7.5 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs granted to employees was $14.5 million and $35.8 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, the unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSUs was approximately $23.2 million which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.95 years.

Summarized Stock-Based Compensation Expenses

The table below summarizes total stock-based compensation expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Research and development	$	2,990	$	5,933	$	6,893	$	10,531
Selling, general and administrative expenses		678		9,188		1,834		27,112
Total stock-based compensation expenses	$	3,668	$	15,121	$	8,727	$	37,643

(10)

Financing Arrangements

Loan and Security Agreement

In March 2021, the Company entered into an agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Trinity Capital Inc. (“Trinity”) to secure a debt commitment of $12.0 million (the “Tranche A”) which was drawn at the closing. The term loan is collateralized by a first-priority, senior secured interest in substantially all of the Company’s assets. In conjunction with the Loan Agreement, the Company issued Trinity a warrant to purchase shares of Common Stock (the “Initial Trinity Warrants”) which is recorded at fair value using the Black-Scholes model, see Note 12 for the fair value assumptions.

The Loan Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants; however, the Loan Agreement does not include any financial covenants. In May 2021, the Loan Agreement was modified to increase the overall debt commitment by $15.0 million (the “Tranche B” or the “First Amendment”) and $8.0 million of the additional commitment was drawn at the closing and the remaining commitment of $7.0 million was available at the Company’s option at any time through March 10, 2022, subject to certain conditions. The Company drew the remaining $7.0 million commitment in November 2021. In conjunction with the Amendment, the Company cancelled the Initial Trinity Warrants and issued 995,099 (783,129 shares post conversion upon the closing of the Business Combination) warrants to purchase the Common Stock (the “Trinity Warrants”) which was an incremental cost allocated between Tranche A and Tranche B, see Note 12 for further information on the Trinity Warrants.

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The First Amendment was considered a modification for accounting purposes. The Company capitalized $2.8 million of debt issuance costs which consist of incremental costs incurred for the lenders and third-party legal firms as well as the fair value of the warrant issued in conjunction with the term loan.

Under the First Amendment, the maturity date was modified to be the date equal to 48 months from the first payment date of each specific cash advance. Subject to an interest only period of 19 months following each specific cash advance date, the term loan incurs interest at a rate of the greater of 11% or the US Prime Rate plus 7.50% per annum, payable monthly. The Loan Agreement includes certain negative covenants, primarily consisting of restrictions on the Company’s ability to incur indebtedness, pay dividends, execute fundamental change transactions, and other specified actions.

In addition, the Company is required to pay a final payment fee equal to 2.75% of the aggregate amount of all term loan advances. The final payment fee is being accreted and amortized into interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the term of the loan. The effective interest rate for all tranches of the debt was approximately 22.5% as of September 30, 2023.

In January 2022, the Loan Agreement was modified to increase the overall debt commitment by $5.0 million (the “Tranche C” or the “Third Amendment”) which was drawn on January 27, 2022. Subject to an interest only period of 19 months, Tranche C incurs interest at a rate of the greater of 11% or the US Prime Rate plus 7.50% per annum, payable monthly, until the maturity date, February 1, 2026. Other modifications per the Third Amendment included an extension of the requirement to raise an additional $75 million of equity until April 1, 2022 and a defined exit fee for the additional $5.0 million to be at 20% of the advanced funds under the amendment. The Company met the requirement to raise additional equity of $75 million through the Business Combination mentioned in Note 3. The Company paid an exit fee of $1.0 million which is 20% of the Tranche C amount upon the consummation of the Business Combination. The exit fee was capitalized as a debt issuance cost and is amortized using the effective interest method over the life of Tranche C. The exit fee was not applicable to Tranche A and Tranche B. In conjunction with the Third Amendment, the Company also guaranteed payment of all monetary amounts owed and performance of all covenants, obligations and liabilities.

The book value of debt approximates its fair value given its maturity and variable interest rate. Long term debt and the unamortized discount balances are as follows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023	December 31, 2022
Outstanding principal amount	25,304	30,709
Add: accreted liability of final payment fee	609	407
Less: unamortized debt discount, long-term	(367)	(990)
Less: current portion of long-term debt principal	(12,435)	(9,491)
Debt – net of current portion	13,111	20,635
Current portion of long-term debt – principal	12,435	9,491
Less: current portion of unamortized debt discount	(913)	(1,188)
Debt – current portion	11,522	8,303

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded interest expense of $1.5 million and $4.5 million, respectively, which includes accretion of the end-of-term liability, amortization of the commitment fee and amortization of debt issuance costs totaling $0.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded interest expense of $1.4 million and $3.8 million, respectively, which includes accretion of the end-of-term liability, amortization of the commitment fee asset and amortization of debt issuance costs totaling $0.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The unamortized debt discount as of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022 of $1.3 million and $2.2 million, respectively, is offset against the carrying value of the term loan in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

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Scheduled principal payments on total outstanding debt are as follows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
2023	$	2,929	$	9,491
2024		12,931		13,007
2025		9,047		8,020
2026		397		191
	$	25,304	$	30,709

(11) Common Stock

As stated in Note 3, on March 2, 2022, the Company consummated a Business Combination which has been accounted for as a reverse capitalization. Pursuant to the certificate of incorporation as amended on March 2, 2022, the Company is authorized to issue 1,000,000,000 shares of Common Stock and 10,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock. The holders of shares of Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each share of Common Stock held. The Preferred Stock is non-voting. No shares of Preferred Stock were issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, and after payment to the holders of shares of Preferred Stock of their liquidation preferences, the holders of the Common Stock are entitled to the entire remaining assets of the Company on a pro rata basis.

As a result of the Business Combination, the Company has retroactively adjusted the warrants and stock-based awards outstanding prior to March 2, 2022, to give effect to the Exchange Ratio used to determine the number of shares of Common Stock into which they were converted.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company has reserved the following shares of Common Stock for issuance upon the conversion, exercise or vesting of the underlying instruments:


Common Stock Warrants		16,730,353
Stock-Based Awards—RSUs Outstanding		12,285,160
Stock-Based Awards—Options Outstanding		5,802,495
Total		34,818,008

Common Stock Purchase Agreement

The Company entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC (“B. Riley”) on August 11, 2022 pursuant to which the Company may issue and sell to B. Riley the lesser of i) $75.0 million in aggregate gross purchase price of newly issued shares of the Company’s Common Stock or ii) an amount not to exceed 23,648,889 shares of Common Stock (such number of shares equal to approximately 19.99% of the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the execution of the agreement and inclusive of 171,008 shares of Common Stock issued to B. Riley on August 11, 2022 as consideration for entering into the Purchase Agreement). For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company received proceeds of $12.7 million and $15.1 million, respectively, from the issuance and sale of 6,336,199 and 8,205,618 shares of Common Stock, respectively, to B. Riley under the Purchase Agreement.

In consideration of the parties entering into the foregoing agreement, the parties also entered into a Registration Rights Agreement on August 11, 2022, pursuant to which the Company provides B. Riley with registration rights with respect to such Common Stock and pursuant to which the Company filed a registration statement covering the resale of such Common Stock, which registration statement was declared effective on September 14, 2022.

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Upon the initial satisfaction of the conditions to B. Riley’s purchase obligation set forth in the Purchase Agreement, as of September 14, 2022 (the “Commencement Date”) the Company has the right, but not the obligation, from time to time at the Company’s sole discretion over the 24-month period from and after the Commencement Date, to direct B. Riley to purchase a specified amount of shares not to exceed the lesser of (i) 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock and (ii) 20% of the total aggregate number (or volume) of shares of Common Stock traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) during the applicable period beginning at the official open (or “commencement”) of the regular trading session on the applicable purchase date for such purchase and ending at such time that the total aggregate volume of shares of common stock traded on Nasdaq reaches the Purchase Share Volume Maximum (as defined below) for such purchase (as applicable) (such period for each purchase, the “Purchase Valuation Period”), provided, that, (i) the closing sale price of the Common Stock on the trading day immediately prior to such Purchase Date (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) is not less than $1.00 and (ii) all shares of Common Stock subject to all prior Purchases (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) and all prior Intraday Purchases (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) by B. Riley under the Purchase Agreement have been received by B. Riley prior to the time the Company delivers a purchase notice to B. Riley. “Purchase Share Volume Maximum” means, with respect to a purchase made pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the number of shares of Common Stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing the (i) total number of shares of Common Stock to be purchased by B. Riley in the relevant purchase (the “Purchase Share Amount”), by (ii) 0.20 (subject to certain adjustments). The Company did not identify any feature within the Purchase Agreement that needs to be bifurcated and recorded as a derivative.

The Company’s share price had traded below $1.00 per share for an extended period in early 2023. As a result, the Company recognized impairment charges during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 of $0.8 million for previously deferred offering costs primarily related to the Purchase Agreement, which were recorded as general and administrative expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations. No impairment charges were recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2023.

(12) Warrants

As a result of the Business Combination (see Note 3), the Company has retroactively adjusted the number and corresponding strike price of Rigetti warrants outstanding prior to March 2, 2022, the date of the Business Combination, to give effect to the Exchange Ratio used to determine the number of shares of Common Stock into which they were converted.

Liability Classified Warrants

Public Warrants

Each Public Warrant entitles the holder to the right to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the Public Warrants. The Company may elect to redeem the Public Warrants subject to certain conditions, in whole and not in part, at a price of $0.01 per Public Warrant if (i) 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption is provided to the holders, and (ii) the last reported sale price of the Company’s Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third business day prior to the date on which the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders. Upon issuance of a redemption notice by the Company, the warrant holders have a period of 30 days to exercise for cash, or on a cashless basis. As of September 30, 2023, there were 9,105,245 Public Warrants issued and outstanding (Refer to Note 8 for fair value measurement). The Public Warrants are accounted for as a derivative liability. The fair value of the Public Warrants is measured at each reporting period based on the listed price for the warrants, with subsequent changes in the fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statement of operations at each reporting date.

The calculated fair value of the derivative liability for the Public Warrants as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $2.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively. The change in the fair value of the Public Warrants included in the condensed consolidated statement of operations in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was a loss of $1.0 million and $1.4 million, respectively. The change in the fair value of the Public Warrants included in the condensed consolidated statement of operations in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was a gain of $3.7 million and $14.4 million, respectively.

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Private Warrants

The Private Warrants may not be redeemed by the Company so long as the Private Warrants are held by the initial purchasers, or such purchasers’ permitted transferees. The Private Warrants have terms and provisions identical to those of the Public Warrants, including as to exercise price, exercisability and exercise period, except if the Private Warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers’ permitted transferees, then the Private Warrants are redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants. On August 18, 2022, the Private Warrants were transferred from the initial purchasers to permitted transferees and remain unredeemable by the Company as of September 30, 2023. The Private Warrants are accounted for as a derivative liability. The fair value of the Private Warrants is determined using the Black- Scholes option-pricing model, with subsequent changes in the fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations at each reporting date.

The calculated fair value of the derivative liability for the Private Warrants as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $3.8 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The change in the fair value of the Private Warrants included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was a loss of $2.4 million and $2.9 million, respectively. The change in the fair value of the Private Warrants included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was a loss of $4.4 million and $7.4 million, respectively.

Significant inputs into the Black-Scholes option-pricing models used to value the Private Warrants at September 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 2, 2022 (initial recognition date) are as follows:



Valuation Assumptions	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		March 2, 2022
Stock Price	$	1.33	$	0.73	$	9.43
Strike Price	$	11.50	$	11.50	$	11.50
Volatility (annual) (%)		168.90%		109.26%		30.66%
Risk-free rate (%)		4.70%		4.04%		1.74%
Estimated time to expiration (years)		3.42		4.172		5.000
Dividend yield (%)		—		—		—

On August 18, 2022, the Private Warrants were transferred from the initial purchasers to permitted transferees of the SPAC Sponsor by means of an internal partnership distribution.

Trinity Warrants

The Initial Trinity Warrants were issued in March of 2021 for the purchase of 313,252 shares of common stock, and additional warrants to purchase 469,877 shares of common stock were issued in connection with Tranche B Amendment, see Note 10. Therefore, there were a total of 783,129 Trinity Warrants issued in conjunction with the Loan Agreement in 2021. The Trinity Warrants issued were classified as a liability under ASC 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity”. The Company utilized a Black-Scholes model to determine the grant fair value of the warrants which was approximately $2.7 million and was recorded as a debt issuance cost. The outstanding warrants were subsequently re-measured at each reporting period using the Black-Scholes model with changes recorded as a component of other income in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations. The liability related to the Trinity Warrants was $6.4 million as of June 2, 2022, at which time all 783,129 Trinity Warrants were exercised and the fair value of the warrant liability was reclassified to equity.

The change in the fair value of the Trinity Warrants included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was a loss of $2.0 million. No loss was recognized in 2023.

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Significant inputs into the Black-Scholes option pricing model used to value the Trinity Warrants as of June 2, 2022 were as follows:


Valuation Assumptions	June 2, 2022
Stock Price	$	8.23
Strike Price	$	0.27
Volatility (annual) (%)		105.10%
Risk-free rate (%)		2.94%
Estimated time to expiration (years)		9.00
Dividend yield (%)		—

Equity Classified Warrants

Series C Preferred Stock Financing Warrants

Between February 2020 and May 2020, a subsidiary of Legacy Rigetti issued and sold an aggregate of 69,223,658 shares (Post conversion - 54,478,260 shares) of its Series C Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $0.906793 per share (Post conversion - $1.15 per share), for an aggregate purchase price of $56.2 million (the “Series C Preferred Stock Financing”). In conjunction with the Series C Preferred Stock Financing, the Company issued a total of 5,248,183 Warrants to purchase Class A Common Stock to the Series C investors (the “Series C Warrants”). The Series C Warrants have a $0.01 exercise price per share and have a 10-year term to expiration. The Series C Warrants can be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis.

The Company determined that the Series C Warrants met the requirements for equity classification under ASC 480 and ASC 815. The Company estimated the fair value of the Series C Warrants using the Black-Scholes model and allocated approximately $1.2 million in proceeds from the Series C Preferred Stock to the value of the Series C Warrants on a relative fair value basis, which was recorded to additional paid in capital.

Customer Warrant

In February 2020, the Company issued a warrant to purchase 2,680,607 shares of Class A Common Stock to a customer in conjunction with a revenue arrangement (the “Customer Warrant”). The Customer Warrant has a $1.152 exercise price per share and a 10-year term to expiration. The Customer Warrant vests upon the achievement of certain performance conditions (i.e., sales milestones) defined in the agreement, and upon a change of control, either 50% or 100% of the then unvested Customer Warrant will become fully vested, dependent on the acquiring party in the change of control transaction. The Customer Warrant can be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis.

The Company followed the guidance in ASC 718 and ASC 606 for the accounting of non-cash consideration payable to a customer. The Company determined that the Customer Warrant met the requirements for equity classification under ASC 718 and measured the Customer Warrant based on its grant date fair value, estimated to be $0.2 million. The Company recorded this amount as a deferred asset and additional-paid-in capital as of the issuance date, as the Company believes it is probable that all performance conditions (i.e., sales milestones) in the Customer Warrant will be met. As of September 30, 2023, the deferred asset balance outstanding is approximately $0.1 million, which will be recognized as a reduction in revenue in future periods.

The vesting status of the Customer Warrant at September 30, 2023 and December 31,2022 was as follows:


	September 30, 2023	December 31, 2022
Vested Customer Warrant shares	1,340,297	1,340,297
Unvested Customer Warrant shares	1,340,310	1,340,310
	2,680,607	2,680,607

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(13)

Forward Warrant Agreement

In connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement in October 2021 (See Note 1), Rigetti entered into a warrant subscription agreement (“Forward Warrant Agreement”) with a strategic partner, Ampere Computing LLC (“Ampere”) for the purchase of a warrant for an aggregate purchase price (including amounts from exercise) of $10.0 million. The Forward Warrant Agreement provides for the issuance of a warrant for the purchase of up to an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.0001. The purchase of the warrant was conditioned upon, among other things, the consummation of the Business Combination and the entry into a collaboration agreement between Rigetti and Ampere. The parties entered into the collaboration agreement in January 2022. Ampere was required to pay $5.0 million to Rigetti no later than the later of (i) the Closing and (ii) June 30, 2022.

On June 30, 2022, pursuant to the Forward Warrant Agreement, the Company issued the warrant to Ampere upon receipt of an aggregate of $5.0 million (including the exercise price), and upon such payment and issuance, 500,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock vested under the warrant and were immediately exercised by Ampere pursuant to the terms of the warrant. Ampere was required to pay an additional $5.0 million to Rigetti no later than the closing date of the listing of Ampere’s capital stock on a stock exchange, provided that if the listing had not occurred by the second anniversary of the Forward Warrant Agreement (October 2023), Ampere was not obligated to make the additional payment. The Forward Warrant Agreement has now expired, and Ampere no longer has an obligation to make the additional $5.0 million payment. The Company filed a registration statement registering the resale of the initial 500,000 shares issued under the warrant which was declared effective during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Company evaluated the Forward Warrant Agreement as a derivative in conjunction with the guidance of ASC 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity”. The Company calculated the fair value of the Forward Warrant Agreement at inception using the Forward Contract Pricing methodology. The Forward Warrant Agreement was subsequently re-measured at each reporting period using the Forward Contract Pricing methodology with the change in fair value recorded in general and administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

The calculated fair value of the Forward Warrant Agreement as of December 31, 2022 (derivative asset) was $2.2 million. The change in the fair value of the Forward Warrant Agreement is included in selling, general and administrative expenses. The change in the fair value of the Forward Warrant Agreement during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was a loss of $1.1 million and $2.2 million, respectively. The change in the fair value of the Forward Warrant Agreement during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was a gain of $0.4 million and $5.5 million, respectively.

The following table represents key valuation assumptions for the Forward Warrant Agreement as of December 31, 2022:


Valuation Assumptions	December 31, 2022
Holding period (in years)		0.767
Risk-free rate (%)		4.69%
Probability of the contingency occurring (%)		50%
Underlying value per share	$	0.73

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company reduced the estimated probability of occurrence for the Forward Warrant Agreement from 50% to 0% because the Company determined that Ampere’s obligation to make the additional payment under the Forward Warrant Agreement would expire without taking effect. As a result, the Forward Warrant Agreement had no value as of September 30, 2023.

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(14) Concentrations, Significant Customers and Geographic Areas

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments in the form of corporate bonds, and trade accounts receivable. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents and short- term investments are placed with high-credit-quality financial institutions, and at times exceed federally insured limits. To date, the Company has not experienced any credit loss relating to its cash and cash equivalents or short-term investments.

Significant customers that represent 10% or more of revenue are set forth in the following tables:


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Customer A	30%	35%	32%	26%
Customer B	19%	23%	21%	20%
Customer C	*	18%	13%	18%
Customer D	*	14%	*	17%
Customer E	10%	*	*	*
Customer F	13%	*	*	*

* Customer accounted for less than 10% of revenue in the respective periods.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, sales to government entities comprised 77.25% and 77.65% of the Company’s total revenue, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, sales to government entities comprised 77.26% and 74.08% of the Company’s total revenue, respectively.

Significant customers that represent 10% or more of accounts receivable are set forth in the following tables:


	September 30, 2023	December 31, 2022
Customer A	27%	65%
Customer B	*	13%
Customer C	19%	10%
Customer D	13%	*

* Customer accounted for less than 10% of revenue or accounts receivable in the respective periods.

The following table presents a summary of revenue by geography for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
United States	$	2,927		2,228		8,174	$	5,772
Europe		178		576		458		1,270
Total revenue	$	3,105		2,804		8,632	$	7,042

Revenues from external customers are attributed to individual countries based on the physical location in which the services are provided or the particular customer location with whom the Company has contracted.

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(15) Net Loss Per Share

As a result of the Business Combination (see Note 3), the Company has retroactively adjusted the weighted average shares outstanding prior to March 2, 2022 to give effect to the Exchange Ratio used to determine the number of shares of Common Stock into which they were converted.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders (in thousands, except for per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(22,215)	$	(18,755)	$	(62,535)	$	(48,649)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding - basic and diluted		133,866		118,571		129,173		95,691
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(0.17)	$	(0.16)	$	(0.48)	$	(0.51)

There are 3,059,273 Sponsor Vesting Shares that were not included in the computations of basic and diluted net loss per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, because the contingencies for the issuance of these shares have not been met. The weighted-average common shares outstanding for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 include 1,094,494 and 1,349,367 weighted average shares for warrants having an exercise price of $0.01 per share each, respectively. The weighted-average common shares outstanding for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 include 2,076,116 and 2,905,130 weighted average shares for warrants having an exercise price of $0.01 per share each, respectively.

The Company’s potential dilutive securities, which include stock options, restricted stock units, convertible preferred stock and warrants have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as the effect would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share is the same.

The Company excluded the following potential common shares from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022:


	Nine Months Ended September 30
	2023	2022
Common Stock Warrants (1)	14,415,269	14,444,127
Stock Options	5,802,495	8,307,065
Restricted Stock Units	12,285,160	14,797,277
	32,502,924	37,548,469

(1)	The number of outstanding warrants does not include unvested Customer Warrants for 1,340,310 shares as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(16)

Income Taxes

The Company did not record income tax expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, due to the Company’s loss position and full valuation allowance.

The effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate, primarily due to the Company’s history of incurring losses, which have not been benefited, the foreign rate differential related to subsidiary earnings, and other permanent differences. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, if any, the timing and amount of which are uncertain.

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The Company has deferred tax assets as a result of temporary differences between the taxable income on its tax returns and GAAP income, R&D tax credit carry forwards and federal and state net operating loss carry forwards. A deferred tax asset generally represents future tax benefits to be received when temporary differences previously reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements become deductible for income tax purposes, when net operating loss carry forwards could be applied against future taxable income, or when tax credit carry forwards are utilized in the Company’s tax returns. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, if any, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. Accordingly, the net U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance.

Utilization of the net operating losses and credits may be subject to substantial annual limitation due to federal and state ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions. Such annual limitations could result in the expiration of the net operating losses and credits before their utilization. The Company has not performed a Section 382 analysis to determine if an ownership change occurred and whether the use of net operating loss carryforwards and credits carryforwards will be limited to offset future taxable income. For financial statement purposes, the Company has included the federal and state net operating losses and credits in the deferred tax assets with a full valuation allowance.

(17)

Restructuring and severance

In February 2023, the Company announced an updated business strategy, including revisions to the Company’s technology roadmap. In connection with this updated strategy, the Company implemented a workforce reduction in order to focus the organization and its resources on nearer-term strategic priorities. The reduction in the workforce impacted approximately 50 employees or approximately 28% of the Company’s then workforce. Affected employees were offered separation benefits, including severance payments and temporary healthcare coverage assistance. The Company began implementing activities with respect to the revised business plan, updated technology roadmap and reduction in workforce in February 2023. Work activities regarding the revised business plan and updated technology roadmap are ongoing.

The following table presents a summary of restructuring activities (in thousands):


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Initial restructuring charge recorded in February 2023	$	991
Payments in the three months ended March 31, 2023		(853)
Payments in the three months ended June 30, 2023		(80)
Payments in the three months ended September 30, 2023		(58)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	-

In addition to the charge for restructuring, the Company also incurred $1.0 million for contractual severance benefits related to executive officers of the Company that were terminated in the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The remaining balance in the Company’s accrual for contractual severance benefits related to executive officers as of September 30, 2023 of $0.4 million will be paid out monthly through February 2024.

(18)

Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are party to litigation and other legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. While the results of any litigation or other legal proceedings are uncertain, we are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows. We accrue for loss contingencies when it is both probable that we will incur the loss and when we can reasonably estimate the amount of the loss or range of loss.

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Indemnification Provisions

Our agreements include provisions indemnifying customers against intellectual property and other third-party claims. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors, executive officers and certain other officers that will require us, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise as a result of their affiliation with us. We have not incurred any costs as a result pf such indemnification obligations and have not recorded any liabilities related to such obligations in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements, such as statements of our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. Any statements that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. When used, the words “believe,” “plan,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “target,” “estimate,” “expect,” “will,” “continue,” “project,” “forecast,” “goal,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “potential,” and the like, and/or future tense or conditional constructions (“will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” etc.), or similar expressions, identify certain of these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, including those described under Part I “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of factors. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

On March 2, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), we consummated the transactions contemplated by that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of October 6, 2021, as amended on December 23, 2021 and January 10, 2022 (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Supernova Partners Acquisition Company II, Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempted company (“Supernova”), Supernova Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Supernova (the “First Merger Sub”), Supernova Romeo Merger Sub, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Supernova (the “Second Merger Sub”), and Rigetti Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Legacy Rigetti”). As contemplated by the Merger Agreement, on March 1, 2022 Supernova was domesticated as a Delaware corporation and changed its name to “Rigetti Computing, Inc.” (the “Domestication”). On the Closing Date, (i) First Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Rigetti, the separate corporate existence of First Merger Sub ceased and Legacy Rigetti survived as a wholly owned subsidiary of Rigetti Computing, Inc. (the “Surviving Corporation” and, such merger, the “First Merger”), and (ii) immediately following the First Merger, the Surviving Corporation merged with and into the Second Merger Sub, the separate corporate existence of the Surviving Corporation ceased and Second Merger Sub survived as a wholly owned subsidiary of Rigetti Computing, Inc. and changed its name to “Rigetti Intermediate LLC” (such merger transaction, the “Second Merger” and, together with the First Merger, the “Merger”, and, collectively with the Domestication, the “PIPE Financing” (as defined below) and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Business Combination”). The closing of the Business Combination is herein referred to as “the Closing.”

We build quantum computers and the superconducting quantum processors that power them. We believe quantum computing represents one of the most transformative emerging capabilities in the world today. By leveraging quantum mechanics, we believe our quantum computers process information in fundamentally new, more powerful ways than classical computers. When scaled, it is anticipated that these systems will be poised to solve problems of staggering computational complexity at unprecedented speed.

With the goal of unlocking this opportunity, we have developed the world’s first multi-chip quantum processor for scalable quantum computing systems. We believe that this patented and patent pending, modular chip architecture is the building block for new generations of quantum processors that we expect to achieve a clear advantage over classical computers. Our long-term business model centers on revenue generated from sales of quantum processing units (QPUs) and quantum computing systems made accessible via the cloud in the form of Quantum Computing as a Service (“QCaaS’) products. However, the substantial majority of our revenues are derived from development contracts, and we anticipate this market opportunity will continue to represent an important source of revenue for at least the next several years as we work to ramp up sales of QPUs and our QCaaS business. Additionally, we are working to further develop a revenue stream and forging important customer relationships by entering into technology development contracts with various partners.

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We are a vertically integrated company. We own and operate Fab-1, a dedicated and integrated laboratory and manufacturing facility, through which we own the means of producing our breakthrough multi-chip quantum processor technology. We leverage our chips through a full-stack product development approach, from quantum chip design and manufacturing through cloud delivery. We believe this full-stack development approach offers both the fastest and lowest risk path to building commercially valuable quantum computers.

We have been generating revenue since 2018 through partnerships with government agencies and commercial organizations; however, we have not yet generated profits. We have incurred significant operating losses since inception. Our net losses were $71.5 million and $38.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 11 months ended December 31, 2021, respectively. Our net losses were $22.2 million and $18.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, and $62.5 million and $48.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. We expect to continue to incur additional losses for the foreseeable future as we invest in research, development, and infrastructure consistent with our long-term business strategy. As of September 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $341.2 million.

Based on our estimates and current business plan, we expect that we will need to obtain additional capital by early 2025, including any additional sales of common stock through our Common Stock Purchase Agreement with B. Riley or from other sources, in order to fund our research and development efforts and business objectives as currently planned. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available. If we are unable to raise additional funding when needed and on attractive terms, we may be required to delay, limit, or substantially reduce our quantum computing development efforts.

In February 2023, we announced an updated business strategy, including revisions to our technology roadmap. In connection with this updated strategy, we implemented a workforce reduction beginning in February 2023 to focus the organization and our resources on nearer-term strategic priorities. In March 2023, we further refined our business strategy after internally deploying Ankaa-1, our 84-qubit system delivering denser qubit spacing and tunable couplers, within our company for testing. We have since concentrated on refining the performance of Ankaa-1 and have externally launched the Ankaa-1 84-qubit system, to one select customer who is conducting error correction research. We plan to continue efforts to improve the performance of the system with the goal of reaching at least 98% 2-qubit gate fidelity to support the anticipated Ankaa-2 84-qubit system. We then plan to launch the anticipated Ankaa-2 84 qubit system, continuing to work to improve performance with the goal of reaching at least 99% gate fidelity on Ankaa-2. If these targets are achieved, we plan to shift focus to scaling to develop Lyra, an anticipated 336-qubit system. We believe that this business plan should enable us to concentrate our software application development strategy on what we believe to be the highest likelihood applications for demonstrating nearer term narrow quantum advantage.

The reduction in the workforce impacted approximately 50 employees or 28% of our then workforce. We began implementing activities with respect to the revised business plan and reduction in workforce in February 2023. Affected employees were offered separation benefits, including severance payments and temporary healthcare coverage assistance. We incurred a $1.0 million restructuring charge in the three months ended March 31, 2023, for severance payments and temporary healthcare coverage for effected employees. In addition to the restructuring charge, we also incurred $1.0 million of expenses for contractual severance benefits related to executive officers of the Company that were terminated in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The Business Combination and PIPE Financing

On October 6, 2021, SNII entered into the Merger Agreement by and among Supernova, First Merger Sub, Second Merger Sub, and Legacy Rigetti. On March 2, 2022, the Business Combination was consummated. While the legal acquirer in the Merger Agreement was Supernova, for financial accounting and reporting purposes under United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), Rigetti was the accounting acquirer, and the Merger was accounted for as a “reverse recapitalization.” A reverse recapitalization does not result in a new basis of accounting, and the financial statements of Rigetti represent the continuation of the financial statements of Legacy Rigetti in many respects. Under this method of accounting, Supernova was treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes.

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For accounting purposes, Rigetti was deemed to be the accounting acquirer in the transaction and, consequently, the transaction was treated as a recapitalization of Rigetti (i.e., a capital transaction involving the issuance of stock by Supernova for the stock of Rigetti). As a result of the Business Combination, all of the shares of Legacy Rigetti Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the Closing (including Legacy Rigetti Common Stock resulting from the Legacy Rigetti preferred stock conversion) were converted into the right to receive an aggregate of 78,959,579 shares of our Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”). Additionally, each issued and outstanding share of Supernova Class A and Class B Common Stock held by Supernova automatically converted to 20,209,462 shares of Common Stock (of which 3,059,273 shares are subject to vesting under certain conditions). Upon consummation of the Business Combination, the most significant change in our reported financial position and results of operations was an increase in cash of $205.0 million, including $225.6 million of proceeds from the Business Combination and PIPE Financing, net of transaction costs incurred by us of $20.6 million.

Additional direct and incremental transaction costs were also incurred by Rigetti in connection with the Business Combination. Generally, costs (e.g., SPAC shares) are recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital. Costs allocated to liability-classified instruments that are subsequently measured at fair value through earnings (e.g., certain SPAC warrants) are expensed. Rigetti’s transaction costs totaled $20.6 million, of which $19.7 million was allocated to equity-classified instruments and recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital, and the remaining $0.9 million was allocated to liability-classified instruments that are subsequently measured at fair value through earnings and recognized as expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

As a result of the Business Combination, we became subject to the reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and listing standards of the Nasdaq Capital Market, which has and will necessitate us to hire additional personnel and implement procedures and processes to address such public company requirements. We expect to incur additional ongoing expenses as a public company for, among other things, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, director fees, and additional internal and external accounting, legal and administrative resources.

Our future results of consolidated operations and financial position may not be comparable to historical results for a variety of reasons, including as a result of the Business Combination.

Macroeconomic Considerations

Unfavorable conditions in the economy in the United States and abroad may negatively affect the growth of our business and have affected our results of operations. For example, macroeconomic events, including rising inflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve raising interest rates, recent bank failures, the ongoing military conflict involving Russia and Ukraine and sanctions related thereto, the state of war between Israel and Hamas and the related risk of a larger regional conflict have led to economic uncertainty globally. The effect of macroeconomic conditions may not be fully reflected in the results of operations until future periods. If, however, economic uncertainty increases or the global economy worsens, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed. For further discussion of the potential impacts of macroeconomic events on our business, financial condition, and operating results, see the section titled Part I “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, including the risk factor titled “Unstable market and economic conditions have had and may continue to have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and share price.”

We have experienced and may experience further increases in the cost of raw materials, component parts, and labor, which we largely attribute to inflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve raising interest rates, high demand, and supply chain restraints. Rising costs and supply chain constraints have been further exacerbated by the ongoing military conflict involving Russia and Ukraine and sanctions related thereto, the state of war between Israel and Hamas and the related risk of a larger regional conflict. We expect these increased costs will persist for the foreseeable future and may increase. Additionally, inflation and rising interest rates may result in an economic recession globally or in the U.S., which could lead to a reduction in product demand, a decrease in corporate capital expenditures, prolonged unemployment, labor shortages, reduction in consumer confidence, adverse geopolitical and macroeconomic events, or any similar negative economic condition. Economic conditions in some parts of the world have been worsening, with disruptions to, and volatility and uncertainty in, the credit and financial markets in the U.S. and worldwide resulting from the effects of inflation and increases in interest rates.

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These conditions have been further exacerbated by recent and potential future disruptions in access to bank deposits or lending commitments due to bank failures, the ongoing military conflict involving Russia and Ukraine and sanctions related thereto, the state of war between Israel and Hamas and the related risk of a larger regional conflict. It is not possible at this time to estimate the long-term impact that these and related events could have on our business, as the impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.

If these conditions persist and deepen, we could experience an inability to access additional capital, or our liquidity could otherwise be impacted. If we are unable to raise capital when needed and on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs and other efforts. However, like many other companies, we are taking actions to monitor our operations to account for the increases in the cost of capital. Specifically, this includes efforts to enhance our operational efficiency, maximize our R&D spend through strategic collaborations, and being highly selective in hiring top-tier talent.

Key Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate revenue through our development contracts, as well as from our sales of QPUs, and our QCaaS offerings and other services including training and provision of quantum computing components. Development contracts are generally multi-year, non-recurring arrangements pursuant to which we provide professional services regarding collaborative research in practical applications of quantum computing to technology and business problems within the customer’s industry or organization and assists the customer in developing quantum algorithms and applications to assist customers in areas of business interest.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of all direct and indirect costs associated with sales of QPUs, QCaaS offerings and development contracts and other services, including employee costs for program management and personnel associated with the delivery of goods and services to customers and sub-contract costs for work performed by third parties. Cost of revenue also includes an allocation of facility costs, depreciation and amortization directly related to the development contracts and QCaaS offerings and other services.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses primarily consist of research and development, and selling, general and administrative expenses. Sales and marketing expenses became less significant following the reduction in workforce and strategic realignment we announced in February 2023. For this reason, sales and marketing and general administrative expenses have been combined and are now reported as selling, general and administrative. Related amounts for all prior periods have been reclassified to conform with this presentation.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses include compensation, employee benefits, stock-based compensation, outside consultant fees, facility costs, depreciation and amortization, materials and components purchased for research and development. We expect research and development expenses to increase as we continue to invest in quantum computing and the superconducting quantum processors needed for quantum computers. We do not currently capitalize any research and development expenditures. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses include compensation, employee benefits, stock-based compensation, insurance, facility costs, professional service fees, and other general overhead costs other than those associated with sales of QPUs and providing development contracts, QCaaS offerings and other services.

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Restructuring

Provision for Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We have recorded a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				2023 versus 2022				September 30,				2023 vs. 2022
	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change		2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
Revenue	$	3,105	$	2,804	$	301	11	%	$	8,632	$	7,042	$	1,590	23	%
Cost of revenue		834		776		58	7	%		1,940		2,063		(123)	(6)	%
Total gross profit		2,271		2,028		243	12	%		6,692		4,979		1,713	34	%
Research and development		13,056		17,365		(4,309)	(25)	%		39,981		44,040		(4,059)	(9)	%
Selling, general and administrative		6,047		15,987		(9,940)	(62)	%		20,808		43,293		(22,485)	(52)	%
Restructuring		—		—		—	nm	*		991		—		991	100	%
Total operating expenses		19,103		33,352		(14,249)	(43)	%		61,780		87,333		(25,553)	(29)	%
Loss from operations		(16,832)		(31,324)		14,492	(46)	%		(55,088)		(82,354)		27,266	(33)	%
Other income (expense), net
Interest expense	$	(1,473)	$	(1,436)	$	(37)	3	%	$	(4,511)	$	(3,811)	$	(700)	18	%
Interest income		1,263		1,042		221	21	%		3,746		1,172		2,574	220	%
Change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities		(3,442)		8,103		(11,545)	(142)	%		(4,320)		19,853		(24,173)	(122)	%
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities		(1,731)		4,860		(6,591)	(136)	%		(2,362)		17,418		(19,780)	(114)	%
Transaction costs		—		—		—	nm	*		—		(927)		927	(100)	%
Total other income (expense), net		(5,383)		12,569		(17,952)	(143)	%		(7,447)		33,705		(41,152)	(122)	%
Net loss before provision for income taxes		(22,215)		(18,755)		(3,460)	18	%		(62,535)		(48,649)		(13,886)	29	%
Provision for income taxes		—		—		—				—		—		—
Net loss	$	(22,215)	$	(18,755)	$	(3,460)			$	(62,535)	$	(48,649)	$	(13,886)

Revenue

Revenue increased by $0.3 million and $1.6 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, compared to three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Our development contracts are typically fixed price milestone or cost share-based contracts and the timing and amounts of revenue recognized in any given quarter will vary significantly based on the delivery of the associated milestones and/or the work performed. The increase in revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 reflects typical variability in the timing of revenue recognition from development contracts. Revenue from these contracts is expected to vary in terms of timing and size, resulting in significant quarter-to-quarter fluctuations in revenue levels.

For the next few years, we expect much of our revenue to be generated from development contracts. There may be some near-term reduction in revenue as we align to our updated strategy announced in February 2023.

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Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue increased by $0.1 million and decreased by $0.1 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, compared to three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.The increase in cost of revenue and the improvement in total gross profit as a percentage of revenue in the three months ended September 30, 2023 and the decrease in cost of revenue and the improvement in total gross profit as a percentage of revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 are primarily due to changes in the composition of our revenue and variability in the pricing and terms of our development contracts.

We expect that cost of revenue and total gross profit as a percentage of revenue will vary from quarter-to-quarter in future periods due to changes in the composition of our revenue and variability in the pricing and terms of our development contracts.

Operating Expenses

Research and development

Research and development expenses decreased by $4.3 million and $4.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

Salaries and employee benefit expenses decreased by $1.6 million and $0.3 million, and stock-based compensation decreased by $2.9 million and $3.6 million, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The decreases in employee wages and benefit expenses and stock-based compensation resulted from our February 2023 reduction in workforce. A $1.3 million out-of-period adjustment for electrical utility fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 also contributed to the decrease in research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. A $1.6 million charge for deferred stock-based compensation expense related to the closing of the Business Combination during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 contributed to the decrease in stock-based compensation during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

These decreases were partially offset by a $0.3 million and $1.5 million increase in depreciation expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, due to purchases of property and equipment, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

We anticipate that R&D expenditures will grow in the future as we continue to focus on our technology roadmap and long-term goal of achieving broad quantum advantage.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $9.9 million and $22.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

The decreases for the three and nine months ended September 2023 are primarily due to a reduction in stock-based compensation of $8.5 million and $25.3 million, respectively, partially offset by unfavorable changes in the fair value of the Ampere Forward Agreement of $1.5 million and $7.7 million, respectively. The remaining differences are due to lower wage costs including lower bonus expenses, professional fees and insurance costs. Stock-based compensation and bonus expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 include $6.9 million of deferred stock-based compensation and $1.8 million of transaction bonuses that were recognized in connection with the closing of the Business Combination.

We expect selling, general and administrative expenses to increase over the longer term, particularly after we potentially achieve quantum advantage, and plan to subsequently enhance our sales and service offerings, expand our customer base, and implement new marketing strategies.

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Restructuring

We began implementing activities with respect to our revised business plan, updated technology roadmap and reduction in workforce in February 2023, resulting in a $1 million restructuring charge during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. No further restructuring charges related to this action are expected.

Other income and (expense), net

Interest expense

Our outstanding debt carries a variable rate of interest. Interest expenses increased by an inconsequential amount during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and by $0.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, when compared to three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. We paid a higher rate of interest on our debt in 2023 due to the increases in the prime interest rate that occurred throughout 2023 and 2022.

Interest income

Interest income was $1.2 million and $3.7 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, up from $1.0 million and $1.2 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The increase in interest income is due to higher rates of interest earned on our investments, including cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities. We also had more excess cash to invest throughout all of 2023, due to the closing of the Business Combination and PIPE Financing in March 2022. We anticipate that interest income will decline in future periods due to our expected use of cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities to fund our operating expenses, including research and development initiatives and investment in our technology roadmap.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities

A discussion of the change in the fair value of warrant liabilities is included in Note 12 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The change in fair value of warrant liabilities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, was an expense of $3.4 million and $4.3 million, compared to income of $8.1 million and $19.9 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The expense increase during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to the change in stock price and volatility.

Change in Fair Value of Earn-Out Liabilities

A discussion of the change in the fair value of the earn-out liabilities is included in Note 4 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The change in fair value of our earn-out liabilities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was an expense of $1.7 million and $2.4 million, compared to income of $4.9 million and $17.4 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The expense increase during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to the change in stock price and volatility.

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Transaction Costs

Transaction costs allocated to liability-classified instruments must be expensed as incurred. Changes in these instruments are subsequently measured at fair value through earnings. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, transaction costs allocated to liability-classified instruments arising from the Business Combination totaled $0.9 million. No transaction costs were incurred during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, or the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Provision for Income Taxes

We did not record income tax expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 or the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 due to the Company’s loss position and full valuation allowance.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred net losses since inception and negative cash flows from operations. Prior to the Business Combination, we financed our operations primarily through the issuance of preferred stock, warrants, convertible notes, venture backed debt and revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2022, and the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we incurred net losses of $71.5 million and $62.5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $341.2 million, and we expect to incur additional losses for the foreseeable future. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination on March 2, 2022, we received net proceeds of $225.6 million. We believe that our existing balances of cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments should be sufficient to meet our anticipated operating cash needs for at least the next 12 months, based on our current business plan, and expectations and assumptions considering current macroeconomic conditions. Based on our estimates and current business plan, we expect that we will need to obtain additional capital by early 2025, including any additional sales of common stock through our Common Stock Purchase Agreement with B. Riley or from other sources, in order to fund our research and development efforts and business objectives as currently planned. We cannot be sure that additional financing will be available. If we are unable to raise additional funding when needed and on attractive terms, we may be required to delay, limit or substantially reduce our quantum computing development efforts. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect, and future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those described in the section under Part I “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Inflation and rising interest rates may result in an economic recession globally or in the U.S., which could lead to a reduction in product demand, a decrease in corporate capital expenditures, prolonged unemployment, labor shortages, reduction in consumer confidence, adverse geopolitical and macroeconomic events, or any similar negative economic condition. Economic conditions in some parts of the world have been worsening, with disruptions to, and volatility and uncertainty in, the credit and financial markets in the U.S. and worldwide resulting from the effects of inflation and rising interest rates. These conditions have been further exacerbated by recent and potential future disruptions in access to bank deposits or lending commitments due to bank failures, the ongoing military conflict involving Russia and Ukraine and sanctions related thereto, the state of war between Israel and Hamas and the related risk of a larger regional conflict. It is not possible at this time to estimate the long-term impact that these and related events could have on our business, as the impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. If these conditions persist and deepen, we could experience an inability to access additional capital, or our liquidity could otherwise be impacted. If we are unable to raise capital when needed and on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs and/or other efforts. A recession or additional market corrections resulting from the impact of difficult macroeconomic conditions, disruptions in the banking system could materially affect our business and the value of our securities.

Our short-term cash requirements include capital expenditures for materials and components for research and development and quantum computing fridges; working capital requirements; and strategic collaborative arrangements and investments.

Our long-term requirements include expenditures for our quantum chip fabrication facility; planned development of multiple generations of quantum processors; and anticipated additional investments to scale our QCaaS offering.

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We will require a significant amount of cash for expenditure as we invest in ongoing research and development and business operations. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from sales of QPUs, our development contracts and other services, including our QCaaS offering, we expect to finance our cash needs primarily through our existing cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments on hand, our Purchase Agreement with B. Riley (subject to the price of our Common Stock trading above $1.00 as described below in addition to other conditions and market considerations), and other potential securities financings or other capital sources, including the sale of QPUs, development contract revenue with government agencies and strategic partnerships. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, including through the use of our Purchase Agreement with B. Riley, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be, or could be, diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders.

Debt financing and equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed and on attractive terms, we may be required to delay, limit, or substantially reduce our quantum computing development efforts. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those described in the section under Part I “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

In addition, future sales, if any, of shares of our Common Stock to B. Riley pursuant to the Purchase Agreement will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by us from time to time, including, among other things, market conditions, the trading price of our Common Stock (including the condition that the price of our Common Stock is trading above $1.00) and determinations by us as to appropriate sources of funding for our business and operations. We cannot guarantee the extent to which we may utilize the Purchase Agreement.

Loan and Security Agreement

In January 2022, we entered into the Third Amendment to the Loan Agreement with Trinity to increase the debt commitment by $5.0 million to $32.0 million thereunder. The amendment allowed us to draw an additional $5.0 million immediately with an additional $8.0 million to be drawn at the sole discretion of the lender. We drew the additional $5.0 million upon signing the amendment. The Third Amendment also included an extension of the requirement to raise an additional $75.0 million of equity which was satisfied through the Business Combination and a defined exit fee for the additional $5.0 million to be at 20% of the advanced funds under the Third Amendment. In conjunction with the amendment, we also guaranteed payment of all monetary amounts owed and performance of all covenants, obligations and liabilities. As of September 30, 2023, the total principal amount outstanding under the Loan Agreement was $25.3 million. The Loan Agreement is secured by a first-priority security interest in substantially all of our assets. As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we are in compliance with all covenants under the Loan Agreement.

Our cash commitments as of September 30, 2023 were primarily as follows (in thousands):


	Total		Short-term		Long-term
Financing obligations	$	25,304	$	12,435	$	12,869
Estimated cash interest on financing obligations		5,209		3,150		2,059
Operating lease		8,917		2,212		6,705
	$	39,430	$	17,797	$	21,633

Financing obligations consist of payments related to the Loan and Security Agreement. Operating lease obligations consist of obligations under non-cancelable operating leases for our offices, facilities and equipment. The cash requirements in the table above are associated with contracts that are enforceable and legally binding and that specify all significant terms, including fixed or minimum services to be used, fixed, minimum, or variable price provisions, and the approximate timing of the actions under the contracts. The table does not include obligations under agreements that we can cancel without a significant penalty.

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Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities

Our cash flows from operating activities are significantly affected by our ability to achieve significant growth to offset expenditures related to research and development, and selling, general and administrative activities. Our operating cash flows are also affected by our working capital needs to support growth in personnel-related expenditures and fluctuations in accounts payable and other current assets and liabilities.

Net cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $38.2 million, primarily resulting from our net loss of $62.5 million, partially offset by non-cash expenses totaling $24.9 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities had a minimal impact on net cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Net cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $48.5 million, primarily resulting from our net loss of $48.6 million, partially offset by non-cash expenses totaling $0.4 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities had a minimal impact on net cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Cash used in operating activities was reduced by $10.3 million to $38.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, from $48.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Our net loss from operations increased by $13.9 million to $62.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Non-cash charges impacting our net loss from operations increased by $24.5 million to $24.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, from $0.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Changes in operating assets and liabilities had a $0.3 million unfavorable impact on the change in cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Cash Flows Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities

Cash provided by investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 totaled $11.5 million, resulting from $98.1 million of maturities of available-for -sale securities, partially offset by $7.5 million of purchases of property and equipment and $79.0 million of purchases of available-for-sale securities.

Cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 totaled $106.5 million, resulting from purchases of $19.3 million of property and equipment and $87.2 million of available-for-sale securities.

Investments in property and equipment relate primarily to process computing equipment, quantum computing fridges, and development tools for our chip fabrication facility.

Net cash provided by investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 improved by $118.7 million when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, due to maturities of available-for-sale securities and decreased purchases of property and equipment and available-for-sale securities.

Cash Flows Provided by Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 totaled $10.5 million, reflecting $15.1 million of proceeds from the sale of 8.2 million shares of common stock to B. Riley through the Purchase Agreement, and $1.0 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options and warrants, offset in part by principal payments of $5.4 million under the Loan Agreement and payments of $0.1 million for deferred financing costs.

Cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 totaled $217.1 million, reflecting $225.6 million of proceeds from the Business Combination and PIPE Investment, net of transaction costs, and offset by Rigetti transaction costs of $18.4 million, additional proceeds from the issuance of debt and warrants of $5.0 million associated with the Third Amendment to the Loan Agreement, less debt issuance costs and exit fees totaling $1.1 million, and proceeds from the exercise of stock options and warrants of $6.0 million.

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Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased by $206.5 million when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, largely due to the close of the Business Combination and PIPE Investment, net of transaction costs, during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. We expect to continue to finance our cash needs primarily through cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments on hand, the Purchase Agreement with B. Riley (subject to the price of our Common Stock trading above $1.00 in addition to other conditions and market considerations), and other potential securities financings or capital sources.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgements and Estimates

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based on our consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We also make estimates and assumptions that affect revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

While our significant accounting policies are described in the Notes to our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, we believe the following critical accounting policies and estimates are most important to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.

Public and Private Warrants

Prior to the Business Combination, SNII issued 4,450,000 private placement warrants (“Private Warrants”) and 8,625,000 public warrants (“Public Warrants” and collectively, “Warrants”). As of September 30, 2023, there were 13,074,972 Warrants outstanding, consisting of 3,969,727 Private Warrants and 9,105,245 Public Warrants. Each whole warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of our Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustments and will expire five years after the Merger or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

The Private Warrants do not meet the derivative scope exception and are accounted for as derivative liabilities. Specifically, the Private Warrants contain provisions that cause the settlement amounts to be dependent upon the characteristics of the holder of the warrant which is not an input into the pricing of a fixed-for-fixed option on equity shares. Therefore, the Private Warrants are not considered indexed to our stock and should be classified as a liability. Since the Private Warrants meet the definition of a derivative, we recorded the Private Warrants as liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value upon the closing of the Business Combination, with subsequent changes in the fair value recognized in the consolidated statements of operations at each reporting date. The fair value of the Private Warrants was measured using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model at each measurement date. The Public Warrants also fail to meet the indexation guidance in ASC 815 and are accounted for as liabilities as the Public Warrants include a provision whereby in a scenario in which there is not an effective registration statement, the warrant holders have a cap, 0.361 shares of Common Stock per warrant (subject to adjustment), on the issuable number of shares in a cashless exercise.

Subsequent to the separate listing and trading of the Public Warrants, the fair value of the Public Warrants has been measured based on the observable listed prices for such warrants and the fair value of the Private Warrants are measured using a Monte Carlo Pricing Model.

On the consummation of the Business Combination, we recorded a liability related to the Private Warrants of $9.6 million, with an offsetting entry to additional paid-in capital. As of September 30, 2023, the fair value of the Private Warrants decreased to $3.8 million, with the change in fair value of the derivative warrant liabilities recorded in the consolidated statements of operations each reporting period.

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Similarly, on the consummation of the Business Combination, we recorded a liability related to the Public Warrants of $16.3 million, with an offsetting entry to additional paid-in capital. As of September 30, 2023, the fair value of the Public Warrants decreased to $2.3 million with the change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities recorded in the consolidated statements of operations each reporting period.

Other Derivative Warrant Liabilities

We currently do not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. We evaluate all of our financial instruments, including issued stock purchase warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives, pursuant to ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging” (“ASC 815”) at the initial recognition date.

Other than the Public Warrants and Private Warrants noted above, we also issued a total of 783,129 Trinity Warrants in conjunction with the Loan Agreement in 2021. Such derivative warrant liabilities are classified as non-current as their liquidation is not reasonably expected to require the use of current assets or require the creation of current liabilities. We utilized the Black-Scholes model to determine the inception date fair value of the warrants of approximately $2.7 million which was recorded as part of Debt Issuance Cost. The outstanding Common Stock warrants were subsequently remeasured at each reporting period using the Black-Scholes model with the change in fair value recorded as a component of other income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

On June 2, 2022, the 783,129 Trinity Warrants were exercised and the $6.4 million warrant liability was reclassified to equity. We recorded a loss of $2.0 million from the change in the fair value of the warrant liability for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Earn-Out Liabilities

At Business Combination Closing, Supernova Sponsor subjected certain shares (“Sponsor Vesting Shares”) of Common Stock held by Supernova Sponsor and its permitted transferees (the “Sponsor Holders”) to forfeiture and vesting as of the Closing if thresholds related to the weighted average price of Common Stock are not met for the duration of various specified consecutive day trading periods during the five-year period following the Closing (the “Earn-out Triggering Events”). Any such shares held by the Sponsor Holders that remain unvested after the fifth anniversary of the Closing will be forfeited.

As of September 30, 2023, the Earn-Out Triggering Events were not achieved for any of the tranches, and as such, the Company adjusted the carrying amount of the liability to its estimated fair value of $3.6 million with the change in fair value of the earn-out liability recorded in the consolidated statements of operations each reporting period.

Forward Warrant Agreement

In connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement in October 2021, we entered into the Forward Warrant Agreement with Ampere for the purchase of a warrant for an aggregate purchase price (including amounts from exercise) of $10.0 million. The Forward Warrant Agreement provides for the issuance of a warrant for the purchase of an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.0001. The purchase of the warrant was conditioned upon, among other things, the consummation of the Business Combination and the entry into a collaboration agreement between Ampere and us. The collaboration agreement was entered into in January 2022. Ampere was required to pay $5.0 million to us no later than the later of (i) the Closing and (ii) June 30, 2022.

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On June 30, 2022, pursuant to the Forward Warrant Agreement, we issued the warrant to Ampere upon receipt of an aggregate of $5.0 million (including the exercise price), and upon such payment and issuance, 500,000 shares of our Common Stock vested under the warrant and were immediately exercised by Ampere pursuant to the terms of the warrant. Ampere was required to pay an additional $5.0 million to us no later than the closing date of the listing of Ampere’s capital stock on a stock exchange, provided that if the listing had not occurred by the second anniversary of the Forward Warrant Agreement (October 6, 2023), Ampere was not obligated to make the additional payment and we were not obligated to issue the remaining shares underlying the warrants The Forward Warrant Agreement has now expired, and Ampere no longer has an obligation to make the additional $5.0 million payment. The Forward Warrant Agreement further provides that we will use commercially reasonable efforts to file a registration statement to register the resale of the shares. We filed such registration statement, and it became effective in the year ended December 31, 2022.

We evaluated the Forward Warrant Agreement as a derivative in accordance with the guidance of ASC 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity”. We calculated the fair value of the Forward Warrant Agreement by using the Forward Contract Pricing methodology at inception. The fair value of the Forward Warrant Agreement was estimated based on the following key inputs and assumptions 1) Assumed holding period 2) Related risk-free rate and 3) Likelihood of the outcome of the various contingencies specified in the agreement. Based on these inputs and assumptions, we calculated the fair value of the Forward Warrant Agreement to be $2.2 million as of December 31, 2022. We have included the derivative as a forward contract asset in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we reduced the estimated probability of occurrence for the Forward Warrant Agreement from 50% to 0% because we determined that Ampere’s obligation to pay the additional $5.0 million pursuant to the Forward Warrant Agreement would expire.

The change in the fair value of the Forward Warrant Agreement is recorded as part of selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations each reporting period.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue consists primarily of our contracts that provide access to Rigetti quantum computing systems, collaborative research services, professional services, and the sale of QPUs and custom quantum computing components. Access to Rigetti quantum computing systems can be purchased as a quantum computing subscription, or on a usage basis for a specified quantity of hours. Revenue related to subscription-based access to Rigetti quantum computing systems (i.e., quantum computing subscriptions) is recognized on a ratable basis over the subscription term, which can range from six months to two years. Revenue related to usage-based access to Rigetti quantum computing systems is recognized over time as the systems are accessed using an output method based on compute credit hours expended. Revenue related to collaborative research services and professional services is recognized over time based on completed milestones or hours or costs incurred as appropriate. Revenue for partially completed milestones deemed probable of being met is recognized using an input measure based on actual labor hours incurred to date relative to total estimated labor hours needed to complete the milestone. Revenue related to cost share contracts is recognized as the reimbursable costs are incurred. For fixed price milestone-based contracts, revenue is recognized based on the input measure explained above as control is expected to transfer over the time period a milestone is completed. Revenue related to the sale of QPUs and custom quantum computing components is recognized at a point in time, and upon customer acceptance for custom quantum computing components.

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Our fixed fee development contracts vary in term from one to five years, with the majority of such contracts having a term of 18 months to two years. When establishing the pricing for our fixed fee arrangements, we determine the pricing based on estimated costs to complete and expected margins taking into account the scope of work outlined within the contract being evaluated and our historical experience with similar services and contracts. Actual costs incurred over the period in which these contracts are fulfilled could vary from these estimates and therefore, these estimates are subject to uncertainty. On a quarterly basis, management reviews the progress with respect to each contract and its related milestones and evaluates whether any changes in estimates exist. As a result of the quarterly reviews, revisions in the estimated effort to complete the contract are reflected in the period in which the change is identified. These revisions may impact the overall progress related to transfer of control and therefore result in either increases or decreases in revenues as well as increases or decreases in fulfillment costs and contract margins. In accordance, with ASC No. 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, any changes in estimates are reflected in our consolidated statements of operations in the period in which the circumstances that give rise to the revision become known to management. To date, we have not experienced any changes in estimates that have had a material impact on our results from operations or financial position.

When our contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations, the transaction price is allocated on a relative standalone selling price basis to each performance obligation. We typically determine standalone selling price based on observable selling prices of our products and services. In instances where standalone selling price is not directly observable, standalone selling price is determined using information that may include market conditions and other observable inputs. Stand-alone selling price is typically established as a range. In situations in which the stated contract price for a performance obligation is outside of the applicable standalone selling price range and has a different pattern of transfer to the customer than the other performance obligations in the contract, we will reallocate the total transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price of each.

The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods and services to the customer. Revenue is recorded based on the transaction price, which includes fixed consideration and estimates of variable consideration. The amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price is constrained and is included only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.

Our contracts with customers may include renewal or other options at fixed prices. Determining whether such options are considered distinct performance obligations that provide the customer with a material right and therefore should be accounted for separately requires significant judgment. Judgment is required to determine the standalone selling price for each renewal option to determine whether the renewal pricing is reflective of standalone selling price or is reflective of a discount that would provide the customer with a material right. Based on our assessment of standalone selling prices, we determined that there were no significant material rights provided to our customers requiring separate recognition.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2 of our condensed consolidated financial statements for the period ended September 30, 2023 included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Emerging Growth Company and Smaller Reporting Company Status

In April 2012, the JOBS Act was enacted. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” may take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Therefore, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. Following the Business Combination, we still qualify as an emerging growth company and plan to take advantage of the extended transition period that emerging growth company status permits. During the extended transition period, it may be difficult or impossible to compare our financial results with the financial results of another public company that complies with public company effective dates for accounting standard updates because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

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We will remain an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act until the earliest of (a) December 31, 2026, the last day of our first fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of SNII’s initial public offering, (b) the last day of our fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.24 billion, (c) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the rules of the SEC with at least $700.0 million of outstanding securities held by non-affiliates or (d) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the previous three years.

We are also a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Exchange Act. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company even after we are no longer an emerging growth company. We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies and will be able to take advantage of these scaled disclosures for so long as the market value of our voting and non-voting Common Stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenue is less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our voting and non-voting Common Stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information required under this item.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2023. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our management concluded that, as of September 30, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to the material weaknesses described below.

We have implemented additional controls over review of complex financial instrument valuations as described in our remediation plan below. The material weakness related to review of complex financial instrument valuations will not be considered remediated until such time as the additional controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that the controls are effective.

We are adding additional controls over our year-end and quarter-end close processes, which are still being implemented. We also intend to hire additional accounting resources. The material weakness related to our year-end and quarter-end close processes will not be considered remediated until such time as management designs and implements effective controls that operate for a sufficient period of time and has concluded, through testing, that these controls are effective.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

After giving full consideration to the material weaknesses and the additional procedures that we performed, management has concluded that the interim condensed consolidated financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly present, in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with GAAP for interim financial statements; however, the material weaknesses could have resulted in a misstatement of account balances or disclosures that would be considered material to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements and certain of the material weaknesses did result in errors in the financial statements and related disclosures as described below for the quarters ended March 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022, which we restated in 2022.

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Material Weaknesses

As previously disclosed, in connection with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the nine months ended October 31, 2021, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to the lack of effective review controls over the accounting for complex financial instruments. Specifically, the controls failed to identify an error in the accounting for complex warrant instruments. The error related to the Company not properly accounting for the liability associated with the warrants to purchase common stock issued to Trinity Capital Inc. that were subsequently cancelled and reissued as new warrants in connection with an amendment to the Loan Agreement.

In addition, in connection with the preparation of the financial statements for the second quarter of 2022, we identified and corrected an immaterial error related to the revaluation of the liability associated with the same warrants issued to Trinity Capital.

In connection with the preparation of the financial statements for the third quarter of 2022, we discovered that the previously identified material weakness led to additional material errors related to the valuation of the Earn-out liabilities and the Private Warrant liability that affected the previously issued unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the periods ended March 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022. These errors were corrected in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the periods ended March 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022 through a restatement of previously filed financial statements for such periods.

Our management concluded that the previously identified material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to complex financial instruments was due to the fact that at the time we initially identified the material weakness, we did not have sufficient accounting resources and did not have the necessary business processes and related internal controls formally designed and implemented to address the accounting and financial reporting requirements related to complex financial instruments. This material weakness continued to exist as of September 30, 2023 because the controls that were implemented as part of our plan to remediate this material weakness have not been operating for a sufficient period of time to allow management to conclude through testing that the controls are effective.

Additionally, as previously disclosed, in connection with the preparation of the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to the design and operation of our overall closing and financial reporting processes, including the timely preparation of account reconciliations, effective segregation of duties, and a lack of timely review over the financial statement close process. We have concluded that this material weakness is due to the fact that, between the date the Company went public pursuant to the Business Combination and December 31, 2022, the Company had limited resources and did not have the necessary business processes and related internal controls formally designed and implemented coupled with the appropriate resources with the appropriate level of experience and technical expertise to oversee our closing and financial reporting processes. This material weakness continued to exist as of September 30, 2023 due to the reasons described above, the relatively short period of time since the material weakness was first identified, and because the necessary controls to remediate the material weakness have only been partially implemented and have not yet been sufficiently tested.

Remediation Plan

Our remediation plan related to the material weakness over the accounting for complex financial instruments includes:

●

incorporating additional controls and procedures over the review of complex financial instrument valuations as well as technical accounting resources to identify the inventory of complex accounting and financial instruments that require accounting analysis and evaluation.

●

enhancing the precision of review controls over complex financial instruments; and

●

augmenting the review process relating to the valuation analyses performed by the third-party valuation experts and accounting firms that are utilized by the Company.

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Our remediation plan related to the material weakness over our overall closing and financial reporting processes includes:

●

hiring sufficient personnel with technical accounting and financial reporting experience to augment our current staff, to achieve appropriate segregation of duties and to improve the effectiveness of our closing and financial reporting processes; and

●

implementing improved accounting and financial reporting procedures and systems to improve the completeness, timeliness and accuracy of our financial reporting and disclosures, including the assessment of more judgmental areas of accounting.

The elements of our remediation plans can only be accomplished over time, and we can offer no assurance that these initiatives will ultimately have the intended effects. As management continues to evaluate and work to improve our internal control over financial reporting, management may determine it is necessary to take additional measures to address the material weaknesses. These material weaknesses will not be considered remediated unless and until such time as management designs and implements effective controls that operate for a sufficient period of time and concludes, through testing, that these controls are effective. Until the controls have been operating for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively, the material weaknesses described above will continue to exist.

Management is monitoring the progress of the remediation plan and reporting regularly to the audit committee of the board of directors on the progress and results of the remediation plan, including the identification, status and resolution of internal control deficiencies. We can provide no assurance that the measures we have taken and plan to take in the future will remediate the material weaknesses identified or that any additional material weakness or restatements of financial results will not arise in the future due to a failure to implement and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting or circumvention of these controls. In addition, even if we are successful in strengthening our controls and procedures, in the future these controls and procedures may not be adequate to prevent or identify irregularities or errors or to facilitate the fair presentation of our financial statements.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, other than the remediation efforts described above, there have been no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we may be subject to litigation and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. While the results of any litigation or other legal proceedings are uncertain, we are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows. We accrue for loss contingencies when it is both probable that we will incur the loss and when we can reasonably estimate the amount of the loss or range of loss.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in Part I “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for a discussion of material factors that make an investment in our ordinary shares speculative or risky.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES, USE OF PROCEEDS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

In the three months ended September 30, 2023, we sold 6,336,199 shares of Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital-II LLC under the Purchase Agreement and received net proceeds of $12.7 million. Gross proceeds from the issuance and sale of the shares were $13.1 million, and aggregate underwriting discounts or commissions were $0.4 million. The shares of Common Stock were issued in reliance upon the exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, afforded by Section 4(a)(2) thereof and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated hereunder.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

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ITEM 6 – EXHIBITS


Exhibit
Number	Description	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date

2.1+	Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 6, 2021, by and among Supernova Partners Acquisition Company II, Ltd., Supernova Merger Sub, Inc., Supernova Romeo	8-K	001-40140	2.1	October 6, 2021

2.2	First Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 23, 2021, by and among Supernova Partners Acquisition Company II, Ltd., Supernova Merger Sub, Inc., Supernova Romeo Merger Sub, LLC and Rigetti Holdings, Inc.	8-K	001-40140	2.1	December 23, 2021

2.3	Second Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of January 10, 2022, by and among Supernova Partners Acquisition Company II, Ltd., Supernova Merger Sub, Inc., Supernova Romeo Merger Sub, LLC and Rigetti Holdings, Inc.	8-K	001-40140	2.1	January 10, 2022

3.1	Certificate of Incorporation of Rigetti Computing, Inc.	8-K	001-40140	3.1	March 7, 2022

3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Rigetti Computing, Inc.	8-K	001-40140	3.2	November 14, 2022

4.1	Specimen Common Stock Certificate	8-K	001-40140	4.1	March 7, 2022

4.2	Specimen Warrant Certificate	8-K	001-40140	4.2	March 7, 2022

31.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2022

31.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS*	Inline XBRL Instance Document—the instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

101.SCH*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

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101.CAL*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104*		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

*	Filed herewith

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	RIGETTI COMPUTING, INC.

	/s/ Subodh Kulkarni
	By Subodh Kulkarni, President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)

	/s/ Jeffrey A. Bertelsen
	By Jeffrey A. Bertelsen, Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Accounting Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)

Dated: November 9, 2023

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Subodh Kulkarni, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Form 10-Q of Rigetti Computing, Inc.

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: November 9, 2023

	/s/ Subodh Kulkarni
	Signature
	Subodh Kulkarni
	President and Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Jeffrey A. Bertelsen, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Form 10-Q of Rigetti Computing, Inc.

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: November 9, 2023

	/s/ Jeffrey A. Bertelsen
	Signature
	Jeffrey A. Bertelsen
	Chief Financial Officer

Exhibit 32.1

18 U.S.C. §1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Pursuant to the requirement set forth in Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350), Subodh Kulkarni, Chief Executive Officer of Rigetti Computing, Inc. (the “Company”), and Jeffrey A. Bertelsen, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:

1. The Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2023, to which this Certification is attached as Exhibit 32.1 (the “Periodic Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and

2. The information contained in the Periodic Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: November 9, 2023

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have set their hands hereto as of the 9th day of November, 2023.


	/s/ Subodh Kulkarni
	Subodh Kulkarni
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	November 9, 2023

	/s/ Jeffrey A. Bertelsen
	Jeffrey A. Bertelsen
	Chief Financial Officer
	November 9, 2023

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